139:", to attack not only its original targets but also certain socialists and anti-colonial movements. Soon after its creation, the IRD broke away from focusing solely on Soviet matters and began to publish pro-colonial propaganda intended to suppress pro-independence revolutions in Asia, Africa, Ireland, and the Middle East. The IRD was heavily involved in the publishing of books, newspapers, leaflets and journals, and even created publishing houses to act as propaganda fronts, such as Ampersand Limited. Operating for 29 years, the IRD is known as the longest-running covert government propaganda department in British history, the largest branch of the Foreign Office, and the first major anglophone propaganda offensive against the USSR since the end of
29:
496:
788:
958:
602:
977:
Orwell, she was also Arthur
Koestler's sister-in-law and the secretary for fellow IRD agent Robert Conquest. Guy Burgess was based in the next office to her own. The list itself was divided into three columns headed "Name" "Job" and "Remarks", and referred to those listed as "FTs" meaning Fellow Travelers, and labelled people he believed of being suspected of being secret Marxists as "cryptos". Some of the names listed by Orwell included filmmaker
894:. Allende's nationalisation policy threatened British and US interests since Chile's copper mines were largely owned by US companies. In the lead up to the election, the IRD was told by a British Cabinet Office unit called the "Counter-subversion Committee's Working Group on Latin America" that "it will be important to prevent significant gains by the extreme left". The IRD supported Allende's opponent
909:. The material was passed "to the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government information organisations" and the dictatorship's "military intelligence" services. The IRD helped Pinochet's government to develop a counter-insurgency strategy in order to stabilise it against domestic opposition. The counter insurgency techniques provided to Chile by the IRD were developed by Britain during its
1069:
names of spies." Hitchens further noted, "Nothing that Orwell discussed with his old flame was ever used for a show trial or a bullying "hearing" or a blacklist or a witch-hunt. He wasn't interested in unearthing heresy or in getting people fired or in putting them under the discipline of a loyalty oath. He just wanted to keep a clear accounting in the battle of ideas."
197:. Other IRD activities included forging letters and posters, conducting smear attacks against British trade unionists, and attacking opponents of the British military by planting fake news stories in the British press. Some of the fabricated stories the IRD created included accusations that Irish republicans were killing dogs by setting them on fire and falsely accusing
621:, the IRD commissioned cartoon strips to be planted in newspapers across the globe. The foreign rights to distribute these cartoons were acquired by the IRD for Cyprus, Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Trinidad, Jamaica, Fiji, British Guiana and British Honduras.
1048:, who knew Orwell personally and considered him a friend, lived long enough to discover that Orwell had reported him to the British secret service on suspicion of being a secret Communist. MacKenzie responded to learning that Orwell had reported him, and credited Orwell's actions to his degrading mental state caused by
273:. This framing, together with anti-British Soviet propaganda attacks during the same years, led Bevin to change his position and to start discussing the details for the creation of a propaganda unit. After sending a confidential paper to the foreign secretary, Ernest Bevin, in 1947, Mayhew was summoned by
1068:
wrote in 1996 that the list only names people already publicly known as left-leaning. Citing Kirwan's account of the event, Hitchens noted that Orwell "was only giving the names of various people who were already very well known to anybody who studied
Communism. It wasn't as if he was revealing the
531:
The IRD created, sponsored, and distributed a wide range of propaganda publications both fiction and non-fiction, in the form of books, magazines, pamphlets, newspaper articles, radio broadcasts, and cartoons. Books which the IRD believed could be used for
British propaganda purposes were translated
877:
agreed to open a reporting service in the Middle East as part of an IRD plan to influence the international media. To protect the reputation of
Reuters, which might have been damaged if the funding from the British government became known, the BBC paid Reuters "enhanced subscriptions" for access to
559:
British introductions to IRD were made discreetly, with journalists being told as little as possible about the department. Propaganda material was sent to their homes under plain cover as correspondence marked "personal" carried no departmental identification or reference. They were told documents
394:
Outside of full-time agents, many historians, writers, and academics were either paid directly to publish anti-communist propaganda by the IRD or whose works were bought and distributed by the department using
British embassies to both translate and distribute their works across the globe. Some of
1085:
operation in which IRD agents created pamphlets accusing EOKA guerrillas of forcing schoolgirls to have sex with them, and alleging that the youngest of these schoolgirls was 12 years old. Among other fabricated stories, IRD agents attempted to convince
American journalists that EOKA had links to
471:
As part of its remit "to collect and summarize reliable information about Soviet and communist misdoings, to disseminate it to friendly journalists, politicians, and trade unionists, and to support, financially and otherwise, anti-communist publications", it subsidised the publication of books by
512:
Koestler enjoyed strong personal relationships with IRD agents from 1949 onwards and was supportive of the department's anti-communist goals. Koestler's relationship with the
British government was so strong that he had become a de facto advisor to British propagandists, urging them to create a
1056:
was far less sympathetic, labelling Orwell a "snitch" and a bigot for the information included in Orwell's notebook, another list of suspected
Communists that came into the possession of the IRD. This notebook created by Orwell which contained 135 names, was also found to have been held by the
976:
The existence of Orwell's List, also known as
Foreign Office File "FO/111/189", was made public in 1996. T names included on the list were not made public until 2003. The list came into possession of the IRD in 1949, after being collected by IRD agent Celia Kirwan. Kirwan was a close friend of
304:
It is for us, as
Europeans and as a Social Democratic Government, and not the Americans, to give the lead in spiritual, moral and political sphere to all the democratic elements in Western Europe which are anti-Communist and, at the same time, genuinely progressive and reformist, believing in
921:
The ethical objection raised by IRD's critics was that the public did not know the source of the information and could therefore not make allowances for the possible bias. It differed thus from straightforward propaganda from the British point of view. This was countered by saying that the
1043:
Reactions to Orwell's list have been mixed, with some people crediting Orwell's actions to mental illness, others labelling him a "snitch" and theorising that Orwell's suspicion of numerous African, homosexual, and Jewish people within his list signified bigotry, and others minimising the
755:. The same anti-PKI message was repeated by an anti-Sukarno radio station called Radio Free Indonesia and the IRD's own newsletter. Recurrent themes emphasised by the IRD included the alleged brutality of PKI members in murdering the Indonesian generals and their families,
391:(PWE), including former Daily Mirror journalist Leslie Sheridan. This high level of PWE veterans within the IRD, coupled with the similarities between how these two propaganda departments operated, has led some historians to describe the department as a "peacetime PWE".
589:
was given more attention and support by IRD agents than any publication in the department's history and arguably given more support from the British and American governments than any other propaganda book in the Cold War. The IRD gained the translation rights to
564:
primarily for members of the diplomatic service, but that it was allowed to give them on a personal basis to a few people outside the service who might find them of interest. As such, they were not statements of official policy and should not be attributed to
216:, who accused him of being "dirty, drunk and idle". The IRD closed its operations in 1977 after its existence was discovered by British journalists after an investigation into a heavy amount of anti-Soviet propaganda being published by academics belonging to
794:
was home to several academics working for the IRD, including R.N. Carew Hunt, whose overzealous publication of anti-communist propaganda attracted the attention of investigative journalists. The following investigation led to the discovery of the IRD's
502:
worked closely with the IRD who republished and distributed his anti-communist books free of charge. Koestler also consulted IRD agents on creating better propaganda and persuaded the British government to secretly fund left-wing anti-communist
355:, with an estimated 400-600 employees at its height. Although the IRD was founded under Clement Attlee's post-WWII Labour Party government (1945-1951) the department has been headed by numerous different politicians of both the Labour Party and
326:
and to "provide material for our anti-Communist publicity through our Missions and Information Services abroad". The department would collaborate with ministers, British delegates, the Labour Party, trade union representatives, the
861:, which criticised Carmichael as an "unbidden prophet from America" who had abandoned the U.S. Black Power cause, with no place in Africa, who was "weaving a bloody trail of chaos in the name of Pan-Africanism", controlled by
556:. In Britain, the department used its propaganda to spread smear stories targeting trade union leaders and human rights activists, but was also used by the Labour Party to conduct internal purges against socialist members.
2307:
2256:
Kirby, Dianne (2000). "Christian Faith, Communist Faith: Some Aspects of the Relationship between the Foreign Office Information Research Department and the Church of England Council on Foreign Relations, 1950-1953".
759:
intervention in the Communist attempt to overthrow the government, and the PKI subverting Indonesian on behalf of foreign powers. The IRD's propaganda efforts were aided by the United States, Australian and
857:, who had fled to Africa, was targeted; he was claimed to be a foreigner in Africa who was contemptuous of Africans, rather than a Communist stooge. The IRD created a fake west African organisation called
833:. A plan for detrimental leaks to the media was placed in the IRD files, and the head of the IRD prepared a briefing paper. Information about how this was effected has not been released under the
532:
into dozens of languages and then distributed using British embassies. Most IRD material targeted the Soviet Union, but much IRD work also attacked socialist and anti-colonial revolutionaries in
950:
The IRD became the subject of heavy controversy in the UK after it was revealed that George Orwell had given the department a list of 38 people he suspected of being secret Communists or "
930:
Some writers who worked for the IRD have since been found to have used IRD material and presented it to the academic community as though it were their own work. Robert Conquest's book
1156:
335:. The new department was finally established as the Information Research Department. Mayhew ran the department with Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick until 1950. The original offices were in
594:
in Chinese, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Finnish, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Indonesian, Latvian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. The Chinese version of
1077:
During the Cyprus Emergency, IRD agents used newspaper journalists to spread fabricated stories that guerrillas belonging to the National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (
569:, nor should the titles themselves be quoted in discussion or in print. The papers should not be shown to anyone else and they were to be destroyed when no longer needed.
459:, and hundreds (possibly thousands) of others. Some authors such as Bertrand Russell were fully aware of the funding for their books, while others such as the philosopher
1086:
Communism in an attempt to gain American support, citing "secret documents" and "classified intelligence reports" which said journalists were never allowed to view.
1032:, who Orwell claimed "...gives strong impression of being some kind of Russian agent. Very slimy person." Smollett had been the head of the Soviet section in the
1095:
1842:
1028:, as well as lesser-known writers and journalists. Only one of the people named by Orwell, Peter Smollett, was ever revealed to have been a real Soviet agent.
2552:
2512:
2497:
387:
was also based at the IRD, working to recruit emigres from Eastern Europe. Many IRD agents were former members of Britain's WWII propaganda department, the
135:, provide support and information to anti-communist politicians, academics, and writers, and to use weaponised information, but also disinformation and "
2542:
2527:
2522:
654:
neutralism. The magazine was rarely critical of American foreign policy, but beyond this editors had considerable publishing freedom. It was edited by
371:. Although the vast majority of IRD staff were British subjects, the department also hired emigres from the Soviet Union, such as the rocket scientist
2507:
2300:
2378:"The Information Research Department, Unattributable Propaganda, and Northern Ireland, 1971-1973: Promising Salvation but Ending in Failure?"
2105:
922:
information was given to those who were already sympathetic to democracy and the West, and who had arrived at these positions independently.
878:
its news service and was in turn compensated by the British government for the extra expense. The BBC paid Reuters £350,000 over four years.
2328:"The Information Research Department, British covert propaganda, and the Sino-Indian War of 1962: combating communism and courting failure?"
585:
was republished, distributed, translated, and promoted for many years by IRD agents. Of all the propaganda works ever supported by the IRD,
1261:
775:
and its Australian counterpart gave the Indonesian Army leadership an assurance that British and Commonwealth forces would not step up the
2125:
265:
lobbied for the proposals, linking anti-communism with the concept of "Third Force", which was meant to be a progressive camp between the
247:
1916:
1890:
898:
in the lead up to the election by distributing material to its reliable contacts that was critical of Allende, and favourable to Frei.
2517:
2403:
2492:
1033:
322:
To achieve these goals, the memorandum called for the establishment of a Foreign Office department "to collect information" about
553:
598:
was created in a joint operation between British and American government propagandists, which also included a pictorial version.
771:. The IRD's information efforts helped corroborate the Indonesia Army's propaganda efforts against the PKI. In addition, the
2547:
2377:
936:"drew heavily from IRD files", and multiple volumes of Soviet history which Conquest edited had also contained IRD material.
517:. In return for his services to British propaganda, the IRD assisted Koestler by purchasing thousands of copies of his book
913:
in Southeast Asia. The Chilean authorities were told not to reveal that the information came from the British government.
815:
690:
2537:
2227:"Blacklisted writer says illness clouded Orwell's judgement: Survivor tells Guardian that author was 'losing his grip'"
2155:
1965:
902:
891:
807:
143:. By the 1970s, the IRD was performing military intelligence tasks for the British Military in Northern Ireland during
2308:"Was George Orwell secretly a reactionary snitch? How the author became an internet meme and target of the hard left"
2135:
1793:
827:
488:, and worked with the United States government to distribute them using embassies as cover. Working closely with the
230:, entitled "Death of the Department that Never Was", became the first public acknowledgement of the IRD's existence.
1497:
776:
734:
1526:
492:, the IRD built Russell's reputation as an anti-communist writer, and to use his works to project power overseas.
239:
124:
103:
791:
722:
217:
906:
2175:
1111:
1045:
823:
756:
738:
686:
676:
659:
328:
285:
243:
212:
had been posted to the IRD for a period of two months in 1948. Burgess was later sacked by the IRD's founder
204:
Although the existence of the IRD was successfully kept hidden from the British public until the 1970s, the
2502:
2216:
1081:), had raped schoolgirls. These propaganda stories were manufactured as a part of 'Operation TEA-PARTY', a
448:
2006:
811:
706:
566:
388:
170:
2291:
730:
609:
cartoon strips commissioned and distributed by the IRD. This example was drawn by British cartoonist
364:
2176:"Keep the Indonesian Pot Boiling: Western Covert Intervention in Indonesia, October 1965—March 1966"
646:, it was a largely Anglo-American intellectual and cultural journal, originally associated with the
2287:
2226:
764:
governments which had an interest in supporting the Army's anti-communist mass murder and opposing
368:
221:
2423:
1789:
932:
838:
702:
682:
444:
356:
2532:
2049:
2044:
765:
428:
292:, memorandum drafted by Christopher Mayhew and signed by Ernest Bevin. The memorandum embraced
169:
Internationally, the IRD took part in many historic events, including Britain's entry into the
772:
2127:
Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945-1953: The Information Research Department
1522:
895:
718:
440:
336:
33:
2327:
1057:
Foreign Office. Within this document, Orwell describes African-American Civil Rights leader
1065:
850:
638:
332:
8:
854:
647:
452:
408:
2471:
2463:
2355:
2266:
2198:
1053:
262:
213:
733:(PKI) by circulating anti-PKI propaganda through several radio channels including the
242:
and the Labour Party had proposed the creation of an anti-communist propaganda organ.
2475:
2359:
2347:
2202:
2131:
1961:
951:
751:
537:
352:
258:
254:
182:
2455:
2339:
2190:
1082:
986:
965:
945:
887:
865:, the independence leader and former president of Ghana deposed by a coup in 1966.
834:
746:
533:
519:
432:
416:
400:
380:
190:
186:
159:
132:
2343:
2076:
513:
popular series of anti-communist left-wing literature to rival the success of the
36:, the original home of the Information Research Department's propaganda activities
2097:
British Intelligence and Covert Action: Africa, Middle-East and Europe since 1945
1025:
1017:
1000:
982:
978:
803:
742:
726:
701:
committee to circulate IRD propaganda material to anti-communist journalists and
655:
499:
489:
424:
404:
376:
323:
297:
194:
163:
155:
2444:"The Information Research Department: Britain's Secret Cold War Weapon Revealed"
2194:
1861:
901:
The distribution of propaganda material by the IRD diminished after Allende was
484:
The IRD bulk-ordered thousands of copies of Russell's books, including his work
1029:
1013:
1005:
910:
830:
806:
requested actions that would hinder the careers of two "politically motivated"
800:
643:
561:
514:
456:
384:
372:
293:
274:
128:
85:
28:
2459:
2486:
2351:
1798:
995:
961:
862:
787:
694:
412:
396:
270:
151:
1917:"Exclusive: Secret cables reveal Britain interfered with elections in Chile"
957:
601:
2404:"The original 'fake news'? The BBC and the Information Research Department"
2231:
1891:"Britain secretly helped Chile's military intelligence after Pinochet coup"
1843:"Revealed: How UK targeted American civil rights leader in covert campaign"
1058:
1049:
819:
541:
436:
420:
360:
310:
305:
freedom, planning and social justice—what one might call the 'Third Force'.
266:
250:
226:
205:
150:
The IRD promoted works by many presumably anti-communist authors including
144:
140:
1803:
2147:
MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service
1021:
964:
worked closely with the IRD, giving them a list of suspected Communists (
610:
581:
549:
495:
460:
209:
178:
2467:
2443:
2270:
2211:
1099:
1037:
990:
545:
174:
1157:"Secret British 'black propaganda' campaign targeted cold war enemies"
725:, the IRD's South East Asia Monitoring Unit in Singapore assisted the
662:, which published the magazine, was being covertly funded by the CIA.
849:
In 2022 declassified documents showed that the IRD attacked the U.S.
136:
972:
into at least 16 languages, and distributed it in over 14 countries.
1945:. Taylor & Francis e-library: Taylor & Francis. p. 47.
761:
651:
340:
278:
120:
1958:
Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution
826:. This issue was raised in the cabinet and further discussed with
2371:. Taylor & Francis e-library: Frank Cass and Company Limited.
874:
768:
2424:"How George Orwell waged a secret propaganda war against Stalin"
1036:, while in fact being a Soviet agent who had been recruited by
300:
to lead anti-communist progressivism internationally, stating:
1943:
Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty-First Century
1310:
1072:
658:
from 1953 to 1966. Spender resigned after it emerged that the
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1682:
The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune?
1377:
853:
with covert disinformation in the 1960s. Civil rights leader
2106:"Wilson government used secret unit to smear union leaders"
1477:
1322:
1298:
1078:
351:
The IRD was once one of the largest and well-funded of the
198:
1810:
1736:
1465:
1438:
1414:
257:. Later in the summer, Bevin rejected another proposal by
1600:
1598:
1455:
1453:
1102:, in 1977. Its existence was not made public until 1978.
633:
472:'Background Books', including three by Bertrand Russell,
1583:
1575:
Cull, Nicholas J.; Culbert, David; Welch, David (2003).
1544:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
2395:
Archives of Authority: Empire, Culture and the Cold War
1822:
2369:
Across the Blocs: Cold War Cultural and Social History
1862:"How the UK secretly funded a Middle East news agency"
1760:
1758:
1663:
1661:
1595:
1450:
1426:
1219:
1217:
1215:
261:
to set up an anti-communist propaganda unit. In 1947,
1334:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1229:
1179:
693:
to disseminate anti-communist propaganda. Ambassador
253:
was reluctant to upset the pro-Soviet members of the
1770:
1610:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
886:
The IRD conducted a propaganda programme to prevent
2024:
1986:
1755:
1724:
1700:
1688:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1556:
1365:
1212:
1167:
1974:
1712:
1353:
1279:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1094:The department was said to be closed down by then
2249:British Propaganda and News Media in the Cold War
2156:"Animal Farm: The cartoon strip and the Cold War"
1515:
1389:
1241:
1191:
2484:
2094:
1574:
1316:
933:The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties
2077:"'Fake news' sent out by government department"
1129:
2095:Blotch, Jonathan; Fitzgerald, Patrick (1983).
925:
572:
238:Since 1946, many senior officials of both the
2277:
1483:
1420:
1383:
1328:
1304:
890:from being elected president of Chile in the
2553:Defunct United Kingdom intelligence agencies
2513:1977 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2498:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
1884:
1882:
1834:
246:raised a formal proposal in April 1946, but
208:had always been aware of its existence, for
2367:Mitter, Rana; Major, Patrick, eds. (2005).
2366:
1782:
1749:
1073:Fabricated rape and paedophilia allegations
642:magazine was established. Published in the
2209:
1604:
719:abortive Indonesian Communist coup attempt
523:and distributing them throughout Germany.
346:
27:
2543:News agencies based in the United Kingdom
2528:1948 establishments in the United Kingdom
2280:Britain's Secret Propaganda War 1948-1977
2210:Garton Ash, Timothy (25 September 2003).
2043:Hitchens, Christopher (18 October 1996).
1940:
1908:
1879:
1859:
1148:
859:The Black Power – Africa's Heritage Group
841:permitting national security exemptions.
379:, whose secretary Celia Kirwan collected
16:1948–1977 UK government propaganda agency
2401:
2397:. Woodstock: Princeton University Press.
2292:"Death of the department that never was"
2251:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2042:
2004:
1788:
1173:
1089:
956:
786:
600:
494:
2508:Government agencies established in 1948
2441:
2421:
2224:
1992:
1816:
1679:
1562:
1471:
1459:
1444:
1432:
1185:
782:
2485:
2325:
2305:
2173:
2153:
2144:
2103:
2005:Cockburn, Alexander (28 August 2012).
1980:
1914:
1888:
1828:
1521:
1359:
1347:
1247:
1206:
844:
248:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
2523:Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations
2392:
2286:
2278:Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1988).
2255:
2246:
2123:
2030:
1860:Rosenbaum, Martin (13 January 2020).
1840:
1776:
1764:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1667:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1589:
1579:. Oxford: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 152.
1550:
1408:
1371:
1292:
1235:
1154:
691:Embassy of the United Kingdom in Rome
624:
123:propaganda department of the British
2375:
2326:McGarr, Paul M. (24 November 2017).
2074:
1955:
1495:
1259:
1223:
1142:
1061:as a "very anti-white...U.S Negro".
339:, before moving to Riverwalk House,
1112:Office of Policy Coordination (OPC)
816:Transport and General Workers Union
466:
463:were outraged when they found out.
13:
2282:. Phoenix Mill: Sutton Publishing.
1915:McEvoy, John (22 September 2020).
1841:Burke, Jason (13 September 2022).
1684:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 58.
681:In 1948, fearing a victory of the
650:, intended to counter the idea of
507:
14:
2564:
2225:Gibbons, Fiachra (24 June 2003).
1889:McEvoy, John (5 September 2023).
828:Secretary of State for Employment
375:. Other staffers of note include
2518:British propaganda organisations
2376:Rory, Cormac (6 December 2016).
1794:"How the CIA plotted against us"
1496:Bond, Peter (25 November 2003).
1260:Shaw, Tony (22 September 2011).
1044:significance the list. Academic
939:
916:
905:, but increased again after the
777:Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation
735:British Broadcasting Corporation
2493:Information Research Department
2448:Review of International Studies
2154:Dunton, Mark (17 August 2020).
2075:Berg, Sanchia (18 March 2019).
2036:
1998:
1949:
1934:
1853:
1673:
1568:
1489:
1034:British Ministry of Information
773:Harold Wilson Labour Government
201:members of raping schoolgirls.
113:Information Research Department
22:Information Research Department
1577:Propaganda and Mass Persuasion
1262:"Making a pig's ear of Orwell"
1253:
749:, and through newspapers like
632:In a joint operation with the
1:
2422:Silvera, Ian (1 March 2021).
2344:10.1080/07075332.2017.1402070
2306:Lusher, Adam (24 June 2018).
2130:. E-book version: Routledge.
1960:. London: Verso. p. 94.
1117:
824:Amalgamated Engineering Union
677:1948 Italian general election
665:
660:Congress for Cultural Freedom
526:
329:Central Office of Information
286:Cabinet of the United Kingdom
2548:Anti-communist organizations
2332:International History Review
2220:. Vol. 50, no. 14.
2217:The New York Review of Books
2104:Cobain, Ian (24 July 2018).
1956:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2017).
1317:Blotch & Fitzgerald 1983
1155:Burke, Jason (14 May 2022).
1122:
712:
95:Estimated 400-600 at height.
7:
2195:10.1080/1468274042000283144
2011:Melville House Publications
1105:
926:Unattributed use by authors
792:St Antony's College, Oxford
721:of 1965 and the subsequent
389:Political Warfare Executive
218:St Antony's College, Oxford
171:European Economic Community
69:; 47 years ago
51:; 76 years ago
10:
2571:
2068:
1498:"Professor Grigori Tokaty"
943:
868:
731:Indonesian Communist Party
674:
317:memorandum, 4 January 1948
233:
2538:Anti-communist propaganda
2460:10.1017/S0260210598003532
2393:Rubin, Andrew N. (2012).
2382:English Historical Review
2259:Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
2099:. London: Junction Books.
2007:"The Fable of the Weasel"
1527:"Obituary: Celia Goodman"
1484:Lashmar & Oliver 1988
1421:Lashmar & Oliver 1988
1384:Lashmar & Oliver 1988
1329:Lashmar & Oliver 1988
1305:Lashmar & Oliver 1988
903:elected president in 1970
689:, the IRD instructed the
298:British Labour Government
99:
91:
81:
63:
45:
40:
26:
2145:Dorril, Stephen (2002).
1941:Macdonald, Scot (2006).
1790:Saunders, Frances Stonor
881:
670:
315:Future Foreign Publicity
290:Future Foreign Publicity
2301:Facsimile of page (PDF)
2149:. New York: Touchstone.
1750:Mitter & Major 2005
1012:s Moscow correspondent
837:under a section of the
703:Italian Socialist Party
683:Italian Communist Party
560:were "prepared" in the
486:Why Communism Must Fail
474:Why Communism Must Fail
347:Staff and collaborators
284:On 8 January 1948, the
281:to discuss it further.
2442:Wilford, Hugh (1998).
2402:Sinclair, Ian (2021).
2174:Easter, David (2005).
2124:Defty, Andrew (2005).
1921:Declassified Media Ltd
1895:Declassified Media Ltd
1680:Wilford, Hugh (2013).
973:
968:). The IRD translated
911:colonial interventions
796:
729:'s destruction of the
614:
504:
429:Baron Wyatt of Weeford
395:these authors include
320:
131:propaganda, including
1090:Discovery and closure
960:
896:Eduardo Frei Montalva
790:
604:
538:Malaya (now Malaysia)
498:
337:Carlton House Terrace
302:
127:, created to publish
34:Carlton House Terrace
2247:Jenks, John (2006).
1066:Christopher Hitchens
851:Black Power movement
783:British trade unions
333:BBC Overseas Service
185:, The Troubles, the
2503:Cold War propaganda
2478:– via JSTORE.
2428:www.news-future.com
2290:(27 January 1978).
1819:, pp. 358–359.
1806:on 10 October 2014.
1525:(6 November 2002).
1474:, pp. 356–357.
1447:, pp. 355–356.
1064:On the other hand,
855:Stokeley Carmichael
845:Stokeley Carmichael
707:Christian Democracy
648:anti-Stalinist left
617:To further promote
23:
1592:, p. 17, 259.
1553:, p. 227-228.
1054:Alexander Cockburn
1020:, Labour Party MP
974:
839:Public Records Act
797:
615:
505:
482:What Is Democracy?
357:Conservative Party
296:and took upon the
263:Christopher Mayhew
244:Christopher Warner
214:Christopher Mayhew
21:
2160:National Archives
2045:"Orwell on Trial"
1096:Foreign Secretary
1024:and the novelist
952:fellow travellers
752:The Straits Times
449:Victor Kravchenko
353:UK Foreign Office
259:Ivone Kirkpatrick
183:Malayan Emergency
109:
108:
2560:
2479:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2408:The Morning Star
2398:
2389:
2372:
2363:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2299:
2283:
2274:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2221:
2206:
2183:Cold War History
2180:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2150:
2141:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1832:
1831:, p. 64-65.
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1802:. Archived from
1792:(12 July 1999).
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1238:, p. 40-42.
1233:
1227:
1221:
1210:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1083:black propaganda
1046:Norman MacKenzie
1011:
987:Michael Redgrave
888:Salvador Allende
835:thirty-year rule
747:Voice of America
697:chaired a small
687:general election
520:Darkness at Noon
478:What Is Freedom?
467:Bertrand Russell
433:Leonard Schapiro
417:Richard Crossman
401:Bertrand Russell
318:
191:Cyprus Emergency
187:Mau Mau Uprising
160:Bertrand Russell
133:black propaganda
77:
75:
70:
59:
57:
52:
31:
24:
20:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2483:
2482:
2432:
2430:
2412:
2410:
2316:
2314:
2312:The Independent
2237:
2235:
2212:"Orwell's List"
2178:
2164:
2162:
2138:
2114:
2112:
2085:
2083:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1887:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1858:
1854:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1605:Garton Ash 2003
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1502:The Independent
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1390:
1386:, p. 37-8.
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1266:The Independent
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:, p. 1094.
1222:
1213:
1205:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1108:
1092:
1075:
1026:Naomi Mitchison
1018:Isaac Deutscher
1009:
1001:Kingsley Martin
983:J. B. Priestley
979:Charlie Chaplin
948:
942:
928:
919:
884:
871:
847:
808:trade unionists
804:James Callaghan
785:
743:Radio Australia
727:Indonesian Army
715:
679:
673:
668:
656:Stephen Spender
630:
578:
576:- George Orwell
529:
510:
508:Arthur Koestler
500:Arthur Koestler
490:British Council
469:
445:Margarete Buber
425:A. J. P. Taylor
405:Arthur Koestler
377:Robert Conquest
349:
319:
309:
236:
220:. An exposé by
195:Sino-Indian War
164:Robert Conquest
156:Arthur Koestler
119:) was a secret
73:
71:
68:
55:
53:
50:
41:Agency overview
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2481:
2480:
2454:(3): 353–369.
2439:
2419:
2399:
2390:
2373:
2364:
2338:(1): 130–156.
2323:
2303:
2284:
2275:
2265:(1): 217–241.
2253:
2244:
2222:
2207:
2171:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2121:
2101:
2092:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2035:
2023:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1967:978-1784785642
1966:
1948:
1933:
1907:
1878:
1852:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1781:
1779:, p. 161.
1769:
1754:
1752:, p. 117.
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1672:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1619:, p. 172.
1609:
1594:
1582:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1514:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1462:, p. 356.
1449:
1437:
1435:, p. 355.
1425:
1413:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1350:, p. 552.
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1278:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1211:
1190:
1188:, p. 366.
1178:
1166:
1147:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1091:
1088:
1074:
1071:
1030:Peter Smollett
1014:Walter Duranty
1006:New York Times
944:Main article:
941:
938:
927:
924:
918:
915:
883:
880:
870:
867:
846:
843:
831:Barbara Castle
801:Home Secretary
784:
781:
739:Radio Malaysia
717:Following the
714:
711:
672:
669:
667:
664:
644:United Kingdom
629:
623:
577:
571:
528:
525:
515:Left Book Club
509:
506:
468:
465:
457:Victor Feather
409:Czesław Miłosz
385:Tracy Philipps
373:Grigori Tokaty
348:
345:
307:
294:anti-communism
240:Foreign Office
235:
232:
129:anti-communist
125:Foreign Office
107:
106:
104:Foreign Office
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
86:United Kingdom
83:
79:
78:
65:
61:
60:
47:
43:
42:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2566:
2565:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:George Orwell
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2137:9781317791690
2133:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2033:, p. 29.
2032:
2027:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1799:New Statesman
1795:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1767:, p. 40.
1766:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1733:, p. 88.
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1709:, p. 34.
1708:
1703:
1697:, p. 10.
1696:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1670:, p. 64.
1669:
1664:
1662:
1655:, p. 87.
1654:
1649:
1643:, p. 70.
1642:
1637:
1631:, p. 37.
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1486:, p. 30.
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1374:, p. 17.
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1331:, p. 88.
1330:
1325:
1319:, p. 93.
1318:
1313:
1307:, p. 68.
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1174:Sinclair 2021
1170:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
997:
996:New Statesman
992:
988:
984:
980:
971:
967:
966:Orwell's list
963:
962:George Orwell
959:
955:
953:
947:
946:Orwell's list
940:Orwell's List
937:
935:
934:
923:
917:Controversies
914:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
892:1964 election
889:
879:
876:
866:
864:
863:Kwame Nkrumah
860:
856:
852:
842:
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
793:
789:
780:
778:
774:
770:
767:
763:
758:
754:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:mass killings
720:
710:
709:politicians.
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:Victor Mallet
692:
688:
684:
678:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
635:
627:
622:
620:
612:
608:
603:
599:
597:
593:
588:
584:
583:
575:
570:
568:
563:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:, Singapore,
539:
535:
524:
522:
521:
516:
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Brian Crozier
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:George Orwell
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:Orwell's list
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
316:
312:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
271:United States
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
245:
241:
231:
229:
228:
224:published in
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:George Orwell
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
105:
102:
100:Parent agency
98:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
66:
62:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
2451:
2447:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:
2411:. Retrieved
2407:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2335:
2331:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:
2296:The Guardian
2295:
2288:Leigh, David
2279:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:The Guardian
2230:
2215:
2189:(1): 55–73.
2186:
2182:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2146:
2126:
2113:. Retrieved
2110:The Guardian
2109:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:
2054:. Retrieved
2048:
2038:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:
2000:
1993:Gibbons 2003
1988:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1855:
1847:The Guardian
1846:
1836:
1824:
1817:Wilford 1998
1812:
1804:the original
1797:
1784:
1772:
1726:
1721:, p. 3.
1714:
1702:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1563:Silvera 2021
1558:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1531:The Guardian
1530:
1523:Taylor, D.J.
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:
1479:
1472:Wilford 1998
1467:
1460:Wilford 1998
1445:Wilford 1998
1440:
1433:Wilford 1998
1428:
1423:, p. 1.
1416:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1295:, p. 4.
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1186:Wilford 1998
1181:
1169:
1161:the Guardian
1160:
1150:
1093:
1076:
1063:
1059:Paul Robeson
1050:tuberculosis
1042:
1016:, historian
1004:
994:
989:, historian
975:
969:
949:
931:
929:
920:
900:
885:
872:
858:
848:
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437:Denis Healey
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359:, including
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311:Ernest Bevin
303:
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288:adopted the
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255:Labour Party
251:Ernest Bevin
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227:The Guardian
225:
206:Soviet Union
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145:The Troubles
141:World War II
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1981:Lusher 2018
1926:7 September
1900:7 September
1829:Easter 2005
1360:McGarr 2017
1348:Dorril 2002
1248:Dunton 2020
1207:Cobain 2018
1022:Tom Driberg
970:Animal Farm
619:Animal Farm
611:Norman Pett
607:Animal Farm
605:One of the
596:Animal Farm
592:Animal Farm
587:Animal Farm
582:Animal Farm
574:Animal Farm
461:Bryan Magee
369:Ray Whitney
365:John Rennie
222:David Leigh
210:Guy Burgess
179:Suez Crisis
2487:Categories
2413:16 January
2238:19 January
2165:14 January
2086:14 January
2031:Rubin 2012
2016:19 January
1871:16 January
1777:Defty 2005
1765:Rubin 2012
1731:Rubin 2012
1719:Defty 2005
1707:Rubin 2012
1695:Defty 2005
1668:Jenks 2006
1653:Defty 2005
1641:Jenks 2006
1629:Rubin 2012
1617:Defty 2005
1590:Defty 2005
1551:Kirby 2000
1409:Leigh 1978
1372:Defty 2005
1293:Defty 2005
1271:14 January
1236:Rubin 2012
1118:References
1100:David Owen
1038:Kim Philby
991:E. H. Carr
812:Jack Jones
745:, and the
675:See also:
666:Activities
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175:Korean War
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1143:Berg 2019
1123:Citations
981:, writer
907:1973 coup
795:existence
766:President
762:Malaysian
713:Indonesia
639:Encounter
626:Encounter
554:Indonesia
453:W.N. Ewer
324:Communism
137:fake news
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1866:BBC News
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799:In 1969
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