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first, the
Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain, but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain's. However, German unification in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was the support of industrialisation, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and pulled ahead of France.
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908:, to provide excess manpower and food; a pool of managerial and entrepreneurial skills; available ports, rivers, canals, and roads to cheaply move raw materials and outputs; natural resources such as coal, iron, and waterfalls; political stability and a legal system that supported business; and financial capital available to invest. Once industrialisation began in Great Britain, new factors can be added: the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial expertise and the willingness to import the process. Britain met the criteria and industrialized starting in the 18th century, and then it exported the process to western Europe (especially Belgium, France, and the German states) in the early 19th century. The United States copied the British model in the early 19th century, and Japan copied the Western European models in the late 19th century.
5141:, the presence of a large number of European states, made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive, as entrepreneurs, innovators, ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities. This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced, large unitary empires such as China and India by providing "an insurance against economic and technological stagnation". China had both a printing press and movable type, and India had similar levels of scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700, yet the Industrial Revolution would occur in Europe, not China or India. In Europe, political fragmentation was coupled with an "integrated market for ideas" where Europe's intellectuals used the
4245:, where there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making, urbanisation was fast. During these eighty years, the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred, concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region. Nevertheless, industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres, but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal mine or a factory. Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than, for instance, the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows.
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1961:, which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder thereby making the low-pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere; use of a steam jacket; and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber. The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam. Likewise, the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder, also improving efficiency. These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton and Watt's engines used only 20β25% as much coal per horsepower-hour as Newcomen's. Boulton and Watt opened the
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5410:, a place more venerable than many courts of justice, where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind. There the Jew, the Mahometan , and the Christian transact together, as though they all professed the same religion, and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts. There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist, and the Churchman depends on the Quaker's word. If one religion only were allowed in England, the Government would very possibly become arbitrary; if there were but two, the people would cut one another's throats; but as there are such a multitude, they all live happy and in peace."
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century this region (Flanders), with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 percent, remained one of the most urbanised in the world. By comparison, this proportion reached only 17 percent in
Wallonia, barely 10 percent in most West European countries, 16 percent in France, and 25 percent in Britain. Nineteenth-century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure, except in Ghent... Also, in Wallonia, the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process, even though the proportion of city-dwellers rose from 17 to 45 percent between 1831 and 1910. Especially in the
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was then twisted by the spindle. The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length. Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread. The top rollers were leather-covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight. The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers. The bottom rollers were wood and metal, with fluting along the length. The water frame was able to produce a hard, medium-count thread suitable for warp, finally allowing 100% cotton cloth to be made in
Britain. Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in
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remove it. Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work. Few puddlers lived to be 40. Because puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace, coal or coke could be used as fuel. The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by mild steel. Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs, it was never successfully mechanised. Rolling was an important part of the puddling process because the grooved rollers expelled most of the molten slag and consolidated the mass of hot wrought iron. Rolling was 15 times faster at this than a
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played a vital role in running farms and in some trades and landed estates. Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands. However, Clark argues, as capitalism expanded in the 17th century, there was more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home, and the wife was reduced to unpaid household work. Middle- and upper-class women were confined to an idle domestic existence, supervising servants; lower-class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs. Capitalism, therefore, had a negative effect on powerful women.
5026:. A recent account argued that Europeans have been characterized for thousands of years by a freedom-loving culture originating from the aristocratic societies of early Indo-European invaders. Many historians, however, have challenged this explanation as being not only Eurocentric, but also ignoring historical context. In fact, before the Industrial Revolution, "there existed something of a global economic parity between the most advanced regions in the world economy." These historians have suggested a number of other factors, including education, technological changes (see
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3687:, were passed in Britain: children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the workday of youth under age 18 was limited to twelve hours. Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law; however, their scarcity made enforcement difficult. About ten years later, the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden. Although laws such as these decreased the number of child labourers, child labour remained significantly present in Europe and the United States until the 20th century.
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century before, all
European countries and America engaged in study-touring; some nations, like Sweden and France, even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy. In other countries, notably Britain and America, this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods. Study tours were common then, as now, as was the keeping of travel diaries. Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods.
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especially in textile mills children as young as eight proved useful in handling chores and adding to the family income. Indeed, children were taken out of school to work alongside their parents in the factories. However, by the mid-19th century, unskilled labor forces were common in
Western Europe, and British industry moved upscale, needing many more engineers and skilled workers who could handle technical instructions and handle complex situations. Literacy was essential to be hired. A senior government official told Parliament in 1870:
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and in spa towns such as Bath and
Harrogate. Prosperity and expansion in manufacturing industries such as pottery and metalware increased consumer choice dramatically. Where once labourers ate from metal platters with wooden implements, ordinary workers now dined on Wedgwood porcelain. Consumers came to demand an array of new household goods and furnishings: metal knives and forks, for example, as well as rugs, carpets, mirrors, cooking ranges, pots, pans, watches, clocks, and a dizzying array of furniture. The age of
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2403:, an employee of Boulton & Watt. The process consisted of the large-scale gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of the gas (removal of sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons), and its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820. They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK. Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or
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cities and population shrank. Without coal, Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s. Based on science and experimentation from the continent, the steam engine was developed specifically for pumping water out of mines, many of which in
Britain had been mined to below the water table. Although extremely inefficient they were economical because they used unsaleable coal. Iron rails were developed to transport coal, which was a major economic sector in Britain.
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2080:. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms. Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws, and chisels. Consequently, the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum. Hand methods of production were laborious and costly, and precision was difficult to achieve.
1144:, operational by 1721. Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy; however, because the Italian silk industry guarded its secrets closely, the state of the industry at that time is unknown. Although Lombe's factory was technically successful, the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition. In order to promote manufacturing, the Crown paid for models of Lombe's machinery which were exhibited in the
1093:. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or occasionally in master weavers' shops. Wages in Lancashire were about six times those in India in 1770 when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India. In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines. The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, which increased to 588 million pounds in 1850.
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4330:, with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter. This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s. Between 1815 and 1850, the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries. This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in
1534:; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed the use of powerβfirst horsepower and then water powerβwhich made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry. Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling) so that the supply of
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3002:, say that the real effect of the Industrial Revolution was that "for the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists, even as a theoretical possibility." Others argue that while the growth of the economy's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution,
1441:, which he patented in 1770. It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles. The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel, by first clamping down on the fibres, then by drawing them out, followed by twisting. It was a simple, wooden framed machine that only cost about Β£6 for a 40-spindle model in 1792 and was used mainly by home spinners. The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft, not warp.
4200:." Professor Michel De Coster stated: "The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world, in proportion to its population and its territory But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal-mines, the blast furnaces, the iron and zinc factories, the wool industry, the glass industry, the weapons industry... were concentrated." Many of the 19th-century coal mines in Wallonia are now protected as
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1900, most industrial workers in the United States worked a 10-hour day (12 hours in the steel industry), yet earned 20β40% less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life; however, most workers in textiles, which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment, were women and children. For workers of the labouring classes, industrial life "was a stony desert, which they had to make habitable by their own efforts."
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spindle and the lead screw. Before its invention, screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs, some of which copied from a template. The slide rest lathe was called one of history's most important inventions. Although it was not entirely
Maudslay's idea, he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw, slide rest, and change gears.
5546:, in which members met to discuss natural philosophy and often its application to manufacturing. The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809, and it has been said of them, "They were, if you like, the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth-century revolutions, the Industrial Revolution". Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions. For example, the London-based
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households. The second stage was the "family wage economy" of early industrialisation; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members, including husband, wife, and older children. The third or modern stage is the "family consumer economy", in which the family is the site of consumption, and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption.
5383:, and British society's greater receptiveness to change (compared with other European countries) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution. Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement, and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism. (This point is also made in
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transportation. Still, many did not find a satisfactory life in their new homes, leading 7 million of them to return to Europe. This mass migration had large demographic effects: in 1800, less than 1% of the world population consisted of overseas
Europeans and their descendants; by 1930, they represented 11%. The Americas felt the brunt of this huge emigration, largely concentrated in the United States.
5314:). Britain's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods. The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain's geographical positionβan island separated from the rest of mainland Europe.
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732:. According to Cambridge historian Leigh Shaw-Taylor, Britain was already industrialising in the 17th century, and "Our database shows that a groundswell of enterprise and productivity transformed the economy in the 17th century, laying the foundations for the world's first industrial economy. Britain was already a nation of makers by the year 1700" and "the history of Britain needs to be rewritten".
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1350:
5231:"An unprecedented explosion of new ideas, and new technological inventions, transformed our use of energy, creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country. Roads, railways and canals were built. Great cities appeared. Scores of factories and mills sprang up. Our landscape would never be the same again. It was a revolution that transformed not only the country, but the world itself."
2065:; carpenters made wooden framing; and smiths and turners made metal parts. Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal parts and frames became more common. Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded
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brick and slate had replaced wood, charcoal, flax, peat and thatch. The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not. Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse's work was mechanised. A workhorse needs 1.2 to 2.0 ha (3 to 5 acres) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy.
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4196:...there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making...". Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830: "It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain." "The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth-making town of
5867:. Researchers have documented the movement of many species into regions formerly too cold for them, often at rates faster than initially expected. This has occurred in part as a result of changing climate, but also in response to farming and fishing, and to the accidental introduction of non-native species to new areas through global travel. The ecosystem of the entire
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manufactured in
Britain was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.
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pumps. They were extremely inefficient by modern standards, but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads, they opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper. Despite their disadvantages, Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century.
3348:. Scores of street sellers 'cried' merchandise from place to place, advertising the wealth of goods and services on offer. Milkmaids, orange sellers, fishwives and piemen, for example, all walked the streets offering their various wares for sale, while knife grinders and the menders of broken chairs and furniture could be found on street corners". An early
5376:. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and water power resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry. Also, the damp, mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton, providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry.
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varied network of exchange in history", Europe advanced as the leader of the Industrial Revolution. In the Americas, Europeans found a windfall of silver, timber, fish, and maize, leading historian Peter Stearns to conclude that "Europe's Industrial Revolution stemmed in great part from Europe's ability to draw disproportionately on world resources."
2907:. Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution. After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories.
2281:) produced from hardwood ashes. These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions, replacing many small-scale operations with more cost-effective and controllable processes. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. Early uses for sulfuric acid included
4001:) given off by the Leblanc process used to produce soda ash. An alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution. The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded, culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke, grit, dust, and fumes under supervision.
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2170:. These machines were all-metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability. The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools, and in his workshops, he trained a generation of men to build on his work, such as
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industrial system was new, there were no experienced adult labourers. This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children.
2319:, and Germany took world leadership, building a strong chemical industry. Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860β1914 era to learn the latest techniques. British scientists by contrast, lacked research universities and did not train advanced students; instead, the practice was to hire German-trained chemists.
5686:, in particular, were very involved in education, by running Dissenting Academies, where, in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow, much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences β areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies.
2925:, demanding new ideas for managing large groups of individuals. Visible poverty on one hand and growing population and materialistic wealth on the other caused tensions between the very rich and the poorest people within society. These tensions were sometimes violently released and led to philosophical ideas such as
2900:, linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool. The opening was marred by problems caused by the primitive nature of the technology being employed; however, problems were gradually solved, and the railway became highly successful, transporting passengers and freight.
1317:. Occasionally, the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver. Under the putting-out system, home-based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers, who often supplied the raw materials. In the off-season, the women, typically farmers' wives, did the spinning and the men did the weaving. Using the
4096:, especially Bohemia, became the centre of industrialisation due to its natural and human resources. The iron industry had developed in the Alpine regions after 1750, with smaller centers in Bohemia and Moravia. Hungaryβthe eastern half of the Dual Monarchy, was heavily rural with little industry before 1870.
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contained harmful amounts. Conversion of coal to coke only slightly reduces the sulfur content. A minority of coals are coking. Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution was the scarcity of water power to power blast bellows. This limitation was overcome by the steam engine.
5694:, such as traditional financiers or other businessmen. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century.
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around the end of the first millennium. The city-states were prosperous cities that were independent from feudal lords. They were largely republics whose governments were typically composed of merchants, manufacturers, members of guilds, bankers and financiers. The Italian city-states built a network
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by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines, thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development. However, monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance, or even overbalance, the beneficial effects of publicising
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During the late 18th and early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise, the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy. The building of roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were
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involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain. Eventually, effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to
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before 1712. Newcomen engines were installed for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines, with the engine on the surface; these were large machines, requiring a significant amount of capital to build, and produced upwards of 3.5 kW (5 hp). They were also used to power municipal water supply
1908:
was an important element of the Industrial Revolution; however, during the early period of the Industrial Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water and wind. In Britain, by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam. By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp.
1816:
Puddling became widely used after 1800. Up to that time, British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of iron imported from Sweden and Russia to supplement domestic supplies. Because of the increased British production, imports began to decline in 1785, and by the 1790s Britain eliminated
1614:
In 1750, the UK imported 31,200 tons of bar iron and either refined from cast iron or directly produced 18,800 tons of bar iron using charcoal and 100 tons using coke. In 1796, the UK was making 125,000 tons of bar iron with coke and 6,400 tons with charcoal; imports were 38,000 tons and exports were
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Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine. Marketing professor Ronald Fullerton suggested that innovative marketing
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in the east (except part of North Flanders, in another period of the industrial revolution, after 1920). Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain, the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different. In 'Breaking stereotypes', Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say:
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The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812β1820. The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers. The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits. They usually lost and modified the worst practices. The City of London repeatedly
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The traditional centres of hand textile production such as India, parts of the Middle East, and later China could not withstand the competition from machine-made textiles, which over a period of decades destroyed the hand-made textile industries and left millions of people without work, many of whom
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Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law, but factory owners resisted; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation, and others simply welcomed the cheap labour. In 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against child
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Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high-pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800. High-pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere, doing away with the condenser and cooling water. They were also much lighter weight and
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Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal. These were all horse-drawn or relied on gravity, with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline. The
1598:
Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for making hardware goods such as nails, wire, hinges, horseshoes, wagon tires, chains, etc., as well as structural shapes. A small amount of bar iron was converted into steel. Cast iron was used for pots, stoves, and other items where
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held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s, and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the
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with respect to material advancement. The Industrial Revolution influenced in some way almost every aspect of daily life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists have said the most important effect of the Industrial Revolution was
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The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain's industrial growth. Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships. For instance, the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings. With a
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Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and Britain had the highest quality coal in Europe. Britain also had a large number of sites for water
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of the mid 14th century, followed by other epidemics, until the population reached a low in the 14th century. This created labour shortages and led to falling food prices and a peak in real wages around 1500, after which population growth began reducing wages. After 1540, increasing precious metals
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From 1850 to 1890, Sweden experienced its "first" Industrial Revolution with a veritable explosion in export, dominated by crops, wood, and steel. Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873. Large infrastructural investments were
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In addition, between 1815 and 1939, 20% of Europe's population left home, pushed by poverty, a rapidly growing population, and the displacement of peasant farming and artisan manufacturing. They were pulled abroad by the enormous demand for labour overseas, the ready availability of land, and cheap
3501:
argues that when capitalism arrived in 17th-century England, it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance. Clark argues that in 16th-century England, women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture. The home was a central unit of production, and women
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and Wales, which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million. Improved conditions led to the
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With the rapid growth of towns and cities, shopping became an important part of everyday life. Window shopping and the purchase of goods became a cultural activity in its own right, and many exclusive shops were opened in elegant urban districts: in the Strand and Piccadilly in London, for example,
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Upon the speedy provision of elementary education depends are industrial prosperity. It is of no use trying to give technical teaching to our citizens without elementary education; uneducated labourersβand many of our labourers are utterly uneducatedβare, for the most part, unskilled labourers, and
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The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children, including many orphans. They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off. It was common for women to take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work. Lack
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agricultural labourers. It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn, weave cloth and make their own clothing. Households also spun and wove for market production. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, India, China, and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the
1827:
in 1828, was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron. By using preheated combustion air, the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one-third using coke or two-thirds using coal; the efficiency gains continued as the
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who, along with two partners, patented it in 1769. The design was partly based on a spinning machine built by Kay, who was hired by Arkwright. For each spindle the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers, each operating at a successively higher rotating speed, to draw out the fibre which
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in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society". Although Engels wrote his book in the 1840s, it was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and his expression did not enter everyday language until then. Credit for
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Britain's population grew 280% from 1550 to 1820, while the rest of Western Europe grew 50β80%. Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain from 1750 to 1800. By 1800, only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain. This was only possible because coal, coke, imported cotton,
5130:. In addition, the economy was highly dependent on two sectorsβagriculture of subsistence and cotton, and there appears to have been little technical innovation. It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by monarchs prior to the British take over.
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leaders decided to catch up with the West. The government built railroads, improved roads, and inaugurated a land reform program to prepare the country for further development. It inaugurated a new Western-based education system for all young people, sent thousands of students to the United States
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Technological change accelerated industrialisation and urbanisation. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.76% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favourably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%). However, in a comparison
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The Industrial Revolution in continental Europe came later than in Great Britain. It started in Belgium and France, then spread to the German states by the middle of the 19th century. In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places. Typically, the
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mortality rates were reduced markedly. There was still limited opportunity for education, and children were expected to work. Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine, and since the
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in England from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century had seen a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. With improvements in transport and manufacturing technology, opportunities for buying
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In the 18th century, there were relatively high levels of literacy among farmers in England and Scotland. This permitted the recruitment of literate craftsmen, skilled workers, foremen, and managers who supervised the emerging textile factories and coal mines. Much of the labour was unskilled, and
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Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century with new public health acts regulating things such as sewage, hygiene, and home construction. In the introduction of his 1892 edition, Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved. For example, the
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had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings. There were no sanitary facilities. The population density was extremely high. However, not everyone lived in such poor conditions. The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen, clerks, foremen, and engineers
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Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norms for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France until the late 19th century. Until about 1750, malnutrition limited life expectancy in France to about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain. The United States population of
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By the 1820s a national network was in existence. Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways. They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on. The last major
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The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread
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to metal. This has the advantage that impurities (such as sulphur ash) in the coal do not migrate into the metal. This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687. It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s, but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an
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has argued that high wages, cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur. These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development, and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies. However, two
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In 1700, five-sixths of the coal mined worldwide was in Britain, while the Netherlands had none; so despite having Europe's best transport, lowest taxes, and most urbanised, well-paid, and literate population, it failed to industrialise. In the 18th century, it was the only European country whose
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Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton; previously, it had primarily been consumed in subtropical regions where it was grown, with little raw cotton available for export. Consequently, prices of raw cotton rose. British production grew from 2 million pounds in 1700 to 5 million
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in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s. They refused to work for less than ten shillings per week, although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings per week and were due to be further reduced to
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of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. As late as
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Some early spinning and weaving machinery, such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792, was affordable for cottagers. Later machinery such as spinning frames, spinning mules and power looms were expensive (especially if water-powered), giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories.
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had generally replaced charcoal in the smelting of copper and lead and was in widespread use in glass production. In the smelting and refining of iron, coal and coke produced inferior iron to that made with charcoal because of the coal's sulfur content. Low sulfur coals were known, but they still
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where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe. By the mid-1760s, cloth was over three-quarters of the East India Company's exports. Indian textiles were in demand in the North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available; however, the number of
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Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means. Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached. A common method was for someone to make a study tour, gathering information where he could. During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the
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In addition, Europe's monarchs desperately needed revenue, pushing them into alliances with their merchant classes. Small groups of merchants were granted monopolies and tax-collecting responsibilities in exchange for payments to the state. Located in a region "at the hub of the largest and most
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from metal. Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms. The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory. Techniques for precision machining using machine
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in 1867 included 23 million inhabitants in 1800, growing to 36 million by 1870. Nationally, the per capita rate of industrial growth averaged about 3% between 1818 and 1870. However, there were strong regional differences. The railway system was built in the 1850β1873 period. Before they arrived
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and London. The critical factor was financing, which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms. Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure. P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants. People moved in so rapidly there was not
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During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730β1749 to 31.8% in 1810β1829. The effects on living conditions have been controversial and were hotly
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A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds, or one ton. A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment, that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration. Twelve wagons were loaded with stones, till each wagon weighed three
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France was known for having an excellent system of roads at the time of the Industrial Revolution; however, most of the roads on the European continent and in the UK were in bad condition and dangerously rutted. Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local
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Although mechanisation dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth, by the mid-19th century machine-woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand-woven Indian cloth, in part because of the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India, which allowed high thread
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Parts of India, China, Central America, South America, and the Middle East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles, which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD. In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown, most was grown by small farmers alongside their food
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Germany's political disunityβwith three dozen statesβand a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines linked the major cities; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Lacking a technological base at
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The Industrial Revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one, but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium. During the Middle Ages and the early modern period, Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres at the beginning of the nineteenth
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for the production of high-security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship. Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe. Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe, which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the
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Puddling was a means of decarburizing molten pig iron by slow oxidation in a reverberatory furnace by manually stirring it with a long rod. The decarburized iron, having a higher melting point than cast iron, was raked into globs by the puddler. When the glob was large enough, the puddler would
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During the Industrial Revolution, an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed, associated with the Romantic movement. Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialisation, urbanisation and the
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workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry. Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver. Many such
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Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800, the rolling mill for making rails, and the development of the high-pressure steam engine also around 1800. Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to
2304:, revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required (from months to days) for the traditional process then in use, which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk. Tennant's
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In addition to lower cost and greater availability, coke had other important advantages over charcoal in that it was harder and made the column of materials (iron ore, fuel, slag) flowing down the blast furnace more porous and did not crush in the much taller furnaces of the late 19th century.
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An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as their markets matured; and despite the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, and
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Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with the nature of the national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government, they were considered fellow Protestants, to a limited extent, by many in the
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The introduction of the steam pump by Thomas Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper, enabling more coal to be extracted. These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution, but the
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in 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the largest cotton mill of its era, and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future. This mill was designed to use horsepower, but the operators quickly learned that the horse-drawn platform was economically
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required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke. It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke. The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions, such as soot, ash, and gritty
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forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted. One British newspaper in 1834 described unions as "the most dangerous institutions that were ever permitted to take root, under shelter of law, in any country..."
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to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost
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and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities, compared to nearly 50% by the beginning of the 21st century.
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was starting to become a common feature on dining tables. Rising prosperity and social mobility in the 18th century increased the number of people with disposable income for consumption, and the marketing of goods (of which Wedgwood was a pioneer) for individuals, as opposed to items for the
1851:. The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries, such as those making nails, hinges, wire, and other hardware items. The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron, causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries.
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The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22.4% in 1831. Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1% in 1801. Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth
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for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries and that in many ways workers' living standards declined under early capitalism: some studies have estimated that real wages in Britain only increased 15% between the 1780s and 1850s and that
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invented by John Wilkinson in 1774. It was designed to bore the large cylinders on early steam engines. Wilkinson's machine was the first to use the principle of line-boring, where the tool is supported on both ends, unlike earlier designs used for boring cannon that relied on a less stable
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argues that capitalism created the conditions for women's emancipation. Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women, finding three stages in English history. In the pre-industrial era, production was mostly for home use, and women produced much of the needs of the
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as well as the use of low sulfur coal. The use of lime or limestone required higher furnace temperatures to form a free-flowing slag. The increased furnace temperature made possible by improved blowing also increased the capacity of blast furnaces and allowed for increased furnace height.
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crops and was spun and woven in households, largely for domestic consumption. In the 15th century, China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth. By the 17th century, almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing. Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a
1658:. However, the coke pig iron he made was not suitable for making wrought iron and was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods, such as pots and kettles. He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots, cast by his patented process, were thinner and cheaper than theirs.
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of Georgia and South Carolina but did poorly inland. Sea island cotton began being exported from Barbados in the 1650s. Upland green seeded cotton grew well on inland areas of the southern U.S. but was not economical because of the difficulty of removing seed, a problem solved by the
3433:) where there was a charge of one penny for carriage and delivery between any two places in the United Kingdom irrespective of distanceβand the goods were delivered throughout the UK via the newly created railway system. As the railway network expanded overseas, so did his business.
4150:(French-speaking southern Belgium) took the lead. Starting in the middle of the 1820s, and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830, numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around
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its construction cost Β£168,000 (Β£22,589,130 as of 2013), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building, known as
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In industrial cities local experts and reformers, especially after 1890, took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution, and initiating grass-roots movements to demand and achieve reforms. Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution. The
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societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship. Enlightened industrialists, such as Robert Owen supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class. Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike. In 1842, a
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Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion. Thanks to coal (the French word "houille" was coined in Wallonia), the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain. But it is also pointed out by many researchers, with its
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The decrease beginning in the second half of the 18th century was due mainly to declining adult mortality. Sustained decline of the mortality rates for the age groups 5β10, 10β15, and 15β25 began in the mid-19th century, while that for the age group 0β5 began three decades
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it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita
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Reports were written detailing some of the abuses, particularly in the coal mines and textile factories, and these helped to popularise the children's plight. The public outcry, especially among the upper and middle classes, helped stir change in the young workers' welfare.
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made during this period, mainly in the expanding railroad network, which was financed in part by the government and in part by private enterprises. From 1890 to 1930, new industries developed with their focus on the domestic market: mechanical engineering, power utilities,
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The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed tolls and
3807:, a folklore figure. The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811. The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures using the militia or army to protect industry. Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or
2975:, and were responsible for the sale of the goods. Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems. The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting-out system.
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first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways (as they were then often called from the cast-iron plates used). Horse-drawn public railways begin in the early 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs.
4338:. Several important institutional changes took place in this period, such as free and mandatory schooling introduced in 1842 (as the first country in the world), the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846, and a stock company law in 1848.
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The earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant but far less than that of cotton.
4476:, which has fast-moving rivers. The newer water-powered production lines proved more economical than horse-drawn production. In the late 19th century steam-powered manufacturing overtook water-powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest.
3590:", and the world's first industrial city. Manchester experienced a six-times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831. Bradford grew by 50% every ten years between 1811 and 1851, and by 1851 only 50% of the population of Bradford were actually born there.
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Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils, and in the following decades, stoves for cooking and space heating. Coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco, and chocolate became affordable to many in Europe. The
5040:, by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners. China was also a totalitarian society. It also taxed transported goods heavily. Modern estimates of per capita income in Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in
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Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders, 10β20% of an adult male's wage.
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described penny dreadfuls as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young", and "the Victorian equivalent of video games". By the 1860s and 1870s more than one million boys' periodicals were sold per week. Labelled an "authorpreneur" by
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Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass-producing agricultural equipment, such as reapers, binders, and combine harvesters.
1161:. In India, a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets, often produced by professional weavers. Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops. India produced a variety of cotton cloth, some of exceptionally fine quality.
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were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads. Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust. New engineered roads were built by
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The United States originally used horse-powered machinery for small-scale applications such as grain milling, but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s. As a result, industrialisation was concentrated in
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Pre-industrial water supply relied on gravity systems, and pumping of water was done by water wheels. Pipes were typically made of wood. Steam-powered pumps and iron pipes allowed the widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households.
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technology improved. Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces, increasing their capacity. Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron. This meant that lower quality coal could be used in areas where
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of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five. Tull's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an effect. Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century.
1610:
production was 24,500 and coke iron was 2,500 tons. In 1788, the production of charcoal cast iron was 14,000 tons while coke iron production was 54,000 tons. In 1806, charcoal cast iron production was 7,800 tons and coke cast iron was 250,000 tons.
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1935:
By 1729, when Newcomen died, his engines had spread to Hungary in 1722, and then to Germany, Austria, and Sweden. A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired, of which 14 were abroad. In the 1770s the engineer
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the time was adequately fed, much taller on average, and had a life expectancy of 45β50 years, although U.S. life expectancy declined by a few years by the mid 19th century. Food consumption per capita also declined during an episode known as the
2816:. Productivity of road transport increased greatly during the Industrial Revolution, and the cost of travel fell dramatically. Between 1690 and 1840 productivity almost tripled for long-distance carrying and increased four-fold in stage coaching.
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fleet as large as the Royal Navy, and with these fittings needing to be replaced every four to five years, this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion. The industrial manufacture of rope can also be seen as a similar factor.
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which he patented in 1785. In 1776, he patented a two-man operated loom. Cartwright's loom design had several flaws, the most serious being thread breakage. Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813. Horock's loom was improved by
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of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies, particularly China and Russia. Britain emerged from the
4072:) regions, proto-industrialisation began by 1750 and became the center of the first phases of the Industrial Revolution after 1800. The textile industry was the main factor, utilising mechanisation, steam engines, and the factory system. In the
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installed similar steam-pumped, water-powered blowing cylinders at the Dale Company when he took control in 1768. The Dale Company used several Newcomen engines to drain its mines and made parts for engines which it sold throughout the country.
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revolution. These advancements also greatly benefitted British society as a whole. Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions.
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unstable, and had economic losses for years. Despite the losses, the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation, both in turning a large amount of cotton, but also developing the water-powered milling structure used in Slater's Mill.
2534:, a laborious job that took about one-quarter of agricultural labour. Lower labor requirements subsequently result in lowered wages and numbers of farm labourers, who faced near starvation, leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the
2443:. They became the leading producers of window and plate glass. This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings.
1805:) for the furnace bottom, greatly reducing the loss of iron through increased slag caused by a sand lined bottom. The tap cinder also tied up some phosphorus, but this was not understood at the time. Hall's process also used iron scale or
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tons, and the wagons were fastened together. A horse was then attached, which drew the wagons with ease, six miles in two hours, having stopped four times, in order to show he had the power of starting, as well as drawing his great load.
1491:. Crompton's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost. Mule-spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as a warp and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities.
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who did not consider cotton a threat. Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th-century Italy and 15th-century southern Germany, but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off. The
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Primitivism argues that the Industrial Revolution have created an un-natural frame of society and the world in which humans need to adapt to an un-natural urban landscape in which humans are perpetual cogs without personal autonomy.
4629:. The Blanchard lathe, or pattern tracing lathe, was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks. The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardised and interchangeable parts became known as the
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contributed to the growth of urban areas as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories. Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, nicknamed
4781:
The New Industrialist movement advocates for increasing domestic manufacturing while reducing emphasis on a financial-based economy that relies on real estate and trading speculative assets. New Industrialism has been described as
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pounds in 1781 to 56 million in 1800. The invention of the cotton gin by American Eli Whitney in 1792 was the decisive event. It allowed green-seeded cotton to become profitable, leading to the widespread growth of the large slave
1388:βwith a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747βdoubled the output of a weaver, worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving. It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John's son,
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Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanised the shoe industry and the watch industry. The industrialisation of the watch industry started in 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the
4549:, was the birthplace of America's Industrial Revolution. At its peak over 1,100 mills operated in this valley, including Slater's Mill, and with it the earliest beginnings of America's industrial and technological development.
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in financing the Industrial Revolution. Williams argued that European capital amassed from slavery was vital in the early years of the revolution, contending that the rise of industrial capitalism was the driving force behind
4005:
indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish. Finally, Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity. The industry reached the U.S. around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits.
916:
The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:
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unemployed workers, weavers, and others turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of
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in 1822, and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts, Hill & Co. Roberts was additionally a maker of high-quality machine tools and a pioneer in the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement.
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had not yet been widely constructed. Animals supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea. The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century, with
2261:. Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulfide. The process produced a large amount of pollution (the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the atmosphere, and calcium sulfide was a
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became products for the masses, thanks to the Industrial Revolution and the consumers it created. By the mid-19th century, sweet biscuits were an affordable indulgence and business was booming. Manufacturers such as
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and selling became faster and more efficient than previous. The expanding textile trade in the north of England meant the three-piece suit became affordable to the masses. Founded by potter and retail entrepreneur
1737:
had great difficulty trying to have a cylinder made for his first steam engine. In 1774 Wilkinson invented a precision boring machine for boring cylinders. After Wilkinson bored the first successful cylinder for a
1550:
counts. However, the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand-spun and woven fabric in low-wage India, eventually destroying the Indian industry.
15927:
2193:
for firearms in the early 19th century. In the half-century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools, the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy, by value added.
18234:
4928:
cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later, more physical, manifestations such as the steam engine.
4673:
is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a "Second Industrial Revolution", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of
5010:. European 17th-century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported and enabled 18th-century industrial growth.
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to complain about the union, invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other, which the members of the Friendly Society had done. Six men were arrested, found guilty, and
2214:(James Watt's first partner) in 1746. He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger, less expensive chambers made of
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increased so that they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses. The high-pressure engine had a high
4510:, England, and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789, hoping to make money with his knowledge. After founding Slater's Mill, he went on to own 13 textile mills.
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was able to reach the rest of the country. Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow, broad-wheeled carts hauled by teams of horses. Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of
4834:
The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate. Geographic factors include Britain's vast mineral resources. In addition to metal ores, Britain had the highest quality
8586:
5601:
Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century, and many regularly included notice of the latest patents. Foreign periodicals, such as the
1725:
for blast furnaces. The blowing cylinder for blast furnaces was introduced in 1760 and the first blowing cylinder made of cast iron is believed to be the one used at Carrington in 1768 that was designed by
9957:
12724:
4044:
in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of Britain. Most European governments provided state funding to the new industries. In some cases (such as
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In other industries, the transition to factory production was not so divisive. Some industrialists tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers. One of the earliest such reformers was
1742:
steam engine in 1776, he was given an exclusive contract for providing cylinders. After Watt developed a rotary steam engine in 1782, they were widely applied to blowing, hammering, rolling and slitting.
11502:
Bagnall, William R. The Textile Industries of the United States: Including Sketches and Notices of Cotton, Woolen, Silk, and Linen Manufacturers in the Colonial Period. Vol. I. The Riverside Press, 1893.
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freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy. In contrast, per-capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or declining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century.
2107:
were developed in the early decades of the 19th century. Although the milling machine was invented at this time, it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century.
5585:
contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution, very well illustrated by fine engravings. Foreign printed sources such as the
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as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse, and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size (European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the
3359:
Increased literacy rates, industrialisation, and the invention of the railway created a new market for cheap popular literature for the masses and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale.
2585:
adoption of John Smeaton's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines, making mines more profitable. The
1574:
is separated from the iron to prevent constituents of the coal, such as sulfur and silica, from becoming impurities in the iron. Iron production increased due to the ability to use mined coal directly.
9786:
2739:. However, it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways, which were quicker and often cheaper.
1976:
had constructed 496 engines, with 164 driving reciprocating pumps, 24 serving blast furnaces, and 308 powering mill machinery; most of the engines generated from 3.5 to 7.5 kW (5 to 10 hp).
1972:
rotative type, which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill. Both of Watt's basic engine types were commercially very successful, and by 1800 the firm
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in the United States. The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts was the basis for the rise of the US as the world's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century.
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1790:. A different use of rolling, which was done at lower temperatures than that for expelling slag, was in the production of iron sheets, and later structural shapes such as beams, angles, and rails.
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Szreter & Mooney; Mooney (February 1998). "Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities".
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Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed. It had a dense population for its small geographical size.
1995:
began to construct higher-pressure non-condensing steam engines, exhausting against the atmosphere. High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail
4686:
into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality. Bessemer steel was being displaced by the
3957:
were highly efficient and profitable and were able to keep up with demand. The U.S. Civil War created a "cotton famine" that led to increased production in other areas of the world, including
8737:
3168:. Snow's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted, but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems.
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Before and during the Industrial Revolution navigation on several British rivers was improved by removing obstructions, straightening curves, widening and deepening, and building navigation
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population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 30 million in the 19th century. Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.
3044:(1815β1846) which imposed tariffs on imported grain. The laws were enacted to keep prices high in order to benefit domestic producers. The Corn Laws were repealed in the early years of the
1983:, built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine-house, but soon various patterns of self-contained rotative engines (readily removable but not on wheels) were developed, such as the
1523:. A man using a cotton gin could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would previously have taken two months to process, working at the rate of one pound of cotton per day.
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of the 17th century. A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth, thereby encouraging economic development.
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and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until the flour was discharged into a wagon. This is considered to be the first modern
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British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India's labour cost was approximately one-fifth to one-sixth that of Britain's. In 1700 and 1721, the British government passed
4268:. Instead, France's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries. However, some stages were identified by Maurice LΓ©vy-Leboyer:
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Author Simon Winchester dates the start of the Industrial Revolution to 4 May 1776, the day that John Wilkinson presented James Watt with his precision-made cylinder. (19 August 2018)
2754:
Construction of the first macadam road in the United States in 1823. In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two-inch ring".
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lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in
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in the United States, Brazil, and the West Indies. In 1791 American cotton production was about 2 million pounds, soaring to 35 million by 1800, half of which was exported. America's
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of nearly 2,000 dollars) whereas China, by comparison, had only 450 dollars. India was essentially feudal, politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe.
5103:), resulting in very different worldviews. Other factors include the considerable distance of China's coal deposits, though large, from its cities as well as the then unnavigable
5036:
was the world's most technologically advanced country for many centuries; however, China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the
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to be economically transported long distances inland. This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart.
1924:). Savery's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes. Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century.
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1733:
Cast iron cylinders for use with a piston were difficult to manufacture; the cylinders had to be free of holes and had to be machined smooth and straight to remove any warping.
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New businesses in various industries appeared in towns and cities throughout Britain. Confectionery was one such industry that saw rapid expansion. According to food historian
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smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines. A few of these early locomotives were used in mines. Steam-hauled public railways began with the
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10413:. Although the survival rates for infants and children were static over this period, the birth rate & overall life expectancy increased. Thus the population grew, but the
5014:
One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century, particularly China,
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in 1623) is considered an influential factor. The effects of patents, both good and ill, on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the
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1310:. Flax was used for the warp because wheel-spun cotton did not have sufficient strength, but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100% cotton and was more difficult to sew.
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describes backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns, where people lived in crude shanties and shacks, some not completely enclosed, some with dirt floors. These
1647:, and coal was much more abundant than wood, supplies of which were becoming scarce before the enormous increase in iron production that took place in the late 18th century.
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began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries.
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By 1600, Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established. They were left alone by the
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following a seam of coal along the surface, which were abandoned as the coal was extracted. In other cases, if the geology was favourable the coal was mined by means of an
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supply from the Americas caused coinage debasement (inflation), which caused land rents (often long-term leases that transferred to heirs on death) to fall in real terms.
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used innovations from the revolution to sell his books, such as the new printing presses, enhanced advertising revenues, and the expansion of railroads. His first novel,
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debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s. Over the course of the period from 1813 to 1913, there was a significant increase in worker wages.
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14627:"The Day the World Took Off" Six-part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."
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Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the Industrial Revolution. Key factors fostering this environment were:
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if we leave our workβfolk any longer unskilled, notwithstanding their strong sinews and determined energy, they will become overmatched in the competition of the world.
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annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century
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sheets of lead. Instead of making a small amount each time, he was able to make around 50 kilograms (100 pounds) in each of the chambers, at least a tenfold increase.
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found that industrialization happened in areas with low wages and high mechanical skills, whereas literacy, banks and proximity to coal had little explanatory power.
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of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available. There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the
5018:, and the Middle East (which pioneered in shipbuilding, textile production, water mills, and much more in the period between 750 and 1100), or at other times like in
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North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1989). "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England".
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tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in the proper position, jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy. The
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Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised, such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the
2581:(a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine). In either case, the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity.
1233:, along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region.
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Britain's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain.
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The movement stressed the importance of "nature" in art and language, in contrast to "monstrous" machines and factories; the "Dark satanic mills" of Blake's poem "
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toured Europe and the United States to learn Western ways. The result was a deliberate state-led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up. The
3523:, in which he states that the misery of the poorer classes was "voluntary and self-imposedβthe results of idleness, thriftlessness, intemperance, and misconduct."
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Canals began to be built in the UK in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country. Known for its huge commercial success, the
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built in 1778 with cast iron produced by Abraham Darby III. However, most cast iron was converted to wrought iron. Conversion of cast iron had long been done in a
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Broadberry, Stephen N.; Guan, Hanhui; Li, David D. (1 April 2017). "China, Europe and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980β1850".
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There were no internal trade barriers, including between England and Scotland, or feudal tolls and tariffs, making Britain the "largest coherent market in Europe"
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The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton, the mule produced high-quality thread with minimal labour, now on display at
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credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred. The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of
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production. Skilled workers were difficult to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining.
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The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income. According to
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A large exposΓ© literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions. By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the socialist movement,
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3055:. In Britain and the Netherlands, food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution with better agricultural practices; however, population grew as well.
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5406:(1733), noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country's less religiously tolerant European neighbours. "Take a view of the
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The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase, but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution, although
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in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder that distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth. This was important because the
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At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea.
2608:. However, the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light. Firedamp explosions continued, often setting off
2124:
were manufacturers of machine tools who found success in exporting from England and are also notable for having developed the planer around the same time as
1717:
Steam engines made the use of higher-pressure and volume blast practical; however, the leather used in bellows was expensive to replace. In 1757, ironmaster
10831:
10485:
6630:"Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004"
1201:, in 1806 became the parent genetic material for over 90% of world cotton production today; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick.
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Feinstein, Charles (September 1998). "Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution".
3632:. Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site.
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The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation.
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in London. Although greatly improved and with many variations, the Fourdrinier machine is the predominant means of paper production today. The method of
1705:
where low sulfur coal was available (and not far from Coalbrookdale). These furnaces were equipped with water-powered bellows, the water being pumped by
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for the world. New Industrialists believe that the United States is not building enough productive capital and should invest more into economic growth.
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By the 1890s, industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests, as companies like
4575:. After his death in 1817, his associates built America's first planned factory town, which they named after him. This enterprise was capitalised in a
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The Industrial Revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries. Notably, most
3954:
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of Birmingham was the first to commercialize the association between confectionery and romance when they produced a heart-shaped box of chocolates for
3196:
supported a massive expansion of newspaper and pamphlet publishing, which contributed to rising literacy and demands for mass political participation.
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had ruined his import business but that demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America, on his return to the United States, he set up the
4384:, founded in 1882, used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories. Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the West.
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Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most of the workforce was employed in agriculture, either as self-employed farmers as landowners or tenants or as
2645:
being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century. Improving sailing technologies boosted average sailing speed by 50% between 1750 and 1830.
2475:
demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes.
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was done in some areas, but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water. It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a
1313:
On the eve of the Industrial Revolution, spinning and weaving were done in households, for domestic consumption, and as a cottage industry under the
8729:
3834:
The Industrial Revolution generated an enormous and unprecedented economic division in the world, as measured by the share of manufacturing output.
3497:
Women's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women. Taking a pessimistic side,
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18383:
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Humanists and individualists criticise the Industrial revolution for mistreating women and children and turning men into work machines that lacked
382:
12441:
Knutsen, Carl Henrik; MΓΈller, JΓΈrgen; Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2016). "Going historical: Measuring democraticness before the age of mass democracy".
2069:, such as machine screws, bolts, and nuts. There was also the need for precision in making parts. Precision would allow better working machinery,
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9819:
9501:
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4300:, which was unified in 1871, became dominant in the world's chemical industry in the late 19th century. At first the production of dyes based on
3973:
Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution, sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century.
3601:
and built to serve local needs. Later, each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler.
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2835:
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The European revolutions and revolutionary waves of the 19th century: Their causes and consequences: Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century
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Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos, 'Breaking stereotypes', in M. Neven and I. Devos (editors), 'Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography', in
5852:, the mass destruction of the Industrial revolution has led to catastrophic impacts on the Earth. Most organisms are unable to adapt leading to
2202:
The large-scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of
1758:
As cast iron became cheaper and widely available, it began being a structural material for bridges and buildings. A famous early example is the
1009:
blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The
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The Industrial Revolution has been criticised for leading to immense ecological and habitat destruction. It has led to immense decrease in the
4625:, who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program. Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe, invented by
4040:
technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities. By 1809, part of the
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4870:
made food production more efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the farmers who could no longer be self-sufficient in agriculture into
4207:
Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong socialist party and strong trade unions in a particular sociological landscape. At the left, the
4135:
with Germany and Britain: the Austro-Hungarian economy as a whole still lagged considerably, as sustained modernisation had begun much later.
2407:. Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before.
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5648:. Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the
3755:
movement was the first large-scale organised working-class political movement that campaigned for political equality and social justice. Its
3115:
2612:
explosions, so casualties grew during the entire 19th century. Conditions of work were very poor, with a high casualty rate from rock falls.
1530:, of whom the best known is Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually developed by such people as Kay and
848:
802:
658:
were of British origin. By the mid-18th century, Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with
11511:"Made in Beverly β A History of Beverly Industry", by Daniel J. Hoisington. A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission. 1989.
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Ideas of thrift and hard work characterised middle-class families as the Industrial Revolution swept Europe. These values were displayed in
3234:
household, started to appear, and the new status of goods as status symbols related to changes in fashion and desired for aesthetic appeal.
3014:
The average height of the population declined during the Industrial Revolution, implying that their nutritional status was also decreasing.
2880:, which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity of the blast furnace. On 15 September 1830, the
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reserves known at the time, as well as abundant water power, highly productive agriculture, and numerous seaports and navigable waterways.
2138:, who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century, was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the
1860:
1793:
The puddling process was improved in 1818 by Baldwyn Rogers, who replaced some of the sand lining on the reverberatory furnace bottom with
1709:. The Newcomen engines were not attached directly to the blowing cylinders because the engines alone could not produce a steady air blast.
5840:). Since the start of the Industrial revolution humanity has permanently changed the Earth, such as immense decrease in biodiversity, and
4960:, the key enabling technology. In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as
2971:. Typical putting-out system goods included spinning and weaving. Merchant capitalists typically provided the raw materials, paid workers
1494:
Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers,
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The rapid population growth in the 19th century included the new industrial and manufacturing cities, as well as service centers such as
2185:
The techniques to make mass-produced metal parts of sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the
2162:
Maudslay left Bramah's employment and set up his own shop. He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships' pulley blocks for the
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Ronald Bailey, "The other side of slavery: Black labor, cotton, and textile industrialization in Great Britain and the United States."
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its brittleness was tolerable. Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron, with substantial losses. Bar iron was made by the
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in the Southern United States, who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed.
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The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized textiles, iron and coal, did little, if anything, to lower
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The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century: A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America
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Selgin, George; Turner, John L. (2011). "Strong Steam, Weak Patents, or the Myth of Watt's Innovation-Blocking Monopoly, Exploded".
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Modern industry first appeared in textiles, including cotton and especially silk, which was based in home workshops in rural areas.
3662:
A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery. In Britain, laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions.
2715:. Canals were hastily built with the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal, the most notable being the
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Fullerton, Ronald A. (January 1988). "How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing's Evolution and the Myth of the "Production Era"".
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5744:. Critics of the Industrial revolution promoted a more interventionist state and formed new organisations to promote human rights.
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and Europe, and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (
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systems, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.
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Waters, C.N.; et al. (8 January 2016). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene".
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spirit. Because of these interests, many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a
4601:, is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution. The short-lived utopia-like
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are all positive for humanity assuming they are controlled by and serve humanity and have no effect on the natural environment.
1410:. Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their rolling machine powered by a donkey. In 1743, a factory opened in
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burning was a popular activity. However, the riots led to the first formation of trade unions and further pressure for reform.
3384:(1836), became a publishing phenomenon with its unprecedented success sparking numerous spin-offs and merchandise ranging from
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in capitalist economies. Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in
677:. The development of trade and the rise of business were among the major causes of the Industrial Revolution. Developments in
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reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two-edged. French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry.
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may have changed during the last 2000 years as a result of nutrient and silica input from eroding deforested lands along the
5519:
4842:
Some historians believe the Industrial Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of
4431:
important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period.
4410:
1173:
1089:
In 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in
854:
17:
14490:
12900:
12139:
12116:
12039:
J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 20 September 2002. Retrieved January 2007.
9977:
6952:
6633:
4641:, with the development of machine tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches.
1635:
A major change in the iron industries during the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with
22681:
19075:
16961:
16723:
16640:
13711:
8881:
Herbert L. Sussman (2009). "Victorian Technology: Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine". p. 2. ABC-CLIO, 2009
5907:
3156:
Engels' book describes how untreated sewage created awful odours and turned the rivers green in industrial cities. In 1854
1414:
with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt's machines. This operated until about 1764. A similar mill was built by
12384:
12214:
10634:
10016:
9881:
2683:. Britain had over 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) of navigable rivers and streams by 1750. Canals and waterways allowed
1839:, which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do, such as for cutting edge tools and for springs.
23195:
23190:
23083:
21217:
20486:
18176:
16812:
16728:
16581:
15585:
15411:
15323:
15257:
14653:
12234:
Jan Luiten van Zanden, International Institute of Social History/University of Utrecht. May 2005. Retrieved January 2007.
10216:
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2986:
The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by
2658:
2265:
product). Nonetheless, this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that produced from burning specific plants (
1969:
1940:
built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements. A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800.
768:
Rapid economic growth began to reoccur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the
736:
held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while
728:
The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and
13540:
13456:
9147:
8527:
7397:
From the American System to Mass Production, 1800β1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
6709:
5588:
4049:), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted.
23153:
21246:
19804:
18971:
18030:
16758:
16409:
16397:
16353:
15867:
14972:
12788:
Stephenson, Judy Z. (13 May 2017). "'Real' wages? Contractors, workers, and pay in London building trades, 1650β1800".
12571:
9538:
7790:
5918:
4605:
was formed, as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain. However, by 1850, especially following the
4552:
3794:
The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs. The movement started first with
16586:
13371:
11112:
8057:
3701:
The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories, and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of
3086:
enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone, so low-income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded
1746:
The solutions to the sulfur problem were the addition of sufficient limestone to the furnace to force sulfur into the
22975:
22643:
21375:
21181:
20833:
20700:
20450:
16870:
16773:
16718:
16497:
16480:
16450:
16215:
16065:
15728:
15723:
15445:
14605:
13248:
Smith, Mick (2002). "The State of Nature: The Political Philosophy of Primitivism and the Culture of Contamination".
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11792:
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11143:
11069:
10262:
9710:
9203:
9119:
6689:
6666:
5501:
885:
523:
15902:
14396:
Rethinking the industrial revolution: five centuries of transition from agrarian to industrial capitalism in England
13499:
10789:
10567:
8762:
6767:
936:
increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50. Large gains in productivity also occurred in
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18161:
17756:
16706:
16485:
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15348:
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of life on Earth. The Industrial revolution has been said to be inherently unsustainable and will lead to eventual
5671:
5249:
There were two main values that drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain. These values were self-interest and an
4630:
4402:
2881:
904:
Six factors facilitated industrialisation: high levels of agricultural productivity, such as that reflected in the
14025:
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
12613:
9446:
7950:
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
6397:
Kiely, Ray (November 2011). "Industrialization and Development: A Comparative Analysis". UGL Press Limited: 25β26.
3989:
in industrial centres; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of
1832:
was unavailable or too expensive; however, by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably.
1426:
machines in 1748. Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, it was later used in the first
1213:
European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution, superimposed upon modern political boundaries
810:
states in the entry for "Industry": "The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in
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of Latin, had a shared intellectual basis in Europe's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the
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905:
655:
581:
488:
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1987:. Around the start of the 19th century, at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired, the Cornish engineer
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16301:
15787:
15404:
15372:
15047:
14646:
9996:
8950:
8823:
Gerhold, Dorian (August 1996). "Productivity Change in Road Transport before and after Turnpiking, 1690β1840".
8327:
7400:
7179:
Nicholas Crafts, "The first industrial revolution: Resolving the slow growth/rapid industrialization paradox."
6090:
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class which believed in progress, technology and hard work. The existence of this class is often linked to the
5483:
5344:
of 1689. William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where, unlike Britain,
4159:
4120:
2967:
was practised, by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for a market in their homes, often described as
1718:
14617:
12134:
Bond, Eric; Gingerich, Sheena; Archer-Antonsen, Oliver; Purcell, Liam; Macklem, Elizabeth (17 February 2003).
10823:
Joel A. Tarr, "Toxic Legacy: The Environmental Impact of the Manufactured Gas Industry in the United States."
8339:
Published lecture notes from University of Memphis Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
7219:
Bond, Eric; Gingerich, Sheena; Archer-Antonsen, Oliver; Purcell, Liam; Macklem, Elizabeth (17 February 2003).
3110:
were endemic. Unlike rural areas, there were no famines such as the one that devastated Ireland in the 1840s.
1916:
in 1698. He constructed in London a low-lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump that generated about one
1900:
was the first practical piston steam engine; subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution.
1606:
In the UK in 1720, there were 20,500 tons of cast iron produced with charcoal and 400 tons with coke. In 1750
1406:
system for drawing wool to a more even thickness. The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of
1005:) in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power. The
706:
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1889:
suited to industrial applications; Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.
1364:
498:
11738:
11580:
5542:
Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies, like the
4728:, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany.
4659:
1295:
the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India.
1236:
One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles, which were purchased in India and sold in
1051:
possible, although it took several decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.
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19842:
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16358:
16235:
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15892:
15857:
15713:
15570:
15490:
14714:
14700:
8577:"The speed of Europe's 18th-century sailing ships is revamping history's view of the Industrial Revolution"
6854:"Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600β1850"
6005:
5637:
4995:
4650:
4564:
3610:
3552:, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.
1241:
769:
573:
450:
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387:
377:
302:
262:
156:
13969:
4146:
was the second country in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe:
3098:, and public health facilities were inadequate; the death rate was high, especially infant mortality, and
23215:
23210:
23098:
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23001:
22907:
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21269:
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20935:
20928:
20848:
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20759:
20737:
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19756:
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18993:
18775:
18707:
18140:
18135:
17751:
17599:
17139:
16701:
16681:
16522:
16385:
16167:
16070:
15780:
15753:
15733:
15455:
15068:
14721:
5666:
found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices, as well as education at England's
5660:, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures.
5543:
5428:
4802:. New Industrialism calls for building enough housing to satisfy demand in order to reduce the profit in
4626:
4291:
4010:
2496:
2364:
2006:
Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread
1706:
831:
347:
14507:
5863:
Permanent changes in the distribution of organisms from human influence will become identifiable in the
4559:, memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810. Realising that the
4166:
integrated all stages of production, from engineering to the supply of raw materials, as early as 1825.
3759:
of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration.
2983:
of adequate transportation, long hours, and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers.
2903:
The success of the inter-city railway, particularly in the transport of freight and commodities, led to
1669:
Use of coal in iron smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution, based on innovations by
23230:
23200:
22970:
21805:
21528:
21253:
21158:
20964:
20642:
20405:
19885:
19654:
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19520:
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19169:
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19025:
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18802:
18589:
18507:
18196:
18191:
17647:
17306:
16900:
16512:
15718:
15565:
15002:
14825:
13762:
12934:
10421:
8486:
5995:
4977:, whom Boulton and Watt sued, from introducing improved steam engines, thereby retarding the spread of
4902:
techniques, business practices, and competition also influenced changes in the manufacturing industry.
4572:
4556:
4487:
4473:
4434:
Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the
4326:
with larger agricultural estates, new crops, and farming tools and commercialisation of farming, and a
4317:
4255:
4076:, the "first mechanical loom followed in Varnsdorf in 1801", with the first steam engines appearing in
4058:
2432:
2171:
2125:
2026:
1798:
1504:
435:
9811:
9505:
5606:, published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours.
4021:, frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke. Although there were earlier pieces of legislation, the
22880:
22704:
22453:
22413:
21854:
21368:
21292:
21064:
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19921:
19356:
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18807:
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17920:
17881:
17434:
17246:
17109:
16532:
16370:
16306:
16296:
16291:
14967:
14962:
13792:
13642:
12029:
11286:
11062:
The Industrial Revolution in Iron; The impact of British Coal Technology in Nineteenth-Century Europe
8750:
Six years in the making, the world's largest navigation canal gives the city direct access to the sea
8316:
Knowledge and competitive advantage: the co-evolution of firms, technology, and national institutions
8252:
4783:
4739:
4511:
4359:
3653:
3333:
shops emerged across the country in order to satisfy the needs of the growing industrial population.
3297:
in Edinburgh transformed from small family-run businesses into state-of-the-art operations". In 1847
3192:
The invention of the paper machine and the application of steam power to the industrial processes of
2956:
Middle East produced most of the world's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods.
2716:
2488:
2151:
1677:
known as cupolas. These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture,
1385:
925:
20539:
14355:
5706:, mental illness, pollution and detrimental social systems. It has also been criticised for valuing
5187:
As the Industrial Revolution developed, British manufacturing output surged ahead of other economies
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22553:
22281:
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22003:
21993:
21941:
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18748:
17215:
17179:
16954:
15797:
15550:
15545:
15470:
14765:
14673:
14267:
Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry
14108:
14104:
12340:
7573:
5237:
5171:. Italian commerce was supported by schools that taught numeracy in financial calculations through
4791:
4546:
4542:
4527:
4479:
4108:
3322:
2847:
wagons. This was demonstrated on an iron plate-covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon, England.
2305:
1298:
The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced
928:
powered by water, and later steam, increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500. The
880:
created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the
631:. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and the rate of
585:
493:
440:
425:
420:
367:
17390:
13819:
Gatrell, Peter (2004). "Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution".
13149:
9906:
9561:
3717:. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In Britain, the
3644:
was completed in 1766) were other prominent early industrialists who employed the factory system.
2455:
A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by
1782:
in 1783 and puddling in 1784. Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost.
22827:
22331:
22239:
21538:
21533:
21404:
21322:
20826:
20729:
20330:
19873:
19834:
19762:
19544:
19532:
19368:
19065:
19055:
19045:
19040:
19030:
18910:
18905:
18900:
18421:
18171:
17829:
17579:
17473:
17009:
16205:
15792:
15743:
15353:
15078:
15073:
14882:
14686:
14483:"Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson)"
8614:
The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport
7640:
R. Ray Gehani (1998). "Management of Technology and Operations". p. 63. John Wiley and Sons, 1998
7012:
5985:
5899:
5890:
wretchedness of the working classes. Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet
5472:
5218:
A straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint-stock companies (corporations)
5138:
5041:
4576:
4519:
4503:
4424:
4046:
3498:
3452:
2720:
2680:
2301:
1905:
865:
692:
The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history, comparable only to humanity's
667:
319:
246:
151:
15990:
13910:
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730β1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
12988:
Jelinski, L. W.; Graedel, T. E.; Laudise, R. A.; McCall, D. W.; Patel, C. K. (1 February 1992).
12592:
Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World
11924:
11622:
10526:
10278:
8513:
7101:
Ogilvie, Sheilagh (2008). "Protoindustrialization". In Durlauf, Steven; Blume, Lawrence (eds.).
5714:. Multiple movements have arisen which reject aspects of the industrial revolution, such as the
3272:, the primary street for retail in Britain in towns and cities rapidly grew in the 18th century.
2750:
22996:
22954:
22949:
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22709:
22503:
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22082:
22013:
21998:
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20494:
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20290:
20276:
19992:
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19792:
19708:
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19362:
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18574:
17995:
17824:
17549:
17544:
17459:
17429:
16890:
15575:
15505:
15328:
15221:
15118:
12495:
12354:
The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia
10075:
8813:
Richard Brown (1991). "Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700β1850" p. 136. Routledge, 1991
8278:
8272:
7973:
5779:
5753:
5531:
5407:
5402:
5341:
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5267:
5110:
In contrast to China, India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the
5000:
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3045:
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2167:
2084:
1824:
1779:
1040:
1018:
796:
The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution" was in July 1799 by French envoy
465:
455:
415:
397:
292:
198:
191:
14196:
13961:
From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts
11908:
Industrialisation without national patents: the Netherlands, 1869β1912; Switzerland, 1850β1907
11888:
11427:
11421:
8419:
7700:
7166:
6692:
6462:
6288:
6258:
5550:
published an illustrated volume of new inventions, as well as papers about them in its annual
4296:
Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories,
2435:, was developed in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832 this process was used by the
23063:
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20722:
20576:
20239:
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19891:
19879:
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19568:
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19392:
19386:
19266:
19238:
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18998:
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18976:
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18928:
18923:
18917:
18497:
18395:
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17609:
17584:
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17500:
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17320:
17286:
17209:
17194:
16994:
16645:
16635:
16402:
16250:
16117:
16095:
16028:
15738:
15427:
15318:
15196:
15181:
15052:
14957:
14892:
14327:
Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts: A Book for Old and Young
14001:
12962:
12587:
10710:
10353:
8033:
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6010:
5652:
of 1688, and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the
5625:
5615:
5547:
5436:
sector or the construction sector, casting doubt on Allen's explanation. A 2022 study in the
5027:
4953:
4938:
4895:
4750:
enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal-deprived northern Italy, beginning in the 1890s.
4638:
4613:
4602:
4580:
4523:
4439:
4406:
3744:
3141:
2728:
2672:
2472:
2190:
2096:
2070:
1897:
1775:
1674:
1628:
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1048:
1010:
968:
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in North America and the Caribbean. Britain had major military and political hegemony on the
609:
518:
324:
176:
17204:
14023:
13712:"The first industrial revolution: Resolving the slow growth/rapid industrialization paradox"
13520:
The development of French romanticism: the impact of the industrial revolution on literature
12487:
11377:
10108:
Thomas, Janet (1988). "Women and Capitalism: Oppression or Emancipation? A Review Article".
9023:
8385:
Hentie Louw, "Window-glass making in Britain c. 1660βc. 1860 and its architectural impact."
7869:
7861:
6327:
3204:
971:, making it suitable for transportation. Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.
23093:
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22363:
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22018:
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17189:
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16210:
16182:
16157:
16152:
16127:
16085:
15887:
15842:
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15666:
15590:
15555:
15450:
15103:
14830:
14317:
The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France
14081:
13410:
13292:
13192:
13001:
11911:
9293:
Gregory Clark, "Shelter from the storm: housing and the industrial revolution, 1550β1909".
8804:
US Department of Transportation β Federal Highway Administration (Accessed 10 October 2008)
8621:
8581:
7894:
7586:
7207:
The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of industrial societies Vol 4 part 2
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5562:
5183:
4127:, and therefore celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the
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3286:
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2781:
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1767:
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1178:
797:
758:
693:
470:
213:
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14638:
14550:
Wrigley, E. Anthony (2018). "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales".
14101:
The Founders of Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy
10589:
9244:
5844:
caused by the Industrial revolution. The effects include permanent changes to the Earth's
4886:
of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of
4830:
per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution.
3544:
Harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place.
1893:
8:
23164:
22942:
22773:
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16137:
16045:
15980:
15671:
15580:
15500:
14202:
12958:
11287:"Proto-industrialisation and factories: Textiles in Sweden in the mid-nineteenth century"
10810:
Leslie Tomory, "The Environmental History of the Early British Gas Industry, 1812β1830."
10448:". Douglas A. Galbi. Centre for History and Economics, King's College, Cambridge CB2 1ST.
5857:
5799:
5757:
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5649:
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5380:
5337:
5163:
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5019:
5015:
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4687:
4612:
A major U.S. contribution to industrialisation was the development of techniques to make
4443:
4201:
3380:
3298:
3217:
2793:
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in 1816. The first macadam road in the U.S. was the "Boonsborough Turnpike Road" between
2384:
2278:
2100:
2046:
2034:
1848:
1044:
1036:
1001:. The steam engine began being used to power blast air (indirectly by pumping water to a
937:
663:
644:
580:
towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the
460:
392:
14384:
14325:
13832:
13555:
13414:
13296:
13005:
12370:
Mokyr, J.: A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy. (eBook and Hardcover)
12048:
11712:
11686:
Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation if the agrarian economy 1500β1850
10205:
8450:
Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation if the agrarian economy 1500β1850
5209:
The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland
4920:
and that "the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock". He also cites the
4794:
in 2001. The movement strengthened after the reduction of manufacturing jobs during the
4786:" or embracing the idea of "Building More Stuff". New Industrialism developed after the
3281:
892:, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that the term
765:
and the United States, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of economic growth.
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13308:
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13215:
13117:
13071:
13049:"The Dangers of Decoupling: Earth System Crisis and the 'Fourth Industrial Revolution'"
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12832:
12813:
12755:
12245:
12179:
11821:
11359:
10949:
10133:
10125:
9369:
9316:
9043:
9024:"The Diminution of Physical Stature of the British Male Population in the 18th-Century"
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8832:
8646:
8223:
8215:
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catalogues, with customers able to order by mail for the first timeβthis following the
3310:
3003:
2964:
2773:
2736:
2695:
2444:
2041:
1988:
1835:
Shortly before the Industrial Revolution, an improvement was made in the production of
1829:
1358:
1314:
1230:
1184:
1158:
998:
823:
698:
674:
589:
287:
233:
13193:"'The Future in the Past': Anarcho-primitivism and the Critique of Civilization Today"
12546:"Eric Williams' Economic Interpretation of British Abolitionism β Seventy Years After
12303:
The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism and Western Success
11014:
9208:
7725:
G.E. Mingay (1986). "The Transformation of Britain, 1830β1939". p. 25. Routledge, 1986
7220:
4965:
ingenuity and rewarding inventors. Watt's monopoly prevented other inventors, such as
3597:
For much of the 19th century, production was done in small mills which were typically
3489:
had a population of 10,000 in 1717, but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million.
1693:
Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron until 1755β56, when Darby's son
1603:
process, which was the predominant iron smelting process until the late 18th century.
741:
United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and
689:
in Britain, which after 1800, was emulated in Belgium, the United States, and France.
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6407:
North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (May 1977). "The First Economic Revolution".
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2605:
2519:
2464:
2286:
2254:
2250:
2011:
1958:
1920:(hp) and was used in numerous waterworks and in a few mines (hence its "brand name",
1870:
1840:
1710:
1495:
1445:
686:
632:
605:
511:
362:
207:
31:
22628:
11704:
10533:
10500:
10457:
9675:
9484:
Fairchilds, Cissie. "Review: Consumption in Early Modern Europe. A Review Article".
7862:
7205:
Phyllis Deane "The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain" in Carlo M. Cipolla ed.,
7131:
6510:
5215:
The rule of law (enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts)
4655:
4322:
During the period 1790β1815, Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements: an
3261:
2447:
is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure.
709:
was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern
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23114:
22900:
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11341:
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11298:
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10848:
Shock cities: the environmental transformation and reform of Manchester and Chicago
10676:
10417:
in 1850 as in 1750 (see figures 5 & 6, p. 28). Population size statistics from
10117:
9679:
9307:
Dyos, H. J. (1968). "The Speculative Builders and Developers of Victorian London".
9162:
9035:
8958:
8904:
8478:
8199:
8147:
7542:
7509:
6724:
6549:
6544:
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6498:
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Capitalism: A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life
5365:
5361:
5289:
5250:
5037:
4990:
4887:
4871:
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4798:
and when the U.S. was not able to manufacture enough tests or facemasks during the
4758:
4743:
4538:
4068:
transportation was very slow and expensive. In the Alpine and Bohemian (modern-day
3990:
3763:
3641:
3536:
In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a
3519:
3370:
3314:
3240:
3137:
3120:
2999:
2990:; however, he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology.
2642:
2428:
2395:
Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large-scale introduction of
2282:
2230:
2179:
1973:
1739:
1694:
1472:
1434:
1345:
in 1764, the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution.
1342:
1218:
881:
861:
843:
807:
773:
636:
597:
445:
372:
16603:
13211:
12650:
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730β1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power
12207:
10662:
10507:
9438:
Robert Allan Houston, "The Development of Literacy: Northern England, 1640β1750."
7554:
7521:
6999:
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730β1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power
6218:
E. Anthony Wrigley, "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales".
5766:
5674:). When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official
4716:
This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the
830:
applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in
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22890:
22618:
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20657:
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19857:
19719:
19687:
19609:
19484:
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19192:
19019:
19009:
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18281:
18110:
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17873:
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17614:
17604:
17574:
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17114:
17024:
16571:
16492:
15897:
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15201:
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14907:
14902:
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14597:
14585:
14482:
14463:
14127:
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13506:
12135:
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12113:
12055:
12036:
11931:
11895:
11746:
11684:
11119:
10858:
10835:
10596:
10464:
10445:
10425:
10387:"Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution: A Macroeconomic Investigation"
10212:
10082:
10064:
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9964:
9450:
8652:
8448:
8397:
8360:
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8259:
7901:
6938:
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6629:
6260:
Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets
5864:
5853:
5841:
5783:
5657:
5653:
5641:
5422:
5325:
5307:
5281:
5064:
4970:
4913:
4795:
4735:
4618:
4598:
4567:. Lowell and his partners built America's second cotton-to-cloth textile mill at
4461:
4453:
4377:
4104:
4064:
3994:
3993:. The first large-scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain's
3726:
3696:
3637:
3633:
3447:
3375:
3253:
3222:
3008:
2922:
2869:
2558:
2436:
2400:
2348:
2335:, which opened in 1843; concrete was used in the world's first underwater tunnel.
2297:
2258:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2007:
1954:
1944:
1928:
1847:
technique in the 1740s. The raw material for this was blister steel, made by the
1759:
1651:
1582:
1460:
1145:
1137:
1126:
1076:
889:
800:, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise. In his 1976 book
785:
777:
714:
682:
307:
297:
257:
127:
15601:
13730:
13165:
5970:
5594:
5030:
in Europe), "modern" government, "modern" work attitudes, ecology, and culture.
4912:, much earlier than most estimates. He explains that the model for standardised
4822:
3075:
2154:
which was the first industrial size lathe in the UK. Maudslay was hired away by
1912:
The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was patented by
1623:
1558:
1245:
cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century.
23134:
22648:
22568:
22523:
22463:
22428:
22220:
22133:
22038:
21946:
21737:
21571:
21494:
20891:
20803:
20708:
20078:
20057:
19926:
19774:
19751:
19675:
19631:
19586:
19574:
18308:
18286:
18060:
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18045:
18040:
18020:
18010:
17925:
17868:
17761:
17724:
17332:
17276:
17256:
17094:
17049:
17004:
16999:
16598:
16142:
15882:
15770:
15661:
15656:
15211:
15206:
15191:
15176:
15166:
15032:
14877:
14052:
13993:
13899:
The Chemical Industry: 1900β1930: International Growth and Technological Change
13858:
13261:
12368:
10638:
9873:
8657:
8653:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
8483:
The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy
7546:
7513:
7057:
Histoire de l'Γ©conomie politique en Europe depuis les anciens jusqu'Γ nos jours
6015:
5433:
5400:
wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society,
5384:
5302:
5285:
5096:
5068:
4917:
4807:
4698:
4679:
4537:
retraces the history of "America's Hardest-Working River', the Blackstone. The
4483:
4116:
4069:
3772:
3582:
3360:
3337:
3091:
2946:
2813:
2769:
2760:
2586:
2246:
2175:
2147:
2135:
2117:
2030:
1951:
1844:
1722:
1687:
1670:
1476:
1438:
1399:
1381:
1334:
1318:
1237:
1189:
811:
628:
122:
85:
13571:
13304:
12686:
12419:
10560:"Two steps forward, one step back - History of Occupational Safety and Health"
10121:
9039:
8908:
8219:
7426:
6502:
5833:
5514:
3609:, known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the
3402:. It defined its own, a new one that we have learned to call "entertainment".
2589:, developed in the 1810s, was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine.
2487:
is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved
1615:
24,600 tons. In 1806 the UK did not import bar iron but exported 31,500 tons.
1321:, it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one handloom weaver.
1025:
greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades.
23179:
22873:
22822:
22603:
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22403:
22348:
22208:
22128:
22023:
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20554:
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20472:
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20443:
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20305:
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20269:
20108:
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20027:
19999:
19911:
19332:
18736:
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18721:
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18657:
18648:
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18610:
18598:
18568:
18390:
18156:
17955:
17564:
17439:
17357:
17261:
17129:
17099:
17069:
16475:
16255:
16033:
15985:
15965:
15877:
15151:
15093:
15012:
15007:
14977:
13870:
13664:
The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of industrial societies
13546:
12866:
12809:
12751:
12694:
12533:
Julian Hoppit, "The Nation, the State, and the First Industrial Revolution,"
12472:
12454:
12427:
11592:
11355:
9075:"Measures of Progress and Other Tall Stories: From Income to Anthropometrics"
8916:
8531:
8211:
7285:
The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention
7006:
6823:
6428:
5891:
5735:
5707:
5262:
5111:
4905:
4847:
4495:
4381:
4212:
4026:
particles, and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations.
3986:
3815:
3714:
3514:
3506:
3480:
The growth of the modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive
3469:
3330:
3302:
3277:
3107:
2960:
2904:
2839:
2663:
2628:
Productivity improving technologies (economic history) Β§ Infrastructures
2574:
2523:
2460:
2380:
2351:
which was an important advance in the building trades. This process involves
2340:
2332:
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Holyoke Massachusetts A Case History Of The Industrial Revolution In America
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Robert B. Bain "Children and the industrial revolution: Changes in policy."
13104:
Thompson, E. P. (1967). "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism".
13067:
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Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution
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5682:, they thereupon became active in banking, manufacturing and education. The
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stayed the normal form of power execution. Below William is the French king
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that resulted in lost manufacturing jobs in the U.S. after China joined the
4119:). The first industrial exhibition was on the occasion of the coronation of
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support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British
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On a structural level the Industrial Revolution asked society the so-called
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increased greatly. Steam power was then applied to drive textile machinery.
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National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities
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and its tributaries, which cover more than 70 kilometres (45 mi) from
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to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese, the British founded the
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617:
596:, from around 1760 to about 1820β1840. This transition included going from
218:
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66:
14602:
14413:
The Present and the Past in the English Industrial Revolution 1880β1980".
14341:
Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England
13780:
Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700β1850
13372:"Climate change driving species out of habitats much faster than expected"
13014:
12181:
The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World
11159:
4597:
miles) of canals and 7,500 kilowatts (10,000 horsepower) delivered by the
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just a few years later. The textile production flourished particularly in
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became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and
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12058:|The History Guide, Steven Kreis, 11 October 2006 β Accessed January 2007
11328:
Bengtsson, Erik; Missiaia, Anna; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (2018).
10785:
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10667:
10559:
10439:
Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills
6764:
6587:
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5884:
5761:
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Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an
5379:
The stable political situation in Britain from around 1689 following the
5369:
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The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the
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1980:
1787:
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was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828,
1002:
978:
815:
267:
15396:
13269:
10940:
Carter, F. W. (1973). "The Industrial Development of Prague 1800β1850".
10393:
8390:
8144:
The Industrial Development of Birmingham and the Black Country 1860β1927
6774:
by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved November 2006.
6697:
5670:
at the time (although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland's
5534:
depicting informal philosophical societies spreading scientific advances
4941:, they survived in Russia until 1753, 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain.
4522:
in 1809, the third woollen mill established in the US (The first was in
4506:. He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in
4013:
was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental
3969:
3738:
six. In 1834 James Frampton, a local landowner, wrote to Prime Minister
1589:, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron, opened in 1781.
1546:
during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories.
1284:
in Spain grew, spun, and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century.
1262:
1176:
growing unknown species of excellent quality cotton: sea island cotton (
896:
is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among some historians.
745:
emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.
22690:
22109:
22097:
22067:
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21973:
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18674:
17863:
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17149:
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15525:
15186:
15113:
15108:
15042:
14992:
14815:
14805:
14785:
14059:. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
14028:. Cambridge; New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
13770:
13673:
An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820β1850
12857:
12463:
11825:
10953:
9443:
9373:
9320:
8870:
The Oxford Companion to British Railway History: From 1603 to the 1990s
8836:
8374:
Glass making in the Greco-Roman world: results of the ARCHGLASS project
7952:. Cambridge; New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
7212:
7126:
7020:
6736:
6705:
6436:
5903:
5845:
5486: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5441:
5311:
5134:
4961:
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2809:
2800:
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2684:
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2500:
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2273:), which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash, and also to
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1996:
1947:
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1194:
1133:
1118:
1090:
933:
929:
710:
651:
613:
272:
223:
14454:
Hawke, Gary (1993). "Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution".
14425:
13121:
12943:
Capital and Innovation: How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation
12801:
12743:
12605:
11346:
11329:
10438:
10129:
9427:
The birth of a new Europe: State and society in the nineteenth century
9401:
House and home in the Victorian city: working-class housing, 1850β1914
4854:
in the 17th century, although feudalism began to break down after the
1778:
process. Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes:
22860:
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22115:
22077:
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21484:
18485:
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15847:
15339:
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
14820:
14790:
14770:
14411:
13758:
12208:"Cobb-Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 β Simulating early modern growth"
11202:
11132:
Le siΓ¨cle des forges ou la Wallonie dans le creuset belge (1794β1914)
7768:. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156.
7738:
6786:"Industrial Revolution began in 17th not 18th century, say academics"
5868:
5711:
5629:
5357:
5349:
5072:
5056:
4863:
4843:
4721:
4710:
4155:
4092:(German: BrΓΌnn), which was considered the 'Moravian Manchester'. The
3997:, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous
3734:
3290:
3230:
3157:
3082:
3041:
2987:
2934:
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in 1830, the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned
2805:
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2527:
2360:
2352:
2058:
2018:-powered and horse-powered workshop, and light industrial machinery.
2000:
1820:
1813:, reduced losses of iron with the slag from almost 50% to around 8%.
1809:
which reacted with carbon in the molten iron. Hall's process, called
1567:
1338:
1022:
1006:
750:
282:
203:
19161:
17639:
14250:
13556:"Mathematical Investigations of the Escape from the Malthusian Trap"
11817:
11064:
Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Farnham 2005, pp. 37β38
8142:
Allen, G. C. (10 January 2018), "Economic Development before 1860",
6969:
6728:
6420:
5461:
1209:
1071:
713:
economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita
681:
also facilitated the revolution, such as courts ruling in favour of
22932:
22855:
22816:
22533:
22229:
22050:
21878:
21793:
21732:
21695:
19985:
19942:
18120:
17915:
15098:
15088:
14614:
12848:
12163:
The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention
12133:
12127:
12007:
The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress
11273:
Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815β1914
10872:
An environmental history of Britain since the industrial revolution
9346:
P. Kemp, "Housing landlordism in late nineteenth-century Britain".
9280:
The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention
8203:
7864:
The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention
7218:
6812:"Industrial Revolution started in 17th century, historians suggest"
6329:
Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757β1857)
5813:
5741:
5731:
5679:
5667:
5633:
5397:
5254:
5100:
4945:
4925:
4908:
has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the
4683:
4663:
4621:, a fundamental machine tool, is believed to have been invented by
4335:
4238:
4216:
4189:
4147:
3804:
3752:
3226:
3208:
3193:
3177:
3011:
in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s.
2633:
2593:
2562:
2463:
is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers, brothers Sealy and
2404:
2372:
2143:
2066:
2062:
1886:
1802:
1698:
1644:
1627:
Horizontal (lower) and vertical (upper) cross-sections of a single
1600:
1450:
1253:
986:
982:
754:
228:
14043:
Lucas, R.E. (2002). "The industrial revolution: Past and future".
13998:
Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694β2013
13970:"The Industrial Revolution as the Escape from the Malthusian Trap"
12275:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 20β32.
11539:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press.
8253:
http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jmokyr/Graphs-and-Tables.PDF
8251:
Economics 323β2: Economic History of the United States Since 1865
6590:
in all societies were stagnated at around $ 400 to $ 800 per year.
6293:. Vol. 1: Abba β Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174.
5956:
5167:
of branch banks in leading western European cities and introduced
5151:. Political institutions could contribute to the relation between
4242:
4193:
4151:
3164:
in London to fecal contamination of a public water well by a home
1979:
Until about 1800, the most common pattern of steam engine was the
1392:, invented the dropbox, which facilitated changing thread colors.
22448:
22303:
22215:
17990:
17801:
17505:
17367:
16895:
15282:
15171:
14923:
Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
14810:
14780:
14149:
The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850-1914
10534:"The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England"
7025:
The industrial revolution in national context: Europe and the USA
5849:
5317:
5272:
5115:
5080:
5076:
4879:
4878:, and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed
4875:
4301:
4297:
4163:
4112:
4081:
4077:
3799:
3789:
3629:
3625:
3578:
3418:
3336:
In addition to goods being sold in the growing number of stores,
3306:
3165:
3103:
2785:
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2703:
2636:
were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but
2309:
2266:
2015:
1643:
required much less labour than cutting wood and converting it to
1423:
1422:, but this burnt down. Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented
1329:
1299:
1258:
941:
685:. An entrepreneurial spirit and consumer revolution helped drive
640:
601:
577:
277:
14240:
11581:"Opinion | The Economic Mistake the Left Is Finally Confronting"
11454:
The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business
11049:
The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe 1850β1914
10898:
The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe 1850β1914
8418:. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
7702:
Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America
7418:
7042:
6948:
4693:
3560:
2383:. Concrete was used on a large scale in the construction of the
2229:
succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of
1943:
A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by
1225:
beginning around the 16th century. Following the discovery of a
22837:
22468:
17159:
15917:
14760:
14222:
Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700β1920
14078:
The History of Lloyd's and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain
13589:
The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe
13283:
Smith, Mick (2007). "Wild-life: anarchy, ecology, and ethics".
11553:
11327:
10458:
The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England
9414:
Cruel habitations: a history of working-class housing 1780β1918
9388:
The eternal slum: housing and social policy in Victorian London
8121:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 104.
7262:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 218.
5942:
5172:
5092:
4949:
4937:
on goods traded among them. Internal tariffs were abolished by
4934:
4230:
4181:
4100:
4085:
3818:
disturbances. Threshing machines were a particular target, and
3414:
2518:
of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough. The
2514:
2368:
2367:
it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and
2327:
2274:
2222:
2104:
1968:
In 1783, the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a
1702:
1578:
1488:
1403:
953:
10998:
Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution 1700β1920
7993:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 92.
7666:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 63.
7358:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 91.
7194:
Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution 1700β1920
6448:
6446:
5770:
A primitive lifestyle living outside the Industrial Revolution
5725:
3392:
puzzles, Weller boot polish and joke books. Nicholas Dames in
3356:, began in 1845 by selling drinks in London in a wheelbarrow.
3063:
2596:
in many coal seams. Some degree of safety was provided by the
22659:
22433:
22423:
22418:
21890:
21885:
16939:
16630:
15156:
14800:
14185:
Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760β1970
13328:"Climate change, human health, and unsustainable development"
12093:
Vries, Pier (2001). "Are Coal and Colonies Really Crucial?".
9874:"The mail-order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry"
9335:
The British building industry since 1800: An economic history
8245:
6043:
5837:
5829:
5715:
5088:
5071:
thought. Conversely, Chinese society was founded on men like
5033:
4924:
emphasis on order and time-keeping, as well as the fact that
4766:
4706:
4675:
4670:
4419:
4234:
4226:
4197:
4185:
4177:
2637:
2578:
2531:
2262:
2215:
2121:
2113:
2076:
The demand for metal parts led to the development of several
1836:
1682:
1678:
1373:
1349:
1281:
1276:
1248:
1141:
1122:
949:
932:
increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40. The
877:
111:
15324:
History of the British canal system
13755:
The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948
13190:
12987:
11832:
10418:
10362:
From Coal Mine Upwards: or Seventy Years of an Eventful Life
10233:. Vol. 3. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. p. 65.
8957:, Harvard University Press, 1 October 2013, pp. 27β68,
8955:
Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales, 1790β1810
8852:
Railroads of the United States, Their History and Statistics
7333:. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials.
7001:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 18.
6049:
Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution
5432:
showed that wages were not particularly high in the British
4452:
invented an automated flour mill in the mid-1780s that used
2876:'s successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of
2812:
carried the rich, and the less wealthy could pay to ride on
2375:. Portland cement concrete was used by the English engineer
1114:
1062:
Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution
22563:
14775:
14745:
14668:
11536:
The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States
10760:. Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. p. 103.
8032:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
7920:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
7069:
6443:
5119:
4836:
4747:
4724:(refining and distribution), and, in the 20th century, the
4089:
4041:
3795:
3161:
3087:
3040:
Food supply in Great Britain was adversely affected by the
2566:
2427:
Glass was made in ancient Greece and Rome. A new method of
2356:
2270:
1927:
The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by
1806:
1747:
1636:
1571:
1535:
1484:
1480:
945:
857:, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.
742:
160:
52:
48:
14253:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (
14167:
The British industrial revolution: an economic perspective
12606:"Letter VI β On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English"
9936:. New York: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, Inc. p. 3.
9779:"Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games"
6972:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (
6526:
5702:
The industrial revolution has been criticised for causing
3825:
3658:
3531:
2300:
in about 1800, based on the discoveries of French chemist
2049:, developed around 1818 by Robert Johnson and Simeon North
1013:
produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the
147:
15334:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
14579:
Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution
13789:
A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day
13692:
A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World
13682:
The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815β1914
12552:
International Journal of Business Management and Commerce
11761:
A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
10599:". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
9997:
BBC β History β Victorian Medicine β From Fluke to Theory
9473:
Civic literacy: How informed citizens make democracy work
9133:
Wage rates and living standards in pre-industrial England
8620:. Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. Archived from
8414:
A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America 1965β1925
6557:
5261:
A debate sparked by Trinidadian politician and historian
4609:, the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour.
4415:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
4029:
3819:
2671:, which proved very commercially successful, crossed the
2316:
1467:
in 1779, so called because it is a hybrid of Arkwright's
678:
14376:
The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730β1810
14158:
The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780β1870
13931:
Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West
12197:
A companion to the PBS Series "The Genius That Was China
10996:
Martin Moll, "Austria-Hungary" in Christine Rider, ed.,
10885:
The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780β1870
10057:
Human Population: Population Growth: Question and Answer
9612:. Guinness World Records. 8 September 2016. p. 90.
5322:
William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe
2759:
parishes, but from the 1720s (and occasionally earlier)
2592:
Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of
2146:. He worked as an apprentice at the Royal Arsenal under
2083:
The first large precision machine tool was the cylinder
2053:
Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmenβ
1519:
responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive
22548:
15258:
History of the cooperative Movement
14276:
Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology
14245:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
12668:"Explaining the first Industrial Revolution: two views"
10590:
Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor
9958:
The UK population: past, present and future β Chapter 1
9429:(University of North Carolina Press, 1989) pp. 148β174.
8303:
State, Cartels and Growth: The German Chemical Industry
8058:"Steel Production | History of Western Civilization II"
7347:
7019:
Crouzet, François (1996). "France". In Teich, MikulÑő;
6964:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
6703:
6194:
Horn, Jeff; Rosenband, Leonard; Smith, Merritt (2010).
6164:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6051:, a good description of the early industrial revolution
3838:
Share of total world manufacturing output (percentage)
3321:
across Britain; one of the first was opened in 1796 by
2347:
turned builder, patented a chemical process for making
2225:
on a large scale became an important goal as well, and
1654:
made progress using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at
911:
23054:
International Conference on Population and Development
13498:
ICONS β a portrait of England. Icon: Jerusalem (hymn)
10334:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 331β332.
8730:"1 January 1894: Opening of the Manchester ship canal"
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
4769:
joined the railroad and ship companies on the world's
4376:
In 1871, a group of Japanese politicians known as the
3943:
3398:
writes, "Literature" is not a big enough category for
2917:
Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution
1066:
818:, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as
20291:
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
13150:"What are human rights? Six historical controversies"
12965:
made the industrial revolution possible, for example.
12494:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
12440:
12356:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
12009:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 40β44.
11984:. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 13β14.
11713:"The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England"
9360:
Dyos, H. J. (1967). "The Slums of Victorian London".
9220:
The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700β2100
8684:
7105:. Vol. 6. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 711β714.
6571:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from
5598:
explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates.
5114:, with the major ones in its aftermath including the
3713:
The main method the unions used to effect change was
3613:
and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the
2868:
The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829
1593:
14506:
Kelly, Morgan; Mokyr, Joel; Cormac Γ, GrΓ‘da (2020).
14386:
An Introduction to the Industrial History of England
12831:
Kelly, Morgan; Mokyr, Joel; Grada, Cormac O (2022).
12723:
Humphries, Jane; Schneider, Benjamin (23 May 2018).
11083:
Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780β1870
7004:"There exist everywhere roads suitable for hauling".
6522:
6520:
5938:
5793:
4810:, and to develop advanced technology to manufacture
4579:, one of the first uses of it in the United States.
4334:, textile mills in SjuhΓ€radsbygden, and forestry in
639:
was the first to use modern production methods, and
14198:
Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution
14069:
The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century
13857:
12049:
The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England
9252:. London: Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project.
9196:
The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800β1850
9114:, London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926, p. 30
8999:
History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective
8512:. Rotherham: The Unofficial Website. Archived from
7466:. US: Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House.
6363:
6361:
6113:
3413:business, an idea which would change the nature of
2315:After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in
2257:and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and
1950:. With financial support from his business partner
1444:The spinning frame or water frame was developed by
1172:in the Americas. The early Spanish explorers found
1047:. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of
14505:
14480:
13907:
13851:Short History of the British Industrial Revolution
12722:
12604:Voltaire, FranΓ§ois Marie Arouet de. (1909β1914) .
12300:
12178:
12023:
11900:
11683:
11561:
10478:"Child Labor | History of Western Civilization II"
9560:
8790:
8788:
8447:
8411:
7137:, Stanford University Press, pp. 7, 113β199,
7130:
6863:. Department of Economics, University of Warwick.
6454:
6193:
6173:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
5288:debates among historians, with American historian
4682:invented a new furnace which could convert molten
4535:Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor
4275:industrialisation, along with Britain (1815β1860),
4272:French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars (1789β1815),
3492:
2622:Transport during the British Industrial Revolution
2312:, became the largest chemical plant in the world.
1511:The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to
1188:. Sea island cotton grew in tropical areas and on
16609:Glasgow International Financial Services District
15631:
14235:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
11937:"Chapter 1, final online version January 2, 2008"
10968:"On the Industrial History of the Czech Republic"
10911:"On the Industrial History of the Czech Republic"
10508:"Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission"
10231:Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day
9907:"Pryce-Jones: Pioneer of the Mail Order Industry"
9562:"History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit"
8996:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7324:
6943:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
6682:Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England
6621:
6517:
6038:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
5636:and the dissenting Protestant sects, such as the
3344:country. Matthew White: "Crowds swarmed in every
2884:, the first inter-city railway in the world, was
1433:In 1764, in the village of Stanhill, Lancashire,
1324:
1197:. A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to
1132:Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was
860:Economic historians and authors such as Mendels,
576:, was a period of global transition of the human
23177:
12921:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
12652:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
12523:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 36.
10277:. Entry on Sciencemuseum website. Archived from
10267:
10152:Working life of women in the seventeenth century
9806:
9804:
8473:
8471:
7457:
7455:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7156:
6563:
6484:
6482:
6461:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp.
6358:
5284:motivations. These arguments led to significant
3429:in 1840 and the invention of the postage stamp (
2727:canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the
2698:, which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by
2652:
17125:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
15349:Timeline of materials technology
13974:Journal of European Economic History 29, No 2-3
13103:
12994:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
12903:. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008
12830:
12030:Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece?
11741:". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.
10651:From chartists.net. Retrieved 13 November 2006.
10613:. Sydney: Sydney University Press. p. 49.
10198:
9731:
9496:
9494:
8785:
8441:
8439:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7435:
5557:There were publications describing technology.
4644:
4162:, a transplanted Englishman . His factories at
3729:extended the vote in Britain but did not grant
3363:were created in the 1830s to meet this demand.
2836:opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
1817:imports and became a net exporter of bar iron.
15134:Stockton and Darlington Railway
14458:. Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault: 54β78.
13818:
13812:The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815β1848
13598:Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk
12294:
12292:
11763:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13β16.
11496:
11174:
10206:United States History β The Struggles of Labor
9901:
9899:
9145:
8180:(Landmark Publishing, Ashbourne 1997). p. 145.
8029:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics
7917:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics
7855:
7853:
7851:
7733:
7731:
7372:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6063:
5991:Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)
5878:
4460:, an important advance in the progress toward
4364:The Industrial Revolution began about 1870 as
3199:
27:1760β1840 period of rapid technological change
22675:
21460:
21446:
21419:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
19958:
19177:
18228:
17655:
16955:
15617:
15412:
14654:
14456:The Industrial Revolution and British Society
13457:"From Ancient Deforestation, a Delta Is Born"
12990:"Industrial ecology: concepts and approaches"
12603:
12594:, pp. 29β30, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966.
12581:
12405:
12042:
11777:
11526:
11457:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
10451:
10255:The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth
9801:
9535:"Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here"
8468:
8350:A history of the introduction of gas lighting
7859:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7301:
6653:
6651:
6479:
5782:, while others argue that technology such as
3654:Child labour Β§ The Industrial Revolution
3577:Industrialisation led to the creation of the
3555:
3116:The Condition of the Working Class in England
2731:, which upon opening in 1894 was the largest
2363:to about 1,400 Β°C (2,552 Β°F), then
2285:(removing rust from) iron and steel, and for
2073:, and standardization of threaded fasteners.
1965:for the manufacture of such engines in 1795.
849:The Condition of the Working Class in England
803:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
545:
14615:Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution
14591:BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution
14508:"The mechanics of the Industrial Revolution"
14319:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
14129:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
13937:
13905:
13719:Journal of the European Economic Association
13400:
13394:
12961:in an entrepreneurial culture following the
12833:"The Mechanics of the Industrial Revolution"
11797:
11568:. Cambridge, MA and London: The M.I.T Press.
11514:
11505:
11419:
11225:
11138:, Privat, Toulouse, 2004, pp. 233β276
10247:
10069:
9970:
9871:
9773:
9771:
9491:
9148:"Trends in Real Wages in Britain, 1750β1913"
8716:
8639:
8543:
8541:
8436:
8240:
8189:
7579:Technological Transformations and Long Waves
7568:
7566:
7564:
7541:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7508:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7432:
7287:. University of Chicago Press. p. 149.
7181:Journal of the European Economic Association
7094:
5860:, as a result of the Industrial revolution.
4734:A new revolution began with electricity and
4442:, which was aided by the development of the
2723:which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively.
1861:Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
1168:for Europe to obtain before it was grown on
835:
23079:United Nations world population conferences
14155:
14146:
13586:
12628:
12307:. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
12289:
11973:
11963:, p. 15. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
11758:
11238:
11054:
10431:
10384:
10009:
9950:
9896:
9124:
8271:Clow, Archibald; Clow, Nan L. (June 1952).
7848:
7791:"Danny Boyle's intro on Olympics programme"
7728:
6983:
6932:
6930:
6406:
6196:Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution
5778:Certain primitivists argue for a return to
5726:Individualism humanism and harsh conditions
5242:Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here
5142:
4438:and the development of a system for making
3252:, The rise of consumerism", Matthew White,
1898:Newcomen's steam-powered atmospheric engine
1618:
993:production. Using coke also allowed larger
761:, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s
22992:Population and housing censuses by country
22682:
22668:
21453:
21439:
19965:
19951:
19184:
19170:
18235:
18221:
17662:
17648:
16962:
16948:
15624:
15610:
15419:
15405:
14661:
14647:
14521:(1). Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault.
14290:The Industrial Revolution in World History
14071:(First English translation 1928 ed.).
13906:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991).
13623:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
12787:
12521:The Industrial Revolution in World History
12333:
11979:
11134:, in B. Demoulin and JL Kupper (editors),
10467:, Laura Del Col, West Virginia University.
10257:, Methuen and Co., 1971, pp. 339β341
10165:Women Workers in the Industrial Revolution
10110:Comparative Studies in Society and History
9488:, Vol. 35, No. 4. (October 1993), pp. 851.
9486:Comparative Studies in Society and History
9021:
8858:: John. E. Potter and Co. pp. 12, 13.
8606:
8604:
7604:
7027:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
6928:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6710:"Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution"
6676:
6674:
6648:
6091:"Industrial History of European Countries"
4705:, the most important technique for making
4397:Industrial Revolution in the United States
4371:Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan
4123:as a king of Bohemia, which took place in
2826:History of rail transport in Great Britain
2557:, started early. Before the steam engine,
2379:several years later when constructing the
2010:in the early 20th century. These included
1770:was developed, but this was superseded by
1249:Pre-mechanized European textile production
552:
538:
59:
21240:2015β2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
15426:
14409:
13618:
13595:
13553:
13545:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
13487:Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity
13343:
13023:
13013:
12856:
12485:
12462:
12105:
11917:
11870:
11803:
11345:
11330:"Wealth inequality in Sweden, 1750β1900β "
11124:
11088:
10627:
10582:
9768:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9523:
9188:
8649:inflation figures are based on data from
8538:
8025:
7913:
7868:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.
7561:
7391:
7221:"The Industrial Revolution β Innovations"
6861:International Institute of Social History
6627:
6548:
6488:
5832:or mass extinction coming from humanity (
5502:Learn how and when to remove this message
5107:that connects these deposits to the sea.
3690:
2735:in the world, and opened Manchester as a
1957:, he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting
22715:Estimates of historical world population
14968:John Kay (spinning frame)
14963:John Kay (flying shuttle)
14898:Thomas and George Cranege
14308:Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary?
14191:
14057:The World Economy: Historical Statistics
14051:
13992:
12893:
12167:Based on the works of Joseph Needham>
12067:
11480:The Transportation Revolution, 1815β1860
11450:
11426:. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p.
11037:The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire
10783:
10344:
10275:"Manchester β the first industrial city"
10228:
9872:Shuttleworth, Peter (25 December 2020).
9732:Kotler, Philip; Armstrong, Gary (2010).
9707:"The rise of cities in the 18th century"
9594:The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets
9475:(University Press of New England, 2002).
9278:Temple, Robert; Needham, Joseph (1986).
9198:, Economic History Review, 1963, p. 398
9106:
9104:
8997:Hunt, E.K.; Lautzenheiser, Mark (2014).
8557:
8555:
8477:
8270:
8172:
8170:
7943:
7941:
7860:Temple, Robert; Needham, Joseph (1986).
7815:
7328:
7103:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
6891:The Transportation Revolution, 1815β1860
6765:Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution
6758:
6661:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., p. 27
6393:
6391:
6283:
5765:
5609:
5513:
5451:
5316:
5190:
5182:
4994:
4821:
4709:from the 1850s to the 1950s, located in
4692:
4654:
4418:
4264:argue France did not go through a clear
3968:
3964:
3657:
3559:
3463:
3388:cigars, playing cards, china figurines,
3260:
3203:
3062:
2829:
2749:
2662:
2414:
2326:
2040:
2025:
1892:
1864:
1801:patented the use of roasted tap cinder (
1766:. An improved refining process known as
1690:is a different, and later, innovation.)
1622:
1577:
1557:
1457:in 1771, giving the invention its name.
1363:
1348:
1328:
1252:
1208:
1113:
1070:
15918:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
15858:Second Industrial Revolution 1860sβ1914
14549:
14543:Understanding the Industrial Revolution
14334:
14314:
14287:
14264:
14182:
14176:Understanding the industrial revolution
14063:
13848:
13777:
13679:
13670:
13661:
13637:
13191:Chamsy el-Ojeili; Dylan Taylor (2020).
12518:
11681:
11616:
11614:
11559:
11532:
11423:A New Economic View of American History
11156:"European Route of Industrial Heritage"
10777:
10755:
10731:
10385:Bar, Michael; Leukhina, Oksana (2007).
9596:. Oxford University Press. p. 157.
9246:An Essay on the Principle of Population
9242:
9072:
8822:
8610:
8601:
8445:
8321:
8088:"Iron Making | Boundless World History"
7975:Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute
7698:
7538:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7505:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7486:
7461:
7331:A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition
7100:
7018:
6907:
6847:
6845:
6809:
6671:
6659:The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789β1848
6277:
6231:
4678:was not invented until the 1860s, when
4514:established a wool carding mill in the
3985:gave rise to an unprecedented level of
3826:Shift in production's centre of gravity
3532:Social structure and working conditions
3147:
826:at the turn of the century." The term
14:
23178:
21145:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009β2010
20915:South American economic crisis of 2002
20812:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
15354:Timeline of steam power
14493:from the original on 21 September 2019
14444:
14420:(Reprint ed.). pp. 131β172.
14393:
14305:
14273:
14125:
14098:
14075:
14018:
13980:from the original on 30 September 2022
13809:
13786:
13709:
13535:
13366:
13046:
12940:
12665:
12661:
12659:
12647:
12443:International Political Science Review
12327:
12270:
12243:
12176:
12160:
12070:The Uniqueness of Western Civilization
11982:The Concept of Energy Simply Explained
11949:from the original on 12 September 2022
11653:"The Next Big Idea in Economic Growth"
11477:
11420:Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994).
11408:Short Economic History of Modern Japan
11254:
11101:
10939:
10896:Alan Milward and Samuel Berrick Saul,
10736:. New York: Random House. p. 149.
10329:
10194:. London: John Murray. pp. 30β40.
10189:
10107:
9931:
9754:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 20.
9746:
9520:
9277:
9222:. London: Cambridge University Press.
8868:Jack Simmons, and Gordon Biddle, eds.
8264:
8116:
7988:
7947:
7763:
7661:
7629:
7535:Fairclough, K. R. "Sorocold, George".
7534:
7502:Hills, Richard L. "Cotchett, Thomas".
7353:
7257:
7075:
6996:
6888:
6636:from the original on 21 September 2019
6367:
6168:
6001:Economic history of the United Kingdom
4030:Industrialisation beyond Great Britain
3436:
3268:'s High Street in 1853; the number of
2993:
2780:' stretch of road being Marsh Road at
1526:These advances were capitalised on by
1055:
853:popularising the term may be given to
588:, the Industrial Revolution spread to
22663:
21434:
21196:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
21152:2010β2014 Portuguese financial crisis
20628:Secondary banking crisis of 1973β1975
19946:
19191:
19165:
18216:
17669:
17643:
16943:
15605:
15400:
15069:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
14642:
14528:from the original on 19 December 2022
14453:
14432:from the original on 26 February 2021
14382:
14370:
14323:
14219:
14164:
14156:Milward, Alan S.; Saul, S.B. (1973).
14147:Milward, Alan S.; Saul, S.B. (1977).
14042:
13967:
13958:
13941:A Financial History of Western Europe
13928:
13896:
13887:
13839:
13752:
13688:
13542:The Industrial Revolution (1760β1830)
13485:Michael LΓΆwy and Robert Sayre, eds.,
13451:
13325:
13282:
13247:
13147:
12957:Argues that capital accumulation and
12434:
12399:
12366:
12351:
12339:How Earth Made Us: Fire by Professor
12298:
12200:
12185:. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press.
12092:
12004:
11923:Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine,
11710:
11620:
11578:
11284:
11260:
11248:" en France ? ", 1961, dans les
11182:Les enjeux des conflits linguistiques
11148:
10972:European Route of Industrial Heritage
10942:The Slavonic and East European Review
10915:European Route of Industrial Heritage
10784:Fleming, James R.; Knorr, Bethany R.
10734:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
10707:"Luddites in Marsden: Trials at York"
10660:
10608:
10514:from the original on 19 December 2008
10176:Louise Tilly and Joan Wallach Scott,
10049:
9840:
9789:from the original on 22 November 2018
9591:
9573:from the original on 10 December 2022
9284:based on the works of Joseph Needham.
9214:
9146:Crafts, N; Mills, Terence C. (1994).
9101:
8849:
8678:
8650:
8575:Coren, Michael J. (31 January 2018).
8574:
8552:
8547:
8167:
8141:
8013:
7938:
7788:
7686:
7649:
7572:
7282:
7245:
7227:from the original on 6 September 2011
7125:
7080:. London: Edward Arnold. p. 11.
6601:
6452:
6388:
6095:European Route of Industrial Heritage
5520:A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery
5336:, who had taken the throne after the
4894:are also cited as factors, as is the
4411:Economic history of the United States
3128:who lived in much better conditions.
3021:
2675:, one of the last canals to be built.
2292:The development of bleaching powder (
2253:. The sodium sulfate was heated with
2150:. In 1774 Verbruggen had installed a
1204:
23221:Modern history of the United Kingdom
23148:
21226:Russian financial crisis (2014β2016)
21079:2008β2011 Icelandic financial crisis
21072:2008β2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
21037:2000s U.S. housing market correction
20877:1998β2002 Argentine great depression
19972:
16924:
16641:London Platinum and Palladium Market
15379:
14552:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
14540:
14296:
14173:
13840:Green, Constance Mclaughlin (1997).
13587:Berlanstein, Lenard R., ed. (1992).
13085:from the original on 8 November 2023
13047:Albert, Michael J. (29 April 2020).
12725:"Spinning the industrial revolution"
12142:from the original on 2 February 2010
12136:"The Industrial Revolution β Causes"
11731:
11719:from the original on 2 November 2015
11663:from the original on 9 February 2022
11633:from the original on 5 February 2022
11611:
11291:Scandinavian Economic History Review
11111:, XXXI, 2001, 3β4, pp. 347β359
11109:Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine
10570:from the original on 3 November 2023
10488:from the original on 3 November 2023
10359:
10076:Manchester (England, United Kingdom)
10029:
9990:
9987:". The Independent. 24 October 2007.
9884:from the original on 27 January 2021
9359:
9306:
8890:
8795:"1823 β First American Macadam Road"
8773:from the original on 13 October 2022
8763:"A History of the Canals of Britain"
8409:
7884:Based on the works of Joseph Needham
7797:from the original on 6 February 2013
6870:from the original on 11 October 2021
6842:
6783:
6346:from the original on 16 January 2023
6307:from the original on 16 January 2023
6256:
6220:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
5484:adding citations to reliable sources
5455:
5178:
5162:Modern capitalism originated in the
4776:
3526:
2522:, invented by the Scottish engineer
1823:, patented by the Scottish inventor
912:Important technological developments
23084:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
21383:2023β2024 Egyptian financial crisis
21218:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
21211:2014β2016 Brazilian economic crisis
20584:1963β1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
20487:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
20176:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
18177:History of the Mediterranean region
14449:. Springer, Cham. pp. 281β313.
14228:
13938:Kindleberger, Charles Poor (1993).
13833:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_21.x
13229:from the original on 6 October 2021
13172:from the original on 15 August 2021
12675:European Review of Economic History
12656:
11244:Jean Marczewski, " Y a-t-il eu un "
10788:. American Meteorological Society.
10349:. Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 180.
10217:Library of Congress Country Studies
9853:from the original on 17 August 2021
9656:from the original on 11 August 2023
9646:"A history of the department store"
9136:Past & Present 1981 91(1):28β46
8893:"THE "SOCIAL QUESTION," 1820β1920*"
8178:The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen
6936:
6325:
6319:
6290:The Islamic World: Past and Present
6250:
6198:. Cambridge MA, London: MIT Press.
6026:Law of the handicap of a head start
5819:
5710:and corporate growth over life and
5632:) and the particular status of the
5581:(1802β1819) contain much of value.
5153:democratization and economic growth
4984:
3944:Cotton and the expansion of slavery
3505:In a more positive interpretation,
2888:and was attended by Prime Minister
2659:History of the British canal system
1067:British textile industry statistics
952:, but they were not as great as in
24:
21189:2012β2013 Cypriot financial crisis
21093:2008β2014 Spanish financial crisis
21065:2008β2009 Russian financial crisis
21058:2008β2009 Belgian financial crisis
20753:1988β1992 Norwegian banking crisis
20248:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
18539:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
14232:English and American Tool Builders
13933:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13740:from the original on 17 April 2021
13528:
12616:from the original on 27 April 2021
12537:(April 2011) 50#2 pp. 307β331
12387:from the original on 24 March 2017
11388:from the original on 4 August 2021
11309:from the original on 14 April 2021
10978:from the original on 28 April 2021
10921:from the original on 28 April 2021
10758:Empire of Cotton: A Global History
10687:from the original on 9 August 2021
10540:from the original on 13 March 2008
9913:from the original on 14 April 2021
9822:from the original on 2 August 2021
9626:from the original on 24 March 2023
9541:from the original on 14 April 2021
9259:from the original on 21 April 2016
9176:from the original on 14 April 2021
9073:Snowdon, Brian (AprilβJune 2005).
9054:from the original on 25 April 2021
8979:from the original on 23 April 2023
8931:from the original on 23 April 2023
8192:The Journal of Law & Economics
8098:from the original on 13 April 2021
7705:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
7464:Empire of Cotton: A Global History
7150:
6940:English and American Tool Builders
6746:from the original on 14 April 2021
5919:And did those feet in ancient time
5292:critiquing Williams' arguments in
4690:near the end of the 19th century.
4052:
2600:which was invented in 1816 by Sir
1594:British iron production statistics
1483:is the product of crossbreeding a
701:for the general population in the
25:
23242:
22976:Population and Development Review
22644:Western European and Others Group
21376:2023 United States banking crisis
21182:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
20870:1998β1999 Ecuador economic crisis
20834:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
20760:Japanese asset price bubble crash
20701:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
20451:Australian banking crisis of 1893
20255:Dutch Republic financial collapse
18252:Commonwealth of Nations countries
16871:Confederation of British Industry
16066:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
15729:Department for Business and Trade
15724:Competition and Markets Authority
15566:History of electrical engineering
14883:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
14572:
14487:Times Higher Education Supplement
14403:
13591:. London and New York: Routledge.
12927:at Moreabout, the website of the
12704:from the original on 8 March 2021
12666:Crafts, Nicholas (1 April 2011).
12247:The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
12220:from the original on 4 April 2023
11858:from the original on 7 March 2021
11711:Kreis, Steven (11 October 2006).
11579:Klein, Ezra (19 September 2021).
11231:Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos,
10792:from the original on 10 June 2011
10096:Reader's guide to women's studies
10017:Modernization β Population Change
9736:. Pearson Education. p. 278.
9709:. British Library. Archived from
9704:
9504:. British Library. Archived from
8563:Rise of the British coal industry
8530:. Rotherham.co.uk. Archived from
7836:from the original on 4 April 2023
7501:
6851:
6830:from the original on 5 April 2024
6371:The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
6101:from the original on 23 June 2021
5794:Pollution and ecological collapse
5198:, a mid-19th century portrait by
4281:renewal of the growth after 1905.
4063:The Habsburg realms which became
3317:became a common feature in major
2940:
2910:
2615:
1673:and others from 1678, using coal
1182:) and upland green seeded cotton
985:greatly lowered the fuel cost of
612:processes; the increasing use of
524:Outline of prehistoric technology
436:History of electrical engineering
30:For a more general overview, see
23160:
23159:
23147:
23024:Population concern organizations
22730:Projections of population growth
20233:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
19311:1830s Chicago real estate bubble
19300:1810s Alabama real estate bubble
18162:Bibliography of European history
17757:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
16923:
16914:
16913:
15766:Office for Budget Responsibility
15378:
15367:
15366:
15119:Portsmouth Block Mills
14844:
14045:Lectures on Economic Growth, 109
13867:Capitalism in America: A History
13512:
13492:
13479:
13445:
13382:from the original on 9 June 2021
13360:
13319:
13276:
13241:
13184:
13141:
13128:
13097:
13040:
12981:
12968:
12881:from the original on 17 May 2022
12824:
12781:
12716:
12641:
12597:
12557:
12540:
12527:
12512:
12479:
12360:
12345:
12321:
12264:
12237:
12170:
12154:
12114:Western Civilization: Since 1500
12086:
12061:
11998:
11752:
11675:
11645:
11599:from the original on 25 May 2022
11572:
11520:Encyclopædia Britannica (1998):
11471:
11451:Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. (1993).
11444:
11413:
11400:
11370:
11321:
11278:
11265:
11213:from the original on 3 July 2012
11203:"Major Mining Sites of Wallonia"
11195:
11075:
11041:
11029:
11003:
10990:
10960:
10933:
10903:
10890:
10883:Alan S. Milward and S. B. Saul,
10877:
10864:
10840:
10817:
10804:
10764:
10749:
10740:
10725:
10699:
10654:
10602:
10552:
10470:
10338:
10323:
10293:
10222:
10183:
10170:
10157:
10144:
10101:
10088:
10059:". Population Reference Bureau.
10039:". Population Reference Bureau.
9925:
9865:
9834:
9740:
9725:
9698:
9686:from the original on 8 June 2023
9668:
9638:
9600:
9585:
9553:
9478:
9465:
9456:
9432:
9419:
9406:
9393:
9380:
9353:
9340:
9327:
9300:
9287:
9271:
9236:
9155:Explorations in Economic History
9066:
9015:
8990:
8963:10.4159/harvard.9780674733251.c3
8943:
8884:
8875:
8862:
8843:
8816:
8740:from the original on 17 May 2021
8376:(Leuven University Press, 2014).
8068:from the original on 11 May 2022
7585:. pp. 16β17. Archived from
6955:from the original on 3 July 2023
5969:
5955:
5941:
5589:Descriptions des Arts et MΓ©tiers
5460:
4948:to inventors under a developing
4631:American system of manufacturing
4403:American system of manufacturing
4390:
3548:was very static and often cruelβ
3140:c. 55) led to the more sanitary
2892:. The railway was engineered by
2882:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
2573:driven into the side of a hill.
2450:
2021:
1553:
673:, through the activities of the
159:
146:
23125:Human impact on the environment
23059:Population Action International
20958:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
20284:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
18248:recessions in the United States
18187:History of Western civilization
17790:Christianity in the Middle Ages
15702:Governor of the Bank of England
15344:Timeline of invention
15319:History of technology
15182:Newcomen steam engine
14958:Joseph Marie Jacquard
14394:Zmolek, Michael Andrew (2013).
14389:. University of Michigan Press.
13560:Mathematical Population Studies
13467:from the original on 1 May 2021
13332:Journal of Public Health Policy
12945:. Northwich: Arley Hall Press.
12408:The Journal of Economic History
12165:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
12138:. Industrialrevolution.sea.ca.
11878:The First Industrial Revolution
11844:. Lewis Mumford. January 1963.
11621:Smith, Noah (3 February 2022).
10415:average Briton was about as old
10311:from the original on 3 May 2021
9676:"The History of Fish and Chips"
9282:. New York: Simon and Schuster,
8807:
8755:
8722:
8710:
8672:
8589:from the original on 1 May 2021
8568:
8520:
8502:
8403:
8379:
8366:
8342:
8308:
8295:
8234:
8183:
8176:L. T. C. Rolt and J. S. Allen,
8135:
8110:
8080:
8050:
8019:
8007:
7982:
7966:
7907:
7887:
7809:
7782:
7757:
7719:
7692:
7680:
7655:
7643:
7634:
7528:
7495:
7491:. London: Routledge. p. 2.
7480:
7276:
7251:
7239:
7223:. Industrialrevolution.sea.ca.
7199:
7186:
7173:
7133:The Pattern of the Chinese Past
7119:
7049:
6882:
6810:Simpson, Craig (5 April 2024).
6803:
6777:
6400:
5812:, mass hunger, starvation, and
5471:needs additional citations for
4868:British Agricultural Revolution
3647:
3493:Effect on women and family life
3459:
3340:were common in an increasingly
3028:British Agricultural Revolution
2863:Stockton and Darlington Railway
2706:to the rapidly growing town of
2485:British Agricultural Revolution
2410:
2390:
1885:that was used for pumping to a
906:British Agricultural Revolution
899:
757:. New technologies such as the
489:Timeline of historic inventions
23074:United Nations Population Fund
22689:
21339:Chinese property sector crisis
21247:2015β2016 stock market selloff
21175:August 2011 stock markets fall
21086:2008β2011 Irish banking crisis
20783:1990s Swedish financial crisis
20532:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
19503:Western Australian gold rushes
18031:PolishβLithuanian Commonwealth
17974:Christianity in the modern era
17745:Christianity in late antiquity
16969:
16881:Federation of Small Businesses
15439:History of technology cultures
15104:Derwent Valley Mills
14973:Francis Cabot Lowell
13944:. Oxford University Press US.
13695:. Princeton University Press.
13621:Problems of Industrial Society
13619:Chambliss, William J. (1973).
13600:(Reprint ed.). New York:
13489:(Duke University Press, 2001).
12373:. Princeton University Press.
12367:Mokyr, Joel (6 January 2018).
12111:Jackson J. Spielvogel (2009).
11880:, Cambridge University Press.
11787:, Oxford University Press US.
11690:. Cambridge University Press.
11564:Men, Machines and Modern Times
11478:Taylor, George Rogers (1969).
11303:10.1080/03585522.1982.10407973
10786:"History of the Clean Air Act"
10661:Byrne, Richard (August 2013).
10037:Human Population: Urbanization
8454:. Cambridge University Press.
7401:Johns Hopkins University Press
6889:Taylor, George Rogers (1951).
6684:, Cambridge University Press.
6236:. Jameson Books. p. 127.
6225:
6212:
6187:
6083:
5856:with the remaining undergoing
5747:
4944:Governments' grant of limited
4278:economic slowdown (1860β1905),
4015:non-governmental organisations
3751:. In the 1830s and 1840s, the
3301:of Bristol produced the first
2478:
2419:The Crystal Palace housed the
1854:
1639:; for a given amount of heat,
1570:using mined coal; the burning
1325:Invention of textile machinery
13:
1:
21412:List of sovereign debt crises
21354:2022 Russian financial crisis
21051:2008 Latvian financial crisis
21044:U.S. bear market of 2007β2009
20922:Stock market downturn of 2002
20863:1998 Russian financial crisis
20716:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
18182:History of the European Union
17491:Critique of political economy
16651:Alternative Investment Market
16631:London Interbank Offered Rate
16587:List of UK building societies
15633:Economy of the United Kingdom
15586:History of nuclear technology
15561:History of computing hardware
15539:History of technology domains
14383:Usher, Abbott Payson (1920).
13814:. New York: Exposition Press.
13810:Dunham, Arthur Louis (1955).
13795:. pp. 283β353, 464β485.
13791:(Reprint ed.). Cardiff:
13326:Mawle, Angela (1 July 2010).
13212:10.1080/08935696.2020.1727256
12250:. W.W. Norton & Company.
11925:Against Intellectual Monopoly
11623:"A New Industrialist roundup"
11235:, art. cit., pp. 315β316
11158:. En.erih.net. Archived from
10428:put the mean age at about 26.
10006:. Published: 1 February 2002.
9978:A portrait of Britain in 2031
9841:Dames, Nicholas (June 2015).
9337:(Taylor & Francis, 1996).
8891:Case, Holly (November 2016).
8146:, Routledge, pp. 13β45,
7489:Industrialization and Society
6784:Hall, Rachel (5 April 2024).
6453:Lucas, Robert E. Jr. (2002).
6374:. W.W. Norton & Company.
6077:
5949:Business and economics portal
5697:
5644:that had flourished with the
5524:
5271:(1944) concerned the role of
5004:
4553:Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell
3160:traced a cholera outbreak in
3068:
2653:Canals and improved waterways
2037:, developed in the late 1790s
1721:patented a hydraulic powered
1266:
568:, sometimes divided into the
466:History of nuclear technology
142:
107:Mechanised textile production
21114:Greek government-debt crisis
20951:2004 Argentine energy crisis
20908:2001 Turkish economic crisis
20797:1990s Armenian energy crisis
20790:1990s Finnish banking crisis
20651:1976 British currency crisis
20621:1973β1974 stock market crash
19932:U.S. higher education bubble
19843:Chinese stock bubble of 2007
19805:United States housing bubble
19799:2000s Danish property bubble
19781:Baltic states housing bubble
19557:Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush
17075:History of capitalist theory
16866:British Chambers of Commerce
16861:British Bankers' Association
15571:History of materials science
14515:Journal of Political Economy
14464:10.1017/CBO9780511622137.004
14229:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916).
13914:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
13897:Haber, Ludwig Fritz (1971).
13888:Haber, Ludwig Fritz (1958).
13596:Bernstein, Peter L. (1998).
13500:Feature: And did those feet?
12976:The Weber Thesis Controversy
12929:Birmingham Jewellery Quarter
12837:Journal of Political Economy
12636:Continuity chance and change
11980:Mott-Smith, Morton (1964) .
11184:, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007,
10098:(1998) pp. 102β104, 306β308.
8951:"Devon's Classic Food Riots"
7789:Adams, Ryan (27 July 2012).
7743:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
7555:UK public library membership
7522:UK public library membership
6937:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916),
6332:. Routledge. pp. 7β10.
6056:
6006:Fourth Industrial Revolution
5678:became mandatory due to the
5438:Journal of Political Economy
4651:Second Industrial Revolution
4645:Second Industrial Revolution
4565:Boston Manufacturing Company
4011:Coal Smoke Abatement Society
3405:In 1861, Welsh entrepreneur
2553:in Britain, particularly in
2197:
1221:was followed by a period of
1075:Weaving with handlooms from
791:
770:Second Industrial Revolution
574:Second Industrial Revolution
451:History of materials science
431:History of computer hardware
388:Arab Agricultural Revolution
303:Fourth Industrial Revolution
263:Second Industrial Revolution
157:Second Industrial Revolution
7:
23099:World Population Foundation
23089:World Population Conference
23002:World population milestones
21270:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
20936:2003 Myanmar banking crisis
20929:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
20849:1997 Asian financial crisis
20776:1991 Indian economic crisis
20768:Rhode Island banking crisis
20738:Cameroonian economic crisis
20524:Early Soviet hyperinflation
20137:Crisis of the Third Century
19769:Japanese asset price bubble
19757:New Zealand property bubble
19726:New Zealand property bubble
19655:Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush
19423:First Nova Scotia Gold Rush
18994:1997 Asian financial crisis
18627:Civil War-era United States
18141:Russian invasion of Ukraine
17752:Crisis of the Third Century
15754:Chancellor of the Exchequer
15734:Financial Conduct Authority
15329:Industrial archaeology
15232:Watt steam engine
14918:Abraham Darby III
14481:McCloskey, Deirdre (2004).
13929:Jacob, Margaret C. (1997).
13821:The Economic History Review
13731:10.1162/jeea.2005.3.2-3.525
13647:. New York: Penguin Books.
13166:10.1080/1475483042000224897
12790:The Economic History Review
12732:The Economic History Review
12554:, Vol. 3 No. 4) August 2018
11841:Technics & Civilization
11560:Morison, Elting E. (1966).
11334:The Economic History Review
10026:". Encyclopædia Britannica.
9609:Guinness World Records 2017
9295:Journal of Economic History
9085:(2): 87β136. Archived from
9022:KΓΌchenhoff, Helmut (2012).
8897:Modern Intellectual History
8825:The Economic History Review
6717:The Economic History Review
6604:"The Industrial Revolution
6569:"The Industrial Revolution"
6529:The Economic History Review
6491:Journal of Economic History
6457:Lectures on Economic Growth
6409:The Economic History Review
5934:
5879:Opposition from Romanticism
5544:Lunar Society of Birmingham
5429:The Economic History Review
4292:Economic history of Germany
4017:. It was founded by artist
3959:European colonies in Africa
3783:
3762:Working people also formed
3747:. They became known as the
3200:Clothing and consumer goods
3171:
2819:
2700:The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
2322:
2210:invented by the Englishman
2071:interchangeability of parts
1368:The interior of Marshall's
1121:'s silk mill site today in
884:. Some historians, such as
570:First Industrial Revolution
288:Third Industrial Revolution
253:First Industrial Revolution
10:
23247:
23196:19th century in technology
23191:18th century in technology
22971:Population and Environment
21301:Sri Lankan economic crisis
21159:Energy crisis in Venezuela
21138:2009 Dubai debt standstill
20988:2007β2008 financial crisis
20643:Latin American debt crisis
20406:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
19886:Australian property bubble
19521:Tierra del Fuego gold rush
19405:Colorado River mining boom
19345:Queen Charlottes Gold Rush
18770:PostβWorld War I recession
18590:Post-Napoleonic Depression
18197:Military history of Europe
18192:Maritime history of Europe
16901:UK Payments Administration
15853:New Imperialism 1830sβ1945
15677:Government-owned companies
15197:Reverberatory furnace
15124:Quarry Bank Mill
14913:Abraham Darby II
14826:Economies of agglomeration
14378:. London: Faber and Faber.
14288:Stearns, Peter N. (1998).
14224:. Oxford University Press.
14187:. Oxford University Press.
14099:McGraw, Thomas K. (2012).
14076:Martin, Frederick (1876).
13963:. Oxford University Press.
13782:. Oxford University Press.
13763:Cambridge University Press
13662:Cipolla, Carlo M. (1973).
13262:10.3197/096327102129341154
12535:Journal of British Studies
12068:Duchesne, Ricardo (2011).
11207:UNESCO WOrld Heritage List
11060:Chris Evans, GΓΆran RydΓ©n,
11011:"The era of enlightenment"
10301:"Life in Industrial Towns"
10229:Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1969).
10085:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
9967:" (PDF). Statistics.gov.uk
9348:Environment and Planning A
8487:Princeton University Press
8026:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982).
7948:Landes, David. S. (1969).
7914:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982).
6628:McCloskey, Deidre (2004).
6263:. CRC Press. p. 151.
5996:Industrialization of China
5882:
5797:
5751:
5729:
5613:
4988:
4660:SΓ€chsische Maschinenfabrik
4648:
4573:Beverly Cotton Manufactory
4557:Newburyport, Massachusetts
4488:Beverly Cotton Manufactory
4474:Northeastern United States
4400:
4394:
4353:
4318:Economic history of Sweden
4315:
4289:
4285:
4256:Economic history of France
4253:
4138:
4059:Economy of Austria-Hungary
4056:
3787:
3697:Trade union Β§ History
3694:
3651:
3556:Factories and urbanisation
3175:
3058:
3025:
2944:
2914:
2823:
2656:
2625:
2619:
1858:
1059:
1029:Invention of machine tools
926:mechanised cotton spinning
837:la rΓ©volution industrielle
834:'s description in 1837 of
29:
23143:
23107:
23032:
22984:
22963:
22881:Human population planning
22846:
22792:
22743:
22705:Demographics of the world
22697:
22414:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
22394:
22312:
22149:
21984:
21855:Standard Average European
21723:
21552:
21472:
21392:
21369:2022 stock market decline
21361:Pakistani economic crisis
21347:2021β2023 inflation surge
21293:Lebanese liquidity crisis
21262:Venezuelan hyperinflation
21254:Brexit stock market crash
21203:Venezuela economic crisis
21125:
20975:
20965:Zimbabwean hyperinflation
20675:
20593:
20564:
20548:Wall Street Crash of 1929
20511:
20388:2nd Industrial Revolution
20386:
20322:
20222:1st Industrial Revolution
20220:
20147:
20125:
19980:
19922:Social media stock bubble
19907:
19856:
19735:
19697:
19664:
19608:
19464:2nd Industrial Revolution
19462:
19357:New South Wales gold rush
19325:
19278:1st Industrial Revolution
19276:
19237:
19199:
19008:
18944:
18889:
18843:
18758:
18680:2nd Industrial Revolution
18673:
18620:
18613:(1836β1838 and 1839β1843)
18529:1st Industrial Revolution
18527:
18496:
18297:Price-and-wage stickiness
18258:
18167:Genetic history of Europe
18149:
17954:
17770:
17710:
17677:
17518:
17472:
17435:Labour market flexibility
17408:
17319:
17168:
17110:Multinational corporation
16987:
16977:
16909:
16844:
16661:
16560:
16425:
16418:
16334:
16264:
16191:
16166:
16014:
16003:
15976:National champions policy
15971:Recessions and recoveries
15948:
15888:1979 Winter of Discontent
15823:1659β1849 Navigation Acts
15815:
15806:
15798:UK Trade & Investment
15707:Monetary Policy Committee
15685:
15639:
15534:
15434:
15362:
15311:
15240:
15142:
15061:
14908:Abraham Darby I
14853:
14842:
14738:
14681:
14632:20 September 2022 at the
14584:20 September 2022 at the
14410:Cannadine, David (1984).
14274:Staley, David J. (2000).
14265:Smelser, Neil J. (1959).
14220:Rider, Christine (2007).
14126:McNeil, Ian, ed. (1990).
13793:University of Wales Press
13710:Crafts, Nicholas (2005).
13572:10.1080/08898489009525313
13305:10.1080/09644010701251714
13148:Ishay, Micheline (2004).
12687:10.1017/S1361491610000201
12648:Hunter, Louis C. (1985).
12486:Christian, David (2004).
12420:10.1017/S0022050700009451
12271:Landes, David S. (1969).
12035:27 September 2011 at the
11785:The Industrial Revolution
10482:courses.lumenlearning.com
10122:10.1017/S001041750001536X
9963:24 September 2015 at the
9934:The Industrial Revolution
9502:"The rise of consumerism"
9416:(Allen & Unwin, 1974)
9040:10.1007/s11698-011-0070-7
8909:10.1017/S1479244315000037
8698:. London. 1 December 1913
8117:Landes, David S. (1969).
8092:courses.lumenlearning.com
8062:courses.lumenlearning.com
7989:Landes, David S. (1969).
7764:Gordon, Robert B (1996).
7662:Landes, David S. (1969).
7354:Landes, David S. (1969).
7258:Landes, David S. (1969).
7078:The Industrial Revolution
7055:Blanqui, JΓ©rΓ΄me-Adolphe,
6997:Hunter, Louis C. (1985).
6503:10.1017/s0022050700021100
6169:Landes, David S. (1969).
5155:during Great Divergence.
4817:
4784:supply-side progressivism
4583:, using nine kilometres (
4458:materials handling system
4360:Economic history of Japan
4311:
4249:
4131:during that time period.
4034:
3733:. That year six men from
3329:in London. In the 1860s,
3323:Harding, Howell & Co.
3229:fine china and porcelain
2998:Some economists, such as
2963:in the 16th century, the
2834:A portrait depicting the
2717:Leeds and Liverpool Canal
2545:
2489:agricultural productivity
2152:horizontal boring machine
1151:
656:architectural innovations
499:Complete list by category
155:
145:
137:
99:
78:
69:in a weaving shed in the
58:
46:
41:
22886:Compulsory sterilization
22554:Lancaster House Treaties
22044:Christian existentialism
22004:Ancient Roman philosophy
21994:Ancient Greek philosophy
21030:Subprime mortgage crisis
20693:Brazilian hyperinflation
20665:Brazilian hyperinflation
20502:Financial crisis of 1914
20210:Mississippi bubble crash
19823:Canadian property bubble
19811:Romanian property bubble
19650:1930s Kakamega gold rush
19441:Vermilion Lake gold rush
18961:1990s United States boom
18749:Financial crisis of 1914
15913:2009 bank rescue package
15908:2008 bank rescue package
15873:1929β39 Great Depression
15744:HM Revenue & Customs
15652:Employee-owned companies
15551:History of communication
15546:History of biotechnology
15222:Stephenson's Rocket
14596:25 December 2019 at the
14330:. Harper & Brothers.
14183:Pollard, Sidney (1981).
14109:Harvard University Press
13554:Artzrouni, Marc (1990).
13505:12 December 2009 at the
12941:Foster, Charles (2004).
12612:. The Harvard Classics.
12455:10.1177/0192512115618532
12095:Journal of World History
11930:22 February 2011 at the
11806:The Journal of Marketing
10424:28 February 2011 at the
9537:. BBC. 11 January 2017.
9350:14.11 (1982): 1437β1447.
9243:Malthus, Thomas (1798).
8850:Fling, Harry M. (1868).
8692:"Bridgewater Collieries"
8611:GrΓΌbler, Arnulf (1990).
8410:Misa, Thomas J. (1995).
8335:25 February 2021 at the
8241:Hunter & Bryant 1991
7816:Tylecote, R. F. (1976).
7699:Lakwete, Angela (2005).
7329:Tylecote, R. F. (1992).
6232:Reisman, George (1998).
6028:β Dialectics of progress
5408:Royal Exchange in London
5221:Free market (capitalism)
5169:double entry bookkeeping
4792:World Trade Organization
4547:Providence, Rhode Island
4543:Worcester, Massachusetts
4528:Watertown, Massachusetts
4498:(1768β1835) founded the
4349:
3745:transported to Australia
3615:early socialist movement
3106:from polluted water and
2745:
2526:in 1784, displaced hand
1619:Iron process innovations
868:in parts of Europe, the
864:, and Kridte argue that
666:; particularly with the
494:Technological revolution
441:History of manufacturing
426:History of communication
421:History of biotechnology
22828:Malthusian growth model
22332:Equality before the law
21539:Romano-Germanic culture
21405:List of economic crises
21323:2020 stock market crash
21316:Financial market impact
21285:Turkish economic crisis
20900:9/11 stock market crash
20856:October 1997 mini-crash
20827:1994 bond market crisis
20819:Yugoslav hyperinflation
20730:Savings and loan crisis
20331:European potato failure
19874:Lebanese housing bubble
19835:Lebanese housing bubble
19829:Chinese property bubble
19763:Spanish property bubble
19620:1920s Florida land boom
19545:Cripple Creek Gold Rush
19533:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
19474:1870s Lapland gold rush
19369:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
18776:Depression of 1920β1921
18708:Depression of 1882β1885
18622:Early Victorian Britain
18357:Real and nominal values
18172:History of Christianity
17580:Individualist anarchism
16081:List of counties by GVA
15863:1873β79 Long Depression
15828:Agricultural Revolution
15793:UK Statistics Authority
15038:Richard Trevithick
14608:12 October 2009 at the
14445:Grinin, Leonid (2022).
14299:Energy in World History
13959:Kisch, Herbert (1989).
13689:Clark, Gregory (2007).
13423:10.1126/science.aad2622
13154:Journal of Human Rights
13136:OAH Magazine of History
13068:10.1111/1758-5899.12791
12519:Stearns, Peter (1998).
12161:Temple, Robert (1986).
12054:2 November 2015 at the
11745:28 October 2009 at the
11285:SchΓΆn, Lennart (1982).
11136:Histoire de la Wallonie
11118:29 October 2008 at the
10834:19 October 2017 at the
10609:Evatt, Herbert (2009).
10564:www.historyofosh.org.uk
10364:. Wildside Press, LLC.
10345:Guarneri, Carl (2007).
10190:Smiles, Samuel (1875).
10178:Women, work, and family
10043:26 October 2009 at the
9983:9 December 2017 at the
9734:Principles of Marketing
9440:Economic History Review
8651:Clark, Gregory (2017).
8152:10.1201/9781351251341-4
7819:A History of Metallurgy
7766:American Iron 1607β1900
7399:, Baltimore, Maryland:
7283:Rosen, William (2012).
7196:, (2007) pp. xiiiβxxxv.
6770:9 November 2006 at the
6550:10.1111/1468-0289.00084
6541:10.1111/1468-0289.00084
6257:Tong, Junie T. (2016).
5986:Proto-industrialization
5900:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
5396:The French philosopher
5324:a 1716 illustration by
5139:political fragmentation
5042:purchasing power parity
4607:Great Famine of Ireland
4520:Uxbridge, Massachusetts
4504:Pawtucket, Rhode Island
4425:Pawtucket, Rhode Island
4328:proto industrialisation
4324:agricultural revolution
2721:Thames and Severn Canal
2302:Claude Louis Berthollet
1906:stationary steam engine
1904:The development of the
1479:in the same way that a
1164:Cotton was a difficult
1138:water-powered silk mill
1109:
1100:
866:proto-industrialisation
822:in the early 1790s and
725:of animals and plants.
694:adoption of agriculture
598:hand production methods
582:Agricultural Revolution
247:Proto-industrialization
152:Proto-industrialisation
22955:Zero population growth
22950:Sustainable population
22874:Malthusian catastrophe
22833:Overshoot (population)
22710:Demographic transition
22494:Eastern European Group
22083:Continental philosophy
22014:Judeo-Christian ethics
21999:Hellenistic philosophy
21480:Cradle of civilization
21398:List of banking crises
21167:Syrian economic crisis
21100:Blue Monday Crash 2009
20709:Chilean crisis of 1982
20540:ShΕwa financial crisis
20346:Highland Potato Famine
20202:South Sea bubble crash
19993:Commodity price shocks
19868:2000s commodities boom
19848:Uranium bubble of 2007
19817:Polish property bubble
19793:2000s commodities boom
19709:1970s commodities boom
19479:Coromandel Gold Rushes
19363:Australian gold rushes
18881:Recession of 1969β1970
18876:Recession of 1960β1961
18835:Recession of 1937β1938
17996:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
17545:Collectivist anarchism
17460:Social venture capital
17430:Freedom of association
16891:Institute of Directors
16856:Business organisations
16781:Science and technology
16674:International students
16386:Working Time Directive
15759:Debt Management Office
15576:History of measurement
15446:Prehistoric technology
15293:Rochdale Pioneers
15278:Industrial unrest
15084:Bridgewater Canal
15028:Robert Stephenson
15023:George Stephenson
14998:William Radcliffe
14953:Benjamin Huntsman
14928:William Fairbairn
14888:Edmund Cartwright
14863:Richard Arkwright
14766:Industry/Manufacturing
14620:15 August 2009 at the
14541:More, Charles (2000).
14315:Szostak, Rick (1991).
13849:Griffin, Emma (2010).
13787:Davies, Glyn (1997) .
13778:Daunton, M.J. (1995).
13680:Clapham, J.H. (1921).
13671:Clapham, J.H. (1930).
13285:Environmental Politics
12548:Capitalism and Slavery
12299:Stark, Rodney (2005).
12273:The Unbound Prometheus
12244:Landes, David (1999).
11533:Thomson, Ross (1989).
10827:55#1 (2014): 107β147.
10825:Technology and culture
10756:Beckert, Sven (2014).
10732:Kennedy, Paul (1987).
10444:9 January 2006 at the
10211:4 January 2012 at the
10063:8 October 2009 at the
10002:17 August 2021 at the
9843:"Was Dickens a Thief?"
9592:Mintz, Sidney (2015).
9167:10.1006/exeh.1994.1007
8446:Overton, Mark (1996).
8329:Properties of Concrete
8119:The Unbound Prometheus
7991:The Unbound Prometheus
7664:The Unbound Prometheus
7547:10.1093/ref:odnb/47971
7514:10.1093/ref:odnb/75296
7487:Hopkins, Eric (2000).
7462:Beckert, Sven (2014).
7356:The Unbound Prometheus
7260:The Unbound Prometheus
7183:3.2β3 (2005): 525β534.
6602:Lucas, Robert (2003).
6368:Landes, David (1999).
6326:Ray, Indrajit (2011).
6171:The Unbound Prometheus
5836:is the Greek root for
5780:pre-industrial society
5771:
5754:Pre-industrial society
5535:
5532:Joseph Wright of Derby
5403:Letters on the English
5353:
5342:English Bill of Rights
5268:Capitalism and Slavery
5233:
5202:
5188:
5143:
5011:
4831:
4742:. The introduction of
4713:
4667:
4569:Waltham, Massachusetts
4427:
4247:
4023:Public Health Act 1875
4019:William Blake Richmond
3979:environmental movement
3974:
3691:Organisation of labour
3663:
3620:By 1746 an integrated
3574:
3569:, an 1840 portrait of
3546:Pre-industrial society
3477:
3273:
3259:
3212:
3211:tea and coffee service
3134:Public Health Act 1875
3078:
2854:
2843:
2755:
2676:
2424:
2336:
2296:) by Scottish chemist
2187:U.S. Department of War
2168:Portsmouth Block Mills
2050:
2038:
1901:
1890:
1877:, who transformed the
1825:James Beaumont Neilson
1707:Newcomen steam engines
1675:reverberatory furnaces
1632:
1590:
1575:
1542:acquired the nickname
1384:, patented in 1733 by
1377:
1361:
1346:
1272:
1242:Indonesian archipelago
1214:
1129:
1086:
977:β the substitution of
836:
832:JΓ©rΓ΄me-Adolphe Blanqui
774:steel-making processes
624:; and the rise of the
606:chemical manufacturing
456:History of measurement
416:History of agriculture
383:Medieval Islamic world
293:Digital transformation
23206:History of technology
23186:Industrial Revolution
23064:Population Connection
22928:Mere addition paradox
22767:Physiological density
22614:Three Seas Initiative
22589:Pacific Islands Forum
22454:BritishβIrish Council
22202:Greek Orthodox Church
21661:Industrial Revolution
21631:Scientific Revolution
20723:Black Saturday (1983)
20577:Kennedy Slide of 1962
20149:Commercial revolution
19892:Cryptocurrency bubble
19880:Corporate debt bubble
19787:Irish property bubble
19569:Mount Baker gold rush
19491:Black Hills gold rush
19393:Similkameen Gold Rush
19387:Pennsylvania oil rush
19375:Pike's Peak gold rush
19267:Bengal Bubble of 1769
19239:Commercial revolution
19214:Irrational exuberance
18999:Early 2000s recession
18966:Early 1990s recession
18918:Early 1980s recession
18498:Commercial revolution
18396:Nominal interest rate
18076:Industrial Revolution
17610:Post-scarcity economy
17585:Libertarian socialism
17570:Free-market socialism
17501:Market fundamentalism
17486:Capitalist propaganda
17080:Industrial Revolution
16995:Anarchy of production
16886:Industry trade groups
16646:London Stock Exchange
16636:London Metal Exchange
16403:Trades Union Congress
16096:East London Tech City
15940:Cost-of-living crisis
15878:1948β52 Marshall Plan
15833:Industrial Revolution
15521:Industrial Revolution
15428:History of technology
15263:Cottage industry
14948:Eaton Hodgkinson
14933:James Hargreaves
14868:Thomas Boulsover
14306:Snooks, G.D. (2000).
14297:Smil, Vaclav (1994).
14269:. U of Chicago Press.
14132:. London: Routledge.
14082:Macmillan and Company
13666:. Vol. 4 part 1.
13602:John Wiley & Sons
13509:Accessed 28 June 2021
13455:(14 September 2012).
13015:10.1073/pnas.89.3.793
12963:commercial revolution
12588:Barrington Moore, Jr.
12177:Merson, John (1990).
12119:27 March 2023 at the
11739:Scientific Revolution
11682:Overton, Mar (1996).
10917:. Council of Europe.
10870:Brian William Clapp,
10857:15 March 2021 at the
10812:Environmental history
10635:"General Strike 1842"
10611:The Tolpuddle Martyrs
10463:13 March 2008 at the
10330:Hoeder, Dirk (2002).
10305:History Learning Site
9812:"The Sam Weller Bump"
9449:16 April 2021 at the
9442:(1982) 35#2: 199β216
9425:Theodore S. Hamerow,
9297:62#2 (2002): 489β511.
8534:on 24 September 2015.
8396:18 April 2021 at the
8318:(2003) pp. 53β54
8258:19 April 2021 at the
7900:14 April 2021 at the
7192:Christine Rider, ed.
7159:CEPR Discussion Paper
6614:on 27 November 2007.
6097:. Council of Europe.
6011:History of capitalism
5769:
5668:only two universities
5626:Protestant work ethic
5616:Protestant work ethic
5610:Protestant work ethic
5548:Royal Society of Arts
5517:
5452:Transfer of knowledge
5320:
5301:Instead, the greater
5229:
5194:
5186:
5028:Scientific Revolution
4998:
4954:Statute of Monopolies
4939:Henry VIII of England
4896:scientific revolution
4825:
4740:electrical industries
4696:
4658:
4639:Waltham Watch Company
4614:interchangeable parts
4603:Waltham-Lowell system
4581:Lowell, Massachusetts
4577:public stock offering
4524:Hartford, Connecticut
4440:interchangeable parts
4422:
4407:Interchangeable parts
4237:valleys, between the
4222:
4188:valleys, between the
4176:, "Especially in the
4109:List of world's fairs
3991:untreated human waste
3972:
3965:Effect on environment
3661:
3563:
3467:
3453:population of England
3287:Huntley & Palmers
3264:
3236:
3207:
3176:Further information:
3142:byelaw terraced house
3066:
2872:, which demonstrated
2849:
2833:
2753:
2729:Manchester Ship Canal
2673:Manchester Ship Canal
2666:
2604:and independently by
2499:invented an improved
2473:continuous production
2418:
2330:
2221:The production of an
2191:interchangeable parts
2044:
2029:
1896:
1868:
1626:
1581:
1564:reverberatory furnace
1561:
1498:developed a vertical
1367:
1352:
1332:
1256:
1212:
1117:
1082:Industry and Idleness
1074:
1049:precision metal parts
969:power-to-weight ratio
828:Industrial Revolution
772:. These included new
763:in the United Kingdom
620:; the development of
566:Industrial Revolution
519:Outline of technology
410:By type of technology
337:By historical regions
325:Emerging technologies
185:By technological eras
177:History of technology
42:Industrial Revolution
18:Industrial revolution
23094:World Population Day
23049:Church of Euthanasia
22938:Non-identity problem
22913:Political demography
22869:Human overpopulation
22609:Special Relationship
22019:Christian philosophy
21964:Western Christianity
21626:Age of Enlightenment
21500:Hellenistic Kingdoms
21277:Ghana banking crisis
21107:European debt crisis
20892:Dot-com bubble crash
20804:Cuban Special Period
20263:Copper Panic of 1789
20168:The Great Debasement
20160:Great Bullion Famine
19563:Kobuk River Stampede
19497:Colorado Silver Boom
19429:West Coast gold rush
19381:Rock Creek Gold Rush
19339:California gold rush
18565:Copper Panic of 1789
18131:European debt crisis
18126:European integration
18066:Age of Enlightenment
17906:Republic of Florence
17065:Financial Revolution
17030:Economic development
16680:Entertainment &
15903:Late-2000s recession
15898:1992 Black Wednesday
15838:Financial Revolution
15667:FTSE Fledgling Index
15591:History of transport
15556:History of computing
15202:Sheffield plate
15003:Richard Roberts
14983:Thomas Newcomen
14903:Samuel Crompton
14873:Matthew Boulton
14831:Economies of density
14564:10.1162/jinh_a_01230
14545:. London: Routledge.
14324:Timbs, John (1860).
14310:. London: Routledge.
14203:Simon & Schuster
14165:Mokyr, Joel (2018).
14084:. pp. 161β374.
13765:. pp. 239β316.
13753:Craig, John (1953).
13604:. pp. 135β193.
13345:10.1057/jphp.2010.12
13250:Environmental Values
13114:10.1093/past/38.1.56
12959:wealth concentration
12352:Jones, Eric (1981).
12005:Mokyr, Joel (1990).
11912:Princeton University
11894:4 April 2023 at the
11759:Baten, JΓΆrg (2016).
11715:. Historyguide.org.
11659:. 16 February 2016.
11233:Breaking stereotypes
11085:pp 292β296, 437β453.
10772:Agricultural History
10681:10.1162/BFLR_a_00183
10360:Dunn, James (1905).
10347:America in the World
10022:6 April 2009 at the
9932:Hudson, Pat (1992).
9333:Christopher Powell,
9130:Woodward, D. (1981)
8528:"The Rotherham Plow"
8510:"The Rotherham Plow"
8387:Construction History
8359:4 April 2023 at the
8277:. Ayer Co. pp.
7076:Hudson, Pat (1992).
6852:Gupta, Bishnupriya.
5912:Percy Bysshe Shelley
5480:improve this article
5236:β British historian
5001:London Coal Exchange
4890:and accumulation of
4526:, and the second at
4202:World Heritage Sites
4103:organised the first
3719:Combination Act 1799
3148:Water and sanitation
3102:among young adults.
2457:Louis-Nicolas Robert
2387:a generation later.
2377:Marc Isambard Brunel
2306:factory at St Rollox
2294:calcium hypochlorite
2208:lead chamber process
2035:screw-cutting lathes
1883:reciprocating motion
1768:potting and stamping
1428:cotton spinning mill
1398:patented the roller
1302:, a cloth with flax
1199:Natchez, Mississippi
1179:Gossypium barbadense
1170:colonial plantations
962:β the efficiency of
798:Louis-Guillaume Otto
759:electrical telegraph
668:proto-industrialised
483:Technology timelines
471:History of transport
214:Neolithic Revolution
23226:Revolutions by type
22943:Reproductive rights
22774:Population dynamics
22725:Population momentum
22634:West Nordic Council
22499:Eastern Partnership
22088:Analytic philosophy
21789:Classical tradition
21611:Early modern period
21567:Classical antiquity
21562:European Bronze Age
21233:2015 Nepal blockade
20943:2000s energy crisis
20841:Mexican peso crisis
20746:Black Monday (1987)
20606:1970s energy crisis
20566:PostβWWII expansion
20240:Bengal bubble crash
20035:Financial contagion
19699:The Great Inflation
19682:Porcupine Gold Rush
19666:PostβWWII expansion
19644:Porcupine Gold Rush
19626:Fairbanks Gold Rush
19599:Porcupine Gold Rush
19581:Fairbanks Gold Rush
19351:Victorian gold rush
19316:Chilean silver rush
19229:Stock market bubble
18901:1973β1975 recession
18845:PostβWWII expansion
18519:Great Frost of 1709
18347:Neutrality of money
18328:Classical dichotomy
18244:Economic expansions
18096:Revolutions of 1848
18026:Early modern France
17807:Anglo-Saxon England
17712:Classical antiquity
17540:Anarcho-syndicalism
17535:Anarcho-primitivism
17420:Economic inequality
17035:Economic liberalism
16376:Equal opportunities
15981:Economic liberalism
15883:1974 Three-Day Week
15868:1926 general strike
15672:FTSE SmallCap Index
15581:History of medicine
15212:Spinning jenny
15207:Spinning frame
15177:Flying shuttle
15167:Crucible steel
15048:John Wilkinson
15033:Thomas Telford
14878:James Brindley
14415:Past & Present,
14004:. pp. 50β142.
13415:2016Sci...351.2622W
13297:2007EnvPo..16..470S
13138:15.1 (2000): 48β56.
13006:1992PNAS...89..793J
12974:Robert Green, ed.,
12901:"The Lunar Society"
12565:"Old Naval College"
11047:Millward and Saul,
10900:(Harvard UP, 1977).
10887:(Harvard UP, 1973).
10814:17#1 (2012): 29β54.
10774:68.2 (1994): 35β50.
10663:"A Nod to Ned Ludd"
10595:11 May 2021 at the
10399:on 27 November 2007
10332:Cultures in Contact
10094:Eleanor Amico, ed.
9399:Martin J. Daunton,
8314:Johann P. Murmann,
8274:Chemical Revolution
7978:. 1879. p. 20.
7393:Hounshell, David A.
6575:on 27 November 2007
6222:49.01 (2018): 9β42.
5858:evolutionary rescue
5810:collapse of society
5800:Ecological collapse
5758:Anarcho-primitivism
5704:ecological collapse
5650:Glorious Revolution
5421:Economic historian
5381:Glorious Revolution
5338:Glorious Revolution
5164:Italian city-states
5149:Republic of Letters
5133:Economic historian
5065:Judaeo-Christianity
5051:Historians such as
5044:(and Britain had a
5020:Classical Antiquity
4975:Jonathan Hornblower
4744:hydroelectric power
4726:automotive industry
4718:chemical industries
4688:open hearth furnace
3977:The origins of the
3839:
3573:'s factory chimneys
3437:Population increase
3381:The Pickwick Papers
3354:R. White's Lemonade
3305:. Their competitor
3218:consumer revolution
2994:Standards of living
2794:Boonsboro, Maryland
2561:were often shallow
2495:The English lawyer
2385:London sewer system
2279:potassium carbonate
1849:cementation process
1056:Textile manufacture
1037:screw-cutting lathe
664:Indian subcontinent
461:History of medicine
353:Indian subcontinent
23216:Late modern Europe
23211:Industrial history
23069:Population Matters
22784:Population pyramid
22762:Population density
22757:Population decline
22093:Post-structuralism
22056:Christian humanism
21686:Universal suffrage
20495:Panic of 1910β1911
20339:Great Irish Famine
20277:Panic of 1796β1797
20116:Stock market crash
19638:Cobalt silver rush
19593:Cobalt silver rush
19551:Klondike Gold Rush
19447:Kildonan Gold Rush
19435:Big Bend Gold Rush
19294:Carolina gold rush
19255:Mississippi bubble
19224:Real-estate bubble
19083:COVID-19 recession
18743:Panic of 1910β1911
18575:Panic of 1796β1797
18401:Real interest rate
18369:Economic expansion
18202:Crusading movement
18106:Russian Revolution
17941:Hundred Years' War
17837:Maritime republics
17740:Early Christianity
17730:Hellenistic period
17687:Paleolithic Europe
17560:Economic democracy
17381:Private foundation
16791:Telecommunications
15956:Economic geography
15303:Industrial warfare
15152:Blast furnace
15013:Samuel Slater
15008:Thomas Savery
14978:Lunar Society
14836:Economies of scale
13968:Kmlos, J. (2000).
13873:. pp. 29β59.
13863:Wooldridge, Adrian
13644:Alexander Hamilton
13461:The New York Times
13370:(18 August 2011).
13200:Rethinking Marxism
13106:Past & Present
12978:(D.C. Heath, 1973)
11585:The New York Times
11192:, pp. 122β123
11180:Michel De Coster,
11081:Milward and Saul,
10874:(Routledge, 2014).
10081:5 May 2015 at the
9089:on 26 October 2018
8736:. 1 January 1894.
8719:, pp. 192β193
8647:Retail Price Index
8516:on 14 August 2014.
7822:. Metals Society.
7739:"Ironbridge Gorge"
7209:(1973) pp 161β174.
7009:on roads in France
6680:Joseph E Inikori.
6021:Industrial society
5896:William Wordsworth
5772:
5536:
5354:
5203:
5200:William Bell Scott
5189:
5012:
4967:Richard Trevithick
4884:colonial expansion
4832:
4746:generation in the
4714:
4703:Bessemer converter
4680:Sir Henry Bessemer
4668:
4454:control mechanisms
4428:
4211:, which runs from
3975:
3955:cotton plantations
3922:Rest of the world
3837:
3764:friendly societies
3731:universal suffrage
3664:
3575:
3478:
3427:Uniform Penny Post
3274:
3213:
3079:
3067:Housing in London
3046:Great Irish Famine
3022:Food and nutrition
2965:putting-out system
2844:
2842:due to its success
2776:, with the first '
2756:
2696:North West England
2677:
2511:Joseph Foljambe's
2445:The Crystal Palace
2425:
2337:
2237:was a reaction of
2051:
2039:
1989:Richard Trevithick
1974:Boulton & Watt
1922:The Miner's Friend
1902:
1891:
1697:built furnaces at
1686:air furnace. (The
1633:
1591:
1576:
1402:and the flyer-and-
1378:
1362:
1359:Greater Manchester
1347:
1315:putting-out system
1273:
1231:East India Company
1215:
1205:Trade and textiles
1185:Gossypium hirsutum
1159:medium of exchange
1130:
1087:
1035:invented were the
999:economies of scale
699:standard of living
675:East India Company
590:continental Europe
398:Renaissance Europe
23231:Stages of history
23201:Age of Revolution
23173:
23172:
23044:7 Billion Actions
22918:Population ethics
22811:Carrying capacity
22720:Population growth
22657:
22656:
22484:Council of Europe
22386:International law
22339:Constitutionalism
22197:Eastern Orthodoxy
21703:PostβCold War era
21636:Age of Revolution
21490:Greco-Roman world
21428:
21427:
21309:COVID-19 pandemic
20194:Tulip mania crash
20185:Kipper und Wipper
20162:(c. 1400βc. 1500)
19940:
19939:
19898:Everything bubble
19547:(c. 1890βc. 1910)
19527:Cayoosh Gold Rush
19517:(c. 1880βc. 1930)
19505:(c. 1880βc. 1900)
19487:(c. 1870βc. 1890)
19485:Cassiar Gold Rush
19481:(c. 1870βc. 1890)
19453:Omineca Gold Rush
19417:Cariboo Gold Rush
19399:Stikine Gold Rush
19335:(c. 1840βc. 1850)
19305:Georgia Gold Rush
19290:(c. 1790βc. 1810)
19193:Financial bubbles
19159:
19158:
18870:Recession of 1958
18864:Recession of 1953
18858:Recession of 1949
18555:Thirteen Colonies
18362:Velocity of money
18292:Paradox of thrift
18210:
18209:
18136:COVID-19 pandemic
18081:French Revolution
18056:Habsburg monarchy
18036:Cossack Hetmanate
18016:Portuguese Empire
18006:Absolute monarchy
18001:Thirty Years' War
17896:Holy Roman Empire
17821:Bulgarian Empire
17780:Early Middle Ages
17697:Bronze Age Europe
17671:History of Europe
17637:
17636:
17530:Anarcho-communism
17401:Spontaneous order
17396:Social alienation
17353:Economic mobility
17040:Economic planning
16937:
16936:
16840:
16839:
16619:Lloyd's of London
16330:
16329:
16302:Industrialisation
16216:Industrialisation
15999:
15998:
15928:COVID-19 pandemic
15848:1815β46 Corn Laws
15599:
15598:
15394:
15393:
15268:Factory Acts
15253:Child labour
15217:Steam engine
15129:Soho Foundry
15018:John Smeaton
14943:Thomas Highs
14938:Hawks family
14473:978-0-521-43154-5
14351:978-1-4191-2952-0
14301:. Westview Press.
14292:. Westview Press.
14259:978-0-917914-73-7
14212:978-1-4165-7091-2
14193:Rappleye, Charles
14139:978-0-415-14792-7
14118:978-0-674-06692-2
14091:978-0-341-78124-0
14035:978-0-521-09418-4
14011:978-1-4088-6856-0
13951:978-0-19-507738-4
13921:978-0-262-08198-6
13880:978-0-7352-2244-1
13802:978-0-7083-1351-0
13702:978-0-691-12135-2
13654:978-0-14-303475-9
13630:978-0-201-00958-3
13611:978-0-471-29563-1
13549:on 12 March 2017.
13537:Ashton, Thomas S.
13409:(6269): aad2622.
12952:978-0-9518382-4-2
12931:guide, Bob Miles.
12802:10.1111/ehr.12491
12744:10.1111/ehr.12693
12505:978-0-520-23500-7
12380:978-0-691-18096-0
12314:978-0-8129-7233-7
12282:978-0-521-09418-4
12257:978-0-393-31888-3
12192:978-0-87951-397-9
12079:978-90-04-23276-1
12072:. Leiden: Brill.
12016:978-0-19-507477-2
11991:978-0-486-21071-1
11969:978-0-521-87928-6
11851:978-0-15-688254-5
11770:978-1-107-50718-0
11697:978-0-521-56859-3
11546:978-0-8078-1867-1
11489:978-0-87332-101-3
11464:978-0-674-94052-9
11437:978-0-393-96315-1
11347:10.1111/ehr.12576
11250:Cahiers de l'ISEA
11190:978-2-296-03394-8
11130:Philippe Raxhon,
11000:(2007) pp. 24β27.
10846:Harold L. Platt,
10620:978-0-586-03832-1
10371:978-1-4344-6870-3
10240:978-1-56584-561-9
9943:978-0-7131-6531-9
9761:978-0-14-004116-3
9752:Boys Will be Boys
9619:978-1-910561-34-8
9386:Anthony S. Wohl,
9362:Victorian Studies
9309:Victorian Studies
9229:978-0-521-80878-1
9008:978-0-7656-2599-1
8972:978-0-674-73325-1
8717:Kindleberger 1993
8496:978-0-691-09010-8
8479:Pomeranz, Kenneth
8461:978-0-521-56859-3
8429:978-0-8018-6502-2
8372:Patrick Degryse,
8288:978-0-8369-1909-7
8161:978-1-351-25134-1
8128:978-0-521-09418-4
8043:978-0-521-27367-1
8000:978-0-521-09418-4
7959:978-0-521-09418-4
7931:978-0-521-27367-1
7879:978-0-671-62028-8
7829:978-0-904357-06-6
7775:978-0-8018-6816-0
7712:978-0-8018-8272-2
7673:978-0-521-09418-4
7553:(Subscription or
7520:(Subscription or
7473:978-0-375-71396-5
7410:978-0-8018-2975-8
7365:978-0-521-09418-4
7340:978-0-901462-88-6
7294:978-0-226-72634-2
7269:978-0-521-09418-4
7144:978-0-8047-0876-0
7112:978-0-230-22642-5
7087:978-0-7131-6531-9
7065:978-0-543-94762-8
7034:978-0-521-40940-7
6978:978-0-917914-73-7
6900:978-0-87332-101-3
6472:978-0-674-01601-9
6381:978-0-393-31888-3
6339:978-1-136-82552-1
6300:978-0-19-516520-3
6285:Esposito, John L.
6270:978-1-317-13522-7
6243:978-0-915463-73-2
6205:978-0-262-51562-7
6180:978-0-521-09418-4
5963:Technology portal
5814:resource scarcity
5672:four universities
5646:English Civil War
5604:Annales des Mines
5568:Lexicon Technicum
5512:
5511:
5504:
5440:by Morgan Kelly,
5390:The Servile State
5374:Scottish Lowlands
5346:absolute monarchy
5286:historiographical
5179:Causes in Britain
5128:Kingdom of Mysore
5055:and sociologists
5046:per capita income
4910:Early Middle Ages
4888:financial markets
4866:movement and the
4852:English Civil War
4800:COVID-19 pandemic
4777:New Industrialism
4666:, Germany in 1868
4516:Blackstone Valley
4423:Slater's Mill in
4356:Meiji Restoration
4262:French historians
4209:Sillon industriel
4173:Sillon industriel
4158:. The leader was
3999:hydrochloric acid
3941:
3940:
3749:Tolpuddle Martyrs
3527:Labour conditions
3409:formed the first
3407:Pryce Pryce-Jones
3280:: "chocolate and
3138:38 & 39 Vict.
3035:Antebellum Puzzle
2898:George Stephenson
2874:Robert Stephenson
2772:and most notably
2692:Bridgewater Canal
2669:Bridgewater Canal
2643:steam locomotives
2606:George Stephenson
2520:threshing machine
2465:Henry Fourdrinier
2255:calcium carbonate
2251:hydrochloric acid
1991:and the American
1871:Watt steam engine
1841:Benjamin Huntsman
1711:Abraham Darby III
1496:Edmund Cartwright
1446:Richard Arkwright
1043:machine, and the
687:industrialisation
633:population growth
562:
561:
368:Hellenistic world
363:Maya civilization
171:
170:
167:
166:
32:Industrialisation
16:(Redirected from
23238:
23163:
23162:
23151:
23150:
23120:Green Revolution
22901:Two-child policy
22896:One-child policy
22819:
22779:Population model
22735:World population
22684:
22677:
22670:
22661:
22660:
22529:EU Customs Union
22061:Secular humanism
22009:Christian ethics
21959:EastβWest Schism
21942:Physical culture
21666:Great Divergence
21616:Age of Discovery
21455:
21448:
21441:
21432:
21431:
21421:
21414:
21407:
21400:
21385:
21378:
21371:
21364:
21356:
21349:
21342:
21332:
21325:
21318:
21311:
21304:
21296:
21288:
21280:
21272:
21265:
21257:
21249:
21242:
21235:
21228:
21221:
21213:
21206:
21198:
21191:
21184:
21177:
21170:
21162:
21154:
21147:
21140:
21116:
21109:
21102:
21095:
21088:
21081:
21074:
21067:
21060:
21053:
21046:
21039:
21032:
21025:
21018:
21011:
21004:
20997:
20990:
20968:
20960:
20953:
20946:
20938:
20931:
20924:
20917:
20910:
20903:
20895:
20887:
20879:
20872:
20865:
20858:
20851:
20844:
20836:
20829:
20822:
20814:
20807:
20799:
20792:
20785:
20778:
20771:
20763:
20755:
20748:
20741:
20733:
20725:
20718:
20711:
20704:
20696:
20682:Great Regression
20677:Great Moderation
20668:
20660:
20653:
20646:
20638:
20630:
20623:
20616:
20609:
20586:
20579:
20557:
20550:
20543:
20535:
20527:
20504:
20497:
20490:
20482:
20475:
20468:
20461:
20453:
20446:
20439:
20431:
20423:
20415:
20408:
20401:
20379:
20371:
20364:
20357:
20348:
20341:
20334:
20315:
20308:
20301:
20294:
20286:
20279:
20272:
20265:
20258:
20250:
20243:
20235:
20213:
20205:
20197:
20189:
20179:
20171:
20163:
20140:
20118:
20111:
20104:
20095:
20088:
20081:
20074:
20067:
20065:Liquidity crisis
20060:
20053:
20044:
20042:Social contagion
20037:
20030:
20023:
20016:
20009:
20002:
19995:
19988:
19974:Financial crises
19967:
19960:
19953:
19944:
19943:
19742:Great Regression
19737:Great Moderation
19714:Mexican oil boom
19509:Indiana gas boom
19261:South Sea bubble
19219:Social contagion
19186:
19179:
19172:
19163:
19162:
18951:Great Regression
18946:Great Moderation
18792:Great Depression
18781:Roaring Twenties
18302:Underconsumption
18272:Effective demand
18263:Aggregate demand
18237:
18230:
18223:
18214:
18213:
18071:Great Divergence
17986:Age of Discovery
17931:Late Middle Ages
17901:High Middle Ages
17812:Byzantine Empire
17795:Christianization
17785:Migration Period
17720:Classical Greece
17692:Neolithic Europe
17664:
17657:
17650:
17641:
17640:
17620:Social anarchism
17595:Market socialism
17590:Market anarchism
17496:Critique of work
17386:Private property
17348:Economic freedom
17343:Decentralization
17321:Cultural aspects
17282:Regulated market
17060:Financial crisis
17045:Entrepreneurship
16964:
16957:
16950:
16941:
16940:
16927:
16926:
16917:
16916:
16876:Co-operatives UK
16466:Hydroelectricity
16441:Renewable energy
16423:
16422:
16307:Renewable energy
16288:
16236:Renewable energy
16024:Atlantic Gateway
16012:
16011:
15843:Panic of 1796β97
15813:
15812:
15626:
15619:
15612:
15603:
15602:
15516:Great Divergence
15421:
15414:
15407:
15398:
15397:
15382:
15381:
15370:
15369:
15273:Great Divergence
15227:Water frame
15162:Cotton mill
14988:Robert Owen
14848:
14816:Water power
14796:Steam power
14751:Coal mining
14729:Potential future
14663:
14656:
14649:
14640:
14639:
14567:
14546:
14537:
14535:
14533:
14527:
14512:
14502:
14500:
14498:
14489:. 15 (January).
14477:
14450:
14441:
14439:
14437:
14399:
14390:
14379:
14367:
14365:
14363:
14354:. Archived from
14331:
14320:
14311:
14302:
14293:
14282:
14270:
14244:
14225:
14216:
14188:
14179:
14174:More, C (2002).
14170:
14161:
14152:
14143:
14122:
14095:
14072:
14060:
14048:
14039:
14020:Landes, David S.
14015:
13989:
13987:
13985:
13964:
13955:
13934:
13925:
13913:
13902:
13893:
13884:
13854:
13845:
13836:
13815:
13806:
13783:
13774:
13749:
13747:
13745:
13739:
13725:(2β3): 525β534.
13716:
13706:
13685:
13676:
13667:
13658:
13634:
13615:
13592:
13583:
13550:
13523:
13516:
13510:
13496:
13490:
13483:
13477:
13476:
13474:
13472:
13449:
13443:
13442:
13398:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13387:
13364:
13358:
13357:
13347:
13323:
13317:
13316:
13280:
13274:
13273:
13245:
13239:
13238:
13236:
13234:
13228:
13197:
13188:
13182:
13181:
13179:
13177:
13145:
13139:
13132:
13126:
13125:
13101:
13095:
13094:
13092:
13090:
13084:
13053:
13044:
13038:
13037:
13027:
13017:
12985:
12979:
12972:
12966:
12956:
12938:
12932:
12926:
12920:
12912:
12910:
12908:
12897:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12886:
12860:
12828:
12822:
12821:
12785:
12779:
12778:
12776:
12774:
12769:on 19 April 2021
12768:
12762:. Archived from
12729:
12720:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12709:
12703:
12672:
12663:
12654:
12653:
12645:
12639:
12632:
12626:
12625:
12623:
12621:
12610:www.bartleby.com
12601:
12595:
12585:
12579:
12578:
12577:on 26 June 2007.
12576:
12570:. Archived from
12569:
12561:
12555:
12544:
12538:
12531:
12525:
12524:
12516:
12510:
12509:
12493:
12483:
12477:
12476:
12466:
12438:
12432:
12431:
12403:
12397:
12396:
12394:
12392:
12364:
12358:
12357:
12349:
12343:
12337:
12331:
12330:, pp. 34β35
12325:
12319:
12318:
12306:
12296:
12287:
12286:
12268:
12262:
12261:
12241:
12235:
12233:
12229:
12227:
12225:
12219:
12212:
12204:
12198:
12196:
12184:
12174:
12168:
12166:
12158:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12131:
12125:
12109:
12103:
12102:
12090:
12084:
12083:
12065:
12059:
12046:
12040:
12027:
12021:
12020:
12002:
11996:
11995:
11977:
11971:
11962:
11958:
11956:
11954:
11948:
11941:
11921:
11915:
11904:
11898:
11876:Deane, Phyllis.
11874:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11863:
11836:
11830:
11829:
11801:
11795:
11781:
11775:
11774:
11756:
11750:
11749:31 October 2009.
11735:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11708:
11702:
11701:
11689:
11679:
11673:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11649:
11643:
11642:
11640:
11638:
11618:
11609:
11608:
11606:
11604:
11576:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11557:
11551:
11550:
11530:
11524:
11518:
11512:
11509:
11503:
11500:
11494:
11493:
11475:
11469:
11468:
11448:
11442:
11441:
11417:
11411:
11404:
11398:
11397:
11395:
11393:
11374:
11368:
11367:
11349:
11325:
11319:
11318:
11316:
11314:
11282:
11276:
11271:Allan Mitchell,
11269:
11263:
11258:
11252:
11242:
11236:
11229:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11199:
11193:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11152:
11146:
11128:
11122:
11105:
11099:
11092:
11086:
11079:
11073:
11058:
11052:
11045:
11039:
11033:
11027:
11026:
11024:
11022:
11017:on 16 March 2012
11013:. Archived from
11007:
11001:
10994:
10988:
10987:
10985:
10983:
10964:
10958:
10957:
10948:(123): 243β275.
10937:
10931:
10930:
10928:
10926:
10907:
10901:
10894:
10888:
10881:
10875:
10868:
10862:
10844:
10838:
10821:
10815:
10808:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10797:
10781:
10775:
10768:
10762:
10761:
10753:
10747:
10744:
10738:
10737:
10729:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10713:on 26 March 2012
10709:. Archived from
10703:
10697:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10658:
10652:
10650:
10648:
10646:
10637:. Archived from
10631:
10625:
10624:
10606:
10600:
10586:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10556:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10545:
10530:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10504:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10493:
10474:
10468:
10455:
10449:
10435:
10429:
10412:
10406:
10404:
10398:
10392:. Archived from
10391:
10382:
10376:
10375:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10342:
10336:
10335:
10327:
10321:
10320:
10318:
10316:
10297:
10291:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10271:
10265:
10251:
10245:
10244:
10226:
10220:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10187:
10181:
10174:
10168:
10161:
10155:
10148:
10142:
10141:
10105:
10099:
10092:
10086:
10073:
10067:
10053:
10047:
10033:
10027:
10013:
10007:
9994:
9988:
9974:
9968:
9954:
9948:
9947:
9929:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9918:
9903:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9816:The Paris Review
9808:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9775:
9766:
9765:
9744:
9738:
9737:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9718:
9705:White, Matthew.
9702:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9680:Historic England
9672:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9661:
9642:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9604:
9598:
9597:
9589:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9578:
9564:
9557:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9531:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9508:on 19 April 2021
9498:
9489:
9482:
9476:
9469:
9463:
9462:Hamerow, p. 159.
9460:
9454:
9436:
9430:
9423:
9417:
9410:
9404:
9397:
9391:
9384:
9378:
9377:
9357:
9351:
9344:
9338:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9304:
9298:
9291:
9285:
9283:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9258:
9251:
9240:
9234:
9233:
9216:Fogel, Robert W.
9212:
9206:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9175:
9152:
9143:
9137:
9128:
9122:
9108:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9019:
9013:
9012:
9001:. PHI Learning.
8994:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8888:
8882:
8879:
8873:
8866:
8860:
8859:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8820:
8814:
8811:
8805:
8792:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8747:
8745:
8726:
8720:
8714:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8626:
8619:
8608:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8572:
8566:
8559:
8550:
8545:
8536:
8535:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8475:
8466:
8465:
8453:
8443:
8434:
8433:
8417:
8407:
8401:
8383:
8377:
8370:
8364:
8352:(W. King, 1907)
8346:
8340:
8325:
8319:
8312:
8306:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8268:
8262:
8249:
8243:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8187:
8181:
8174:
8165:
8164:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8023:
8017:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7945:
7936:
7935:
7911:
7905:
7891:
7885:
7883:
7867:
7857:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7793:. Awards Daily.
7786:
7780:
7779:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7735:
7726:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7638:
7632:
7627:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7591:
7584:
7570:
7559:
7558:
7550:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7517:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7459:
7430:
7429:
7389:
7370:
7369:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7326:
7299:
7298:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7216:
7210:
7203:
7197:
7190:
7184:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7136:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7073:
7067:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7016:
7010:
7002:
6994:
6981:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6934:
6905:
6904:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6869:
6858:
6849:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6781:
6775:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6745:
6714:
6701:
6695:
6678:
6669:
6655:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6610:. Archived from
6599:
6593:
6592:
6582:
6580:
6565:Robert Lucas Jr.
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6524:
6515:
6514:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6460:
6450:
6441:
6440:
6404:
6398:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6229:
6223:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6166:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6087:
6071:
6067:
5979:
5974:
5973:
5965:
5960:
5959:
5951:
5946:
5945:
5820:The Anthropocene
5530:illustration by
5529:
5526:
5507:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5487:
5464:
5456:
5426:2018 studies in
5366:English Midlands
5362:North of England
5290:Seymour Drescher
5245:
5146:
5038:Age of Discovery
5009:
5006:
4999:Interior of the
4991:Great Divergence
4985:Causes in Europe
4872:cottage industry
4804:land speculation
4759:General Electric
4627:Thomas Blanchard
4596:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4571:, second to the
4539:Blackstone River
4215:in the west, to
3983:coal consumption
3840:
3836:
3642:Soho Manufactory
3611:New Lanark mills
3417:. Selling Welsh
3371:The Paris Review
3315:department store
3293:of Carlisle and
3257:
3250:Georgian Britain
3241:mass consumption
3121:Friedrich Engels
3073:
3070:
3004:living standards
3000:Robert Lucas Jr.
2969:cottage industry
2890:Arthur Wellesley
2433:cylinder process
2429:glass production
2421:Great Exhibition
2399:was the work of
2233:(soda ash). The
2231:sodium carbonate
2189:which perfected
2180:Joseph Whitworth
1959:his steam engine
1740:Boulton and Watt
1695:Abraham Darby II
1473:James Hargreaves
1435:James Hargreaves
1376:, West Yorkshire
1343:James Hargreaves
1271:
1268:
1240:, including the
1219:Age of Discovery
1174:Native Americans
1011:puddling process
882:Great Divergence
844:Friedrich Engels
839:
808:Raymond Williams
637:textile industry
554:
547:
540:
446:Maritime history
378:Byzantine Empire
173:
172:
163:
150:
143:
63:
39:
38:
21:
23246:
23245:
23241:
23240:
23239:
23237:
23236:
23235:
23176:
23175:
23174:
23169:
23139:
23103:
23037:
23035:
23028:
22980:
22959:
22908:Overconsumption
22891:Family planning
22848:
22842:
22815:
22799:
22796:
22788:
22750:
22747:
22739:
22693:
22688:
22658:
22653:
22619:UKUSA Agreement
22559:Lublin Triangle
22444:Baltic Assembly
22396:
22390:
22308:
22145:
21980:
21850:Eurolinguistics
21719:
21708:Information age
21681:Interwar period
21548:
21468:
21459:
21429:
21424:
21417:
21410:
21403:
21396:
21388:
21381:
21374:
21367:
21359:
21352:
21345:
21337:
21328:
21321:
21314:
21307:
21299:
21291:
21283:
21275:
21268:
21260:
21252:
21245:
21238:
21231:
21224:
21216:
21209:
21201:
21194:
21187:
21180:
21173:
21165:
21157:
21150:
21143:
21136:
21129:
21127:Information Age
21121:
21112:
21105:
21098:
21091:
21084:
21077:
21070:
21063:
21056:
21049:
21042:
21035:
21028:
21021:
21014:
21007:
21000:
20993:
20986:
20979:
20977:Great Recession
20971:
20963:
20956:
20949:
20941:
20934:
20927:
20920:
20913:
20906:
20898:
20890:
20882:
20875:
20868:
20861:
20854:
20847:
20839:
20832:
20825:
20817:
20810:
20802:
20795:
20788:
20781:
20774:
20766:
20758:
20751:
20744:
20736:
20728:
20721:
20714:
20707:
20699:
20691:
20684:
20680:
20671:
20663:
20658:1979 oil crisis
20656:
20649:
20641:
20633:
20626:
20619:
20614:1973 oil crisis
20612:
20604:
20597:
20595:Great Inflation
20589:
20582:
20575:
20568:
20560:
20553:
20546:
20538:
20530:
20522:
20515:
20513:Interwar period
20507:
20500:
20493:
20485:
20478:
20471:
20464:
20456:
20449:
20442:
20434:
20426:
20418:
20411:
20404:
20397:
20390:
20382:
20374:
20367:
20360:
20353:
20344:
20337:
20329:
20318:
20311:
20304:
20297:
20289:
20282:
20275:
20268:
20261:
20253:
20246:
20238:
20231:
20224:
20216:
20208:
20200:
20192:
20182:
20174:
20166:
20158:
20151:
20143:
20135:
20121:
20114:
20107:
20100:
20091:
20084:
20077:
20070:
20063:
20056:
20049:
20040:
20033:
20026:
20019:
20014:Currency crisis
20012:
20005:
19998:
19991:
19984:
19976:
19971:
19941:
19936:
19903:
19860:
19858:Information Age
19852:
19744:
19740:
19731:
19720:Silver Thursday
19701:
19693:
19688:Poseidon bubble
19668:
19660:
19612:
19610:Interwar period
19604:
19466:
19458:
19411:Otago gold rush
19321:
19280:
19272:
19241:
19233:
19195:
19190:
19160:
19155:
19020:Great Recession
19012:
19010:Information Age
19004:
18953:
18949:
18940:
18893:
18891:Great Inflation
18885:
18847:
18839:
18762:
18760:Interwar period
18754:
18690:Long Depression
18682:
18678:
18669:
18629:
18625:
18616:
18531:
18523:
18500:
18492:
18457:U.S. recessions
18452:U.K. recessions
18384:U.S. expansions
18254:
18241:
18211:
18206:
18145:
18111:Interwar period
18086:Napoleonic Wars
17950:
17921:Mongol invasion
17874:Crown of Aragon
17766:
17706:
17702:Iron Age Europe
17673:
17668:
17638:
17633:
17615:Sharing economy
17605:Post-capitalism
17575:Green anarchism
17514:
17481:Anti-capitalism
17468:
17404:
17315:
17307:State-sponsored
17164:
17140:Property rights
17115:Nationalization
17025:Economic bubble
16983:
16973:
16968:
16938:
16933:
16905:
16848:
16846:
16836:
16744:Pharmaceuticals
16657:
16572:Baltic Exchange
16563:
16556:
16428:
16414:
16336:
16326:
16282:
16260:
16187:
16169:
16162:
16007:
16005:
15995:
15991:Nationalisation
15944:
15802:
15697:Bank of England
15689:
15687:
15681:
15635:
15630:
15600:
15595:
15530:
15501:Medieval Europe
15430:
15425:
15395:
15390:
15358:
15307:
15236:
15187:Power loom
15144:
15138:
15114:New Lanark
15057:
15053:John Wyatt
15043:James Watt
14993:Lewis Paul
14893:Henry Cort
14855:
14849:
14840:
14734:
14677:
14667:
14634:Wayback Machine
14622:Wayback Machine
14610:Wayback Machine
14598:Wayback Machine
14586:Wayback Machine
14575:
14570:
14531:
14529:
14525:
14510:
14496:
14494:
14474:
14435:
14433:
14406:
14361:
14359:
14358:on 3 March 2016
14352:
14336:Toynbee, Arnold
14213:
14140:
14119:
14092:
14053:Maddison, Angus
14036:
14012:
13994:Kynaston, David
13983:
13981:
13952:
13922:
13881:
13859:Greenspan, Alan
13803:
13743:
13741:
13737:
13714:
13703:
13655:
13631:
13612:
13531:
13529:Further reading
13526:
13517:
13513:
13507:Wayback Machine
13497:
13493:
13484:
13480:
13470:
13468:
13450:
13446:
13399:
13395:
13385:
13383:
13365:
13361:
13324:
13320:
13281:
13277:
13246:
13242:
13232:
13230:
13226:
13195:
13189:
13185:
13175:
13173:
13146:
13142:
13133:
13129:
13102:
13098:
13088:
13086:
13082:
13051:
13045:
13041:
12986:
12982:
12973:
12969:
12953:
12939:
12935:
12914:
12913:
12906:
12904:
12899:
12898:
12894:
12884:
12882:
12829:
12825:
12786:
12782:
12772:
12770:
12766:
12727:
12721:
12717:
12707:
12705:
12701:
12670:
12664:
12657:
12646:
12642:
12633:
12629:
12619:
12617:
12602:
12598:
12586:
12582:
12574:
12567:
12563:
12562:
12558:
12545:
12541:
12532:
12528:
12517:
12513:
12506:
12484:
12480:
12439:
12435:
12404:
12400:
12390:
12388:
12381:
12365:
12361:
12350:
12346:
12338:
12334:
12326:
12322:
12315:
12297:
12290:
12283:
12269:
12265:
12258:
12242:
12238:
12231:
12223:
12221:
12217:
12210:
12206:
12205:
12201:
12193:
12175:
12171:
12159:
12155:
12145:
12143:
12132:
12128:
12121:Wayback Machine
12110:
12106:
12091:
12087:
12080:
12066:
12062:
12056:Wayback Machine
12047:
12043:
12037:Wayback Machine
12028:
12024:
12017:
12003:
11999:
11992:
11978:
11974:
11960:
11952:
11950:
11946:
11939:
11935:
11932:Wayback Machine
11922:
11918:
11905:
11901:
11896:Wayback Machine
11875:
11871:
11861:
11859:
11852:
11838:
11837:
11833:
11818:10.2307/1251689
11802:
11798:
11782:
11778:
11771:
11757:
11753:
11747:Wayback Machine
11736:
11732:
11722:
11720:
11709:
11705:
11698:
11680:
11676:
11666:
11664:
11651:
11650:
11646:
11636:
11634:
11619:
11612:
11602:
11600:
11577:
11573:
11558:
11554:
11547:
11531:
11527:
11519:
11515:
11510:
11506:
11501:
11497:
11490:
11482:. M.E. Sharpe.
11476:
11472:
11465:
11449:
11445:
11438:
11418:
11414:
11405:
11401:
11391:
11389:
11376:
11375:
11371:
11326:
11322:
11312:
11310:
11283:
11279:
11270:
11266:
11259:
11255:
11243:
11239:
11230:
11226:
11216:
11214:
11201:
11200:
11196:
11179:
11175:
11165:
11163:
11162:on 31 July 2013
11154:
11153:
11149:
11129:
11125:
11120:Wayback Machine
11106:
11102:
11093:
11089:
11080:
11076:
11059:
11055:
11046:
11042:
11034:
11030:
11020:
11018:
11009:
11008:
11004:
10995:
10991:
10981:
10979:
10966:
10965:
10961:
10938:
10934:
10924:
10922:
10909:
10908:
10904:
10895:
10891:
10882:
10878:
10869:
10865:
10859:Wayback Machine
10845:
10841:
10836:Wayback Machine
10822:
10818:
10809:
10805:
10795:
10793:
10782:
10778:
10769:
10765:
10754:
10750:
10746:Beckert, p. 86.
10745:
10741:
10730:
10726:
10716:
10714:
10705:
10704:
10700:
10690:
10688:
10675:(23): 120β128.
10659:
10655:
10644:
10642:
10633:
10632:
10628:
10621:
10607:
10603:
10597:Wayback Machine
10587:
10583:
10573:
10571:
10558:
10557:
10553:
10543:
10541:
10532:
10531:
10527:
10517:
10515:
10506:
10505:
10501:
10491:
10489:
10476:
10475:
10471:
10465:Wayback Machine
10456:
10452:
10446:Wayback Machine
10436:
10432:
10426:Wayback Machine
10402:
10400:
10396:
10389:
10383:
10379:
10372:
10358:
10354:
10343:
10339:
10328:
10324:
10314:
10312:
10299:
10298:
10294:
10284:
10282:
10281:on 9 March 2012
10273:
10272:
10268:
10253:R.M. Hartwell,
10252:
10248:
10241:
10227:
10223:
10213:Wayback Machine
10203:
10199:
10188:
10184:
10175:
10171:
10163:Ivy Pinchbeck,
10162:
10158:
10149:
10145:
10106:
10102:
10093:
10089:
10083:Wayback Machine
10074:
10070:
10065:Wayback Machine
10054:
10050:
10045:Wayback Machine
10034:
10030:
10024:Wayback Machine
10014:
10010:
10004:Wayback Machine
9995:
9991:
9985:Wayback Machine
9975:
9971:
9965:Wayback Machine
9955:
9951:
9944:
9930:
9926:
9916:
9914:
9905:
9904:
9897:
9887:
9885:
9870:
9866:
9856:
9854:
9839:
9835:
9825:
9823:
9810:
9809:
9802:
9792:
9790:
9777:
9776:
9769:
9762:
9745:
9741:
9730:
9726:
9716:
9714:
9703:
9699:
9689:
9687:
9674:
9673:
9669:
9659:
9657:
9644:
9643:
9639:
9629:
9627:
9620:
9606:
9605:
9601:
9590:
9586:
9576:
9574:
9567:Financial Times
9559:
9558:
9554:
9544:
9542:
9533:
9532:
9521:
9511:
9509:
9500:
9499:
9492:
9483:
9479:
9470:
9466:
9461:
9457:
9451:Wayback Machine
9437:
9433:
9424:
9420:
9411:
9407:
9398:
9394:
9385:
9381:
9358:
9354:
9345:
9341:
9332:
9328:
9305:
9301:
9292:
9288:
9276:
9272:
9262:
9260:
9256:
9249:
9241:
9237:
9230:
9213:
9209:
9194:R.M. Hartwell,
9193:
9189:
9179:
9177:
9173:
9150:
9144:
9140:
9129:
9125:
9110:Mabel C. Buer,
9109:
9102:
9092:
9090:
9079:World Economics
9071:
9067:
9057:
9055:
9020:
9016:
9009:
8995:
8991:
8982:
8980:
8973:
8949:
8948:
8944:
8934:
8932:
8889:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8872:(2nd ed. 1999).
8867:
8863:
8848:
8844:
8821:
8817:
8812:
8808:
8793:
8786:
8776:
8774:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8743:
8741:
8728:
8727:
8723:
8715:
8711:
8701:
8699:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8677:
8673:
8663:
8661:
8644:
8640:
8630:
8628:
8627:on 1 March 2012
8624:
8617:
8609:
8602:
8592:
8590:
8573:
8569:
8560:
8553:
8546:
8539:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8508:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8444:
8437:
8430:
8408:
8404:
8398:Wayback Machine
8384:
8380:
8371:
8367:
8361:Wayback Machine
8347:
8343:
8337:Wayback Machine
8326:
8322:
8313:
8309:
8300:
8296:
8289:
8269:
8265:
8260:Wayback Machine
8250:
8246:
8239:
8235:
8188:
8184:
8175:
8168:
8162:
8140:
8136:
8129:
8115:
8111:
8101:
8099:
8086:
8085:
8081:
8071:
8069:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8044:
8024:
8020:
8012:
8008:
8001:
7987:
7983:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7946:
7939:
7932:
7912:
7908:
7902:Wayback Machine
7895:Fareed Zakaria
7892:
7888:
7880:
7858:
7849:
7839:
7837:
7830:
7814:
7810:
7800:
7798:
7787:
7783:
7776:
7762:
7758:
7748:
7746:
7737:
7736:
7729:
7724:
7720:
7713:
7697:
7693:
7685:
7681:
7674:
7660:
7656:
7648:
7644:
7639:
7635:
7628:
7605:
7595:
7593:
7592:on 1 March 2012
7589:
7582:
7571:
7562:
7552:
7533:
7529:
7519:
7500:
7496:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7460:
7433:
7411:
7390:
7373:
7366:
7352:
7348:
7341:
7327:
7302:
7295:
7281:
7277:
7270:
7256:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7230:
7228:
7217:
7213:
7204:
7200:
7191:
7187:
7178:
7174:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7124:
7120:
7113:
7099:
7095:
7088:
7074:
7070:
7054:
7050:
7035:
7017:
7013:
6995:
6984:
6958:
6956:
6935:
6908:
6901:
6893:. M.E. Sharpe.
6887:
6883:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6856:
6850:
6843:
6833:
6831:
6808:
6804:
6794:
6792:
6782:
6778:
6772:Wayback Machine
6763:
6759:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6729:10.2307/2598327
6712:
6702:
6698:
6679:
6672:
6657:Eric Hobsbawm,
6656:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6626:
6622:
6606:Past and Future
6600:
6596:
6578:
6576:
6562:
6558:
6525:
6518:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6451:
6444:
6421:10.2307/2595144
6405:
6401:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6366:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6340:
6324:
6320:
6310:
6308:
6301:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6230:
6226:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6167:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6054:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5937:
5887:
5881:
5865:geologic record
5854:mass extinction
5842:mass extinction
5822:
5802:
5796:
5784:modern medicine
5764:
5752:Main articles:
5750:
5738:
5730:Main articles:
5728:
5700:
5676:Anglican Church
5658:Bank of England
5622:entrepreneurial
5618:
5612:
5527:
5508:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5477:
5465:
5454:
5340:and signed the
5326:James Thornhill
5308:Napoleonic Wars
5251:entrepreneurial
5247:
5235:
5181:
5007:
4993:
4987:
4971:William Murdoch
4914:mass production
4820:
4806:, to invest in
4796:Great Recession
4779:
4736:electrification
4653:
4647:
4619:milling machine
4599:Merrimack River
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4462:mass production
4444:milling machine
4417:
4399:
4393:
4378:Iwakura Mission
4362:
4354:Main articles:
4352:
4320:
4314:
4294:
4288:
4258:
4252:
4141:
4065:Austria-Hungary
4061:
4055:
4053:Austria-Hungary
4037:
4032:
3967:
3946:
3828:
3792:
3786:
3699:
3693:
3656:
3650:
3638:Matthew Boulton
3634:Josiah Wedgwood
3624:was working at
3558:
3534:
3529:
3495:
3462:
3448:The Fatal Shore
3439:
3376:Charles Dickens
3361:Penny dreadfuls
3311:Valentine's Day
3258:
3254:British Library
3247:
3223:Josiah Wedgwood
3202:
3180:
3174:
3150:
3071:
3061:
3030:
3024:
3009:life expectancy
2996:
2949:
2943:
2923:social question
2919:
2913:
2870:Rainhill trials
2828:
2822:
2761:turnpike trusts
2748:
2661:
2655:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2548:
2481:
2459:in France. The
2453:
2437:Chance Brothers
2431:, known as the
2413:
2401:William Murdoch
2393:
2349:portland cement
2325:
2298:Charles Tennant
2287:bleaching cloth
2259:calcium sulfide
2243:sodium chloride
2235:Leblanc process
2227:Nicolas Leblanc
2200:
2172:Richard Roberts
2126:Richard Roberts
2105:shaping machine
2101:milling machine
2097:planing machine
2047:milling machine
2045:The Middletown
2024:
2008:electrification
1955:Matthew Boulton
1929:Thomas Newcomen
1887:rotating motion
1863:
1857:
1621:
1596:
1583:The Iron Bridge
1556:
1505:Richard Roberts
1461:Samuel Crompton
1337:in a museum in
1333:A model of the
1327:
1269:
1251:
1207:
1190:barrier islands
1154:
1146:Tower of London
1127:Derby Silk Mill
1112:
1103:
1077:William Hogarth
1069:
1064:
1058:
1045:milling machine
1039:, the cylinder
997:, resulting in
914:
902:
890:Nicholas Crafts
794:
786:electrical grid
778:mass production
715:economic growth
683:property rights
610:iron production
584:. Beginning in
558:
529:
528:
514:
512:Article indices
504:
503:
484:
476:
475:
411:
403:
402:
393:Medieval Europe
338:
330:
329:
320:Post-industrial
308:Imagination Age
298:Information Age
258:Standardization
186:
141:
133:
128:Iron production
95:
74:
51: β c.
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
23244:
23234:
23233:
23228:
23223:
23218:
23213:
23208:
23203:
23198:
23193:
23188:
23171:
23170:
23168:
23167:
23157:
23144:
23141:
23140:
23138:
23137:
23135:Sustainability
23132:
23127:
23122:
23117:
23111:
23109:
23108:Related topics
23105:
23104:
23102:
23101:
23096:
23091:
23086:
23081:
23076:
23071:
23066:
23061:
23056:
23051:
23046:
23040:
23038:
23033:
23030:
23029:
23027:
23026:
23021:
23020:
23019:
23014:
23009:
22999:
22997:Largest cities
22994:
22988:
22986:
22982:
22981:
22979:
22978:
22973:
22967:
22965:
22961:
22960:
22958:
22957:
22952:
22947:
22946:
22945:
22940:
22935:
22930:
22925:
22915:
22910:
22905:
22904:
22903:
22898:
22893:
22888:
22878:
22877:
22876:
22866:
22858:
22852:
22850:
22844:
22843:
22841:
22840:
22835:
22830:
22825:
22820:
22817:I = P Γ Aβ Γ T
22813:
22808:
22802:
22800:
22793:
22790:
22789:
22787:
22786:
22781:
22776:
22771:
22770:
22769:
22759:
22753:
22751:
22744:
22741:
22740:
22738:
22737:
22732:
22727:
22722:
22717:
22712:
22707:
22701:
22699:
22695:
22694:
22687:
22686:
22679:
22672:
22664:
22655:
22654:
22652:
22651:
22649:Westernization
22646:
22641:
22636:
22631:
22629:VisegrΓ‘d Group
22626:
22621:
22616:
22611:
22606:
22601:
22596:
22591:
22586:
22581:
22576:
22571:
22569:Nordic Council
22566:
22561:
22556:
22551:
22546:
22541:
22536:
22531:
22526:
22521:
22516:
22511:
22506:
22501:
22496:
22491:
22486:
22481:
22476:
22471:
22466:
22464:Bucharest Nine
22461:
22456:
22451:
22446:
22441:
22436:
22431:
22429:Arctic Council
22426:
22421:
22416:
22411:
22406:
22400:
22398:
22392:
22391:
22389:
22388:
22383:
22378:
22377:
22376:
22371:
22366:
22361:
22356:
22351:
22341:
22336:
22335:
22334:
22324:
22318:
22316:
22310:
22309:
22307:
22306:
22301:
22296:
22295:
22294:
22289:
22284:
22279:
22274:
22273:
22272:
22267:
22262:
22257:
22247:
22242:
22237:
22227:
22226:
22225:
22224:
22223:
22213:
22212:
22211:
22206:
22205:
22204:
22194:
22193:
22192:
22182:
22181:
22180:
22155:
22153:
22147:
22146:
22144:
22143:
22142:
22141:
22131:
22126:
22121:
22120:
22119:
22107:
22106:
22105:
22095:
22090:
22085:
22080:
22075:
22070:
22065:
22064:
22063:
22058:
22048:
22047:
22046:
22039:Existentialism
22036:
22031:
22026:
22021:
22016:
22011:
22006:
22001:
21996:
21990:
21988:
21982:
21981:
21979:
21978:
21977:
21976:
21971:
21966:
21961:
21951:
21950:
21949:
21939:
21938:
21937:
21932:
21922:
21921:
21920:
21910:
21905:
21904:
21903:
21898:
21893:
21883:
21882:
21881:
21871:
21870:
21869:
21859:
21858:
21857:
21852:
21842:
21837:
21832:
21827:
21826:
21825:
21815:
21810:
21809:
21808:
21798:
21797:
21796:
21786:
21785:
21784:
21774:
21769:
21768:
21767:
21757:
21752:
21751:
21750:
21745:
21740:
21729:
21727:
21721:
21720:
21718:
21717:
21716:
21715:
21710:
21700:
21699:
21698:
21693:
21688:
21683:
21678:
21673:
21668:
21663:
21658:
21653:
21648:
21643:
21638:
21633:
21628:
21623:
21618:
21613:
21603:
21598:
21597:
21596:
21591:
21586:
21576:
21575:
21574:
21572:Late antiquity
21564:
21558:
21556:
21550:
21549:
21547:
21546:
21541:
21536:
21531:
21526:
21525:
21524:
21523:
21522:
21517:
21507:
21502:
21497:
21487:
21482:
21476:
21474:
21470:
21469:
21458:
21457:
21450:
21443:
21435:
21426:
21425:
21423:
21422:
21415:
21408:
21401:
21393:
21390:
21389:
21387:
21386:
21379:
21372:
21365:
21363:(2022βpresent)
21357:
21350:
21343:
21341:(2020βpresent)
21335:
21334:
21333:
21326:
21319:
21305:
21303:(2019βpresent)
21297:
21295:(2019βpresent)
21289:
21287:(2018βpresent)
21281:
21273:
21266:
21258:
21250:
21243:
21236:
21229:
21222:
21214:
21207:
21205:(2013βpresent)
21199:
21192:
21185:
21178:
21171:
21169:(2011βpresent)
21163:
21161:(2010βpresent)
21155:
21148:
21141:
21133:
21131:
21130:(2009βpresent)
21123:
21122:
21120:
21119:
21118:
21117:
21110:
21103:
21096:
21089:
21082:
21075:
21068:
21061:
21054:
21047:
21040:
21033:
21026:
21019:
21012:
21005:
20998:
20995:September 2008
20983:
20981:
20973:
20972:
20970:
20969:
20967:(2007βpresent)
20961:
20954:
20947:
20939:
20932:
20925:
20918:
20911:
20904:
20896:
20888:
20880:
20873:
20866:
20859:
20852:
20845:
20837:
20830:
20823:
20815:
20808:
20800:
20793:
20786:
20779:
20772:
20764:
20756:
20749:
20742:
20734:
20726:
20719:
20712:
20705:
20697:
20688:
20686:
20673:
20672:
20670:
20669:
20661:
20654:
20647:
20639:
20631:
20624:
20617:
20610:
20601:
20599:
20591:
20590:
20588:
20587:
20580:
20572:
20570:
20562:
20561:
20559:
20558:
20551:
20544:
20536:
20528:
20519:
20517:
20509:
20508:
20506:
20505:
20498:
20491:
20483:
20476:
20469:
20462:
20454:
20447:
20440:
20432:
20424:
20416:
20409:
20402:
20394:
20392:
20384:
20383:
20381:
20380:
20372:
20365:
20358:
20351:
20350:
20349:
20342:
20326:
20324:
20320:
20319:
20317:
20316:
20309:
20302:
20295:
20287:
20280:
20273:
20266:
20259:
20257:(c. 1780β1795)
20251:
20244:
20236:
20228:
20226:
20218:
20217:
20215:
20214:
20206:
20198:
20190:
20180:
20178:(c. 1600β1760)
20172:
20164:
20155:
20153:
20145:
20144:
20142:
20141:
20132:
20130:
20123:
20122:
20120:
20119:
20112:
20105:
20098:
20097:
20096:
20089:
20082:
20075:
20061:
20058:Hyperinflation
20054:
20047:
20046:
20045:
20031:
20024:
20017:
20010:
20003:
19996:
19989:
19981:
19978:
19977:
19970:
19969:
19962:
19955:
19947:
19938:
19937:
19935:
19934:
19929:
19927:Unicorn bubble
19924:
19919:
19914:
19908:
19905:
19904:
19902:
19901:
19895:
19889:
19883:
19877:
19871:
19864:
19862:
19861:(2007βpresent)
19854:
19853:
19851:
19850:
19845:
19839:
19838:
19832:
19826:
19820:
19814:
19808:
19802:
19796:
19790:
19789:(c. 2000β2007)
19784:
19778:
19775:Dot-com bubble
19772:
19766:
19760:
19754:
19752:1980s oil glut
19748:
19746:
19733:
19732:
19730:
19729:
19728:(c. 1980β1982)
19723:
19717:
19711:
19705:
19703:
19695:
19694:
19692:
19691:
19685:
19684:(1945βc. 1960)
19679:
19678:(1945βc. 1950)
19676:Texas oil boom
19672:
19670:
19662:
19661:
19659:
19658:
19652:
19647:
19641:
19640:(1918βc. 1930)
19635:
19632:Texas oil boom
19629:
19628:(1918βc. 1930)
19623:
19622:(c. 1920β1925)
19616:
19614:
19606:
19605:
19603:
19602:
19596:
19590:
19587:Texas oil boom
19584:
19583:(c. 1900β1918)
19578:
19575:Nome Gold Rush
19572:
19571:(1897βc. 1925)
19566:
19560:
19554:
19548:
19542:
19536:
19530:
19524:
19518:
19512:
19511:(c. 1880β1903)
19506:
19500:
19494:
19488:
19482:
19476:
19470:
19468:
19460:
19459:
19457:
19456:
19450:
19444:
19438:
19432:
19426:
19420:
19414:
19408:
19402:
19396:
19390:
19384:
19378:
19372:
19366:
19360:
19354:
19353:(1851βc. 1870)
19348:
19342:
19336:
19329:
19327:
19323:
19322:
19320:
19319:
19313:
19308:
19307:(1828βc. 1840)
19302:
19297:
19291:
19284:
19282:
19274:
19273:
19271:
19270:
19264:
19258:
19252:
19245:
19243:
19235:
19234:
19232:
19231:
19226:
19221:
19216:
19211:
19206:
19200:
19197:
19196:
19189:
19188:
19181:
19174:
19166:
19157:
19156:
19154:
19153:
19152:
19151:
19146:
19141:
19139:United Kingdom
19136:
19131:
19126:
19121:
19116:
19111:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19091:
19080:
19079:
19078:
19073:
19071:United Kingdom
19068:
19063:
19058:
19053:
19048:
19043:
19038:
19033:
19028:
19016:
19014:
19013:(2007βpresent)
19006:
19005:
19003:
19002:
18996:
18991:
18990:
18989:
18984:
18982:United Kingdom
18979:
18974:
18963:
18957:
18955:
18942:
18941:
18939:
18938:
18937:
18936:
18931:
18929:United Kingdom
18926:
18915:
18914:
18913:
18908:
18906:United Kingdom
18897:
18895:
18887:
18886:
18884:
18883:
18878:
18873:
18867:
18861:
18855:
18851:
18849:
18841:
18840:
18838:
18837:
18832:
18831:
18830:
18825:
18823:United Kingdom
18820:
18815:
18810:
18805:
18800:
18789:
18786:
18783:
18778:
18773:
18766:
18764:
18756:
18755:
18753:
18752:
18746:
18740:
18734:
18728:
18725:
18719:
18713:
18710:
18705:
18704:
18703:
18698:
18696:United Kingdom
18686:
18684:
18671:
18670:
18668:
18667:
18661:
18655:
18652:
18646:
18643:
18637:
18633:
18631:
18618:
18617:
18615:
18614:
18608:
18605:
18602:
18596:
18593:
18587:
18584:
18581:
18578:
18572:
18562:
18559:
18558:
18557:
18552:
18547:
18535:
18533:
18525:
18524:
18522:
18521:
18516:
18511:
18504:
18502:
18494:
18493:
18491:
18490:
18489:
18488:
18478:
18477:
18476:
18471:
18461:
18460:
18459:
18454:
18449:
18444:
18439:
18434:
18429:
18424:
18414:
18413:
18412:
18403:
18398:
18388:
18387:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18366:
18365:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18335:
18330:
18325:
18311:
18309:Business cycle
18306:
18305:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18289:
18287:Overproduction
18284:
18279:
18274:
18259:
18256:
18255:
18240:
18239:
18232:
18225:
18217:
18208:
18207:
18205:
18204:
18199:
18194:
18189:
18184:
18179:
18174:
18169:
18164:
18159:
18153:
18151:
18147:
18146:
18144:
18143:
18138:
18133:
18128:
18123:
18118:
18113:
18108:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18088:
18083:
18078:
18073:
18068:
18063:
18061:Russian Empire
18058:
18053:
18051:British Empire
18048:
18046:Dutch Republic
18043:
18041:Swedish Empire
18038:
18033:
18028:
18023:
18021:Spanish Empire
18018:
18013:
18011:Ottoman Empire
18008:
18003:
17998:
17993:
17988:
17983:
17982:
17981:
17971:
17966:
17960:
17958:
17952:
17951:
17949:
17948:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17928:
17926:Serbian Empire
17923:
17918:
17913:
17908:
17903:
17898:
17893:
17871:
17866:
17861:
17860:
17859:
17854:
17849:
17844:
17834:
17833:
17832:
17827:
17819:
17814:
17809:
17804:
17799:
17798:
17797:
17787:
17782:
17776:
17774:
17768:
17767:
17765:
17764:
17762:Late antiquity
17759:
17754:
17749:
17748:
17747:
17737:
17732:
17727:
17725:Roman Republic
17722:
17716:
17714:
17708:
17707:
17705:
17704:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17683:
17681:
17675:
17674:
17667:
17666:
17659:
17652:
17644:
17635:
17634:
17632:
17627:
17622:
17617:
17612:
17607:
17602:
17597:
17592:
17587:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17557:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17537:
17532:
17527:
17522:
17520:
17516:
17515:
17513:
17508:
17503:
17498:
17493:
17488:
17483:
17478:
17476:
17470:
17469:
17467:
17462:
17457:
17452:
17447:
17442:
17437:
17432:
17427:
17422:
17417:
17412:
17410:
17409:Social aspects
17406:
17405:
17403:
17398:
17393:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17373:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17333:American Dream
17330:
17325:
17323:
17317:
17316:
17314:
17309:
17304:
17299:
17294:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17212:
17207:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17177:
17172:
17170:
17166:
17165:
17163:
17162:
17157:
17152:
17147:
17142:
17137:
17132:
17127:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17095:Market failure
17092:
17090:Market economy
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17050:Ecopreneurship
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17005:Centralization
17002:
17000:Business cycle
16997:
16991:
16989:
16985:
16984:
16978:
16975:
16974:
16967:
16966:
16959:
16952:
16944:
16935:
16934:
16932:
16931:
16921:
16910:
16907:
16906:
16904:
16903:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16852:
16850:
16842:
16841:
16838:
16837:
16835:
16834:
16833:
16832:
16831:
16830:
16825:
16815:
16805:
16800:
16795:
16794:
16793:
16788:
16778:
16777:
16776:
16771:
16766:
16761:
16753:
16752:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16726:
16724:Legal services
16721:
16716:
16715:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16689:
16678:
16677:
16676:
16665:
16663:
16659:
16658:
16656:
16655:
16654:
16653:
16643:
16638:
16633:
16628:
16623:
16622:
16621:
16611:
16606:
16604:Euronext.liffe
16601:
16596:
16591:
16590:
16589:
16584:
16574:
16568:
16566:
16558:
16557:
16555:
16554:
16553:
16552:
16547:
16539:
16538:
16537:
16536:
16535:
16530:
16525:
16517:
16516:
16515:
16510:
16505:
16490:
16489:
16488:
16483:
16478:
16473:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16448:
16433:
16431:
16420:
16416:
16415:
16413:
16412:
16407:
16406:
16405:
16395:
16390:
16389:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16368:
16367:
16366:
16356:
16351:
16349:Businesspeople
16346:
16340:
16338:
16332:
16331:
16328:
16327:
16325:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16299:
16294:
16289:
16276:
16270:
16268:
16262:
16261:
16259:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16238:
16233:
16228:
16223:
16218:
16213:
16208:
16203:
16197:
16195:
16189:
16188:
16186:
16185:
16180:
16174:
16172:
16164:
16163:
16161:
16160:
16155:
16150:
16145:
16143:Thames Gateway
16140:
16135:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16104:
16103:
16098:
16088:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16048:
16043:
16038:
16037:
16036:
16026:
16020:
16018:
16009:
16001:
16000:
15997:
15996:
15994:
15993:
15988:
15983:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15963:
15958:
15952:
15950:
15946:
15945:
15943:
15942:
15937:
15936:
15935:
15925:
15915:
15910:
15905:
15900:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15880:
15875:
15870:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15830:
15825:
15819:
15817:
15810:
15804:
15803:
15801:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15784:
15783:
15778:
15771:Pound sterling
15768:
15763:
15762:
15761:
15756:
15746:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15710:
15709:
15704:
15693:
15691:
15683:
15682:
15680:
15679:
15674:
15669:
15664:
15662:FTSE 250 Index
15659:
15657:FTSE 100 Index
15654:
15649:
15643:
15641:
15637:
15636:
15629:
15628:
15621:
15614:
15606:
15597:
15596:
15594:
15593:
15588:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15542:
15541:
15535:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15496:Medieval Islam
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15442:
15441:
15435:
15432:
15431:
15424:
15423:
15416:
15409:
15401:
15392:
15391:
15389:
15388:
15376:
15363:
15360:
15359:
15357:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15341:
15336:
15331:
15326:
15321:
15315:
15313:
15309:
15308:
15306:
15305:
15300:
15295:
15290:
15285:
15280:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15260:
15255:
15250:
15244:
15242:
15238:
15237:
15235:
15234:
15229:
15224:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15148:
15146:
15140:
15139:
15137:
15136:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15076:
15071:
15065:
15063:
15059:
15058:
15056:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14940:
14935:
14930:
14925:
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14859:
14857:
14851:
14850:
14843:
14841:
14839:
14838:
14833:
14828:
14823:
14818:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14742:
14740:
14736:
14735:
14733:
14732:
14725:
14718:
14711:
14704:
14697:
14690:
14682:
14679:
14678:
14666:
14665:
14658:
14651:
14643:
14637:
14636:
14624:
14612:
14600:
14588:
14574:
14573:External links
14571:
14569:
14568:
14547:
14538:
14503:
14478:
14472:
14451:
14442:
14405:
14404:Historiography
14402:
14401:
14400:
14391:
14380:
14368:
14350:
14332:
14321:
14312:
14303:
14294:
14285:
14271:
14262:
14226:
14217:
14211:
14189:
14180:
14171:
14162:
14153:
14144:
14138:
14123:
14117:
14096:
14090:
14073:
14061:
14049:
14040:
14034:
14016:
14010:
13990:
13965:
13956:
13950:
13935:
13926:
13920:
13903:
13894:
13885:
13879:
13855:
13846:
13837:
13816:
13807:
13801:
13784:
13775:
13750:
13707:
13701:
13686:
13677:
13668:
13659:
13653:
13635:
13629:
13616:
13610:
13593:
13584:
13566:(4): 269β287.
13551:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13524:
13511:
13491:
13478:
13444:
13393:
13359:
13338:(2): 272β277.
13318:
13291:(3): 470β487.
13275:
13256:(4): 407β425.
13240:
13206:(2): 168β186.
13183:
13160:(3): 359β371.
13140:
13127:
13096:
13062:(2): 245β254.
13039:
13000:(3): 793β797.
12980:
12967:
12951:
12933:
12892:
12849:10.1086/720890
12823:
12796:(1): 106β132.
12780:
12715:
12681:(1): 153β168.
12655:
12640:
12634:E.A. Wrigley,
12627:
12596:
12580:
12556:
12539:
12526:
12511:
12504:
12478:
12449:(5): 679β689.
12433:
12414:(4): 803β832.
12398:
12379:
12359:
12344:
12332:
12320:
12313:
12288:
12281:
12263:
12256:
12236:
12199:
12191:
12169:
12153:
12126:
12104:
12085:
12078:
12060:
12041:
12022:
12015:
11997:
11990:
11972:
11916:
11899:
11869:
11850:
11831:
11812:(1): 108β125.
11796:
11776:
11769:
11751:
11730:
11703:
11696:
11674:
11644:
11610:
11571:
11552:
11545:
11525:
11513:
11504:
11495:
11488:
11470:
11463:
11443:
11436:
11412:
11399:
11369:
11340:(3): 772β794.
11320:
11277:
11264:
11253:
11237:
11224:
11194:
11173:
11147:
11123:
11100:
11087:
11074:
11053:
11040:
11028:
11002:
10989:
10959:
10932:
10902:
10889:
10876:
10863:
10839:
10816:
10803:
10776:
10763:
10748:
10739:
10724:
10698:
10653:
10641:on 9 June 2007
10626:
10619:
10601:
10581:
10551:
10525:
10499:
10469:
10450:
10430:
10377:
10370:
10352:
10337:
10322:
10292:
10266:
10246:
10239:
10221:
10197:
10182:
10169:
10156:
10143:
10116:(3): 534β549.
10100:
10087:
10068:
10048:
10028:
10008:
9989:
9969:
9949:
9942:
9924:
9895:
9864:
9833:
9800:
9767:
9760:
9739:
9724:
9713:on 22 May 2022
9697:
9667:
9637:
9618:
9599:
9584:
9552:
9519:
9490:
9477:
9471:Henry Milner,
9464:
9455:
9431:
9418:
9412:Enid Gauldie,
9405:
9392:
9379:
9352:
9339:
9326:
9299:
9286:
9270:
9235:
9228:
9207:
9187:
9138:
9123:
9100:
9065:
9014:
9007:
8989:
8971:
8942:
8903:(3): 747β775.
8883:
8874:
8861:
8842:
8815:
8806:
8784:
8754:
8721:
8709:
8683:
8671:
8658:MeasuringWorth
8638:
8600:
8567:
8551:
8537:
8519:
8501:
8495:
8467:
8460:
8435:
8428:
8402:
8389:(1991): 47β68
8378:
8365:
8348:Charles Hunt,
8341:
8320:
8307:
8294:
8287:
8263:
8244:
8233:
8220:10.1086/658495
8204:10.1086/658495
8198:(4): 841β861.
8182:
8166:
8160:
8134:
8127:
8109:
8079:
8049:
8042:
8018:
8006:
7999:
7981:
7965:
7958:
7937:
7930:
7906:
7886:
7878:
7847:
7828:
7808:
7781:
7774:
7756:
7727:
7718:
7711:
7691:
7679:
7672:
7654:
7642:
7633:
7603:
7560:
7527:
7494:
7479:
7472:
7431:
7409:
7371:
7364:
7346:
7339:
7300:
7293:
7275:
7268:
7250:
7238:
7211:
7198:
7185:
7172:
7149:
7143:
7118:
7111:
7093:
7086:
7068:
7048:
7033:
7011:
6982:
6906:
6899:
6881:
6841:
6802:
6776:
6757:
6704:Berg, Maxine;
6696:
6670:
6647:
6620:
6594:
6556:
6516:
6497:(3): 625β658.
6478:
6471:
6442:
6415:(2): 229β230.
6399:
6387:
6380:
6357:
6338:
6318:
6299:
6287:, ed. (2004).
6276:
6269:
6249:
6242:
6224:
6211:
6204:
6186:
6179:
6112:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6046:
6041:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6018:
6016:Industrial Age
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5966:
5952:
5936:
5933:
5883:Main article:
5880:
5877:
5828:is a proposed
5821:
5818:
5798:Main article:
5795:
5792:
5749:
5746:
5727:
5724:
5699:
5696:
5614:Main article:
5611:
5608:
5592:and Diderot's
5559:Encyclopaedias
5510:
5509:
5492:September 2019
5468:
5466:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5446:Cormac O Grada
5385:Hilaire Belloc
5303:liberalisation
5228:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5180:
5177:
4989:Main article:
4986:
4983:
4918:printing press
4874:, for example
4819:
4816:
4808:infrastructure
4778:
4775:
4699:Henry Bessemer
4649:Main article:
4646:
4643:
4532:John H. Chafee
4484:Cabot Brothers
4395:Main article:
4392:
4389:
4351:
4348:
4316:Main article:
4313:
4310:
4304:was critical.
4290:Main article:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4254:Main article:
4251:
4248:
4160:John Cockerill
4140:
4137:
4117:Czech Republic
4070:Czech Republic
4057:Main article:
4054:
4051:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
3966:
3963:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:United States
3879:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3827:
3824:
3788:Main article:
3785:
3782:
3773:general strike
3740:Lord Melbourne
3692:
3689:
3649:
3646:
3583:factory system
3557:
3554:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3494:
3491:
3461:
3458:
3438:
3435:
3338:street sellers
3245:
3201:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3173:
3170:
3149:
3146:
3060:
3057:
3026:Main article:
3023:
3020:
2995:
2992:
2947:Factory system
2945:Main article:
2942:
2941:Factory system
2939:
2915:Main article:
2912:
2911:Social effects
2909:
2824:Main article:
2821:
2818:
2814:carriers carts
2770:Thomas Telford
2747:
2744:
2685:bulk materials
2657:Main article:
2654:
2651:
2620:Main article:
2617:
2616:Transportation
2614:
2587:Cornish engine
2547:
2544:
2480:
2477:
2452:
2449:
2412:
2409:
2392:
2389:
2324:
2321:
2247:sodium sulfate
2204:sulphuric acid
2199:
2196:
2176:Joseph Clement
2148:Jan Verbruggen
2136:Henry Maudslay
2118:Matthew Murray
2085:boring machine
2023:
2020:
1873:, invented by
1859:Main article:
1856:
1853:
1845:crucible steel
1843:developed his
1723:blowing engine
1719:John Wilkinson
1688:foundry cupola
1671:Clement Clerke
1620:
1617:
1595:
1592:
1566:could produce
1555:
1552:
1477:spinning jenny
1439:spinning jenny
1400:spinning frame
1382:flying shuttle
1341:. Invented by
1335:spinning jenny
1326:
1323:
1319:spinning wheel
1250:
1247:
1238:Southeast Asia
1206:
1203:
1153:
1150:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1068:
1065:
1060:Main article:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1026:
995:blast furnaces
972:
957:
913:
910:
901:
898:
855:Arnold Toynbee
793:
790:
782:assembly lines
730:social changes
707:GDP per capita
629:factory system
560:
559:
557:
556:
549:
542:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
521:
515:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
496:
491:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
343:Ancient Africa
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
322:
316:
315:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
242:
241:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
201:
195:
194:
192:Pre-industrial
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
169:
168:
165:
164:
154:
135:
134:
132:
131:
125:
123:Factory system
120:
115:
109:
103:
101:
97:
96:
94:
93:
88:
86:Western Europe
82:
80:
76:
75:
71:United Kingdom
64:
56:
55:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
23243:
23232:
23229:
23227:
23224:
23222:
23219:
23217:
23214:
23212:
23209:
23207:
23204:
23202:
23199:
23197:
23194:
23192:
23189:
23187:
23184:
23183:
23181:
23166:
23158:
23156:
23155:
23146:
23145:
23142:
23136:
23133:
23131:
23128:
23126:
23123:
23121:
23118:
23116:
23115:Bennett's law
23113:
23112:
23110:
23106:
23100:
23097:
23095:
23092:
23090:
23087:
23085:
23082:
23080:
23077:
23075:
23072:
23070:
23067:
23065:
23062:
23060:
23057:
23055:
23052:
23050:
23047:
23045:
23042:
23041:
23039:
23036:organizations
23031:
23025:
23022:
23018:
23015:
23013:
23010:
23008:
23005:
23004:
23003:
23000:
22998:
22995:
22993:
22990:
22989:
22987:
22983:
22977:
22974:
22972:
22969:
22968:
22966:
22962:
22956:
22953:
22951:
22948:
22944:
22941:
22939:
22936:
22934:
22931:
22929:
22926:
22924:
22921:
22920:
22919:
22916:
22914:
22911:
22909:
22906:
22902:
22899:
22897:
22894:
22892:
22889:
22887:
22884:
22883:
22882:
22879:
22875:
22872:
22871:
22870:
22867:
22865:
22863:
22859:
22857:
22854:
22853:
22851:
22845:
22839:
22836:
22834:
22831:
22829:
22826:
22824:
22823:Kaya identity
22821:
22818:
22814:
22812:
22809:
22807:
22804:
22803:
22801:
22798:
22791:
22785:
22782:
22780:
22777:
22775:
22772:
22768:
22765:
22764:
22763:
22760:
22758:
22755:
22754:
22752:
22749:
22742:
22736:
22733:
22731:
22728:
22726:
22723:
22721:
22718:
22716:
22713:
22711:
22708:
22706:
22703:
22702:
22700:
22696:
22692:
22685:
22680:
22678:
22673:
22671:
22666:
22665:
22662:
22650:
22647:
22645:
22642:
22640:
22637:
22635:
22632:
22630:
22627:
22625:
22622:
22620:
22617:
22615:
22612:
22610:
22607:
22605:
22602:
22600:
22597:
22595:
22594:PROSUR/PROSUL
22592:
22590:
22587:
22585:
22582:
22580:
22577:
22575:
22572:
22570:
22567:
22565:
22562:
22560:
22557:
22555:
22552:
22550:
22547:
22545:
22542:
22540:
22537:
22535:
22532:
22530:
22527:
22525:
22522:
22520:
22517:
22515:
22512:
22510:
22507:
22505:
22502:
22500:
22497:
22495:
22492:
22490:
22489:Craiova Group
22487:
22485:
22482:
22480:
22477:
22475:
22472:
22470:
22467:
22465:
22462:
22460:
22457:
22455:
22452:
22450:
22447:
22445:
22442:
22440:
22437:
22435:
22432:
22430:
22427:
22425:
22422:
22420:
22417:
22415:
22412:
22410:
22407:
22405:
22404:ABCANZ Armies
22402:
22401:
22399:
22393:
22387:
22384:
22382:
22379:
22375:
22372:
22370:
22367:
22365:
22362:
22360:
22357:
22355:
22352:
22350:
22347:
22346:
22345:
22342:
22340:
22337:
22333:
22330:
22329:
22328:
22325:
22323:
22320:
22319:
22317:
22315:
22311:
22305:
22302:
22300:
22297:
22293:
22290:
22288:
22285:
22283:
22280:
22278:
22275:
22271:
22268:
22266:
22263:
22261:
22258:
22256:
22253:
22252:
22251:
22248:
22246:
22243:
22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22232:
22231:
22228:
22222:
22219:
22218:
22217:
22214:
22210:
22209:Protestantism
22207:
22203:
22200:
22199:
22198:
22195:
22191:
22188:
22187:
22186:
22183:
22179:
22175:
22172:
22171:
22170:
22167:
22166:
22165:
22162:
22161:
22160:
22157:
22156:
22154:
22152:
22148:
22140:
22137:
22136:
22135:
22132:
22130:
22129:Sovereigntism
22127:
22125:
22122:
22118:
22117:
22113:
22112:
22111:
22108:
22104:
22101:
22100:
22099:
22096:
22094:
22091:
22089:
22086:
22084:
22081:
22079:
22076:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22062:
22059:
22057:
22054:
22053:
22052:
22049:
22045:
22042:
22041:
22040:
22037:
22035:
22032:
22030:
22027:
22025:
22024:Scholasticism
22022:
22020:
22017:
22015:
22012:
22010:
22007:
22005:
22002:
22000:
21997:
21995:
21992:
21991:
21989:
21987:
21983:
21975:
21972:
21970:
21967:
21965:
21962:
21960:
21957:
21956:
21955:
21952:
21948:
21945:
21944:
21943:
21940:
21936:
21933:
21931:
21928:
21927:
21926:
21923:
21919:
21916:
21915:
21914:
21911:
21909:
21906:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21894:
21892:
21889:
21888:
21887:
21884:
21880:
21877:
21876:
21875:
21872:
21868:
21865:
21864:
21863:
21860:
21856:
21853:
21851:
21848:
21847:
21846:
21843:
21841:
21838:
21836:
21833:
21831:
21828:
21824:
21821:
21820:
21819:
21816:
21814:
21811:
21807:
21804:
21803:
21802:
21799:
21795:
21792:
21791:
21790:
21787:
21783:
21780:
21779:
21778:
21775:
21773:
21770:
21766:
21763:
21762:
21761:
21758:
21756:
21753:
21749:
21746:
21744:
21741:
21739:
21736:
21735:
21734:
21731:
21730:
21728:
21726:
21722:
21714:
21713:War on terror
21711:
21709:
21706:
21705:
21704:
21701:
21697:
21694:
21692:
21689:
21687:
21684:
21682:
21679:
21677:
21674:
21672:
21669:
21667:
21664:
21662:
21659:
21657:
21654:
21652:
21649:
21647:
21644:
21642:
21639:
21637:
21634:
21632:
21629:
21627:
21624:
21622:
21619:
21617:
21614:
21612:
21609:
21608:
21607:
21606:Modern period
21604:
21602:
21599:
21595:
21592:
21590:
21587:
21585:
21582:
21581:
21580:
21577:
21573:
21570:
21569:
21568:
21565:
21563:
21560:
21559:
21557:
21555:
21551:
21545:
21542:
21540:
21537:
21535:
21532:
21530:
21527:
21521:
21518:
21516:
21513:
21512:
21511:
21508:
21506:
21503:
21501:
21498:
21496:
21493:
21492:
21491:
21488:
21486:
21483:
21481:
21478:
21477:
21475:
21471:
21467:
21463:
21462:Western world
21456:
21451:
21449:
21444:
21442:
21437:
21436:
21433:
21420:
21416:
21413:
21409:
21406:
21402:
21399:
21395:
21394:
21391:
21384:
21380:
21377:
21373:
21370:
21366:
21362:
21358:
21355:
21351:
21348:
21344:
21340:
21336:
21331:
21327:
21324:
21320:
21317:
21313:
21312:
21310:
21306:
21302:
21298:
21294:
21290:
21286:
21282:
21278:
21274:
21271:
21267:
21263:
21259:
21255:
21251:
21248:
21244:
21241:
21237:
21234:
21230:
21227:
21223:
21219:
21215:
21212:
21208:
21204:
21200:
21197:
21193:
21190:
21186:
21183:
21179:
21176:
21172:
21168:
21164:
21160:
21156:
21153:
21149:
21146:
21142:
21139:
21135:
21134:
21132:
21128:
21124:
21115:
21111:
21108:
21104:
21101:
21097:
21094:
21090:
21087:
21083:
21080:
21076:
21073:
21069:
21066:
21062:
21059:
21055:
21052:
21048:
21045:
21041:
21038:
21034:
21031:
21027:
21024:
21020:
21017:
21016:December 2008
21013:
21010:
21009:November 2008
21006:
21003:
20999:
20996:
20992:
20991:
20989:
20985:
20984:
20982:
20978:
20974:
20966:
20962:
20959:
20955:
20952:
20948:
20944:
20940:
20937:
20933:
20930:
20926:
20923:
20919:
20916:
20912:
20909:
20905:
20901:
20897:
20893:
20889:
20885:
20881:
20878:
20874:
20871:
20867:
20864:
20860:
20857:
20853:
20850:
20846:
20842:
20838:
20835:
20831:
20828:
20824:
20820:
20816:
20813:
20809:
20805:
20801:
20798:
20794:
20791:
20787:
20784:
20780:
20777:
20773:
20769:
20765:
20761:
20757:
20754:
20750:
20747:
20743:
20739:
20735:
20731:
20727:
20724:
20720:
20717:
20713:
20710:
20706:
20702:
20698:
20694:
20690:
20689:
20687:
20683:
20678:
20674:
20666:
20662:
20659:
20655:
20652:
20648:
20644:
20640:
20636:
20632:
20629:
20625:
20622:
20618:
20615:
20611:
20607:
20603:
20602:
20600:
20596:
20592:
20585:
20581:
20578:
20574:
20573:
20571:
20567:
20563:
20556:
20555:Panic of 1930
20552:
20549:
20545:
20541:
20537:
20533:
20529:
20525:
20521:
20520:
20518:
20514:
20510:
20503:
20499:
20496:
20492:
20488:
20484:
20481:
20480:Panic of 1907
20477:
20474:
20473:Panic of 1901
20470:
20467:
20466:Panic of 1896
20463:
20459:
20455:
20452:
20448:
20445:
20444:Panic of 1893
20441:
20437:
20433:
20429:
20428:Baring crisis
20425:
20421:
20420:Arendal crash
20417:
20414:
20413:Panic of 1884
20410:
20407:
20403:
20400:
20399:Panic of 1873
20396:
20395:
20393:
20389:
20385:
20377:
20373:
20370:
20369:Panic of 1866
20366:
20363:
20362:Panic of 1857
20359:
20356:
20355:Panic of 1847
20352:
20347:
20343:
20340:
20336:
20335:
20332:
20328:
20327:
20325:
20321:
20314:
20313:Panic of 1837
20310:
20307:
20306:Panic of 1825
20303:
20300:
20299:Panic of 1819
20296:
20292:
20288:
20285:
20281:
20278:
20274:
20271:
20270:Panic of 1792
20267:
20264:
20260:
20256:
20252:
20249:
20245:
20241:
20237:
20234:
20230:
20229:
20227:
20223:
20219:
20211:
20207:
20203:
20199:
20195:
20191:
20187:
20186:
20181:
20177:
20173:
20169:
20165:
20161:
20157:
20156:
20154:
20150:
20146:
20138:
20134:
20133:
20131:
20129:
20124:
20117:
20113:
20110:
20109:Social crisis
20106:
20103:
20102:Minsky moment
20099:
20094:
20090:
20087:
20083:
20080:
20076:
20073:
20069:
20068:
20066:
20062:
20059:
20055:
20052:
20048:
20043:
20039:
20038:
20036:
20032:
20029:
20028:Energy crisis
20025:
20022:
20018:
20015:
20011:
20008:
20004:
20001:
20000:Credit crunch
19997:
19994:
19990:
19987:
19983:
19982:
19979:
19975:
19968:
19963:
19961:
19956:
19954:
19949:
19948:
19945:
19933:
19930:
19928:
19925:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19912:Carbon bubble
19910:
19909:
19906:
19899:
19896:
19893:
19890:
19887:
19884:
19881:
19878:
19875:
19872:
19869:
19866:
19865:
19863:
19859:
19855:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19840:
19836:
19833:
19830:
19827:
19824:
19821:
19818:
19815:
19812:
19809:
19806:
19803:
19800:
19797:
19794:
19791:
19788:
19785:
19782:
19779:
19776:
19773:
19770:
19767:
19764:
19761:
19758:
19755:
19753:
19750:
19749:
19747:
19743:
19738:
19734:
19727:
19724:
19721:
19718:
19715:
19712:
19710:
19707:
19706:
19704:
19700:
19696:
19689:
19686:
19683:
19680:
19677:
19674:
19673:
19671:
19667:
19663:
19656:
19653:
19651:
19648:
19645:
19642:
19639:
19636:
19633:
19630:
19627:
19624:
19621:
19618:
19617:
19615:
19611:
19607:
19600:
19597:
19594:
19591:
19588:
19585:
19582:
19579:
19576:
19573:
19570:
19567:
19564:
19561:
19558:
19555:
19552:
19549:
19546:
19543:
19540:
19537:
19534:
19531:
19528:
19525:
19522:
19519:
19516:
19515:Ohio oil rush
19513:
19510:
19507:
19504:
19501:
19498:
19495:
19492:
19489:
19486:
19483:
19480:
19477:
19475:
19472:
19471:
19469:
19465:
19461:
19454:
19451:
19448:
19445:
19442:
19439:
19436:
19433:
19430:
19427:
19424:
19421:
19418:
19415:
19412:
19409:
19406:
19403:
19400:
19397:
19394:
19391:
19388:
19385:
19382:
19379:
19376:
19373:
19370:
19367:
19364:
19361:
19358:
19355:
19352:
19349:
19346:
19343:
19340:
19337:
19334:
19333:Railway Mania
19331:
19330:
19328:
19324:
19317:
19314:
19312:
19309:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19295:
19292:
19289:
19286:
19285:
19283:
19279:
19275:
19268:
19265:
19262:
19259:
19256:
19253:
19250:
19247:
19246:
19244:
19240:
19236:
19230:
19227:
19225:
19222:
19220:
19217:
19215:
19212:
19210:
19207:
19205:
19202:
19201:
19198:
19194:
19187:
19182:
19180:
19175:
19173:
19168:
19167:
19164:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19144:United States
19142:
19140:
19137:
19135:
19132:
19130:
19127:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19105:
19102:
19100:
19097:
19095:
19092:
19090:
19086:
19085:
19084:
19081:
19077:
19076:United States
19074:
19072:
19069:
19067:
19064:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19034:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19023:
19022:
19021:
19018:
19017:
19015:
19011:
19007:
19000:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18988:
18987:United States
18985:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18973:
18969:
18968:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18958:
18956:
18952:
18947:
18943:
18935:
18934:United States
18932:
18930:
18927:
18925:
18921:
18920:
18919:
18916:
18912:
18911:United States
18909:
18907:
18904:
18903:
18902:
18899:
18898:
18896:
18892:
18888:
18882:
18879:
18877:
18874:
18871:
18868:
18865:
18862:
18859:
18856:
18853:
18852:
18850:
18846:
18842:
18836:
18833:
18829:
18828:United States
18826:
18824:
18821:
18819:
18816:
18814:
18811:
18809:
18806:
18804:
18801:
18799:
18795:
18794:
18793:
18790:
18787:
18784:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18771:
18768:
18767:
18765:
18761:
18757:
18750:
18747:
18744:
18741:
18738:
18737:Panic of 1907
18735:
18732:
18731:Panic of 1901
18729:
18726:
18723:
18722:Panic of 1893
18720:
18717:
18716:Baring crisis
18714:
18711:
18709:
18706:
18702:
18701:United States
18699:
18697:
18693:
18692:
18691:
18688:
18687:
18685:
18681:
18676:
18672:
18665:
18662:
18659:
18658:Panic of 1866
18656:
18653:
18650:
18649:Panic of 1857
18647:
18644:
18641:
18640:Panic of 1847
18638:
18635:
18634:
18632:
18628:
18623:
18619:
18612:
18611:Panic of 1837
18609:
18606:
18603:
18600:
18599:Panic of 1825
18597:
18594:
18591:
18588:
18585:
18582:
18579:
18576:
18573:
18570:
18569:Panic of 1792
18566:
18563:
18560:
18556:
18553:
18551:
18548:
18546:
18542:
18541:
18540:
18537:
18536:
18534:
18530:
18526:
18520:
18517:
18515:
18514:Slump of 1706
18512:
18509:
18506:
18505:
18503:
18499:
18495:
18487:
18484:
18483:
18482:
18479:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18466:
18465:
18462:
18458:
18455:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
18435:
18433:
18430:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18422:Balance sheet
18420:
18419:
18418:
18415:
18411:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18397:
18394:
18393:
18392:
18391:Interest rate
18389:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18371:
18370:
18367:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18339:
18336:
18334:
18331:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18320:
18319:
18315:
18312:
18310:
18307:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18273:
18270:
18269:
18268:
18264:
18261:
18260:
18257:
18253:
18249:
18245:
18238:
18233:
18231:
18226:
18224:
18219:
18218:
18215:
18203:
18200:
18198:
18195:
18193:
18190:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18180:
18178:
18175:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18163:
18160:
18158:
18157:Art of Europe
18155:
18154:
18152:
18148:
18142:
18139:
18137:
18134:
18132:
18129:
18127:
18124:
18122:
18119:
18117:
18114:
18112:
18109:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18087:
18084:
18082:
18079:
18077:
18074:
18072:
18069:
18067:
18064:
18062:
18059:
18057:
18054:
18052:
18049:
18047:
18044:
18042:
18039:
18037:
18034:
18032:
18029:
18027:
18024:
18022:
18019:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18007:
18004:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17980:
17977:
17976:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17965:
17962:
17961:
17959:
17957:
17956:Modern period
17953:
17947:
17944:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17927:
17924:
17922:
17919:
17917:
17914:
17912:
17909:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17899:
17897:
17894:
17891:
17887:
17883:
17879:
17875:
17872:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17858:
17855:
17853:
17850:
17848:
17845:
17843:
17840:
17839:
17838:
17835:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17822:
17820:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17800:
17796:
17793:
17792:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17777:
17775:
17773:
17769:
17763:
17760:
17758:
17755:
17753:
17750:
17746:
17743:
17742:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17717:
17715:
17713:
17709:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17684:
17682:
17680:
17676:
17672:
17665:
17660:
17658:
17653:
17651:
17646:
17645:
17642:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17621:
17618:
17616:
17613:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17601:
17598:
17596:
17593:
17591:
17588:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17565:Eco-socialism
17563:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17541:
17538:
17536:
17533:
17531:
17528:
17526:
17523:
17521:
17517:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17477:
17475:
17471:
17466:
17463:
17461:
17458:
17456:
17453:
17451:
17448:
17446:
17443:
17441:
17440:Labour supply
17438:
17436:
17433:
17431:
17428:
17426:
17423:
17421:
17418:
17416:
17413:
17411:
17407:
17402:
17399:
17397:
17394:
17392:
17389:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17358:Individualism
17356:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17322:
17318:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17293:
17290:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17270:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17217:
17216:Laissez-faire
17213:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17180:Authoritarian
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17167:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17151:
17148:
17146:
17143:
17141:
17138:
17136:
17133:
17131:
17130:Privatization
17128:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17100:Merchantilism
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17070:Globalization
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16992:
16990:
16986:
16982:
16976:
16972:
16965:
16960:
16958:
16953:
16951:
16946:
16945:
16942:
16930:
16922:
16920:
16912:
16911:
16908:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16851:
16849:organisations
16843:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16820:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16810:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16783:
16782:
16779:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16756:
16754:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16731:
16730:
16729:Manufacturing
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16684:
16683:
16679:
16675:
16672:
16671:
16670:
16667:
16666:
16664:
16660:
16652:
16649:
16648:
16647:
16644:
16642:
16639:
16637:
16634:
16632:
16629:
16627:
16624:
16620:
16617:
16616:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16607:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16595:
16592:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16582:List of banks
16580:
16579:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16569:
16567:
16565:
16559:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16542:
16540:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16520:
16518:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16500:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16494:
16491:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16476:North Sea oil
16474:
16472:
16469:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16443:
16442:
16438:
16435:
16434:
16432:
16430:
16424:
16421:
16417:
16411:
16408:
16404:
16401:
16400:
16399:
16398:Trades unions
16396:
16394:
16391:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16373:
16372:
16369:
16365:
16362:
16361:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16345:
16342:
16341:
16339:
16333:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16286:
16280:
16277:
16275:
16272:
16271:
16269:
16267:
16263:
16257:
16254:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16229:
16227:
16224:
16222:
16219:
16217:
16214:
16212:
16209:
16207:
16204:
16202:
16199:
16198:
16196:
16194:
16190:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16175:
16173:
16171:
16165:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16106:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16093:
16092:
16089:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16035:
16034:Big City Plan
16032:
16031:
16030:
16027:
16025:
16022:
16021:
16019:
16017:
16013:
16010:
16002:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15986:Privatisation
15984:
15982:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15966:Gold standard
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15953:
15951:
15947:
15941:
15938:
15934:
15931:
15930:
15929:
15926:
15923:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15893:1986 Big Bang
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15871:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15831:
15829:
15826:
15824:
15821:
15820:
15818:
15816:Chronological
15814:
15811:
15809:
15805:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15782:
15779:
15777:
15774:
15773:
15772:
15769:
15767:
15764:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
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7996:
7992:
7985:
7977:
7976:
7969:
7961:
7955:
7951:
7944:
7942:
7933:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7910:
7903:
7899:
7896:
7890:
7881:
7875:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7812:
7796:
7792:
7785:
7777:
7771:
7767:
7760:
7744:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7722:
7714:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7695:
7688:
7683:
7675:
7669:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7646:
7637:
7631:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7588:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7574:Ayres, Robert
7569:
7567:
7565:
7556:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7531:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7506:
7498:
7490:
7483:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7367:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7342:
7336:
7332:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7296:
7290:
7286:
7279:
7271:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7242:
7226:
7222:
7215:
7208:
7202:
7195:
7189:
7182:
7176:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7140:
7135:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7114:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7089:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7015:
7008:
7007:Robert Fulton
7005:
7000:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6902:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6846:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6816:The Telegraph
6813:
6806:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6761:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6711:
6707:
6700:
6694:
6691:
6690:0-521-01079-9
6687:
6683:
6677:
6675:
6668:
6667:0-349-10484-0
6664:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6635:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6598:
6591:
6589:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6483:
6474:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6458:
6449:
6447:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6394:
6392:
6383:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6364:
6362:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6322:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6272:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6253:
6245:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6215:
6207:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6182:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6082:
6066:
6062:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5967:
5964:
5958:
5953:
5950:
5944:
5939:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5892:William Blake
5886:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5736:Individualism
5733:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5654:national debt
5651:
5647:
5643:
5642:Presbyterians
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5533:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5506:
5503:
5495:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5469:This section
5467:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5263:Eric Williams
5259:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5240:on the BBC's
5239:
5232:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5196:Iron and Coal
5193:
5185:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5144:lingua franca
5140:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5112:Mughal Empire
5108:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4906:Lewis Mumford
4903:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4829:
4824:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4774:
4772:
4771:stock markets
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4496:Samuel Slater
4492:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4480:Thomas Somers
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4391:United States
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Bank of Japan
4379:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4346:and textile.
4345:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4043:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:air pollution
3984:
3980:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:Captain Swing
3812:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:In 1832, the
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:strike action
3711:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3599:water-powered
3595:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3515:Samuel Smiles
3511:
3508:
3507:Ivy Pinchbeck
3503:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3470:Black Country
3466:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3443:Robert Hughes
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3421:, he created
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3331:fish and chip
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:in 1868. The
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:chocolate bar
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3278:Polly Russell
3271:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2961:Great Britain
2957:
2954:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2905:Railway Mania
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2840:Railway Mania
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:Andrew Meikle
2521:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:paper machine
2458:
2451:Paper machine
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:Thames Tunnel
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:a mixture of
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:Joseph Aspdin
2334:
2333:Thames Tunnel
2329:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:sulfuric acid
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2156:Joseph Bramah
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:Royal Arsenal
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2078:machine tools
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:Machine tools
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:double-acting
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:Thomas Savery
1910:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:iron silicate
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1656:Coalbrookdale
1653:
1652:Abraham Darby
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:charcoal iron
1604:
1602:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1554:Iron industry
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:entrepreneurs
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:spinning mule
1463:invented the
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1437:invented the
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1355:Bolton Museum
1351:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:, rebuilt as
1124:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1063:
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22964:Publications
22923:Antinatalism
22861:
22838:World3 model
22698:Major topics
22639:Western Bloc
22439:AUSCANNZUKUS
22395:Contemporary
22344:Human rights
22190:Latin Church
22164:Christianity
22114:
22073:Conservatism
21918:contemporary
21755:Architecture
21691:World War II
21660:
21651:Emancipation
21646:Abolitionism
21534:Romanization
21529:Roman legacy
21510:Roman Empire
21002:October 2008
20884:Samba effect
20740:(1987β2000s)
20635:Steel crisis
20458:Black Monday
20436:Encilhamento
20376:Black Friday
20221:
20183:
20139:(235β284 CE)
20007:Credit cycle
19917:Green bubble
19539:Encilhamento
19277:
19209:Credit cycle
19204:Market trend
19061:South Africa
18818:South Africa
18664:Black Friday
18528:
18481:Unemployment
18338:Money supply
18333:Disinflation
18277:General glut
18116:World War II
18075:
17969:Early modern
17946:Kalmar Union
17817:Papal States
17735:Roman Empire
17511:Wage slavery
17465:Unemployment
17445:Productivity
17376:Philanthropy
17237:Mercantilist
17214:
17185:Conservative
17079:
17020:Deregulation
16981:perspectives
16979:Aspects and
16798:Supermarkets
16764:Construction
16759:Architecture
16594:Canary Wharf
16427:Resource and
16410:Unemployment
16381:Minimum wage
16344:Billionaires
16241:Silicon Glen
16113:M11 Corridor
15832:
15538:
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15384:
15371:
15298:Urbanization
14727:
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14706:
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14551:
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14530:. Retrieved
14518:
14514:
14495:. Retrieved
14486:
14455:
14446:
14434:. Retrieved
14416:
14412:
14395:
14385:
14375:
14372:Uglow, Jenny
14360:. Retrieved
14356:the original
14340:
14326:
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14307:
14298:
14289:
14283:
14279:
14278:(3 vol 2011)
14275:
14266:
14231:
14221:
14201:. New York:
14197:
14184:
14178:. Routledge.
14175:
14169:. Routledge.
14166:
14157:
14148:
14128:
14100:
14077:
14068:
14056:
14044:
14024:
14000:. New York:
13997:
13982:. Retrieved
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13869:. New York:
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13742:. Retrieved
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13639:Chernow, Ron
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13547:the original
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13469:. Retrieved
13460:
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13376:The Guardian
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12764:the original
12735:
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12635:
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12618:. Retrieved
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12490:Maps of Time
12489:
12481:
12446:
12442:
12436:
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12407:
12401:
12389:. Retrieved
12369:
12362:
12353:
12347:
12341:Iain Stewart
12335:
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11981:
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11951:. Retrieved
11919:
11914:Press, 1971.
11907:
11902:
11889:Google Books
11877:
11872:
11860:. Retrieved
11840:
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11402:
11390:. Retrieved
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11311:. Retrieved
11294:
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11150:
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11126:
11108:
11103:
11094:a word from
11090:
11082:
11077:
11061:
11056:
11051:pp. 271β331.
11048:
11043:
11036:
11035:David Good,
11031:
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11015:the original
11005:
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10992:
10980:. Retrieved
10971:
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10923:. Retrieved
10914:
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10701:
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10639:the original
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9886:. Retrieved
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9867:
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9847:The Atlantic
9846:
9836:
9824:. Retrieved
9815:
9791:. Retrieved
9783:The Guardian
9782:
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9711:the original
9700:
9688:. Retrieved
9670:
9660:15 September
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9649:
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9608:
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9506:the original
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9082:
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9031:
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8945:
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8900:
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8877:
8869:
8864:
8856:Philadelphia
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8845:
8828:
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8798:(Painting β
8797:
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8734:The Guardian
8733:
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8695:
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8674:
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8641:
8629:. Retrieved
8622:the original
8613:
8591:. Retrieved
8580:
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8532:the original
8522:
8514:the original
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8091:
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8061:
8052:
8028:
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8016:, p. 21
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7838:. Retrieved
7818:
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7784:
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7747:. Retrieved
7742:
7721:
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7694:
7689:, p. 18
7682:
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7587:the original
7578:
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7241:
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6939:
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6860:
6832:. Retrieved
6815:
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6793:. Retrieved
6790:The Guardian
6789:
6779:
6760:
6748:. Retrieved
6723:(1): 24β50.
6720:
6716:
6699:
6693:Google Books
6681:
6658:
6638:. Retrieved
6623:
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6612:the original
6605:
6597:
6584:
6577:. Retrieved
6573:the original
6559:
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6289:
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6219:
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6170:
6103:. Retrieved
6094:
6085:
6065:
6036:
5977:World portal
5928:Frankenstein
5926:
5923:Mary Shelley
5916:
5888:
5873:Danube River
5862:
5826:Anthropocene
5823:
5806:biodiversity
5803:
5777:
5773:
5739:
5720:primitivists
5701:
5692:middle class
5688:
5662:
5619:
5603:
5600:
5595:EncyclopΓ©die
5593:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5573:Abraham Rees
5566:
5556:
5552:Transactions
5551:
5541:
5537:
5518:
5498:
5489:
5478:Please help
5473:verification
5470:
5437:
5427:
5423:Robert Allen
5420:
5416:
5412:
5401:
5395:
5388:
5378:
5355:
5328:, depicting
5321:
5300:
5293:
5282:humanitarian
5278:abolitionism
5266:
5265:in his work
5260:
5248:
5241:
5238:Jeremy Black
5234:
5230:
5204:
5195:
5161:
5157:
5137:argued that
5132:
5124:Bengal Subah
5109:
5105:Yellow River
5061:Rodney Stark
5053:David Landes
5050:
5032:
5013:
4958:steam engine
4952:system (the
4943:
4931:
4904:
4900:
4861:
4841:
4833:
4812:green energy
4780:
4763:Standard Oil
4752:
4733:
4730:
4715:
4669:
4635:
4611:
4551:
4493:
4486:founded the
4478:
4466:
4450:Oliver Evans
4448:
4433:
4429:
4386:
4375:
4366:Meiji period
4363:
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4105:World's Fair
4098:
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3793:
3778:Labour Party
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3707:trade unions
3703:combinations
3702:
3700:
3685:Factory Acts
3683:labour, the
3681:
3677:
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3665:
3648:Child labour
3619:
3603:
3596:
3592:
3588:Cottonopolis
3576:
3566:Cottonopolis
3564:
3550:child labour
3543:
3538:middle class
3535:
3518:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3482:urbanisation
3479:
3460:Urbanization
3446:
3440:
3404:
3399:
3395:The Atlantic
3393:
3385:
3379:
3369:
3365:The Guardian
3364:
3358:
3346:thoroughfare
3335:
3319:High Streets
3289:in Reading,
3275:
3270:High Streets
3243:had arrived.
3237:
3214:
3191:
3181:
3155:
3151:
3130:
3125:shanty towns
3114:
3112:
3100:tuberculosis
3080:
3076:Gustave DorΓ©
3072: 1870s
3050:
3039:
3031:
3016:
3013:
2997:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:by the piece
2968:
2958:
2950:
2920:
2902:
2894:Joseph Locke
2867:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2810:Stagecoaches
2798:
2766:John Metcalf
2757:
2741:
2725:
2689:
2678:
2647:
2631:
2602:Humphry Davy
2591:
2583:
2575:Shaft mining
2549:
2540:
2512:
2510:
2494:
2482:
2454:
2426:
2411:Glass making
2397:gas lighting
2394:
2391:Gas lighting
2343:, a British
2338:
2314:
2291:
2220:
2212:John Roebuck
2201:
2184:
2161:
2134:
2094:
2092:boring bar.
2090:cantilevered
2082:
2075:
2052:
2005:
1993:Oliver Evans
1985:table engine
1978:
1967:
1963:Soho Foundry
1942:
1938:John Smeaton
1934:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1903:
1879:steam engine
1834:
1819:
1815:
1811:wet puddling
1810:
1792:
1784:
1764:finery forge
1757:
1753:
1745:
1732:
1728:John Smeaton
1716:
1692:
1668:
1660:
1649:
1634:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1548:
1544:Cottonopolis
1532:Thomas Highs
1525:
1510:
1493:
1485:female horse
1459:
1443:
1432:
1416:Daniel Bourn
1394:
1379:
1370:Temple Works
1312:
1297:
1286:
1274:
1235:
1216:
1183:
1177:
1166:raw material
1163:
1155:
1131:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1031:β the first
1028:
1019:rolling mill
1015:finery forge
991:wrought iron
974:
959:
921:
915:
903:
900:Requirements
893:
886:John Clapham
874:Mughal India
870:Muslim world
859:
847:
842:
827:
801:
795:
767:
747:
738:T. S. Ashton
727:
691:
650:Many of the
649:
569:
565:
563:
373:Roman Empire
252:
245:
190:Premodern /
138:
118:Steam engine
114:construction
67:Roberts loom
36:
22847:Society and
22806:Biocapacity
22579:Open Balkan
22397:integration
22327:Rule of law
22322:Natural law
22299:Agnosticism
22277:Hellenistic
22255:Anglo-Saxon
22185:Catholicism
22124:Atlanticism
22029:Rationalism
21835:Immigration
21818:Esotericism
21676:World War I
21641:Romanticism
21621:Reformation
21601:Renaissance
21579:Middle Ages
21544:Christendom
21473:Foundations
21279:(2017β2018)
21264:(2016β2022)
21220:(2014β2022)
20980:(2007β2009)
20945:(2003β2008)
20894:(2000β2004)
20843:(1994β1996)
20821:(1992β1994)
20806:(1991β2000)
20770:(1990β1992)
20762:(1990β1992)
20732:(1986β1995)
20695:(1982β1994)
20685:(1982β2007)
20667:(1980β1982)
20645:(1975β1982)
20637:(1973β1982)
20608:(1973β1980)
20598:(1973β1982)
20569:(1945β1973)
20534:(1921β1923)
20526:(1917β1924)
20516:(1918β1939)
20438:(1890β1893)
20391:(1870β1914)
20333:(1845β1856)
20293:(1815β1816)
20242:(1769β1784)
20225:(1760β1840)
20188:(1621β1623)
20170:(1544β1551)
20152:(1000β1760)
20051:Flash crash
20021:Debt crisis
19870:(2008β2014)
19837:(2005β2008)
19831:(2005β2011)
19819:(2002β2008)
19813:(2002β2007)
19807:(2002β2006)
19801:(2001β2006)
19795:(2000β2008)
19783:(2000β2006)
19777:(1995β2000)
19771:(1986β1990)
19765:(1985β2008)
19745:(1982β2007)
19716:(1977β1981)
19702:(1973β1982)
19690:(1969β1970)
19669:(1945β1973)
19657:(1932β1942)
19646:(1918β1945)
19634:(1918β1945)
19613:(1918β1939)
19601:(1909β1918)
19595:(1903β1918)
19589:(1901β1918)
19577:(1899β1909)
19565:(1897β1899)
19559:(1896β1903)
19553:(1896β1899)
19541:(1886β1890)
19523:(1883β1906)
19499:(1879β1893)
19493:(1874β1880)
19467:(1870β1914)
19443:(1865β1867)
19431:(1864β1867)
19425:(1861β1874)
19419:(1861β1867)
19413:(1861β1864)
19407:(1861β1864)
19389:(1859β1891)
19377:(1858β1861)
19365:(1851β1914)
19359:(1851β1880)
19341:(1848β1855)
19318:(1830β1850)
19296:(1802β1825)
19288:Canal Mania
19281:(1760β1840)
19269:(1757β1769)
19263:(1711β1720)
19257:(1684β1720)
19251:(1634β1637)
19249:Tulip mania
19242:(1000β1760)
19129:New Zealand
19087:2020β2022;
19051:New Zealand
19024:2007β2009;
18970:1990β1991;
18954:(1982β2007)
18922:1980β1982;
18894:(1973β1982)
18872:(1957β1958)
18866:(1953β1954)
18860:(1948β1949)
18848:(1945β1973)
18813:New Zealand
18796:1929β1939;
18772:(1918β1919)
18763:(1918β1939)
18745:(1910β1912)
18739:(1907β1908)
18733:(1902β1904)
18724:(1893β1897)
18718:(1890β1891)
18694:1873β1879;
18683:(1870β1914)
18666:(1869β1870)
18660:(1865β1867)
18651:(1857β1858)
18642:(1847β1848)
18630:(1840β1870)
18601:(1825β1826)
18592:(1815β1821)
18577:(1796β1799)
18571:(1789β1793)
18543:1772β1774;
18532:(1760β1840)
18510:(1430β1490)
18508:Great Slump
18501:(1000β1760)
18447:Stagflation
18406:Yield curve
18352:Price level
18101:World War I
18091:Nationalism
17979:Reformation
17964:Renaissance
17936:Black Death
17869:Kievan Rus'
17772:Middle Ages
17630:Syndicalism
17550:Communalism
17415:Corporatism
17391:Rule of law
17338:Consumerism
17328:Advertising
17227:Libertarian
17205:Free-market
17175:Anglo-Saxon
17155:Wage labour
17105:Meritocracy
17055:Externality
17010:Competition
16774:Real estate
16498:Agriculture
16285:Cardiff Bay
16274:Agriculture
16231:Oil and gas
16206:Agriculture
16133:Silicon Fen
16108:M4 corridor
16101:London Plan
15922:Growth deal
15749:HM Treasury
15719:Company law
15688:governance,
15506:Renaissance
15288:Proletariat
15248:Bourgeoisie
14532:19 December
14497:12 February
14362:12 February
13976:: 307β331.
13853:. Palgrave.
13761:, England:
13744:11 February
13518:AJ George,
12858:10197/11440
12738:: 126β155.
12464:10852/59625
12328:Merson 1990
11953:15 December
10796:14 February
10668:The Baffler
9650:BBC Culture
9630:3 September
9545:21 December
9368:(1): 5β40.
9315:: 641β690.
9263:12 February
9093:20 November
9058:20 November
9028:Cliometrica
8767:Historic UK
7840:28 November
7801:20 December
7749:20 December
7652:, p. 1
7630:McNeil 1990
7596:20 December
7127:Elvin, Mark
7021:Porter, Roy
6706:Hudson, Pat
6579:14 November
6032:Machine Age
5885:Romanticism
5788:agriculture
5762:Primitivism
5748:Primitivism
5583:Cyclopaedia
5578:Cyclopaedia
5571:(1704) and
5528: 1766
5370:South Wales
5330:William III
5280:instead of
5024:Middle Ages
5008: 1808
4979:steam power
4856:Black Death
4788:China Shock
4623:Eli Whitney
4561:War of 1812
4500:Slater Mill
4470:New England
4344:papermaking
4129:Czech lands
4125:Clementinum
4094:Czech lands
4074:Czech lands
4042:Ruhr Valley
3995:Alkali Acts
3809:transported
3768:cooperative
3607:Robert Owen
3499:Alice Clark
3431:Penny Black
3350:soft drinks
3092:Clean water
3053:food prices
2782:Ashton Gate
2774:John McAdam
2713:Canal Mania
2598:safety lamp
2555:South Wales
2551:Coal mining
2536:Swing Riots
2497:Jethro Tull
2479:Agriculture
2467:, who were
2441:sheet glass
2371:to produce
2055:millwrights
1997:locomotives
1981:beam engine
1855:Steam power
1830:coking coal
1788:trip hammer
1760:Iron Bridge
1641:mining coal
1517:Eli Whitney
1489:male donkey
1469:water frame
1412:Northampton
1306:and cotton
1289:Calico Acts
1270: 1524
1227:trade route
1223:colonialism
1003:water wheel
975:Iron making
960:Steam power
618:steam power
614:water power
268:Machine Age
199:Prehistoric
23180:Categories
23034:Events and
22849:population
22795:Population
22746:Population
22691:Population
22599:Rio Treaty
22110:Relativism
22068:Liberalism
22034:Empiricism
21986:Philosophy
21974:Secularism
21925:Philosophy
21862:Literature
21656:Capitalism
20072:Accounting
19094:Bangladesh
19031:Bangladesh
18675:Gilded Age
18427:Depression
18379:Stagnation
17864:Viking Age
17679:Prehistory
17519:Antithesis
17450:Prosperity
17425:Employment
17372:Mainstream
17363:Liberalism
17287:Regulatory
17262:Neoliberal
17210:Humanistic
17195:Democratic
17150:Regulation
17015:Depression
16971:Capitalism
16828:High-speed
16823:Inter-city
16739:Automotive
16719:Healthcare
16707:Television
16697:Newspapers
16541:Materials
16456:Geothermal
16429:production
16371:Labour law
16354:Demography
16337:and labour
16118:Manchester
16029:Birmingham
15961:Free trade
15690:regulation
15145:technology
15143:Invention/
15109:Ironbridge
14806:Technology
14786:Metallurgy
14676:revolution
14670:Industrial
14080:. London:
14002:Bloomsbury
13984:29 January
13827:(4): 794.
13771:B0000CIHG7
13386:8 November
12907:7 February
12773:9 December
12708:9 December
12146:30 January
11723:30 January
11667:5 February
11637:5 February
11627:Noahpinion
11603:8 February
11261:Haber 1958
11209:. UNESCO.
10574:18 October
10492:18 October
10403:5 November
9180:9 December
9161:(2): 176.
8831:(3): 511.
8777:13 October
8679:Timbs 1860
8631:30 January
8593:31 January
8565:(2v 1932).
8548:Clark 2007
8014:Ayres 1989
7687:Ayres 1989
7650:Ayres 1989
7557:required.)
7524:required.)
7427:1104810110
7246:Ayres 1989
7231:30 January
6959:16 October
6874:5 December
6750:9 December
6535:(1): 104.
6078:References
5908:Lord Byron
5904:John Keats
5894:and poets
5848:and soil,
5846:atmosphere
5698:Criticisms
5684:Unitarians
5664:Dissenters
5442:Joel Mokyr
5312:Royal Navy
5135:Joel Mokyr
4962:James Watt
4946:monopolies
4850:after the
4755:U.S. Steel
4512:Daniel Day
4508:Derbyshire
4436:cotton gin
4401:See also:
4332:Bergslagen
4121:Leopold II
3951:plantation
3811:for life.
3727:Reform Act
3695:See also:
3652:See also:
3622:brass mill
3571:Manchester
3487:Manchester
3474:Birmingham
3423:mail order
3411:mail order
3390:Sam Weller
3266:Winchester
3096:sanitation
2801:Royal Mail
2790:Hagerstown
2733:ship canal
2708:Manchester
2626:See also:
2571:drift mine
2513:Rotherham
2501:seed drill
2469:stationers
2439:to create
2345:bricklayer
2164:Royal Navy
2130:Manchester
2059:watermills
2014:-powered,
2001:steamboats
1952:Englishman
1948:James Watt
1918:horsepower
1875:James Watt
1797:. In 1838
1795:iron oxide
1772:Henry Cort
1735:James Watt
1587:Shropshire
1540:Manchester
1521:cotton gin
1500:power loom
1455:Derbyshire
1420:Leominster
1408:Birmingham
1396:Lewis Paul
1195:cotton gin
1134:John Lombe
1119:John Lombe
1091:Lancashire
934:cotton gin
930:power loom
894:revolution
824:Wordsworth
721:since the
711:capitalist
647:invested.
626:mechanised
273:Atomic Age
224:Bronze Age
219:Copper Age
139:Chronology
100:Key events
23130:Migration
23007:6 billion
22544:Five Eyes
22539:EUβUK TCA
22381:Democracy
22270:Old Norse
22159:Abrahamic
22116:Peritrope
22098:Tolerance
22078:Socialism
21908:Mythology
21896:Classical
21845:Languages
21823:Astrology
21671:Modernism
21485:Old World
21330:Recession
20323:1840β1870
19900:(2020β21)
19437:(c. 1865)
19326:1840β1870
19134:Singapore
19089:Australia
19066:Sri Lanka
19026:Australia
18972:Australia
18798:Australia
18788:1926β1927
18785:1923β1924
18751:(1913β14)
18727:1899β1900
18583:1807β1810
18580:1802β1804
18561:1785β1788
18486:Sahm rule
18417:Recession
18318:Inflation
18314:Deflation
17911:Feudalism
17882:Catalonia
17625:Socialism
17600:Mutualism
17555:Communism
17525:Anarchism
17474:Criticism
17455:Syndicate
17190:Corporate
17145:Recession
17120:Oligopoly
17085:Invention
16845:Trade and
16808:Transport
16755:Property
16734:Aerospace
16669:Education
16614:Insurance
16562:Financial
16446:Biodiesel
16322:Transport
16251:Transport
16211:Edinburgh
16183:Transport
16158:Wiltshire
16153:Transport
16128:Sheffield
16086:Liverpool
15949:Recurrent
15776:Banknotes
15686:Currency,
15640:Companies
15491:Byzantine
15451:Neolithic
15312:Reference
15079:Bethlehem
15074:Allentown
14821:Workforce
14791:Sociology
14781:Machinery
14771:Invention
14067:(1961) .
13759:Cambridge
13439:206642594
13313:144572405
13233:6 October
13220:219015323
13176:15 August
13076:218777050
12875:248787980
12867:0022-3808
12843:: 59β94.
12818:157908061
12810:0013-0117
12760:152650710
12752:0013-0117
12695:1361-4916
12473:0192-5121
12428:0022-0507
12124:. p. 607.
11862:8 January
11593:0362-4331
11378:"History"
11364:154088734
11356:1468-0289
11313:23 August
11297:: 57β71.
11166:19 August
10138:145599586
9577:23 August
9048:154692462
8925:143077444
8917:1479-2443
8696:The Times
8228:154401778
8212:0022-2186
8102:9 January
7904:. CNN.com
6824:0307-1235
6640:15 August
6429:0013-0117
6057:Footnotes
5869:Black Sea
5834:anthropo-
5712:wellbeing
5630:Max Weber
5358:Enclosure
5350:Louis XIV
5295:Econocide
5175:schools.
5081:Han Feizi
5073:Confucius
5057:Max Weber
4880:factories
4864:Enclosure
4844:feudalism
4826:Regional
4722:petroleum
4711:Sheffield
4494:In 1793,
4156:Charleroi
4099:In 1791,
3831:starved.
3735:Tolpuddle
3520:Self-Help
3476:, England
3352:company,
3342:urbanized
3327:Pall Mall
3295:McVitie's
3231:tableware
3225:in 1759,
3158:John Snow
3083:Edinburgh
3042:Corn Laws
2988:Karl Marx
2935:anarchism
2931:communism
2927:socialism
2878:hot blast
2865:in 1825.
2806:packhorse
2796:in 1823.
2649:quickly.
2634:Wagonways
2610:coal dust
2563:bell pits
2528:threshing
2405:oil lamps
2361:limestone
2353:sintering
2317:dyestuffs
2198:Chemicals
2110:James Fox
2067:fasteners
2063:windmills
2033:'s early
1821:Hot blast
1799:John Hall
1661:In 1750,
1650:In 1709,
1568:cast iron
1339:Wuppertal
1023:hot blast
1007:cast iron
792:Etymology
751:hot blast
697:that the
283:Space Age
204:Stone Age
23165:Category
22933:Natalism
22856:Eugenics
22604:Schengen
22534:Eurozone
22374:Property
22369:Religion
22260:Frankish
22250:Germanic
22230:Paganism
22151:Religion
22139:European
22051:Humanism
21954:Religion
21913:Painting
21879:Internet
21830:Folklore
21801:Clothing
21772:Calendar
21748:Cyrillic
21733:Alphabet
21696:Cold War
19986:Bank run
19119:Malaysia
19104:Botswana
19056:Pakistan
19046:Malaysia
18550:Scotland
18410:Inverted
18374:Recovery
18150:See also
18121:Cold War
17916:Crusades
17886:Valencia
17252:National
17247:Monopoly
17200:Dirigist
17169:Ideology
16919:Category
16847:business
16813:Aviation
16786:Internet
16692:Gambling
16599:The City
16564:services
16545:Forestry
16528:Scottish
16519:Fishing
16461:Fracking
16393:Pensions
16201:Aberdeen
16193:Scotland
16168:Northern
16138:Somerset
16046:Cornwall
16006:regions,
16004:Nations,
15788:Taxation
15373:Category
15099:Cromford
15089:Broseley
14811:Textiles
14630:Archived
14618:Archived
14606:Archived
14594:Archived
14582:Archived
14558:: 9β42.
14523:Archived
14491:Archived
14436:14 April
14430:Archived
14374:(2002).
14338:(1884).
14251:27-24075
14241:16011753
14195:(2010).
14055:(2003).
14022:(1969).
13996:(2017).
13978:Archived
13865:(2018).
13735:Archived
13641:(2004).
13580:12283330
13539:(1948).
13503:Archived
13465:Archived
13431:26744408
13380:Archived
13354:20535108
13270:30301899
13224:Archived
13170:Archived
13089:25 March
13080:Archived
13034:11607253
12917:cite web
12879:Archived
12699:Archived
12614:Archived
12385:Archived
12215:Archived
12140:Archived
12117:Archived
12052:Archived
12033:Archived
11944:Archived
11928:Archived
11892:Archived
11856:Archived
11743:Archived
11717:Archived
11661:Archived
11631:Archived
11597:Archived
11386:Archived
11307:Archived
11246:take-off
11217:18 March
11211:Archived
11116:Archived
11021:11 March
10976:Archived
10919:Archived
10855:Archived
10832:Archived
10790:Archived
10717:2 August
10691:2 August
10685:Archived
10593:Archived
10568:Archived
10544:22 March
10538:Archived
10536:. 2008.
10518:22 March
10512:Archived
10510:. 2008.
10486:Archived
10461:Archived
10442:Archived
10422:Archived
10315:29 April
10309:Archived
10285:17 March
10209:Archived
10079:Archived
10061:Archived
10041:Archived
10020:Archived
10000:Archived
9981:Archived
9961:Archived
9917:12 March
9911:Archived
9888:5 August
9882:Archived
9878:BBC News
9851:Archived
9820:Archived
9793:12 March
9787:Archived
9750:(1975).
9684:Archived
9654:Archived
9624:Archived
9571:Archived
9539:Archived
9447:Archived
9254:Archived
9218:(2004).
9171:Archived
9052:Archived
8983:23 April
8977:archived
8935:23 April
8929:Archived
8771:Archived
8738:Archived
8587:Archived
8481:(2000),
8394:Archived
8357:Archived
8333:Archived
8256:Archived
8096:Archived
8066:Archived
7898:Archived
7834:Archived
7795:Archived
7745:. UNESCO
7576:(1989).
7419:83016269
7395:(1984),
7225:Archived
7129:(1973),
7059:, 1837,
7043:95025377
7023:(eds.).
6970:27-24075
6953:archived
6949:16011753
6865:Archived
6828:Archived
6795:15 April
6768:Archived
6741:Archived
6708:(1992).
6634:Archived
6567:(2003).
6511:54816980
6344:Archived
6305:Archived
6099:Archived
5935:See also
5838:humanity
5742:autonomy
5732:Humanism
5680:Test Act
5634:Baptists
5561:such as
5434:spinning
5398:Voltaire
5372:and the
5298:(1977).
5255:consumer
5116:Marathas
5101:Buddhism
5085:Legalism
4926:medieval
4922:monastic
4916:was the
4767:Bayer AG
4684:pig iron
4664:Chemnitz
4530:.). The
4482:and the
4472:and the
4336:Norrland
4266:take-off
4239:Borinage
4217:Verviers
4190:Borinage
4148:Wallonia
3805:Ned Ludd
3784:Luddites
3753:chartist
3472:west of
3400:Pickwick
3386:Pickwick
3282:biscuits
3246:β
3227:Wedgwood
3209:Wedgwood
3194:printing
3178:Literacy
3172:Literacy
3119:in 1844
2953:landless
2820:Railways
2719:and the
2594:firedamp
2373:concrete
2365:grinding
2339:In 1824
2323:Concrete
2283:pickling
2245:to give
2144:Woolwich
2103:and the
2031:Maudslay
1945:Scotsman
1776:puddling
1699:Horsehay
1679:reducing
1645:charcoal
1629:puddling
1601:bloomery
1513:planters
1451:Cromford
1386:John Kay
1263:NΓΌrnberg
987:pig iron
983:charcoal
938:spinning
922:Textiles
862:Pomeranz
755:smelting
660:colonies
641:textiles
602:machines
592:and the
229:Iron Age
130:increase
79:Location
23154:Commons
22797:ecology
22748:biology
22449:Benelux
22354:Thought
22304:Atheism
22245:Finnish
22221:Culture
22216:Judaism
22178:Eastern
22174:Western
22169:Culture
22103:Paradox
21969:Decline
21930:Science
21806:History
21794:Studies
21777:Cuisine
21765:Periods
21725:Culture
21554:History
21520:Eastern
21515:Western
21466:culture
20086:Funding
20079:Capital
19894:(2011β)
19888:(2010β)
19882:(2008β)
19876:(2008β)
19825:(2002β)
19759:(1982β)
19124:Namibia
18712:1887β88
18654:1860β61
18645:1853β54
18636:1845β46
18607:1833β34
18604:1828β29
18595:1822β23
18545:England
18437:Rolling
18323:Chronic
17991:Baroque
17890:Majorca
17802:Francia
17506:Marxism
17368:Liberty
17312:Welfare
17272:Private
17222:Liberal
16988:General
16929:Commons
16896:Make UK
16803:Tourism
16769:Housing
16749:Exports
16712:Theatre
16577:Banking
16523:English
16419:Sectors
16364:Poverty
16317:Tourism
16312:Swansea
16297:History
16292:Fishing
16279:Cardiff
16246:Tourism
16226:History
16221:Fishing
16178:Belfast
16170:Ireland
16148:Tourism
16123:Reading
16071:Fishing
16051:Croydon
16041:Bristol
16016:England
15808:History
15781:Coinage
15511:Ottoman
15481:Chinese
15385:Commons
15283:Luddite
15192:Railway
15172:Factory
14854:People/
14417:no. 103
13471:14 June
13411:Bibcode
13403:Science
13293:Bibcode
13002:Bibcode
12620:22 July
12391:9 March
11826:1251689
11096:Walloon
10954:4206709
10852:excerpt
10850:(2005)
10180:(1987).
10167:(1930).
10154:(1919).
9909:. BBC.
9857:27 June
9826:27 June
9717:3 April
9690:17 June
9512:29 June
9403:(1983).
9390:(1977).
9374:3825891
9321:3825462
8837:2597761
8744:28 July
8702:19 July
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