Industrial Revolution

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first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain, but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain's. However, German unification in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was the support of industrialisation, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and pulled ahead of France.

8691: 908:, to provide excess manpower and food; a pool of managerial and entrepreneurial skills; available ports, rivers, canals, and roads to cheaply move raw materials and outputs; natural resources such as coal, iron, and waterfalls; political stability and a legal system that supported business; and financial capital available to invest. Once industrialisation began in Great Britain, new factors can be added: the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial expertise and the willingness to import the process. Britain met the criteria and industrialized starting in the 18th century, and then it exported the process to western Europe (especially Belgium, France, and the German states) in the early 19th century. The United States copied the British model in the early 19th century, and Japan copied the Western European models in the late 19th century. 5141:, the presence of a large number of European states, made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive, as entrepreneurs, innovators, ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities. This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced, large unitary empires such as China and India by providing "an insurance against economic and technological stagnation". China had both a printing press and movable type, and India had similar levels of scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700, yet the Industrial Revolution would occur in Europe, not China or India. In Europe, political fragmentation was coupled with an "integrated market for ideas" where Europe's intellectuals used the 4245:, where there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making, urbanisation was fast. During these eighty years, the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred, concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region. Nevertheless, industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres, but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal mine or a factory. Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than, for instance, the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows. 1365: 1961:, which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder thereby making the low-pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere; use of a steam jacket; and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber. The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam. Likewise, the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder, also improving efficiency. These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton and Watt's engines used only 20–25% as much coal per horsepower-hour as Newcomen's. Boulton and Watt opened the 4996: 2027: 5410:, a place more venerable than many courts of justice, where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind. There the Jew, the Mahometan , and the Christian transact together, as though they all professed the same religion, and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts. There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist, and the Churchman depends on the Quaker's word. If one religion only were allowed in England, the Government would very possibly become arbitrary; if there were but two, the people would cut one another's throats; but as there are such a multitude, they all live happy and in peace." 4225:

century this region (Flanders), with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 percent, remained one of the most urbanised in the world. By comparison, this proportion reached only 17 percent in Wallonia, barely 10 percent in most West European countries, 16 percent in France, and 25 percent in Britain. Nineteenth-century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure, except in Ghent... Also, in Wallonia, the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process, even though the proportion of city-dwellers rose from 17 to 45 percent between 1831 and 1910. Especially in the

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was then twisted by the spindle. The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length. Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread. The top rollers were leather-covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight. The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers. The bottom rollers were wood and metal, with fluting along the length. The water frame was able to produce a hard, medium-count thread suitable for warp, finally allowing 100% cotton cloth to be made in Britain. Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in

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remove it. Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work. Few puddlers lived to be 40. Because puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace, coal or coke could be used as fuel. The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by mild steel. Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs, it was never successfully mechanised. Rolling was an important part of the puddling process because the grooved rollers expelled most of the molten slag and consolidated the mass of hot wrought iron. Rolling was 15 times faster at this than a

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played a vital role in running farms and in some trades and landed estates. Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands. However, Clark argues, as capitalism expanded in the 17th century, there was more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home, and the wife was reduced to unpaid household work. Middle- and upper-class women were confined to an idle domestic existence, supervising servants; lower-class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs. Capitalism, therefore, had a negative effect on powerful women.

5026:. A recent account argued that Europeans have been characterized for thousands of years by a freedom-loving culture originating from the aristocratic societies of early Indo-European invaders. Many historians, however, have challenged this explanation as being not only Eurocentric, but also ignoring historical context. In fact, before the Industrial Revolution, "there existed something of a global economic parity between the most advanced regions in the world economy." These historians have suggested a number of other factors, including education, technological changes (see 5184: 2831: 4656: 3687:, were passed in Britain: children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the workday of youth under age 18 was limited to twelve hours. Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law; however, their scarcity made enforcement difficult. About ten years later, the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden. Although laws such as these decreased the number of child labourers, child labour remained significantly present in Europe and the United States until the 20th century. 2042: 5767: 5539:

century before, all European countries and America engaged in study-touring; some nations, like Sweden and France, even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy. In other countries, notably Britain and America, this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods. Study tours were common then, as now, as was the keeping of travel diaries. Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods.

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especially in textile mills children as young as eight proved useful in handling chores and adding to the family income. Indeed, children were taken out of school to work alongside their parents in the factories. However, by the mid-19th century, unskilled labor forces were common in Western Europe, and British industry moved upscale, needing many more engineers and skilled workers who could handle technical instructions and handle complex situations. Literacy was essential to be hired. A senior government official told Parliament in 1870:

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and in spa towns such as Bath and Harrogate. Prosperity and expansion in manufacturing industries such as pottery and metalware increased consumer choice dramatically. Where once labourers ate from metal platters with wooden implements, ordinary workers now dined on Wedgwood porcelain. Consumers came to demand an array of new household goods and furnishings: metal knives and forks, for example, as well as rugs, carpets, mirrors, cooking ranges, pots, pans, watches, clocks, and a dizzying array of furniture. The age of

4823: 2403:, an employee of Boulton & Watt. The process consisted of the large-scale gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of the gas (removal of sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons), and its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820. They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK. Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or 5971: 1894: 5515: 1624: 5418:

cities and population shrank. Without coal, Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s. Based on science and experimentation from the continent, the steam engine was developed specifically for pumping water out of mines, many of which in Britain had been mined to below the water table. Although extremely inefficient they were economical because they used unsaleable coal. Iron rails were developed to transport coal, which was a major economic sector in Britain.

2664: 61: 1866: 14846: 2080:. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms. Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws, and chisels. Consequently, the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum. Hand methods of production were laborious and costly, and precision was difficult to achieve. 1144:, operational by 1721. Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy; however, because the Italian silk industry guarded its secrets closely, the state of the industry at that time is unknown. Although Lombe's factory was technically successful, the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition. In order to promote manufacturing, the Crown paid for models of Lombe's machinery which were exhibited in the 1093:. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or occasionally in master weavers' shops. Wages in Lancashire were about six times those in India in 1770 when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India. In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines. The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, which increased to 588 million pounds in 1850. 2416: 4330:, with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter. This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s. Between 1815 and 1850, the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries. This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in 1534:; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed the use of power—first horsepower and then water power—which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry. Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling) so that the supply of 1559: 3970: 23161: 16915: 15368: 3002:, say that the real effect of the Industrial Revolution was that "for the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists, even as a theoretical possibility." Others argue that while the growth of the economy's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution, 1441:, which he patented in 1770. It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles. The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel, by first clamping down on the fibres, then by drawing them out, followed by twisting. It was a simple, wooden framed machine that only cost about £6 for a 40-spindle model in 1792 and was used mainly by home spinners. The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft, not warp. 4200:." Professor Michel De Coster stated: "The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world, in proportion to its population and its territory But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal-mines, the blast furnaces, the iron and zinc factories, the wool industry, the glass industry, the weapons industry... were concentrated." Many of the 19th-century coal mines in Wallonia are now protected as 5957: 5462: 1210: 1072: 3541:

1900, most industrial workers in the United States worked a 10-hour day (12 hours in the steel industry), yet earned 20–40% less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life; however, most workers in textiles, which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment, were women and children. For workers of the labouring classes, industrial life "was a stony desert, which they had to make habitable by their own efforts."

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spindle and the lead screw. Before its invention, screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs, some of which copied from a template. The slide rest lathe was called one of history's most important inventions. Although it was not entirely Maudslay's idea, he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw, slide rest, and change gears.

5546:, in which members met to discuss natural philosophy and often its application to manufacturing. The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809, and it has been said of them, "They were, if you like, the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth-century revolutions, the Industrial Revolution". Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions. For example, the London-based 5943: 5318: 1330: 3510:

households. The second stage was the "family wage economy" of early industrialisation; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members, including husband, wife, and older children. The third or modern stage is the "family consumer economy", in which the family is the site of consumption, and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption.

5383:, and British society's greater receptiveness to change (compared with other European countries) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution. Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement, and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism. (This point is also made in 4694: 3561: 3594:

transportation. Still, many did not find a satisfactory life in their new homes, leading 7 million of them to return to Europe. This mass migration had large demographic effects: in 1800, less than 1% of the world population consisted of overseas Europeans and their descendants; by 1930, they represented 11%. The Americas felt the brunt of this huge emigration, largely concentrated in the United States.

5314:). Britain's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods. The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain's geographical position—an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe. 1579: 23149: 16925: 15380: 2328: 732:. According to Cambridge historian Leigh Shaw-Taylor, Britain was already industrialising in the 17th century, and "Our database shows that a groundswell of enterprise and productivity transformed the economy in the 17th century, laying the foundations for the world's first industrial economy. Britain was already a nation of makers by the year 1700" and "the history of Britain needs to be rewritten". 3064: 4420: 1350: 5231:"An unprecedented explosion of new ideas, and new technological inventions, transformed our use of energy, creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country. Roads, railways and canals were built. Great cities appeared. Scores of factories and mills sprang up. Our landscape would never be the same again. It was a revolution that transformed not only the country, but the world itself." 2065:; carpenters made wooden framing; and smiths and turners made metal parts. Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal parts and frames became more common. Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded 161: 1115: 5414:

brick and slate had replaced wood, charcoal, flax, peat and thatch. The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not. Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse's work was mechanised. A workhorse needs 1.2 to 2.0 ha (3 to 5 acres) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy.

7833: 148: 4196:...there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making...". Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830: "It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain." "The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth-making town of 5867:. Researchers have documented the movement of many species into regions formerly too cold for them, often at rates faster than initially expected. This has occurred in part as a result of changing climate, but also in response to farming and fishing, and to the accidental introduction of non-native species to new areas through global travel. The ecosystem of the entire 1097:

manufactured in Britain was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.

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pumps. They were extremely inefficient by modern standards, but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads, they opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper. Despite their disadvantages, Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century.

3348:. Scores of street sellers 'cried' merchandise from place to place, advertising the wealth of goods and services on offer. Milkmaids, orange sellers, fishwives and piemen, for example, all walked the streets offering their various wares for sale, while knife grinders and the menders of broken chairs and furniture could be found on street corners". An early 5376:. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and water power resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry. Also, the damp, mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton, providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry. 5159:

varied network of exchange in history", Europe advanced as the leader of the Industrial Revolution. In the Americas, Europeans found a windfall of silver, timber, fish, and maize, leading historian Peter Stearns to conclude that "Europe's Industrial Revolution stemmed in great part from Europe's ability to draw disproportionately on world resources."

2907:. Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution. After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories. 2281:) produced from hardwood ashes. These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions, replacing many small-scale operations with more cost-effective and controllable processes. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. Early uses for sulfuric acid included 4001:) given off by the Leblanc process used to produce soda ash. An alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution. The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded, culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke, grit, dust, and fumes under supervision. 7817: 2170:. These machines were all-metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability. The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools, and in his workshops, he trained a generation of men to build on his work, such as 3671:

industrial system was new, there were no experienced adult labourers. This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children.

2319:, and Germany took world leadership, building a strong chemical industry. Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860–1914 era to learn the latest techniques. British scientists by contrast, lacked research universities and did not train advanced students; instead, the practice was to hire German-trained chemists. 5686:, in particular, were very involved in education, by running Dissenting Academies, where, in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow, much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences – areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies. 2925:, demanding new ideas for managing large groups of individuals. Visible poverty on one hand and growing population and materialistic wealth on the other caused tensions between the very rich and the poorest people within society. These tensions were sometimes violently released and led to philosophical ideas such as 2900:, linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool. The opening was marred by problems caused by the primitive nature of the technology being employed; however, problems were gradually solved, and the railway became highly successful, transporting passengers and freight. 1317:. Occasionally, the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver. Under the putting-out system, home-based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers, who often supplied the raw materials. In the off-season, the women, typically farmers' wives, did the spinning and the men did the weaving. Using the 4096:, especially Bohemia, became the centre of industrialisation due to its natural and human resources. The iron industry had developed in the Alpine regions after 1750, with smaller centers in Bohemia and Moravia. Hungary—the eastern half of the Dual Monarchy, was heavily rural with little industry before 1870. 1666:

contained harmful amounts. Conversion of coal to coke only slightly reduces the sulfur content. A minority of coals are coking. Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution was the scarcity of water power to power blast bellows. This limitation was overcome by the steam engine.

5694:, such as traditional financiers or other businessmen. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. 5166:

around the end of the first millennium. The city-states were prosperous cities that were independent from feudal lords. They were largely republics whose governments were typically composed of merchants, manufacturers, members of guilds, bankers and financiers. The Italian city-states built a network

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by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines, thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development. However, monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance, or even overbalance, the beneficial effects of publicising

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During the late 18th and early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise, the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy. The building of roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were

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involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain. Eventually, effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to

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before 1712. Newcomen engines were installed for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines, with the engine on the surface; these were large machines, requiring a significant amount of capital to build, and produced upwards of 3.5 kW (5 hp). They were also used to power municipal water supply

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was an important element of the Industrial Revolution; however, during the early period of the Industrial Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water and wind. In Britain, by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam. By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp.

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Puddling became widely used after 1800. Up to that time, British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of iron imported from Sweden and Russia to supplement domestic supplies. Because of the increased British production, imports began to decline in 1785, and by the 1790s Britain eliminated

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In 1750, the UK imported 31,200 tons of bar iron and either refined from cast iron or directly produced 18,800 tons of bar iron using charcoal and 100 tons using coke. In 1796, the UK was making 125,000 tons of bar iron with coke and 6,400 tons with charcoal; imports were 38,000 tons and exports were

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Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine. Marketing professor Ronald Fullerton suggested that innovative marketing

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in the east (except part of North Flanders, in another period of the industrial revolution, after 1920). Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain, the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different. In 'Breaking stereotypes', Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say:

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The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812–1820. The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers. The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits. They usually lost and modified the worst practices. The City of London repeatedly

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The traditional centres of hand textile production such as India, parts of the Middle East, and later China could not withstand the competition from machine-made textiles, which over a period of decades destroyed the hand-made textile industries and left millions of people without work, many of whom

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Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law, but factory owners resisted; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation, and others simply welcomed the cheap labour. In 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against child

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Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high-pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800. High-pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere, doing away with the condenser and cooling water. They were also much lighter weight and

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Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal. These were all horse-drawn or relied on gravity, with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline. The

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Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for making hardware goods such as nails, wire, hinges, horseshoes, wagon tires, chains, etc., as well as structural shapes. A small amount of bar iron was converted into steel. Cast iron was used for pots, stoves, and other items where

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held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s, and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the

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with respect to material advancement. The Industrial Revolution influenced in some way almost every aspect of daily life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists have said the most important effect of the Industrial Revolution was

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The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain's industrial growth. Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships. For instance, the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings. With a

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Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and Britain had the highest quality coal in Europe. Britain also had a large number of sites for water

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of the mid 14th century, followed by other epidemics, until the population reached a low in the 14th century. This created labour shortages and led to falling food prices and a peak in real wages around 1500, after which population growth began reducing wages. After 1540, increasing precious metals

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From 1850 to 1890, Sweden experienced its "first" Industrial Revolution with a veritable explosion in export, dominated by crops, wood, and steel. Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873. Large infrastructural investments were

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In addition, between 1815 and 1939, 20% of Europe's population left home, pushed by poverty, a rapidly growing population, and the displacement of peasant farming and artisan manufacturing. They were pulled abroad by the enormous demand for labour overseas, the ready availability of land, and cheap

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argues that when capitalism arrived in 17th-century England, it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance. Clark argues that in 16th-century England, women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture. The home was a central unit of production, and women

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and Wales, which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million. Improved conditions led to the

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With the rapid growth of towns and cities, shopping became an important part of everyday life. Window shopping and the purchase of goods became a cultural activity in its own right, and many exclusive shops were opened in elegant urban districts: in the Strand and Piccadilly in London, for example,

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Upon the speedy provision of elementary education depends are industrial prosperity. It is of no use trying to give technical teaching to our citizens without elementary education; uneducated labourers—and many of our labourers are utterly uneducated—are, for the most part, unskilled labourers, and

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The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children, including many orphans. They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off. It was common for women to take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work. Lack

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agricultural labourers. It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn, weave cloth and make their own clothing. Households also spun and wove for market production. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, India, China, and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the

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in 1828, was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron. By using preheated combustion air, the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one-third using coke or two-thirds using coal; the efficiency gains continued as the

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who, along with two partners, patented it in 1769. The design was partly based on a spinning machine built by Kay, who was hired by Arkwright. For each spindle the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers, each operating at a successively higher rotating speed, to draw out the fibre which

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in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society". Although Engels wrote his book in the 1840s, it was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and his expression did not enter everyday language until then. Credit for

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Britain's population grew 280% from 1550 to 1820, while the rest of Western Europe grew 50–80%. Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain from 1750 to 1800. By 1800, only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain. This was only possible because coal, coke, imported cotton,

5130:. In addition, the economy was highly dependent on two sectors—agriculture of subsistence and cotton, and there appears to have been little technical innovation. It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by monarchs prior to the British take over. 4368:

leaders decided to catch up with the West. The government built railroads, improved roads, and inaugurated a land reform program to prepare the country for further development. It inaugurated a new Western-based education system for all young people, sent thousands of students to the United States

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Technological change accelerated industrialisation and urbanisation. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.76% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favourably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%). However, in a comparison

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The Industrial Revolution in continental Europe came later than in Great Britain. It started in Belgium and France, then spread to the German states by the middle of the 19th century. In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places. Typically, the

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mortality rates were reduced markedly. There was still limited opportunity for education, and children were expected to work. Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine, and since the

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in England from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century had seen a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. With improvements in transport and manufacturing technology, opportunities for buying

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In the 18th century, there were relatively high levels of literacy among farmers in England and Scotland. This permitted the recruitment of literate craftsmen, skilled workers, foremen, and managers who supervised the emerging textile factories and coal mines. Much of the labour was unskilled, and

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Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century with new public health acts regulating things such as sewage, hygiene, and home construction. In the introduction of his 1892 edition, Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved. For example, the

3127:

had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings. There were no sanitary facilities. The population density was extremely high. However, not everyone lived in such poor conditions. The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen, clerks, foremen, and engineers

3032:

Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norms for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France until the late 19th century. Until about 1750, malnutrition limited life expectancy in France to about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain. The United States population of

2726:

By the 1820s a national network was in existence. Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways. They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on. The last major

2648:

The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread

1685:

to metal. This has the advantage that impurities (such as sulphur ash) in the coal do not migrate into the metal. This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687. It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s, but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an

5425:

has argued that high wages, cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur. These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development, and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies. However, two

5417:

In 1700, five-sixths of the coal mined worldwide was in Britain, while the Netherlands had none; so despite having Europe's best transport, lowest taxes, and most urbanised, well-paid, and literate population, it failed to industrialise. In the 18th century, it was the only European country whose

3948:

Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton; previously, it had primarily been consumed in subtropical regions where it was grown, with little raw cotton available for export. Consequently, prices of raw cotton rose. British production grew from 2 million pounds in 1700 to 5 million

3737:

in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s. They refused to work for less than ten shillings per week, although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings per week and were due to be further reduced to

3540:

of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. As late as

2978:

Some early spinning and weaving machinery, such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792, was affordable for cottagers. Later machinery such as spinning frames, spinning mules and power looms were expensive (especially if water-powered), giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories.

1665:

had generally replaced charcoal in the smelting of copper and lead and was in widespread use in glass production. In the smelting and refining of iron, coal and coke produced inferior iron to that made with charcoal because of the coal's sulfur content. Low sulfur coals were known, but they still

1244:

where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe. By the mid-1760s, cloth was over three-quarters of the East India Company's exports. Indian textiles were in demand in the North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available; however, the number of

5538:

Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means. Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached. A common method was for someone to make a study tour, gathering information where he could. During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the

5158:

In addition, Europe's monarchs desperately needed revenue, pushing them into alliances with their merchant classes. Small groups of merchants were granted monopolies and tax-collecting responsibilities in exchange for payments to the state. Located in a region "at the hub of the largest and most

4616:

from metal. Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms. The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory. Techniques for precision machining using machine

4067:

in 1867 included 23 million inhabitants in 1800, growing to 36 million by 1870. Nationally, the per capita rate of industrial growth averaged about 3% between 1818 and 1870. However, there were strong regional differences. The railway system was built in the 1850–1873 period. Before they arrived

3085:

and London. The critical factor was financing, which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms. Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure. P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants. People moved in so rapidly there was not

3017:

During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829. The effects on living conditions have been controversial and were hotly

2851:

A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds, or one ton. A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment, that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration. Twelve wagons were loaded with stones, till each wagon weighed three

2758:

France was known for having an excellent system of roads at the time of the Industrial Revolution; however, most of the roads on the European continent and in the UK were in bad condition and dangerously rutted. Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local

1549:

Although mechanisation dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth, by the mid-19th century machine-woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand-woven Indian cloth, in part because of the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India, which allowed high thread

1156:

Parts of India, China, Central America, South America, and the Middle East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles, which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD. In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown, most was grown by small farmers alongside their food

4307:

Germany's political disunity—with three dozen states—and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines linked the major cities; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Lacking a technological base at

4224:

The Industrial Revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one, but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium. During the Middle Ages and the early modern period, Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres at the beginning of the nineteenth

2158:

for the production of high-security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship. Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe. Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe, which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the

1785:

Puddling was a means of decarburizing molten pig iron by slow oxidation in a reverberatory furnace by manually stirring it with a long rod. The decarburized iron, having a higher melting point than cast iron, was raked into globs by the puddler. When the glob was large enough, the puddler would

5889:

During the Industrial Revolution, an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed, associated with the Romantic movement. Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialisation, urbanisation and the

3802:

workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry. Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver. Many such

2846:

Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800, the rolling mill for making rails, and the development of the high-pressure steam engine also around 1800. Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to

2304:, revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required (from months to days) for the traditional process then in use, which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk. Tennant's 1754:

In addition to lower cost and greater availability, coke had other important advantages over charcoal in that it was harder and made the column of materials (iron ore, fuel, slag) flowing down the blast furnace more porous and did not crush in the much taller furnaces of the late 19th century.

748:

An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as their markets matured; and despite the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, and

5689:

Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with the nature of the national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government, they were considered fellow Protestants, to a limited extent, by many in the

2584:

The introduction of the steam pump by Thomas Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper, enabling more coal to be extracted. These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution, but the

4490:

in 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the largest cotton mill of its era, and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future. This mill was designed to use horsepower, but the operators quickly learned that the horse-drawn platform was economically

4025:

required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke. It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke. The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions, such as soot, ash, and gritty

3721:

forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted. One British newspaper in 1834 described unions as "the most dangerous institutions that were ever permitted to take root, under shelter of law, in any country..."

3709:

to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost

3484:

and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities, compared to nearly 50% by the beginning of the 21st century.

3233:

was starting to become a common feature on dining tables. Rising prosperity and social mobility in the 18th century increased the number of people with disposable income for consumption, and the marketing of goods (of which Wedgwood was a pioneer) for individuals, as opposed to items for the

1851:. The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries, such as those making nails, hinges, wire, and other hardware items. The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron, causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries. 1096:

The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22.4% in 1831. Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1% in 1801. Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth

3006:

for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries and that in many ways workers' living standards declined under early capitalism: some studies have estimated that real wages in Britain only increased 15% between the 1780s and 1850s and that

2087:

invented by John Wilkinson in 1774. It was designed to bore the large cylinders on early steam engines. Wilkinson's machine was the first to use the principle of line-boring, where the tool is supported on both ends, unlike earlier designs used for boring cannon that relied on a less stable

3509:

argues that capitalism created the conditions for women's emancipation. Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women, finding three stages in English history. In the pre-industrial era, production was mostly for home use, and women produced much of the needs of the

1750:

as well as the use of low sulfur coal. The use of lime or limestone required higher furnace temperatures to form a free-flowing slag. The increased furnace temperature made possible by improved blowing also increased the capacity of blast furnaces and allowed for increased furnace height.

1157:

crops and was spun and woven in households, largely for domestic consumption. In the 15th century, China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth. By the 17th century, almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing. Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a

1658:. However, the coke pig iron he made was not suitable for making wrought iron and was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods, such as pots and kettles. He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots, cast by his patented process, were thinner and cheaper than theirs. 1192:

of Georgia and South Carolina but did poorly inland. Sea island cotton began being exported from Barbados in the 1650s. Upland green seeded cotton grew well on inland areas of the southern U.S. but was not economical because of the difficulty of removing seed, a problem solved by the

3433:) where there was a charge of one penny for carriage and delivery between any two places in the United Kingdom irrespective of distance—and the goods were delivered throughout the UK via the newly created railway system. As the railway network expanded overseas, so did his business. 4150:(French-speaking southern Belgium) took the lead. Starting in the middle of the 1820s, and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830, numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around 2710:

its construction cost £168,000 (£22,589,130 as of 2013), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building, known as

4008:

In industrial cities local experts and reformers, especially after 1890, took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution, and initiating grass-roots movements to demand and achieve reforms. Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution. The

3770:

societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship. Enlightened industrialists, such as Robert Owen supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class. Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike. In 1842, a

4169:

Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion. Thanks to coal (the French word "houille" was coined in Wallonia), the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain. But it is also pointed out by many researchers, with its

10409:

The decrease beginning in the second half of the 18th century was due mainly to declining adult mortality. Sustained decline of the mortality rates for the age groups 5–10, 10–15, and 15–25 began in the mid-19th century, while that for the age group 0–5 began three decades

6585:

it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita

3678:

Reports were written detailing some of the abuses, particularly in the coal mines and textile factories, and these helped to popularise the children's plight. The public outcry, especially among the upper and middle classes, helped stir change in the young workers' welfare.

4342:

made during this period, mainly in the expanding railroad network, which was financed in part by the government and in part by private enterprises. From 1890 to 1930, new industries developed with their focus on the domestic market: mechanical engineering, power utilities,

4932:

The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed tolls and

3807:, a folklore figure. The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811. The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures using the militia or army to protect industry. Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or 2975:, and were responsible for the sale of the goods. Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems. The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting-out system. 2857:

first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways (as they were then often called from the cast-iron plates used). Horse-drawn public railways begin in the early 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs.

4338:. Several important institutional changes took place in this period, such as free and mandatory schooling introduced in 1842 (as the first country in the world), the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846, and a stock company law in 1848. 1105:

The earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant but far less than that of cotton.

4476:, which has fast-moving rivers. The newer water-powered production lines proved more economical than horse-drawn production. In the late 19th century steam-powered manufacturing overtook water-powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest. 3590:", and the world's first industrial city. Manchester experienced a six-times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831. Bradford grew by 50% every ten years between 1811 and 1851, and by 1851 only 50% of the population of Bradford were actually born there. 3215:

Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils, and in the following decades, stoves for cooking and space heating. Coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco, and chocolate became affordable to many in Europe. The

5040:, by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners. China was also a totalitarian society. It also taxed transported goods heavily. Modern estimates of per capita income in Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in 3674:

Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders, 10–20% of an adult male's wage.

3367:

described penny dreadfuls as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young", and "the Victorian equivalent of video games". By the 1860s and 1870s more than one million boys' periodicals were sold per week. Labelled an "authorpreneur" by

2541:

Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass-producing agricultural equipment, such as reapers, binders, and combine harvesters.

1161:. In India, a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets, often produced by professional weavers. Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops. India produced a variety of cotton cloth, some of exceptionally fine quality. 3464: 2763:

were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads. Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust. New engineered roads were built by

4467:

The United States originally used horse-powered machinery for small-scale applications such as grain milling, but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s. As a result, industrialisation was concentrated in

3152:

Pre-industrial water supply relied on gravity systems, and pumping of water was done by water wheels. Pipes were typically made of wood. Steam-powered pumps and iron pipes allowed the widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households.

1828:

technology improved. Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces, increasing their capacity. Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron. This meant that lower quality coal could be used in areas where

2507:

of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five. Tull's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an effect. Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century.

1610:

production was 24,500 and coke iron was 2,500 tons. In 1788, the production of charcoal cast iron was 14,000 tons while coke iron production was 54,000 tons. In 1806, charcoal cast iron production was 7,800 tons and coke cast iron was 250,000 tons.

9960: 1935:

By 1729, when Newcomen died, his engines had spread to Hungary in 1722, and then to Germany, Austria, and Sweden. A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired, of which 14 were abroad. In the 1770s the engineer

3033:

the time was adequately fed, much taller on average, and had a life expectancy of 45–50 years, although U.S. life expectancy declined by a few years by the mid 19th century. Food consumption per capita also declined during an episode known as the

2816:. Productivity of road transport increased greatly during the Industrial Revolution, and the cost of travel fell dramatically. Between 1690 and 1840 productivity almost tripled for long-distance carrying and increased four-fold in stage coaching. 6070:

fleet as large as the Royal Navy, and with these fittings needing to be replaced every four to five years, this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion. The industrial manufacture of rope can also be seen as a similar factor.

1502:

which he patented in 1785. In 1776, he patented a two-man operated loom. Cartwright's loom design had several flaws, the most serious being thread breakage. Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813. Horock's loom was improved by

5305:

of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies, particularly China and Russia. Britain emerged from the

4072:) regions, proto-industrialisation began by 1750 and became the center of the first phases of the Industrial Revolution after 1800. The textile industry was the main factor, utilising mechanisation, steam engines, and the factory system. In the 1713:

installed similar steam-pumped, water-powered blowing cylinders at the Dale Company when he took control in 1768. The Dale Company used several Newcomen engines to drain its mines and made parts for engines which it sold throughout the country.

5257:

revolution. These advancements also greatly benefitted British society as a whole. Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions.

4491:

unstable, and had economic losses for years. Despite the losses, the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation, both in turning a large amount of cotton, but also developing the water-powered milling structure used in Slater's Mill.

2534:, a laborious job that took about one-quarter of agricultural labour. Lower labor requirements subsequently result in lowered wages and numbers of farm labourers, who faced near starvation, leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the 2443:. They became the leading producers of window and plate glass. This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings. 1805:) for the furnace bottom, greatly reducing the loss of iron through increased slag caused by a sand lined bottom. The tap cinder also tied up some phosphorus, but this was not understood at the time. Hall's process also used iron scale or 2852:

tons, and the wagons were fastened together. A horse was then attached, which drew the wagons with ease, six miles in two hours, having stopped four times, in order to show he had the power of starting, as well as drawing his great load.

1491:. Crompton's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost. Mule-spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as a warp and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities. 1279:

who did not consider cotton a threat. Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th-century Italy and 15th-century southern Germany, but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off. The

5774:

Primitivism argues that the Industrial Revolution have created an un-natural frame of society and the world in which humans need to adapt to an un-natural urban landscape in which humans are perpetual cogs without personal autonomy.

4629:. The Blanchard lathe, or pattern tracing lathe, was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks. The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardised and interchangeable parts became known as the 3585:

contributed to the growth of urban areas as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories. Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, nicknamed

4781:

The New Industrialist movement advocates for increasing domestic manufacturing while reducing emphasis on a financial-based economy that relies on real estate and trading speculative assets. New Industrialism has been described as

3949:

pounds in 1781 to 56 million in 1800. The invention of the cotton gin by American Eli Whitney in 1792 was the decisive event. It allowed green-seeded cotton to become profitable, leading to the widespread growth of the large slave

1388:—with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747—doubled the output of a weaver, worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving. It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John's son, 4636:

Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanised the shoe industry and the watch industry. The industrialisation of the watch industry started in 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the

4549:, was the birthplace of America's Industrial Revolution. At its peak over 1,100 mills operated in this valley, including Slater's Mill, and with it the earliest beginnings of America's industrial and technological development. 5275:

in financing the Industrial Revolution. Williams argued that European capital amassed from slavery was vital in the early years of the revolution, contending that the rise of industrial capitalism was the driving force behind

4005:

indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish. Finally, Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity. The industry reached the U.S. around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits.

916:

The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:

3803:

unemployed workers, weavers, and others turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of

1507:

in 1822, and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts, Hill & Co. Roberts was additionally a maker of high-quality machine tools and a pioneer in the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement.

2640:

had not yet been widely constructed. Animals supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea. The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century, with

2261:. Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulfide. The process produced a large amount of pollution (the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the atmosphere, and calcium sulfide was a 3284:

became products for the masses, thanks to the Industrial Revolution and the consumers it created. By the mid-19th century, sweet biscuits were an affordable indulgence and business was booming. Manufacturers such as

8928: 3221:

and selling became faster and more efficient than previous. The expanding textile trade in the north of England meant the three-piece suit became affordable to the masses. Founded by potter and retail entrepreneur

1737:

had great difficulty trying to have a cylinder made for his first steam engine. In 1774 Wilkinson invented a precision boring machine for boring cylinders. After Wilkinson bored the first successful cylinder for a

1550:

counts. However, the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand-spun and woven fabric in low-wage India, eventually destroying the Indian industry.

15927: 2193:

for firearms in the early 19th century. In the half-century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools, the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy, by value added.

18234: 4928:

cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later, more physical, manifestations such as the steam engine.

4673:

is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a "Second Industrial Revolution", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of

5010:. European 17th-century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported and enabled 18th-century industrial growth. 3742:

to complain about the union, invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other, which the members of the Friendly Society had done. Six men were arrested, found guilty, and

2214:(James Watt's first partner) in 1746. He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger, less expensive chambers made of 966:

increased so that they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses. The high-pressure engine had a high

4510:, England, and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789, hoping to make money with his knowledge. After founding Slater's Mill, he went on to own 13 textile mills. 2803:

was able to reach the rest of the country. Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow, broad-wheeled carts hauled by teams of horses. Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of

4834:

The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate. Geographic factors include Britain's vast mineral resources. In addition to metal ores, Britain had the highest quality

8586: 5601:

Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century, and many regularly included notice of the latest patents. Foreign periodicals, such as the

1725:

for blast furnaces. The blowing cylinder for blast furnaces was introduced in 1760 and the first blowing cylinder made of cast iron is believed to be the one used at Carrington in 1768 that was designed by

9957: 12724: 4044:

in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of Britain. Most European governments provided state funding to the new industries. In some cases (such as

3604:

In other industries, the transition to factory production was not so divisive. Some industrialists tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers. One of the earliest such reformers was

1742:

steam engine in 1776, he was given an exclusive contract for providing cylinders. After Watt developed a rotary steam engine in 1782, they were widely applied to blowing, hammering, rolling and slitting.

11502:

Bagnall, William R. The Textile Industries of the United States: Including Sketches and Notices of Cotton, Woolen, Silk, and Linen Manufacturers in the Colonial Period. Vol. I. The Riverside Press, 1893.

2491:

freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy. In contrast, per-capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or declining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century.

2107:

were developed in the early decades of the 19th century. Although the milling machine was invented at this time, it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century.

5585:

contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution, very well illustrated by fine engravings. Foreign printed sources such as the

5310:

as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse, and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size (European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the

3359:

Increased literacy rates, industrialisation, and the invention of the railway created a new market for cheap popular literature for the masses and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale.

2585:

adoption of John Smeaton's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines, making mines more profitable. The

1574:

is separated from the iron to prevent constituents of the coal, such as sulfur and silica, from becoming impurities in the iron. Iron production increased due to the ability to use mined coal directly.

9786: 2739:. However, it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways, which were quicker and often cheaper. 1976:

had constructed 496 engines, with 164 driving reciprocating pumps, 24 serving blast furnaces, and 308 powering mill machinery; most of the engines generated from 3.5 to 7.5 kW (5 to 10 hp).

1972:

rotative type, which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill. Both of Watt's basic engine types were commercially very successful, and by 1800 the firm

4446:

in the United States. The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts was the basis for the rise of the US as the world's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century.

20583: 1790:. A different use of rolling, which was done at lower temperatures than that for expelling slag, was in the production of iron sheets, and later structural shapes such as beams, angles, and rails. 6527:

Szreter & Mooney; Mooney (February 1998). "Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities".

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Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed. It had a dense population for its small geographical size.

1995:

began to construct higher-pressure non-condensing steam engines, exhausting against the atmosphere. High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail

4686:

into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality. Bessemer steel was being displaced by the

3957:

were highly efficient and profitable and were able to keep up with demand. The U.S. Civil War created a "cotton famine" that led to increased production in other areas of the world, including

8737: 3168:. Snow's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted, but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems. 2679:

Before and during the Industrial Revolution navigation on several British rivers was improved by removing obstructions, straightening curves, widening and deepening, and building navigation

16426: 3456:

population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 30 million in the 19th century. Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.

3044:(1815–1846) which imposed tariffs on imported grain. The laws were enacted to keep prices high in order to benefit domestic producers. The Corn Laws were repealed in the early years of the 1983:, built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine-house, but soon various patterns of self-contained rotative engines (readily removable but not on wheels) were developed, such as the 1523:. A man using a cotton gin could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would previously have taken two months to process, working at the rate of one pound of cotton per day. 4898:

of the 17th century. A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth, thereby encouraging economic development.

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and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until the flour was discharged into a wagon. This is considered to be the first modern

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British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India's labour cost was approximately one-fifth to one-sixth that of Britain's. In 1700 and 1721, the British government passed

4268:. Instead, France's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries. However, some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy-Leboyer: 10308: 7893:

Author Simon Winchester dates the start of the Industrial Revolution to 4 May 1776, the day that John Wilkinson presented James Watt with his precision-made cylinder. (19 August 2018)

2754:

Construction of the first macadam road in the United States in 1823. In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two-inch ring".

3981:

lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in

3953:

in the United States, Brazil, and the West Indies. In 1791 American cotton production was about 2 million pounds, soaring to 35 million by 1800, half of which was exported. America's

6827: 5048:

of nearly 2,000 dollars) whereas China, by comparison, had only 450 dollars. India was essentially feudal, politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe.

5103:), resulting in very different worldviews. Other factors include the considerable distance of China's coal deposits, though large, from its cities as well as the then unnavigable 5036:

was the world's most technologically advanced country for many centuries; however, China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the

2687:

to be economically transported long distances inland. This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart.

1924:). Savery's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes. Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century. 18220: 1733:

Cast iron cylinders for use with a piston were difficult to manufacture; the cylinders had to be free of holes and had to be machined smooth and straight to remove any warping.

3276:

New businesses in various industries appeared in towns and cities throughout Britain. Confectionery was one such industry that saw rapid expansion. According to food historian

2861:

smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines. A few of these early locomotives were used in mines. Steam-hauled public railways began with the

19138: 15932: 10413:. Although the survival rates for infants and children were static over this period, the birth rate & overall life expectancy increased. Thus the population grew, but the 5014:

One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century, particularly China,

4956:

in 1623) is considered an influential factor. The effects of patents, both good and ill, on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the

2627: 1310:. Flax was used for the warp because wheel-spun cotton did not have sufficient strength, but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100% cotton and was more difficult to sew. 14593: 10060: 3123:

describes backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns, where people lived in crude shanties and shacks, some not completely enclosed, some with dirt floors. These

1647:, and coal was much more abundant than wood, supplies of which were becoming scarce before the enormous increase in iron production that took place in the late 18th century. 705:

began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries.

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By 1600, Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established. They were left alone by the

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following a seam of coal along the surface, which were abandoned as the coal was extracted. In other cases, if the geology was favourable the coal was mined by means of an

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supply from the Americas caused coinage debasement (inflation), which caused land rents (often long-term leases that transferred to heirs on death) to fall in real terms.

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used innovations from the revolution to sell his books, such as the new printing presses, enhanced advertising revenues, and the expansion of railroads. His first novel,

3018:

debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s. Over the course of the period from 1813 to 1913, there was a significant increase in worker wages.

16855: 16080: 14627:"The Day the World Took Off" Six-part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did." 11115: 10975: 10918: 11660: 10854: 5205:

Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the Industrial Revolution. Key factors fostering this environment were:

3188:

if we leave our work–folk any longer unskilled, notwithstanding their strong sinews and determined energy, they will become overmatched in the competition of the world.

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annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century

2218:

sheets of lead. Instead of making a small amount each time, he was able to make around 50 kilograms (100 pounds) in each of the chambers, at least a tenfold increase.

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found that industrialization happened in areas with low wages and high mechanical skills, whereas literacy, banks and proximity to coal had little explanatory power.

5360:

of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available. There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the

5018:, and the Middle East (which pioneered in shipbuilding, textile production, water mills, and much more in the period between 750 and 1100), or at other times like in 15676: 12406:

North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1989). "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England".

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tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in the proper position, jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy. The

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Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised, such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the

2581:(a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine). In either case, the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity. 1233:, along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region. 13464: 8576: 2742:

Britain's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain.

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The movement stressed the importance of "nature" in art and language, in contrast to "monstrous" machines and factories; the "Dark satanic mills" of Blake's poem "

4380:

toured Europe and the United States to learn Western ways. The result was a deliberate state-led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up. The

3523:, in which he states that the misery of the poorer classes was "voluntary and self-imposed—the results of idleness, thriftlessness, intemperance, and misconduct." 2690:

Canals began to be built in the UK in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country. Known for its huge commercial success, the

1762:

built in 1778 with cast iron produced by Abraham Darby III. However, most cast iron was converted to wrought iron. Conversion of cast iron had long been done in a

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Broadberry, Stephen N.; Guan, Hanhui; Li, David D. (1 April 2017). "China, Europe and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980–1850".

5212:

There were no internal trade barriers, including between England and Scotland, or feudal tolls and tariffs, making Britain the "largest coherent market in Europe"

1353:

The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton, the mule produced high-quality thread with minimal labour, now on display at

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credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred. The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of

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production. Skilled workers were difficult to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining.

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The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income. According to

3113:

A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions. By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the socialist movement,

23053: 13502: 8770: 3055:. In Britain and the Netherlands, food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution with better agricultural practices; however, population grew as well. 2916: 9850: 5406:(1733), noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country's less religiously tolerant European neighbours. "Take a view of the 3666:

The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase, but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution, although

2503:

in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder that distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth. This was important because the

15939: 9778: 2632:

At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea.

2608:. However, the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light. Firedamp explosions continued, often setting off 2124:

were manufacturers of machine tools who found success in exporting from England and are also notable for having developed the planer around the same time as

1717:

Steam engines made the use of higher-pressure and volume blast practical; however, the leather used in bellows was expensive to replace. In 1757, ironmaster

10831: 10485: 6630:"Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004" 1201:, in 1806 became the parent genetic material for over 90% of world cotton production today; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick. 22583: 20818: 19118: 16817: 12922: 10040: 8356: 8095: 7537: 7504: 6489:

Feinstein, Charles (September 1998). "Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution".

3632:. Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. 8976: 8332: 6098: 4731:

The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation.

9999: 2471:

in London. Although greatly improved and with many variations, the Fourdrinier machine is the predominant means of paper production today. The method of

1705:

where low sulfur coal was available (and not far from Coalbrookdale). These furnaces were equipped with water-powered bellows, the water being pumped by

13048: 12698: 4814:

for the world. New Industrialists believe that the United States is not building enough productive capital and should invest more into economic growth.

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By the 1890s, industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests, as companies like

4575:. After his death in 1817, his associates built America's first planned factory town, which they named after him. This enterprise was capitalised in a 4260:

The Industrial Revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries. Notably, most

3954: 3309:

of Birmingham was the first to commercialize the association between confectionery and romance when they produced a heart-shaped box of chocolates for

3196:

supported a massive expansion of newspaper and pamphlet publishing, which contributed to rising literacy and demands for mass political participation.

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had ruined his import business but that demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America, on his return to the United States, he set up the

4384:, founded in 1882, used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories. Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the West. 2951:

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most of the workforce was employed in agriculture, either as self-employed farmers as landowners or tenants or as

2645:

being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century. Improving sailing technologies boosted average sailing speed by 50% between 1750 and 1830.

2475:

demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes.

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was done in some areas, but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water. It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a

1313:

On the eve of the Industrial Revolution, spinning and weaving were done in households, for domestic consumption, and as a cottage industry under the

8729: 3834:

The Industrial Revolution generated an enormous and unprecedented economic division in the world, as measured by the share of manufacturing output.

3497:

Women's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women. Taking a pessimistic side,

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Humanists and individualists criticise the Industrial revolution for mistreating women and children and turning men into work machines that lacked

382: 12441:

Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Møller, Jørgen; Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2016). "Going historical: Measuring democraticness before the age of mass democracy".

2069:, such as machine screws, bolts, and nuts. There was also the need for precision in making parts. Precision would allow better working machinery, 17124: 16980: 15418: 14660: 11839: 9819: 9501: 8255: 4300:, which was unified in 1871, became dominant in the world's chemical industry in the late 19th century. At first the production of dyes based on 3973:

Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution, sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century.

3601:

and built to serve local needs. Later, each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler.

2885: 2835: 18212: 14447:

The European revolutions and revolutionary waves of the 19th century: Their causes and consequences: Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century

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Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos, 'Breaking stereotypes', in M. Neven and I. Devos (editors), 'Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography', in

5852:, the mass destruction of the Industrial revolution has led to catastrophic impacts on the Earth. Most organisms are unable to adapt leading to 2202:

The large-scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of

1758:

As cast iron became cheaper and widely available, it began being a structural material for bridges and buildings. A famous early example is the

1009:

blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The

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The Industrial Revolution has been criticised for leading to immense ecological and habitat destruction. It has led to immense decrease in the

4625:, who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program. Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe, invented by 4040:

technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities. By 1809, part of the

14728: 4870:

made food production more efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the farmers who could no longer be self-sufficient in agriculture into

4207:

Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong socialist party and strong trade unions in a particular sociological landscape. At the left, the

4135:

with Germany and Britain: the Austro-Hungarian economy as a whole still lagged considerably, as sustained modernisation had begun much later.

2407:. Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before. 23220: 22623: 21418: 21300: 21239: 21202: 21036: 16743: 13169: 10300: 9910: 5648:. Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the 3755:

movement was the first large-scale organised working-class political movement that campaigned for political equality and social justice. Its

3115: 2612:

explosions, so casualties grew during the entire 19th century. Conditions of work were very poor, with a high casualty rate from rock falls.

1530:, of whom the best known is Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually developed by such people as Kay and 848: 802: 658:

were of British origin. By the mid-18th century, Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with

11511:"Made in Beverly – A History of Beverly Industry", by Daniel J. Hoisington. A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission. 1989. 9570: 3513:

Ideas of thrift and hard work characterised middle-class families as the Industrial Revolution swept Europe. These values were displayed in

3234:

household, started to appear, and the new status of goods as status symbols related to changes in fashion and desired for aesthetic appeal.

3014:

The average height of the population declined during the Industrial Revolution, implying that their nutritional status was also decreasing.

2880:, which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity of the blast furnace. On 15 September 1830, the 21968: 21360: 20899: 19931: 18626: 18251: 16780: 16673: 16470: 15510: 15338: 11927: 11630: 10274: 8509: 6811: 4839:

reserves known at the time, as well as abundant water power, highly productive agriculture, and numerous seaports and navigable waterways.

2138:, who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century, was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the 1860: 1793:

The puddling process was improved in 1818 by Baldwyn Rogers, who replaced some of the sand lining on the reverberatory furnace bottom with

1709:. The Newcomen engines were not attached directly to the blowing cylinders because the engines alone could not produce a steady air blast. 5840:). Since the start of the Industrial revolution humanity has permanently changed the Earth, such as immense decrease in biodiversity, and 4960:, the key enabling technology. In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as 2971:. Typical putting-out system goods included spinning and weaving. Merchant capitalists typically provided the raw materials, paid workers 1494:

Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers,

23078: 19183: 17661: 16763: 15616: 11891: 10078: 6304: 5294: 3081:

The rapid population growth in the 19th century included the new industrial and manufacturing cities, as well as service centers such as

2185:

The techniques to make mass-produced metal parts of sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the

2162:

Maudslay left Bramah's employment and set up his own shop. He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships' pulley blocks for the

762: 659: 544: 342: 70: 22991: 21284: 21144: 21043: 19964: 18986: 18933: 16460: 15706: 15480: 11385: 10770:

Ronald Bailey, "The other side of slavery: Black labor, cotton, and textile industrialization in Great Britain and the United States."

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its brittleness was tolerable. Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron, with substantial losses. Bar iron was made by the

1515:

in the Southern United States, who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed.

357: 13223: 8612: 7897: 7577: 22538: 21151: 20994: 20627: 16738: 16608: 16230: 9253: 3051:

The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized textiles, iron and coal, did little, if anything, to lower

14590: 13890:

The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century: A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America

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Selgin, George; Turner, John L. (2011). "Strong Steam, Weak Patents, or the Myth of Watt's Innovation-Blocking Monopoly, Exploded".

4387:

Modern industry first appeared in textiles, including cotton and especially silk, which was based in home workshops in rural areas.

3662:

A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery. In Britain, laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions.

2715:. Canals were hastily built with the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal, the most notable being the 23023: 22714: 21812: 21308: 21225: 21195: 21078: 21071: 21015: 21008: 20876: 20565: 19665: 18844: 18451: 16790: 16733: 16561: 16050: 15970: 15955: 14922: 12051: 11804:

Fullerton, Ronald A. (January 1988). "How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing's Evolution and the Myth of the "Production Era"".

11716: 10208: 10056: 6603: 6568: 5744:. Critics of the Industrial revolution promoted a more interventionist state and formed new organisations to promote human rights. 4369:

and Europe, and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (

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systems, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.

21452: 21382: 21001: 20254: 20175: 19828: 19310: 19299: 18456: 18247: 15912: 15907: 15758: 13401:

Waters, C.N.; et al. (8 January 2016). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene".

11010: 7224: 5253:

spirit. Because of these interests, many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a

4601:, is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution. The short-lived utopia-like 14581: 9607: 6864: 5790:

are all positive for humanity assuming they are controlled by and serve humanity and have no effect on the natural environment.

1410:. Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their rolling machine powered by a donkey. In 1743, a factory opened in 21900: 21188: 21092: 21057: 20914: 20752: 20247: 18822: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18538: 16918: 16465: 16455: 16440: 16375: 15872: 15807: 15609: 15383: 10537: 10460: 9683: 6000: 5479: 3822:

burning was a popular activity. However, the riots led to the first formation of trade unions and further pressure for reform.

3384:(1836), became a publishing phenomenon with its unprecedented success sparking numerous spin-offs and merchandise ranging from 537: 14629: 11943: 10967: 10910: 9132: 717:

in capitalist economies. Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in

677:. The development of trade and the rise of business were among the major causes of the Industrial Revolution. Developments in 22478: 20869: 20782: 20531: 20523: 18827: 18356: 16827: 16822: 16748: 16023: 15495: 15333: 14471: 14349: 14335: 14258: 14210: 14137: 14116: 14089: 14033: 14009: 13949: 13919: 13878: 13800: 13700: 13652: 13628: 13609: 12950: 12503: 12378: 12312: 12280: 12255: 12190: 12077: 12014: 11989: 11968: 11849: 11768: 11695: 11652: 11544: 11487: 11462: 11435: 11189: 10851: 10684: 10618: 10511: 10369: 10238: 9941: 9759: 9617: 9227: 9006: 8970: 8494: 8459: 8427: 8286: 8159: 8126: 8041: 7998: 7957: 7929: 7877: 7827: 7773: 7710: 7671: 7471: 7408: 7363: 7338: 7292: 7267: 7142: 7110: 7085: 7064: 7032: 6977: 6898: 6470: 6379: 6337: 6298: 6268: 6241: 6203: 6178: 5931:

reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two-edged. French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry.

5871:

may have changed during the last 2000 years as a result of nutrient and silica input from eroding deforested lands along the

5519: 4842:

Some historians believe the Industrial Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of

4431:

important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period.

4410: 1173: 1089:

In 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in

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J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 20 September 2002. Retrieved January 2007.

9977: 6952: 6633: 4641:, with the development of machine tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches. 1635:

A major change in the iron industries during the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with

22681: 19075: 16961: 16723: 16640: 13711: 8881:

Herbert L. Sussman (2009). "Victorian Technology: Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine". p. 2. ABC-CLIO, 2009

5907: 3156:

Engels' book describes how untreated sewage created awful odours and turned the rivers green in industrial cities. In 1854

1414:

with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt's machines. This operated until about 1764. A similar mill was built by

12384: 12214: 10634: 10016: 9881: 2683:. Britain had over 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) of navigable rivers and streams by 1750. Canals and waterways allowed 1839:, which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do, such as for cutting edge tools and for springs. 23195: 23190: 23083: 21217: 20486: 18176: 16812: 16728: 16581: 15585: 15411: 15323: 15257: 14653: 12234:

Jan Luiten van Zanden, International Institute of Social History/University of Utrecht. May 2005. Retrieved January 2007.

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The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by

2658: 2265:

product). Nonetheless, this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that produced from burning specific plants (

1969: 1940:

built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements. A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800.

768:

Rapid economic growth began to reoccur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the

736:

held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while

728:

The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and

13540: 13456: 9147: 8527: 7397:

From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

6709: 5588: 4049:), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted. 23153: 21246: 19804: 18971: 18030: 16758: 16409: 16397: 16353: 15867: 14972: 12788:

Stephenson, Judy Z. (13 May 2017). "'Real' wages? Contractors, workers, and pay in London building trades, 1650–1800".

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was formed, as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain. However, by 1850, especially following the

4552: 3794:

The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs. The movement started first with

17: 16586: 13371: 11112: 8057: 3701:

The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories, and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of

3086:

enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone, so low-income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded

1746:

The solutions to the sulfur problem were the addition of sufficient limestone to the furnace to force sulfur into the

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Smith, Mick (2002). "The State of Nature: The Political Philosophy of Primitivism and the Culture of Contamination".

11885: 11792: 11155: 11143: 11069: 10262: 9710: 9203: 9119: 6689: 6666: 5501: 885: 523: 15902: 14396:

Rethinking the industrial revolution: five centuries of transition from agrarian to industrial capitalism in England

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increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50. Large gains in productivity also occurred in

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of life on Earth. The Industrial revolution has been said to be inherently unsustainable and will lead to eventual

5671: 5249:

There were two main values that drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain. These values were self-interest and an

4630: 4402: 2881: 904:

Six factors facilitated industrialisation: high levels of agricultural productivity, such as that reflected in the

14025:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

12613: 9446: 7950:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

6397:

Kiely, Ray (November 2011). "Industrialization and Development: A Comparative Analysis". UGL Press Limited: 25–26.

3989:

in industrial centres; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of

1832:

was unavailable or too expensive; however, by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably.

1426:

machines in 1748. Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, it was later used in the first

1213:

European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution, superimposed upon modern political boundaries

810:

states in the entry for "Industry": "The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in

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of Latin, had a shared intellectual basis in Europe's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the

4867: 3027: 2862: 2484: 2186: 905: 655: 581: 488: 11210: 10378: 10036: 8353: 8087: 1987:. Around the start of the 19th century, at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired, the Cornish engineer 23205: 23185: 23073: 21764: 21210: 21174: 21085: 20987: 19957: 19619: 19502: 18769: 17973: 17806: 17744: 16880: 16785: 16691: 16544: 16392: 16380: 16301: 15787: 15404: 15372: 15047: 14646: 9996: 8950: 8823:

Gerhold, Dorian (August 1996). "Productivity Change in Road Transport before and after Turnpiking, 1690–1840".

8327: 7400: 7179:

Nicholas Crafts, "The first industrial revolution: Resolving the slow growth/rapid industrialization paradox."

6090: 5624:

class which believed in progress, technology and hard work. The existence of this class is often linked to the

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of 1689. William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where, unlike Britain,

4159: 4120: 2967:

was practised, by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for a market in their homes, often described as

1718: 14617: 12134:

Bond, Eric; Gingerich, Sheena; Archer-Antonsen, Oliver; Purcell, Liam; Macklem, Elizabeth (17 February 2003).

10823:

Joel A. Tarr, "Toxic Legacy: The Environmental Impact of the Manufactured Gas Industry in the United States."

8339:

Published lecture notes from University of Memphis Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 17 October 2007.

7219:

Bond, Eric; Gingerich, Sheena; Archer-Antonsen, Oliver; Purcell, Liam; Macklem, Elizabeth (17 February 2003).

3110:

were endemic. Unlike rural areas, there were no famines such as the one that devastated Ireland in the 1840s.

1916:

in 1698. He constructed in London a low-lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump that generated about one

1900:

was the first practical piston steam engine; subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution.

1606:

In the UK in 1720, there were 20,500 tons of cast iron produced with charcoal and 400 tons with coke. In 1750

1406:

system for drawing wool to a more even thickness. The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of

1005:) in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power. The 706: 21917: 21411: 21346: 21050: 20921: 20862: 20715: 18797: 18513: 18181: 18090: 17490: 16802: 16711: 16650: 16576: 16363: 16343: 16122: 15646: 15632: 15560: 12667: 5948: 5152: 5084: 4014: 2765: 1889:

suited to industrial applications; Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.

1364: 498: 11738: 11580: 5542:

Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies, like the

4728:, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany. 4659: 1295:

the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India.

1236:

One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles, which were purchased in India and sold in

1051:

possible, although it took several decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.

23225: 22528: 22513: 22408: 21113: 20957: 20950: 20907: 20855: 20789: 20387: 19842: 19780: 19463: 18679: 17074: 16865: 16686: 16549: 16527: 16507: 16436: 16358: 16235: 16225: 16220: 15892: 15857: 15713: 15570: 15490: 14714: 14700: 8577:"The speed of Europe's 18th-century sailing ships is revamping history's view of the Industrial Revolution" 6854:"Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600–1850" 6005: 5637: 4995: 4650: 4564: 3610: 3552:, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution. 1241: 769: 573: 450: 430: 387: 377: 302: 262: 156: 13969: 4146:

was the second country in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe:

3098:, and public health facilities were inadequate; the death rate was high, especially infant mortality, and 23215: 23210: 23098: 23088: 23001: 22907: 21934: 21445: 21269: 21261: 20935: 20928: 20848: 20775: 20767: 20759: 20737: 20136: 19768: 19756: 19725: 18993: 18775: 18707: 18140: 18135: 17751: 17599: 17139: 16701: 16681: 16522: 16385: 16167: 16070: 15780: 15753: 15733: 15455: 15068: 14721: 5666:

found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices, as well as education at England's

5660:, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures. 5543: 5428: 4802:. New Industrialism calls for building enough housing to satisfy demand in order to reduce the profit in 4626: 4291: 4010: 2496: 2364: 2006:

Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread

1706: 831: 347: 14507: 5863:

Permanent changes in the distribution of organisms from human influence will become identifiable in the

4559:, memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810. Realising that the 4166:

integrated all stages of production, from engineering to the supply of raw materials, as early as 1825.

3759:

of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration.

2983:

of adequate transportation, long hours, and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers.

2903:

The success of the inter-city railway, particularly in the transport of freight and commodities, led to

1669:

Use of coal in iron smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution, based on innovations by

23230: 23200: 22970: 21805: 21528: 21253: 21158: 20964: 20642: 20405: 19885: 19654: 19556: 19520: 19514: 19422: 19344: 19169: 19050: 19025: 18880: 18875: 18834: 18802: 18589: 18507: 18196: 18191: 17647: 17306: 16900: 16512: 15718: 15565: 15002: 14825: 13762: 12934: 10421: 8486: 5995: 4977:, whom Boulton and Watt sued, from introducing improved steam engines, thereby retarding the spread of 4902:

techniques, business practices, and competition also influenced changes in the manufacturing industry.

4572: 4556: 4487: 4473: 4434:

Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the

4326:

with larger agricultural estates, new crops, and farming tools and commercialisation of farming, and a

4317: 4255: 4076:, the "first mechanical loom followed in Varnsdorf in 1801", with the first steam engines appearing in 4058: 2432: 2171: 2125: 2026: 1798: 1504: 435: 9811: 9505: 5606:, published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours. 4021:, frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke. Although there were earlier pieces of legislation, the 22880: 22704: 22453: 22413: 21854: 21368: 21292: 21064: 20547: 19950: 19921: 19356: 19070: 19060: 18807: 18166: 17920: 17881: 17434: 17246: 17109: 16532: 16370: 16306: 16296: 16291: 14967: 14962: 13792: 13642: 12029: 11286: 11062:

The Industrial Revolution in Iron; The impact of British Coal Technology in Nineteenth-Century Europe

8750:

Six years in the making, the world's largest navigation canal gives the city direct access to the sea

8316:

Knowledge and competitive advantage: the co-evolution of firms, technology, and national institutions

8252: 4783: 4739: 4511: 4359: 3653: 3333:

shops emerged across the country in order to satisfy the needs of the growing industrial population.

3297:

in Edinburgh transformed from small family-run businesses into state-of-the-art operations". In 1847

3192:

The invention of the paper machine and the application of steam power to the industrial processes of

2956:

Middle East produced most of the world's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods.

2716: 2488: 2151: 1677:

known as cupolas. These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture,

1385: 925: 20539: 14355: 5706:, mental illness, pollution and detrimental social systems. It has also been criticised for valuing 5187:

As the Industrial Revolution developed, British manufacturing output surged ahead of other economies

22885: 22674: 22553: 22281: 22043: 22003: 21993: 21941: 21029: 20692: 20664: 20501: 19822: 19810: 19440: 19374: 18960: 18748: 17215: 17179: 16954: 15797: 15550: 15545: 15470: 14765: 14673: 14267:

Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry

14108: 14104: 12340: 7573: 5237: 5171:. Italian commerce was supported by schools that taught numeracy in financial calculations through 4791: 4546: 4542: 4527: 4479: 4108: 3322: 2847:

wagons. This was demonstrated on an iron plate-covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon, England.

2305: 1298:

The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced

928:

880:

created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the

631:. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and the rate of 585: 493: 440: 425: 420: 367: 17390: 13819:

Gatrell, Peter (2004). "Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution".

13149: 9906: 9561: 3717:. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In Britain, the 3644:

was completed in 1766) were other prominent early industrialists who employed the factory system.

2455:

A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by

1782:

in 1783 and puddling in 1784. Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost.

22827: 22331: 22239: 21538: 21533: 21404: 21322: 20826: 20729: 20330: 19873: 19834: 19762: 19544: 19532: 19368: 19065: 19055: 19045: 19040: 19030: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18421: 18171: 17829: 17579: 17473: 17009: 16205: 15792: 15743: 15353: 15078: 15073: 14882: 14686: 14483:"Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson)" 8614:

The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport

7640:

R. Ray Gehani (1998). "Management of Technology and Operations". p. 63. John Wiley and Sons, 1998

7012: 5985: 5899: 5890:

wretchedness of the working classes. Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet

5472: 5218:

A straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint-stock companies (corporations)

5138: 5041: 4576: 4519: 4503: 4424: 4046: 3498: 3452: 2720: 2680: 2301: 1905: 865: 692:

The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history, comparable only to humanity's

667: 319: 246: 151: 15990: 13910:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power

12988:

Jelinski, L. W.; Graedel, T. E.; Laudise, R. A.; McCall, D. W.; Patel, C. K. (1 February 1992).

12592:

Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World

11924: 11622: 10526: 10278: 8513: 7101:

Ogilvie, Sheilagh (2008). "Protoindustrialization". In Durlauf, Steven; Blume, Lawrence (eds.).

5714:. Multiple movements have arisen which reject aspects of the industrial revolution, such as the 3272:, the primary street for retail in Britain in towns and cities rapidly grew in the 18th century. 2750: 22996: 22954: 22949: 22832: 22709: 22503: 22493: 22082: 22013: 21998: 21479: 21438: 21397: 21099: 20494: 20345: 20338: 20290: 20276: 19992: 19867: 19847: 19816: 19792: 19708: 19478: 19362: 18812: 18742: 18574: 17995: 17824: 17549: 17544: 17459: 17429: 16890: 15575: 15505: 15328: 15221: 15118: 12495: 12354:

The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia

10075: 8813:

Richard Brown (1991). "Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700–1850" p. 136. Routledge, 1991

8278: 8272: 7973: 5779: 5753: 5531: 5407: 5402: 5341: 5329: 5267: 5110:

In contrast to China, India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the

5000: 4827: 4606: 4568: 4457: 4022: 4018: 3982: 3978: 3958: 3545: 3442: 3389: 3353: 3133: 3045: 2550: 2167: 2084: 1824: 1779: 1040: 1018: 796:

The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution" was in July 1799 by French envoy

465: 455: 415: 397: 292: 198: 191: 14196: 13961:

From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts

11908:

Industrialisation without national patents: the Netherlands, 1869–1912; Switzerland, 1850–1907

11888: 11427: 11421: 8419: 7700: 7166: 6692: 6462: 6288: 6258: 5550:

published an illustrated volume of new inventions, as well as papers about them in its annual

4296:

Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories,

2435:, was developed in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832 this process was used by the 23063: 22927: 22766: 22613: 22588: 22518: 22201: 21929: 21702: 21630: 21329: 20722: 20576: 20239: 20148: 20127: 19891: 19879: 19786: 19568: 19490: 19392: 19386: 19266: 19238: 19213: 18998: 18981: 18976: 18965: 18928: 18923: 18917: 18497: 18395: 17940: 17609: 17584: 17569: 17500: 17485: 17320: 17286: 17209: 17194: 16994: 16645: 16635: 16402: 16250: 16117: 16095: 16028: 15738: 15427: 15318: 15196: 15181: 15052: 14957: 14892: 14327:

Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts: A Book for Old and Young

14001: 12962: 12587: 10710: 10353: 8033: 8027: 7921: 7915: 6611: 6595: 6572: 6010: 5652:

of 1688, and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the

5625: 5615: 5547: 5436:

sector or the construction sector, casting doubt on Allen's explanation. A 2022 study in the

5027: 4953: 4938: 4895: 4750:

enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal-deprived northern Italy, beginning in the 1890s.

4638: 4613: 4602: 4580: 4523: 4439: 4406: 3744: 3141: 2728: 2672: 2472: 2190: 2096: 2070: 1897: 1775: 1674: 1628: 1563: 1389: 1081: 1048: 1010: 968: 662:

in North America and the Caribbean. Britain had major military and political hegemony on the

609: 518: 324: 176: 17204: 14023: 13712:"The first industrial revolution: Resolving the slow growth/rapid industrialization paradox" 13520:

The development of French romanticism: the impact of the industrial revolution on literature

12487: 11377: 10108:

Thomas, Janet (1988). "Women and Capitalism: Oppression or Emancipation? A Review Article".

9023: 8385:

Hentie Louw, "Window-glass making in Britain c. 1660–c. 1860 and its architectural impact."

7869: 7861: 6327: 3204: 971:, making it suitable for transportation. Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800. 23093: 23048: 23016: 23011: 22937: 22912: 22868: 22608: 22363: 22276: 22254: 22177: 22173: 22102: 22018: 21963: 21958: 21781: 21625: 21514: 21276: 21106: 20650: 20262: 20167: 20159: 20071: 19562: 19496: 19428: 19380: 19338: 18564: 18409: 18130: 18125: 18065: 18000: 17905: 17226: 17189: 17064: 17029: 16625: 16618: 16273: 16210: 16182: 16157: 16152: 16127: 16085: 15887: 15842: 15837: 15666: 15590: 15555: 15450: 15103: 14830: 14317:

The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France

14081: 13410: 13292: 13192: 13001: 11911: 9293:

Gregory Clark, "Shelter from the storm: housing and the industrial revolution, 1550–1909".

8804:

US Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration (Accessed 10 October 2008)

8621: 8581: 7894: 7586: 7207:

The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of industrial societies Vol 4 part 2

5911: 5562: 5183: 4127:, and therefore celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the 3808: 3718: 3286: 2830: 2789: 2781: 2456: 2420: 2376: 2293: 2207: 2109: 1882: 1767: 1198: 1178: 797: 758: 693: 470: 213: 17089: 14638: 14550:

Wrigley, E. Anthony (2018). "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales".

14101:

The Founders of Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy

10589: 9244: 5844:

caused by the Industrial revolution. The effects include permanent changes to the Earth's

4886:

of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of

4830:

per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution.

3544:

Harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place.

1893: 8: 23164: 22942: 22773: 22724: 22667: 22633: 22498: 22368: 22158: 22087: 21844: 21817: 21800: 21788: 21610: 21566: 21232: 20942: 20840: 20745: 20605: 20457: 20375: 20209: 20034: 19681: 19643: 19625: 19598: 19580: 19350: 19315: 19254: 19228: 18663: 18518: 18426: 18378: 18346: 18327: 18095: 18025: 17968: 17885: 17711: 17539: 17534: 17419: 17251: 17221: 17034: 17014: 16947: 16245: 16200: 16192: 16137: 16045: 15980: 15671: 15580: 15500: 14202: 12958: 11287:"Proto-industrialisation and factories: Textiles in Sweden in the mid-nineteenth century" 10810:

Leslie Tomory, "The Environmental History of the Early British Gas Industry, 1812–1830."

10448:". Douglas A. Galbi. Centre for History and Economics, King's College, Cambridge CB2 1ST. 5857: 5799: 5757: 5719: 5703: 5649: 5445: 5380: 5337: 5163: 5148: 5019: 5015: 4974: 4891: 4725: 4687: 4612:

A major U.S. contribution to industrialisation was the development of techniques to make

4443: 4201: 3380: 3298: 3217: 2793: 2788:

in 1816. The first macadam road in the U.S. was the "Boonsborough Turnpike Road" between

2384: 2278: 2100: 2046: 2034: 1848: 1044: 1036: 1001:. The steam engine began being used to power blast air (indirectly by pumping water to a 937: 663: 644: 580:

towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the

460: 392: 14384: 14325: 13832: 13555: 13414: 13296: 13005: 12370:

Mokyr, J.: A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy. (eBook and Hardcover)

12048: 11712: 11686:

Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation if the agrarian economy 1500–1850

10205: 8450:

Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation if the agrarian economy 1500–1850

5209:

The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland

4920:

and that "the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock". He also cites the

4794:

in 2001. The movement strengthened after the reduction of manufacturing jobs during the

4786:" or embracing the idea of "Building More Stuff". New Industrialism developed after the 3281: 892:, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that the term 765:

and the United States, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of economic growth.

23068: 23006: 22794: 22783: 22761: 22756: 22745: 22353: 22269: 22259: 22092: 22055: 21985: 21924: 21907: 21861: 21771: 21685: 21499: 20115: 19649: 19637: 19592: 19550: 19446: 19434: 19293: 19223: 19148: 19133: 19123: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19082: 18400: 18368: 18201: 18105: 17889: 17841: 17836: 17739: 17729: 17686: 17678: 17559: 17380: 17311: 17271: 17134: 16321: 16311: 16278: 16177: 16147: 16040: 16015: 15975: 15302: 15037: 14835: 14707: 14421: 14230: 13434: 13308: 13265: 13215: 13117: 13071: 13049:"The Dangers of Decoupling: Earth System Crisis and the 'Fourth Industrial Revolution'" 12870: 12832: 12813: 12755: 12245: 12179: 11821: 11359: 10949: 10133: 10125: 9369: 9316: 9043: 9024:"The Diminution of Physical Stature of the British Male Population in the 18th-Century" 8920: 8832: 8646: 8223: 8215: 7392: 6732: 6506: 6432: 6369: 6020: 5895: 5675: 5663: 5333: 5199: 4966: 4811: 4702: 4143: 3739: 3730: 3426: 3425:

catalogues, with customers able to order by mail for the first time—this following the

3310: 3003: 2964: 2773: 2736: 2695: 2444: 2041: 1988: 1835:

Shortly before the Industrial Revolution, an improvement was made in the production of

1829: 1358: 1314: 1230: 1184: 1158: 998: 823: 698: 674: 589: 287: 233: 13193:"'The Future in the Past': Anarcho-primitivism and the Critique of Civilization Today" 12546:"Eric Williams' Economic Interpretation of British Abolitionism – Seventy Years After 12303:

The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism and Western Success

11014: 9208: 7725:

G.E. Mingay (1986). "The Transformation of Britain, 1830–1939". p. 25. Routledge, 1986

7220: 4965:

ingenuity and rewarding inventors. Watt's monopoly prevented other inventors, such as

3597:

For much of the 19th century, production was done in small mills which were typically

3489:

had a population of 10,000 in 1717, but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million.

1693:

Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron until 1755–56, when Darby's son

1603:

process, which was the predominant iron smelting process until the late 18th century.

741:

United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and

689:

in Britain, which after 1800, was emulated in Belgium, the United States, and France.

23043: 22917: 22810: 22719: 22483: 22385: 22373: 22358: 22338: 22249: 22196: 22168: 22150: 21953: 21829: 21822: 21635: 21583: 21561: 21489: 20201: 20184: 20085: 19897: 19526: 19473: 19452: 19416: 19398: 19304: 19260: 18869: 18863: 18857: 18463: 18436: 18373: 18361: 18322: 18291: 18080: 18055: 18035: 18015: 18005: 17895: 17877: 17846: 17779: 17696: 17670: 17529: 17400: 17395: 17352: 17296: 17266: 17231: 17174: 17039: 16090: 16060: 15460: 15292: 15277: 15231: 15083: 15027: 15022: 14997: 14952: 14927: 14917: 14887: 14862: 14578: 14467: 14345: 14254: 14246: 14236: 14206: 14133: 14112: 14085: 14029: 14005: 13945: 13915: 13908: 13874: 13862: 13796: 13766: 13696: 13690: 13648: 13624: 13605: 13601: 13575: 13438: 13426: 13349: 13312: 13219: 13075: 13029: 13024: 12989: 12946: 12916: 12874: 12862: 12817: 12805: 12759: 12747: 12690: 12499: 12488: 12468: 12423: 12374: 12308: 12301: 12276: 12251: 12186: 12073: 12010: 11985: 11964: 11881: 11845: 11788: 11764: 11691: 11588: 11562: 11540: 11534: 11483: 11458: 11452: 11431: 11363: 11351: 11185: 11139: 11065: 10614: 10365: 10258: 10234: 10137: 9937: 9755: 9613: 9223: 9199: 9115: 9047: 9002: 8966: 8962: 8924: 8912: 8490: 8455: 8423: 8412: 8282: 8227: 8207: 8155: 8122: 8037: 7994: 7953: 7925: 7873: 7823: 7769: 7706: 7667: 7467: 7422: 7414: 7404: 7359: 7334: 7288: 7263: 7162: 7138: 7106: 7081: 7060: 7038: 7028: 6973: 6965: 6944: 6894: 6853: 6819: 6685: 6662: 6466: 6455: 6424: 6407:

North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (May 1977). "The First Economic Revolution".

6375: 6333: 6294: 6264: 6237: 6199: 6174: 5962: 5809: 5787: 5645: 5567: 5389: 5373: 5345: 5191: 5127: 5045: 4909: 4851: 4799: 4717: 4534: 4515: 4355: 4261: 4172: 3998: 3777: 3748: 3614: 3406: 3326: 3034: 2897: 2873: 2691: 2668: 2605: 2519: 2464: 2286: 2254: 2250: 2011: 1958: 1920:(hp) and was used in numerous waterworks and in a few mines (hence its "brand name", 1870: 1840: 1710: 1495: 1445: 686: 632: 605: 511: 362: 207: 31: 22628: 11704: 10533: 10500: 10457: 9675: 9484:

Fairchilds, Cissie. "Review: Consumption in Early Modern Europe. A Review Article".

7862: 7205:

Phyllis Deane "The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain" in Carlo M. Cipolla ed.,

7131: 6510: 5215:

The rule of law (enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts)

4655: 4322:

During the period 1790–1815, Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements: an

3261: 2447:

is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure.

709:

was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern

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Shock cities: the environmental transformation and reform of Manchester and Chicago

10676: 10417:

in 1850 as in 1750 (see figures 5 & 6, p. 28). Population size statistics from

10117: 9679: 9307:

Dyos, H. J. (1968). "The Speculative Builders and Developers of Victorian London".

9162: 9035: 8958: 8904: 8478: 8199: 8147: 7542: 7509: 6724: 6549: 6544: 6536: 6498: 6416: 6284: 6234:

Capitalism: A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life

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and when the U.S. was not able to manufacture enough tests or facemasks during the

4758: 4743: 4538: 4068:

transportation was very slow and expensive. In the Alpine and Bohemian (modern-day

3990: 3763: 3641: 3536:

In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a

3519: 3370: 3314: 3240: 3137: 3120: 2999: 2990:; however, he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology. 2642: 2428: 2395:

Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large-scale introduction of

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in 1764, the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution.

1342: 1218: 881: 861: 843: 807: 773: 636: 597: 445: 372: 16603: 13211: 12650:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power

12207: 10662: 10507: 9438:

Robert Allan Houston, "The Development of Literacy: Northern England, 1640–1750."

7554: 7521: 6999:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power

6218:

E. Anthony Wrigley, "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales".

5766: 5674:). When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official 4716:

This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the

830:

applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in

23129: 22890: 22618: 22558: 22443: 22291: 22286: 22264: 22184: 22138: 21895: 21849: 21747: 21724: 21707: 21680: 21465: 21126: 20976: 20811: 20657: 20613: 20512: 20013: 19857: 19719: 19687: 19609: 19484: 19410: 19192: 19019: 19009: 18759: 18700: 18695: 18689: 18281: 18110: 18085: 17873: 17856: 17701: 17614: 17604: 17574: 17480: 17114: 17024: 16571: 16492: 15897: 15862: 15852: 15822: 15696: 15465: 15201: 14982: 14907: 14902: 14872: 14633: 14621: 14609: 14597: 14585: 14482: 14463: 14127: 13939: 13506: 12135: 12120: 12113: 12055: 12036: 11931: 11895: 11746: 11684: 11119: 10858: 10835: 10596: 10464: 10445: 10425: 10387:"Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution: A Macroeconomic Investigation" 10212: 10082: 10064: 10044: 10023: 10003: 9984: 9964: 9450: 8652: 8448: 8397: 8360: 8336: 8259: 7901: 6938: 6771: 6629: 6260:

Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets

5864: 5853: 5841: 5783: 5657: 5653: 5641: 5422: 5325: 5307: 5281: 5064: 4970: 4913: 4795: 4735: 4618: 4598: 4567:. Lowell and his partners built America's second cotton-to-cloth textile mill at 4461: 4453: 4377: 4104: 4064: 3994: 3993:. The first large-scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain's 3726: 3696: 3637: 3633: 3447: 3375: 3253: 3222: 3008: 2922: 2869: 2558: 2436: 2400: 2348: 2335:, which opened in 1843; concrete was used in the world's first underwater tunnel. 2297: 2258: 2242: 2234: 2226: 2007: 1954: 1944: 1928: 1847:

technique in the 1740s. The raw material for this was blister steel, made by the

1759: 1651: 1582: 1460: 1145: 1137: 1126: 1076: 889: 800:, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise. In his 1976 book 785: 777: 714: 682: 307: 297: 257: 127: 15601: 13730: 13165: 5970: 5594: 5030:

in Europe), "modern" government, "modern" work attitudes, ecology, and culture.

4912:, much earlier than most estimates. He explains that the model for standardised 4822: 3075: 2154:

which was the first industrial size lathe in the UK. Maudslay was hired away by

1912:

The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was patented by

1623: 1558: 1245:

cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century.

23134: 22648: 22568: 22523: 22463: 22428: 22220: 22133: 22038: 21946: 21737: 21571: 21494: 20891: 20803: 20708: 20078: 20057: 19926: 19774: 19751: 19675: 19631: 19586: 19574: 18308: 18286: 18060: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18020: 18010: 17925: 17868: 17761: 17724: 17332: 17276: 17256: 17094: 17049: 17004: 16999: 16598: 16142: 15882: 15770: 15661: 15656: 15211: 15206: 15191: 15176: 15166: 15032: 14877: 14052: 13993: 13899:

The Chemical Industry: 1900–1930: International Growth and Technological Change

13858: 13261: 12368: 10638: 9873: 8657: 8653:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 8483:

The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy

7546: 7513: 7057:

Histoire de l'économie politique en Europe depuis les anciens jusqu'à nos jours

6015: 5433: 5400:

wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society,

5384: 5302: 5285: 5096: 5068: 4917: 4807: 4698: 4679: 4537:

retraces the history of "America's Hardest-Working River', the Blackstone. The

4483: 4116: 4069: 3772: 3582: 3360: 3337: 3091: 2946: 2813: 2769: 2760: 2586: 2246: 2175: 2147: 2135: 2117: 2030: 1951: 1844: 1722: 1687: 1670: 1476: 1438: 1399: 1381: 1334: 1318: 1237: 1189: 811: 628: 122: 85: 13571: 13304: 12686: 12419: 10560:"Two steps forward, one step back - History of Occupational Safety and Health" 10121: 9039: 8908: 8219: 7426: 6502: 5833: 5514: 3609:, known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the 3402:. It defined its own, a new one that we have learned to call "entertainment". 2589:, developed in the 1810s, was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine. 2487:

is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved

1615:

24,600 tons. In 1806 the UK did not import bar iron but exported 31,500 tons.

1321:, it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one handloom weaver. 1025:

greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades.

23179: 22873: 22822: 22603: 22488: 22403: 22348: 22208: 22128: 22023: 21873: 21866: 21759: 21712: 21605: 21461: 20554: 20479: 20472: 20465: 20443: 20427: 20419: 20412: 20398: 20368: 20361: 20354: 20312: 20305: 20298: 20269: 20108: 20101: 20027: 19999: 19911: 19332: 18736: 18730: 18721: 18715: 18657: 18648: 18639: 18621: 18610: 18598: 18568: 18390: 18156: 17955: 17564: 17439: 17357: 17261: 17129: 17099: 17069: 16475: 16255: 16033: 15985: 15965: 15877: 15151: 15093: 15012: 15007: 14977: 13870: 13664:

The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of industrial societies

13546: 12866: 12809: 12751: 12694: 12533:

Julian Hoppit, "The Nation, the State, and the First Industrial Revolution,"

12472: 12454: 12427: 11592: 11355: 9075:"Measures of Progress and Other Tall Stories: From Income to Anthropometrics" 8916: 8531: 8211: 7285:

The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention

7006: 6823: 6428: 5891: 5735: 5707: 5262: 5111: 4905: 4847: 4495: 4381: 4212: 4026:

particles, and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations.

3986: 3815: 3714: 3514: 3506: 3480:

The growth of the modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive

3469: 3330: 3302: 3277: 3107: 2960: 2904: 2839: 2663: 2628:

Productivity improving technologies (economic history) § Infrastructures

2574: 2523: 2460: 2380: 2351:

which was an important advance in the building trades. This process involves

2340: 2332: 2238: 2203: 2155: 2139: 1913: 1655: 1607: 1512: 1464: 1354: 1307: 1303: 1292: 994: 873: 819: 781: 733: 729: 722: 718: 702: 625: 593: 90: 21430: 16502: 14845: 13842:

Holyoke Massachusetts A Case History Of The Industrial Revolution In America

13422: 13134:

Robert B. Bain "Children and the industrial revolution: Changes in policy."

13104:

Thompson, E. P. (1967). "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism".

13067: 9534: 9112:

Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution

8794: 8151: 6540: 5682:, they thereupon became active in banking, manufacturing and education. The 5348:

stayed the normal form of power execution. Below William is the French king

4790:

that resulted in lost manufacturing jobs in the U.S. after China joined the

4119:). The first industrial exhibition was on the occasion of the coronation of 3776:

support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British

2921:

On a structural level the Industrial Revolution asked society the so-called

1865: 1538:

increased greatly. Steam power was then applied to drive textile machinery.

60: 22922: 22638: 22438: 22343: 22189: 22163: 22072: 21754: 21742: 21690: 21650: 21645: 21509: 21504: 20883: 20634: 20435: 20006: 19916: 19538: 19208: 19203: 18480: 18473: 18468: 18337: 18332: 18276: 18115: 17945: 17816: 17734: 17510: 17464: 17444: 17375: 17236: 17184: 17019: 16593: 16240: 16112: 15297: 15267: 15252: 15216: 15128: 15017: 14942: 14937: 14795: 14603:

National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities

14064: 14019: 13579: 13536: 13452: 13430: 13367: 13353: 13113: 13033: 10414: 9747: 9215: 9166: 9139: 8855: 8799: 5976: 5927: 5922: 5872: 5825: 5805: 5691: 5683: 5621: 5572: 5558: 5277: 5123: 5104: 5060: 5052: 4957: 4770: 4762: 4541:

and its tributaries, which cover more than 70 kilometres (45 mi) from

4449: 4365: 3684: 3587: 3565: 3549: 3537: 3481: 3394: 3345: 3341: 3294: 3249: 3099: 2952: 2893: 2601: 2570: 2396: 2211: 2077: 1992: 1984: 1962: 1937: 1878: 1763: 1727: 1543: 1531: 1527: 1415: 1369: 1229:

to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese, the British founded the

1165: 1032: 1014: 990: 963: 869: 737: 670: 621: 617: 596:, from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going from 218: 117: 66: 14602: 14413:

The Present and the Past in the English Industrial Revolution 1880–1980".

14341:

Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England

13780:

Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700–1850

13372:"Climate change driving species out of habitats much faster than expected" 13014: 12181:

The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World

11159: 4597:

miles) of canals and 7,500 kilowatts (10,000 horsepower) delivered by the

4084:

just a few years later. The textile production flourished particularly in

2415: 643:

became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and

22805: 22578: 22326: 22321: 22313: 22298: 22123: 22028: 21839: 21675: 21640: 21620: 21600: 21578: 21543: 21137: 20594: 20193: 20050: 20020: 19698: 19287: 19248: 18890: 18446: 18405: 18351: 18100: 17978: 17963: 17935: 17771: 17629: 17414: 17337: 17327: 17154: 17104: 17054: 16284: 16132: 16107: 16100: 15921: 15748: 15287: 15247: 15226: 15161: 14987: 14755: 14750: 14563: 14371: 13638: 13344: 13327: 12058:|The History Guide, Steven Kreis, 11 October 2006 – Accessed January 2007 11328:

Bengtsson, Erik; Missiaia, Anna; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (2018).

10785: 10680: 10667: 10559: 10439:

Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills

6764: 6587: 6031: 5884: 5761: 5620:

Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an

5379:

The stable political situation in Britain from around 1689 following the

5369: 5023: 4978: 4921: 4883: 4855: 4787: 4622: 4560: 4531: 4499: 4469: 4343: 4128: 4124: 4093: 4073: 3767: 3706: 3606: 3430: 3318: 3269: 3124: 3052: 2799:

The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the

2712: 2597: 2554: 2535: 2440: 1980: 1787: 1662: 1640: 1516: 1468: 1427: 1411: 1288: 1226: 1222: 1021:

was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828,

1002: 978: 815: 267: 15396: 13269: 10940:

Carter, F. W. (1973). "The Industrial Development of Prague 1800–1850".

10393: 8390: 8144:

The Industrial Development of Birmingham and the Black Country 1860–1927

6774:

by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved November 2006.

6697: 5670:

at the time (although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland's

5534:

depicting informal philosophical societies spreading scientific advances

4941:, they survived in Russia until 1753, 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain. 4522:

in 1809, the third woollen mill established in the US (The first was in

4506:. He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in 4013:

was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental

3969: 3738:

six. In 1834 James Frampton, a local landowner, wrote to Prime Minister

1589:, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron, opened in 1781. 1546:

during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories.

1284:

in Spain grew, spun, and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century.

1262: 1176:

growing unknown species of excellent quality cotton: sea island cotton (

896:

is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among some historians.

745:

emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.

22690: 22109: 22097: 22067: 22033: 21973: 21655: 18674: 17863: 17449: 17424: 17362: 17149: 16970: 15960: 15525: 15186: 15113: 15108: 15042: 14992: 14815: 14805: 14785: 14059:. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 14028:. Cambridge; New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 13770: 13673:

An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820–1850

12857: 12463: 11825: 10953: 9443: 9373: 9320: 8870:

The Oxford Companion to British Railway History: From 1603 to the 1990s

8836: 8374:

Glass making in the Greco-Roman world: results of the ARCHGLASS project

7952:. Cambridge; New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 7212: 7126: 7020: 6736: 6705: 6436: 5903: 5845: 5486: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5441: 5311: 5134: 4961: 4754: 4507: 4435: 4331: 3950: 3621: 3570: 3486: 3473: 3422: 3410: 3349: 3265: 3095: 2972: 2809: 2800: 2732: 2707: 2684: 2504: 2500: 2468: 2344: 2273:), which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash, and also to 2163: 2129: 2089: 2054: 1996: 1947: 1917: 1874: 1794: 1771: 1734: 1586: 1539: 1520: 1499: 1454: 1419: 1407: 1395: 1194: 1133: 1118: 1090: 933: 929: 710: 651: 613: 272: 223: 14454:

Hawke, Gary (1993). "Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution".

14425: 13121: 12943:

Capital and Innovation: How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation

12801: 12743: 12605: 11346: 11329: 10438: 10129: 9427:

The birth of a new Europe: State and society in the nineteenth century

9401:

House and home in the Victorian city: working-class housing, 1850–1914

4854:

in the 17th century, although feudalism began to break down after the

1778:

process. Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes:

22860: 22543: 22380: 22115: 22077: 21670: 21484: 18485: 18416: 18317: 18313: 17910: 17624: 17554: 17524: 17454: 17199: 17144: 17119: 17084: 15847: 15339:

Timeline of clothing and textiles technology

14820: 14790: 14770: 14411: 13758: 12208:"Cobb-Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 – Simulating early modern growth" 11202: 11132:

Le siècle des forges ou la Wallonie dans le creuset belge (1794–1914)

7768:. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156. 7738: 6786:"Industrial Revolution began in 17th not 18th century, say academics" 5868: 5711: 5629: 5357: 5349: 5072: 5056: 4863: 4843: 4721: 4710: 4155: 4092:(German: Brünn), which was considered the 'Moravian Manchester'. The 3997:, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous 3734: 3290: 3230: 3157: 3082: 3041: 2987: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2877: 2838:

in 1830, the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned

2805: 2609: 2527: 2360: 2352: 2058: 2018:-powered and horse-powered workshop, and light industrial machinery. 2000: 1820: 1813:, reduced losses of iron with the slag from almost 50% to around 8%. 1809:

which reacted with carbon in the molten iron. Hall's process, called

1567: 1338: 1022: 1006: 750: 282: 203: 19161: 17639: 14250: 13556:"Mathematical Investigations of the Escape from the Malthusian Trap" 11817: 11064:

Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Farnham 2005, pp. 37–38

8142:

Allen, G. C. (10 January 2018), "Economic Development before 1860",

6969: 6728: 6420: 5461: 1209: 1071: 713:

economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita

681:

also facilitated the revolution, such as courts ruling in favour of

22932: 22855: 22816: 22533: 22229: 22050: 21878: 21793: 21732: 21695: 19985: 19942: 18120: 17915: 15098: 15088: 14614: 12848: 12163:

The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention

12133: 12127: 12007:

The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress

11273:

Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914

10872:

An environmental history of Britain since the industrial revolution

9346:

P. Kemp, "Housing landlordism in late nineteenth-century Britain".

9280:

The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention

8203: 7864:

The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention

7218: 6812:"Industrial Revolution started in 17th century, historians suggest" 6329:

Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)

5813: 5741: 5731: 5679: 5667: 5633: 5397: 5254: 5100: 4945: 4925: 4908:

has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the

4683: 4663: 4621:, a fundamental machine tool, is believed to have been invented by 4335: 4238: 4216: 4189: 4147: 3804: 3752: 3226: 3208: 3193: 3177: 3011:

in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s.

2633: 2593: 2562: 2463:

is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers, brothers Sealy and

2404: 2372: 2143: 2066: 2062: 1886: 1802: 1698: 1644: 1627:

Horizontal (lower) and vertical (upper) cross-sections of a single

1600: 1450: 1253: 986: 982: 754: 228: 14043:

Lucas, R.E. (2002). "The industrial revolution: Past and future".

13998:

Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013

13970:"The Industrial Revolution as the Escape from the Malthusian Trap" 12275:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 20–32. 11539:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. 8253:

http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jmokyr/Graphs-and-Tables.PDF

8251:

Economics 323–2: Economic History of the United States Since 1865

6590:

in all societies were stagnated at around $ 400 to $ 800 per year.

6293:. Vol. 1: Abba – Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. 5956: 5167:

of branch banks in leading western European cities and introduced

5151:. Political institutions could contribute to the relation between 4242: 4193: 4151: 3164:

in London to fecal contamination of a public water well by a home

1979:

Until about 1800, the most common pattern of steam engine was the

1392:, invented the dropbox, which facilitated changing thread colors. 22448: 22303: 22215: 17990: 17801: 17505: 17367: 16895: 15282: 15171: 14923:

Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater

14810: 14780: 14149:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850-1914

10534:"The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England" 7025:

The industrial revolution in national context: Europe and the USA

5849: 5317: 5272: 5115: 5080: 5076: 4879: 4878:, and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed 4875: 4301: 4297: 4163: 4112: 4081: 4077: 3799: 3789: 3629: 3625: 3578: 3418: 3336:

In addition to goods being sold in the growing number of stores,

3306: 3165: 3103: 2785: 2777: 2703: 2636:

were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but

2309: 2266: 2015: 1643:

required much less labour than cutting wood and converting it to

1423: 1422:, but this burnt down. Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented 1329: 1299: 1258: 941: 685:. An entrepreneurial spirit and consumer revolution helped drive 640: 601: 577: 277: 14240: 11581:"Opinion | The Economic Mistake the Left Is Finally Confronting" 11454:

The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business

11049:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe 1850–1914

10898:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe 1850–1914

8418:. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 7702:

Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America

7418: 7042: 6948: 4693: 3560: 2383:. Concrete was used on a large scale in the construction of the 2229:

succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of

1943:

A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by

1225:

beginning around the 16th century. Following the discovery of a

22837: 22468: 17159: 15917: 14760: 14222:

Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1920

14078:

The History of Lloyd's and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain

13589:

The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe

13283:

Smith, Mick (2007). "Wild-life: anarchy, ecology, and ethics".

11553: 11327: 10458:

The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England

9414:

Cruel habitations: a history of working-class housing 1780–1918

9388:

The eternal slum: housing and social policy in Victorian London

8121:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 104. 7262:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 218. 5942: 5172: 5092: 4949: 4937:

on goods traded among them. Internal tariffs were abolished by

4934: 4230: 4181: 4100: 4085: 3818:

disturbances. Threshing machines were a particular target, and

3414: 2518:

of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough. The

2514: 2368: 2367:

it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and

2327: 2274: 2222: 2104: 1968:

In 1783, the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a

1702: 1578: 1488: 1403: 953: 10998:

Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution 1700–1920

7993:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 92. 7666:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 63. 7358:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 91. 7194:

Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution 1700–1920

6448: 6446: 5770:

A primitive lifestyle living outside the Industrial Revolution

5725: 3392:

puzzles, Weller boot polish and joke books. Nicholas Dames in

3356:, began in 1845 by selling drinks in London in a wheelbarrow. 3063: 2596:

in many coal seams. Some degree of safety was provided by the

22659: 22433: 22423: 22418: 21890: 21885: 16939: 16630: 15156: 14800: 14185:

Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760–1970

13328:"Climate change, human health, and unsustainable development" 12093:

Vries, Pier (2001). "Are Coal and Colonies Really Crucial?".

9874:"The mail-order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry" 9335:

The British building industry since 1800: An economic history

8245: 6043: 5837: 5829: 5715: 5088: 5071:

thought. Conversely, Chinese society was founded on men like

5033: 4924:

emphasis on order and time-keeping, as well as the fact that

4766: 4706: 4675: 4670: 4419: 4234: 4226: 4197: 4185: 4177: 2637: 2578: 2531: 2262: 2215: 2121: 2113: 2076:

The demand for metal parts led to the development of several

1836: 1682: 1678: 1373: 1349: 1281: 1276: 1248: 1141: 1122: 949: 932:

increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40. The

877: 111: 15324:

History of the British canal system

13755:

The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948

13190: 12987: 11832: 10418: 10362:

From Coal Mine Upwards: or Seventy Years of an Eventful Life

10233:. Vol. 3. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. p. 65. 8957:, Harvard University Press, 1 October 2013, pp. 27–68, 8955:

Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales, 1790–1810

8852:

Railroads of the United States, Their History and Statistics

7333:. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. 7001:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 18. 6049:

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution

5432:

showed that wages were not particularly high in the British

4452:

invented an automated flour mill in the mid-1780s that used

2876:'s successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of 2812:

carried the rich, and the less wealthy could pay to ride on

2375:. Portland cement concrete was used by the English engineer 1114: 1062:

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution

22563: 14775: 14745: 14668: 11536:

The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States

10760:. Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. p. 103. 8032:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 7920:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 7069: 6443: 5119: 4836: 4747: 4724:(refining and distribution), and, in the 20th century, the 4089: 4041: 3795: 3161: 3087: 3040:

Food supply in Great Britain was adversely affected by the

2566: 2427:

Glass was made in ancient Greece and Rome. A new method of

2356: 2270: 1927:

The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by

1806: 1747: 1636: 1571: 1535: 1484: 1480: 945: 857:, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term. 742: 160: 52: 48: 14253:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( 14167:

The British industrial revolution: an economic perspective

12606:"Letter VI – On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English" 9936:. New York: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, Inc. p. 3. 9779:"Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games" 6972:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( 6526: 5702:

The industrial revolution has been criticised for causing

3825: 3658: 3531: 2300:

in about 1800, based on the discoveries of French chemist

2049:, developed around 1818 by Robert Johnson and Simeon North 1013:

produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the

147: 15334:

List of United Kingdom-related topics

14579:

Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution

13789:

A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day

13692:

A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World

13682:

The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815–1914

12552:

International Journal of Business Management and Commerce

11761:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

10599:". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 9997:

BBC – History – Victorian Medicine – From Fluke to Theory

9473:

Civic literacy: How informed citizens make democracy work

9133:

Wage rates and living standards in pre-industrial England

8620:. Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. Archived from 8414:

A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America 1965–1925

6557: 5261:

A debate sparked by Trinidadian politician and historian

4609:, the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour. 4415:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

4029: 3819: 2671:, which proved very commercially successful, crossed the 2316: 1467:

in 1779, so called because it is a hybrid of Arkwright's

678: 14376:

The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730–1810

14158:

The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870

13931:

Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West

12197:

A companion to the PBS Series "The Genius That Was China

10996:

Martin Moll, "Austria-Hungary" in Christine Rider, ed.,

10885:

The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870

10057:

Human Population: Population Growth: Question and Answer

9612:. Guinness World Records. 8 September 2016. p. 90. 5322:

William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe

2759:

parishes, but from the 1720s (and occasionally earlier)

2592:

Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of

2146:. He worked as an apprentice at the Royal Arsenal under 2083:

The first large precision machine tool was the cylinder

2053:

Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen—

1519:

responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive

22548: 15258:

History of the cooperative Movement

14276:

Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology

14245:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( 12668:"Explaining the first Industrial Revolution: two views" 10590:

Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor

9958:

The UK population: past, present and future – Chapter 1

9429:(University of North Carolina Press, 1989) pp. 148–174. 8303:

State, Cartels and Growth: The German Chemical Industry

8058:"Steel Production | History of Western Civilization II" 7347: 7019:

Crouzet, François (1996). "France". In Teich, Mikuláš;

6964:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( 6703: 6194:

Horn, Jeff; Rosenband, Leonard; Smith, Merritt (2010).

6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6051:, a good description of the early industrial revolution 3838:

Share of total world manufacturing output (percentage)

3321:

across Britain; one of the first was opened in 1796 by

2347:

turned builder, patented a chemical process for making

2225:

on a large scale became an important goal as well, and

1654:

made progress using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at

911: 23054:

International Conference on Population and Development

13498:

ICONS – a portrait of England. Icon: Jerusalem (hymn)

10334:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 331–332. 8730:"1 January 1894: Opening of the Manchester ship canal" 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 4769:

joined the railroad and ship companies on the world's

4376:

In 1871, a group of Japanese politicians known as the

3943: 3398:

writes, "Literature" is not a big enough category for

2917:

Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution

1066: 818:, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as 20291:

Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks

13150:"What are human rights? Six historical controversies" 12965:

made the industrial revolution possible, for example.

12494:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 12440: 12356:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. 12009:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–44. 11984:. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 13–14. 11713:"The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England" 9360:

Dyos, H. J. (1967). "The Slums of Victorian London".

9220:

The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100

8684: 7105:. Vol. 6. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 711–714. 6571:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from 5598:

explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates.

5114:, with the major ones in its aftermath including the 3713:

The main method the unions used to effect change was

3613:

and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the

2868:

The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829

1593: 14506:

Kelly, Morgan; Mokyr, Joel; Cormac Ó, Gráda (2020).

14386:

An Introduction to the Industrial History of England

12831:

Kelly, Morgan; Mokyr, Joel; Grada, Cormac O (2022).

12723:

Humphries, Jane; Schneider, Benjamin (23 May 2018).

11083:

Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870

7004:"There exist everywhere roads suitable for hauling". 6522: 6520: 5938: 5793: 4810:, and to develop advanced technology to manufacture 4579:, one of the first uses of it in the United States. 4334:, textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden, and forestry in 639:

was the first to use modern production methods, and

14198:

Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution

14069:

The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century

13857: 12049:

The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England

9252:. London: Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project. 9196:

The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800–1850

9114:, London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926, p. 30 8999:

History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective

8512:. Rotherham: The Unofficial Website. Archived from 7466:. US: Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. 6363: 6361: 6113: 3413:business, an idea which would change the nature of 2315:After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in 2257:and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and 1950:. With financial support from his business partner 1444:The spinning frame or water frame was developed by 1172:in the Americas. The early Spanish explorers found 1047:. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of 14505: 14480: 13907: 13851:Short History of the British Industrial Revolution 12722: 12604:Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. (1909–1914) . 12300: 12178: 12023: 11900: 11683: 11561: 10478:"Child Labor | History of Western Civilization II" 9560: 8790: 8788: 8447: 8411: 7137:, Stanford University Press, pp. 7, 113–199, 7130: 6863:. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. 6454: 6193: 6173:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 5288:debates among historians, with American historian 4682:invented a new furnace which could convert molten 4535:Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor 4275:industrialisation, along with Britain (1815–1860), 4272:French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars (1789–1815), 3492: 2622:Transport during the British Industrial Revolution 2312:, became the largest chemical plant in the world. 1511:The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to 1188:. Sea island cotton grew in tropical areas and on 16609:Glasgow International Financial Services District 15631: 14235:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 11937:"Chapter 1, final online version January 2, 2008" 10968:"On the Industrial History of the Czech Republic" 10911:"On the Industrial History of the Czech Republic" 10508:"Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission" 10231:Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day 9907:"Pryce-Jones: Pioneer of the Mail Order Industry" 9562:"History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit" 8996: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7324: 6943:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 6682:Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England 6621: 6517: 6038:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 5636:and the dissenting Protestant sects, such as the 3344:country. Matthew White: "Crowds swarmed in every 2884:, the first inter-city railway in the world, was 1433:In 1764, in the village of Stanhill, Lancashire, 1324: 1197:. A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to 1132:Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was 860:Economic historians and authors such as Mendels, 576:, was a period of global transition of the human 23177: 12921:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 12652:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 12523:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 36. 10277:. Entry on Sciencemuseum website. Archived from 10267: 10152:Working life of women in the seventeenth century 9806: 9804: 8473: 8471: 7457: 7455: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7156: 6563: 6484: 6482: 6461:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 6358: 5284:motivations. These arguments led to significant 3429:in 1840 and the invention of the postage stamp ( 2727:canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the 2698:, which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by 2652: 17125:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 15349:Timeline of materials technology 13974:Journal of European Economic History 29, No 2-3 13103: 12994:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 12903:. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008 12830: 12030:Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece? 11741:". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 10651:From chartists.net. Retrieved 13 November 2006. 10613:. Sydney: Sydney University Press. p. 49. 10198: 9731: 9496: 9494: 8785: 8441: 8439: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 5557:There were publications describing technology. 4644: 4162:, a transplanted Englishman . His factories at 3729:extended the vote in Britain but did not grant 3363:were created in the 1830s to meet this demand. 2836:opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1817:imports and became a net exporter of bar iron. 15134:Stockton and Darlington Railway 14458:. Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault: 54–78. 13818: 13812:The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815–1848 13598:Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk 12294: 12292: 11763:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–16. 11496: 11174: 10206:United States History – The Struggles of Labor 9901: 9899: 9145: 8180:(Landmark Publishing, Ashbourne 1997). p. 145. 8029:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics 7917:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics 7855: 7853: 7851: 7733: 7731: 7372: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6063: 5991:Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory) 5878: 4460:, an important advance in the progress toward 4364:The Industrial Revolution began about 1870 as 3199: 27:1760–1840 period of rapid technological change 22675: 21460: 21446: 21419:List of stock market crashes and bear markets 19958: 19177: 18228: 17655: 16955: 15617: 15412: 14654: 14456:The Industrial Revolution and British Society 13457:"From Ancient Deforestation, a Delta Is Born" 12990:"Industrial ecology: concepts and approaches" 12603: 12594:, pp. 29–30, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966. 12581: 12405: 12042: 11777: 11526: 11457:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 10451: 10255:The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth 9801: 9535:"Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here" 8468: 8350:A history of the introduction of gas lighting 7859: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7301: 6653: 6651: 6479: 5782:, while others argue that technology such as 3654:Child labour § The Industrial Revolution 3577:Industrialisation led to the creation of the 3555: 3116:The Condition of the Working Class in England 2731:, which upon opening in 1894 was the largest 2363:to about 1,400 °C (2,552 °F), then 2285:(removing rust from) iron and steel, and for 2073:, and standardization of threaded fasteners. 1965:for the manufacture of such engines in 1795. 849:The Condition of the Working Class in England 803:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society 545: 14615:Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution 14591:BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution 14508:"The mechanics of the Industrial Revolution" 14319:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 14129:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology 13937: 13905: 13719:Journal of the European Economic Association 13400: 13394: 12961:in an entrepreneurial culture following the 12833:"The Mechanics of the Industrial Revolution" 11797: 11568:. Cambridge, MA and London: The M.I.T Press. 11514: 11505: 11419: 11225: 11138:, Privat, Toulouse, 2004, pp. 233–276 10247: 10069: 9970: 9871: 9773: 9771: 9491: 9148:"Trends in Real Wages in Britain, 1750–1913" 8716: 8639: 8543: 8541: 8436: 8240: 8189: 7579:Technological Transformations and Long Waves 7568: 7566: 7564: 7541:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7508:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7432: 7287:. University of Chicago Press. p. 149. 7181:Journal of the European Economic Association 7094: 5860:, as a result of the Industrial revolution. 4734:A new revolution began with electricity and 4442:, which was aided by the development of the 2723:which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively. 1861:Steam power during the Industrial Revolution 1168:for Europe to obtain before it was grown on 835: 23079:United Nations world population conferences 14155: 14146: 13586: 12628: 12307:. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. 12289: 11973: 11963:, p. 15. Cambridge University Press, 2008. 11758: 11238: 11054: 10431: 10384: 10009: 9950: 9896: 9124: 8271:Clow, Archibald; Clow, Nan L. (June 1952). 7848: 7791:"Danny Boyle's intro on Olympics programme" 7728: 6983: 6932: 6930: 6406: 6196:Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution 5778:Certain primitivists argue for a return to 5726:Individualism humanism and harsh conditions 5242:Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here 5142: 4438:and the development of a system for making 3252:, The rise of consumerism", Matthew White, 1898:Newcomen's steam-powered atmospheric engine 1618: 993:production. Using coke also allowed larger 761:, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s 22992:Population and housing censuses by country 22682: 22668: 21453: 21439: 19965: 19951: 19184: 19170: 18235: 18221: 17662: 17648: 16962: 16948: 15624: 15610: 15419: 15405: 14661: 14647: 14521:(1). Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault. 14290:The Industrial Revolution in World History 14071:(First English translation 1928 ed.). 13906:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). 13623:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. 12787: 12521:The Industrial Revolution in World History 12333: 11979: 11134:, in B. Demoulin and JL Kupper (editors), 10467:, Laura Del Col, West Virginia University. 10257:, Methuen and Co., 1971, pp. 339–341 10165:Women Workers in the Industrial Revolution 10110:Comparative Studies in Society and History 9488:, Vol. 35, No. 4. (October 1993), pp. 851. 9486:Comparative Studies in Society and History 9021: 8858:: John. E. Potter and Co. pp. 12, 13. 8606: 8604: 7604: 7027:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6710:"Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution" 6676: 6674: 6648: 6091:"Industrial History of European Countries" 4705:, the most important technique for making 4397:Industrial Revolution in the United States 4371:Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan 4123:as a king of Bohemia, which took place in 2826:History of rail transport in Great Britain 2557:, started early. Before the steam engine, 2379:several years later when constructing the 2010:in the early 20th century. These included 1770:was developed, but this was superseded by 1249:Pre-mechanized European textile production 552: 538: 59: 21240:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 15426: 14409: 13618: 13595: 13553: 13545:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 13487:Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity 13343: 13023: 13013: 12856: 12485: 12462: 12105: 11917: 11870: 11803: 11345: 11330:"Wealth inequality in Sweden, 1750–1900†" 11124: 11088: 10627: 10582: 9768: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9188: 8649:inflation figures are based on data from 8538: 8025: 7913: 7868:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 7561: 7391: 7221:"The Industrial Revolution – Innovations" 6861:International Institute of Social History 6627: 6548: 6488: 5832:or mass extinction coming from humanity ( 5502:Learn how and when to remove this message 5107:that connects these deposits to the sea. 3690: 2735:in the world, and opened Manchester as a 1957:, he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting 22715:Estimates of historical world population 14968:John Kay (spinning frame) 14963:John Kay (flying shuttle) 14898:Thomas and George Cranege 14308:Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary? 14191: 14057:The World Economy: Historical Statistics 14051: 13992: 12893: 12167:Based on the works of Joseph Needham> 12067: 11480:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 11450: 11426:. New York: W.W. 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An improved refining process known as 1690:is a different, and later, innovation.) 1622: 1577: 1557: 1457:in 1771, giving the invention its name. 1363: 1348: 1328: 1252: 1208: 1113: 1070: 15918:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union 15858:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914 14549: 14543:Understanding the Industrial Revolution 14334: 14314: 14287: 14264: 14182: 14176:Understanding the industrial revolution 14063: 13848: 13777: 13679: 13670: 13661: 13637: 13191:Chamsy el-Ojeili; Dylan Taylor (2020). 12518: 11681: 11616: 11614: 11559: 11532: 11423:A New Economic View of American History 11156:"European Route of Industrial Heritage" 10777: 10755: 10731: 10385:Bar, Michael; Leukhina, Oksana (2007). 9596:. 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The term 14: 23178: 21145:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010 20915:South American economic crisis of 2002 20812:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis) 15354:Timeline of steam power 14493:from the original on 21 September 2019 14444: 14420:(Reprint ed.). pp. 131–172. 14393: 14305: 14273: 14125: 14098: 14075: 14018: 13980:from the original on 30 September 2022 13809: 13786: 13709: 13535: 13366: 13046: 12940: 12665: 12661: 12659: 12647: 12443:International Political Science Review 12327: 12270: 12243: 12176: 12160: 12070:The Uniqueness of Western Civilization 11982:The Concept of Energy Simply Explained 11949:from the original on 12 September 2022 11653:"The Next Big Idea in Economic Growth" 11477: 11420:Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). 11408:Short Economic History of Modern Japan 11254: 11101: 10939: 10896:Alan Milward and Samuel Berrick Saul, 10736:. New York: Random House. p. 149. 10329: 10194:. London: John Murray. pp. 30–40. 10189: 10107: 9931: 9754:. 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", 1961, dans les 11182:Les enjeux des conflits linguistiques 11148: 10972:European Route of Industrial Heritage 10942:The Slavonic and East European Review 10915:European Route of Industrial Heritage 10784:Fleming, James R.; Knorr, Bethany R. 10734:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 10707:"Luddites in Marsden: Trials at York" 10660: 10608: 10514:from the original on 19 December 2008 10176:Louise Tilly and Joan Wallach Scott, 10049: 9840: 9789:from the original on 22 November 2018 9591: 9573:from the original on 10 December 2022 9284:based on the works of Joseph Needham. 9214: 9146:Crafts, N; Mills, Terence C. (1994). 9101: 8849: 8678: 8650: 8575:Coren, Michael J. (31 January 2018). 8574: 8552: 8547: 8167: 8141: 8013: 7938: 7788: 7686: 7649: 7572: 7282: 7245: 7227:from the original on 6 September 2011 7125: 7080:. London: Edward Arnold. p. 11. 6601: 6452: 6388: 6095:European Route of Industrial Heritage 5520:A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery 5336:, who had taken the throne after the 4894:are also cited as factors, as is the 4411:Economic history of the United States 3128:who lived in much better conditions. 3021: 2675:, one of the last canals to be built. 2292:The development of bleaching powder ( 2253:. The sodium sulfate was heated with 2150:. In 1774 Verbruggen had installed a 1204: 23221:Modern history of the United Kingdom 23148: 21226:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016) 21079:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 21072:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis 21037:2000s U.S. housing market correction 20877:1998–2002 Argentine great depression 19972: 16924: 16641:London Platinum and Palladium Market 15379: 14552:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14540: 14296: 14173: 13840:Green, Constance Mclaughlin (1997). 13587:Berlanstein, Lenard R., ed. 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Archived from 6955:from the original on 3 July 2023 5969: 5955: 5941: 5589:Descriptions des Arts et Métiers 5460: 4948:to inventors under a developing 4631:American system of manufacturing 4403:American system of manufacturing 4390: 3548:was very static and often cruel— 3140:c. 55) led to the more sanitary 2892:. The railway was engineered by 2882:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 2573:driven into the side of a hill. 2450: 2021: 1553: 673:, through the activities of the 159: 146: 23125:Human impact on the environment 23059:Population Action International 20958:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash 20284:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 18248:recessions in the United States 18187:History of Western civilization 17790:Christianity in the Middle Ages 15702:Governor of the Bank of England 15344:Timeline of invention 15319:History of technology 15182:Newcomen steam engine 14958:Joseph Marie Jacquard 14394:Zmolek, Michael Andrew (2013). 14389:. University of Michigan Press. 13560:Mathematical Population Studies 13467:from the original on 1 May 2021 13332:Journal of Public Health Policy 12945:. Northwich: Arley Hall Press. 12408:The Journal of Economic History 12165:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 12138:. Industrialrevolution.sea.ca. 11878:The First Industrial Revolution 11844:. Lewis Mumford. January 1963. 11621:Smith, Noah (3 February 2022). 10415:average Briton was about as old 10311:from the original on 3 May 2021 9676:"The History of Fish and Chips" 9282:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 8807: 8755: 8722: 8710: 8672: 8589:from the original on 1 May 2021 8568: 8520: 8502: 8403: 8379: 8366: 8342: 8308: 8295: 8234: 8183: 8176:L. T. C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, 8135: 8110: 8080: 8050: 8019: 8007: 7982: 7966: 7907: 7887: 7809: 7782: 7757: 7719: 7692: 7680: 7655: 7643: 7634: 7528: 7495: 7491:. London: Routledge. p. 2. 7480: 7276: 7251: 7239: 7223:. 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New technologies such as the 489:Timeline of historic inventions 23074:United Nations Population Fund 22689: 21339:Chinese property sector crisis 21247:2015–2016 stock market selloff 21175:August 2011 stock markets fall 21086:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 20783:1990s Swedish financial crisis 20532:Weimar Republic hyperinflation 19503:Western Australian gold rushes 18031:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 17974:Christianity in the modern era 17745:Christianity in late antiquity 16969: 16881:Federation of Small Businesses 15439:History of technology cultures 15104:Derwent Valley Mills 14973:Francis Cabot Lowell 13944:. Oxford University Press US. 13695:. Princeton University Press. 13621:Problems of Industrial Society 13619:Chambliss, William J. (1973). 13600:(Reprint ed.). New York: 13489:(Duke University Press, 2001). 12373:. Princeton University Press. 12367:Mokyr, Joel (6 January 2018). 12111:Jackson J. 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It was founded by artist 3959:European colonies in Africa 3783: 3762:Working people also formed 3747:. They became known as the 3200:Clothing and consumer goods 3171: 2819: 2700:The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater 2322: 2210:invented by the Englishman 2071:interchangeability of parts 1368:The interior of Marshall's 1121:'s silk mill site today in 884:. Some historians, such as 570:First Industrial Revolution 288:Third Industrial Revolution 253:First Industrial Revolution 10: 23247: 23196:19th century in technology 23191:18th century in technology 22971:Population and Environment 21301:Sri Lankan economic crisis 21159:Energy crisis in Venezuela 21138:2009 Dubai debt standstill 20988:2007–2008 financial crisis 20643:Latin American debt crisis 20406:Paris Bourse crash of 1882 19886:Australian property bubble 19521:Tierra del Fuego gold rush 19405:Colorado River mining boom 19345:Queen Charlottes Gold Rush 18770:Post–World War I recession 18590:Post-Napoleonic Depression 18197:Military history of Europe 18192:Maritime history of Europe 16901:UK Payments Administration 15853:New Imperialism 1830s–1945 15677:Government-owned companies 15197:Reverberatory furnace 15124:Quarry Bank Mill 14913:Abraham Darby II 14826:Economies of agglomeration 14378:. London: Faber and Faber. 14288:Stearns, Peter N. (1998). 14224:. 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In the 1860s, 3323:Harding, Howell & Co. 3229:fine china and porcelain 2998:Some economists, such as 2963:in the 16th century, the 2834:A portrait depicting the 2717:Leeds and Liverpool Canal 2545: 2489:agricultural productivity 2152:horizontal boring machine 1151: 656:architectural innovations 499:Complete list by category 155: 145: 137: 99: 78: 69:in a weaving shed in the 58: 46: 41: 22886:Compulsory sterilization 22554:Lancaster House Treaties 22044:Christian existentialism 22004:Ancient Roman philosophy 21994:Ancient Greek philosophy 21030:Subprime mortgage crisis 20693:Brazilian hyperinflation 20665:Brazilian hyperinflation 20502:Financial crisis of 1914 20210:Mississippi bubble crash 19823:Canadian property bubble 19811:Romanian property bubble 19650:1930s Kakamega gold rush 19441:Vermilion Lake gold rush 18961:1990s United States boom 18749:Financial crisis of 1914 15913:2009 bank rescue package 15908:2008 bank rescue package 15873:1929–39 Great Depression 15744:HM Revenue & Customs 15652:Employee-owned companies 15551:History of communication 15546:History of biotechnology 15222:Stephenson's Rocket 14596:25 December 2019 at the 14330:. 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(1992). 6232:Reisman, George (1998). 6028:– Dialectics of progress 5408:Royal Exchange in London 5221:Free market (capitalism) 5169:double entry bookkeeping 4792:World Trade Organization 4547:Providence, Rhode Island 4543:Worcester, Massachusetts 4528:Watertown, Massachusetts 4498:(1768–1835) founded the 4349: 3745:transported to Australia 3615:early socialist movement 3106:from polluted water and 2745: 2526:in 1784, displaced hand 1619:Iron process innovations 868:in parts of Europe, the 864:, and Kridte argue that 666:; particularly with the 494:Technological revolution 441:History of manufacturing 426:History of communication 421:History of biotechnology 22828:Malthusian growth model 22332:Equality before the law 21539:Romano-Germanic culture 21405:List of economic crises 21323:2020 stock market crash 21316:Financial market impact 21285:Turkish economic crisis 20900:9/11 stock market crash 20856:October 1997 mini-crash 20827:1994 bond market crisis 20819:Yugoslav hyperinflation 20730:Savings and loan crisis 20331:European potato failure 19874:Lebanese housing bubble 19835:Lebanese housing bubble 19829:Chinese property bubble 19763:Spanish property bubble 19620:1920s Florida land boom 19545:Cripple Creek Gold Rush 19533:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 19474:1870s Lapland gold rush 19369:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush 18776:Depression of 1920–1921 18708:Depression of 1882–1885 18622:Early Victorian Britain 18357:Real and nominal values 18172:History of Christianity 17580:Individualist anarchism 16081:List of counties by GVA 15863:1873–79 Long Depression 15828:Agricultural Revolution 15793:UK Statistics Authority 15038:Richard Trevithick 14608:12 October 2009 at the 14445:Grinin, Leonid (2022). 14299:Energy in World History 13959:Kisch, Herbert (1989). 13689:Clark, Gregory (2007). 13423:10.1126/science.aad2622 13154:Journal of Human Rights 13136:OAH Magazine of History 13068:10.1111/1758-5899.12791 12519:Stearns, Peter (1998). 12161:Temple, Robert (1986). 12054:2 November 2015 at the 11745:28 October 2009 at the 11285:Schön, Lennart (1982). 11136:Histoire de la Wallonie 11118:29 October 2008 at the 10834:19 October 2017 at the 10609:Evatt, Herbert (2009). 10564:www.historyofosh.org.uk 10364:. 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(2016). 5986:Proto-industrialization 5900:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 5396:The French philosopher 5324:a 1716 illustration by 5139:political fragmentation 5042:purchasing power parity 4607:Great Famine of Ireland 4520:Uxbridge, Massachusetts 4504:Pawtucket, Rhode Island 4425:Pawtucket, Rhode Island 4328:proto industrialisation 4324:agricultural revolution 2721:Thames and Severn Canal 2302:Claude Louis Berthollet 1906:stationary steam engine 1904:The development of the 1479:in the same way that a 1164:Cotton was a difficult 1138:water-powered silk mill 1109: 1100: 866:proto-industrialisation 822:in the early 1790s and 725:of animals and plants. 694:adoption of agriculture 598:hand production methods 582:Agricultural Revolution 247:Proto-industrialization 152:Proto-industrialisation 22955:Zero population growth 22950:Sustainable population 22874:Malthusian catastrophe 22833:Overshoot (population) 22710:Demographic transition 22494:Eastern European Group 22083:Continental philosophy 22014:Judeo-Christian ethics 21999:Hellenistic philosophy 21480:Cradle of civilization 21398:List of banking crises 21167:Syrian economic crisis 21100:Blue Monday Crash 2009 20709:Chilean crisis of 1982 20540:Shōwa financial crisis 20346:Highland Potato Famine 20202:South Sea bubble crash 19993:Commodity price shocks 19868:2000s commodities boom 19848:Uranium bubble of 2007 19817:Polish property bubble 19793:2000s commodities boom 19709:1970s commodities boom 19479:Coromandel Gold Rushes 19363:Australian gold rushes 18881:Recession of 1969–1970 18876:Recession of 1960–1961 18835:Recession of 1937–1938 17996:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 17545:Collectivist anarchism 17460:Social venture capital 17430:Freedom of association 16891:Institute of Directors 16856:Business organisations 16781:Science and technology 16674:International students 16386:Working Time Directive 15759:Debt Management Office 15576:History of measurement 15446:Prehistoric technology 15293:Rochdale Pioneers 15278:Industrial unrest 15084:Bridgewater Canal 15028:Robert Stephenson 15023:George Stephenson 14998:William Radcliffe 14953:Benjamin Huntsman 14928:William Fairbairn 14888:Edmund Cartwright 14863:Richard Arkwright 14766:Industry/Manufacturing 14620:15 August 2009 at the 14541:More, Charles (2000). 14315:Szostak, Rick (1991). 13849:Griffin, Emma (2010). 13787:Davies, Glyn (1997) . 13778:Daunton, M.J. (1995). 13680:Clapham, J.H. (1921). 13671:Clapham, J.H. (1930). 13285:Environmental Politics 12548:Capitalism and Slavery 12299:Stark, Rodney (2005). 12273:The Unbound Prometheus 12244:Landes, David (1999). 11533:Thomson, Ross (1989). 10827:55#1 (2014): 107–147. 10825:Technology and culture 10756:Beckert, Sven (2014). 10732:Kennedy, Paul (1987). 10444:9 January 2006 at the 10211:4 January 2012 at the 10063:8 October 2009 at the 10002:17 August 2021 at the 9843:"Was Dickens a Thief?" 9592:Mintz, Sidney (2015). 9167:10.1006/exeh.1994.1007 8446:Overton, Mark (1996). 8329:Properties of Concrete 8119:The Unbound Prometheus 7991:The Unbound Prometheus 7664:The Unbound Prometheus 7547:10.1093/ref:odnb/47971 7514:10.1093/ref:odnb/75296 7487:Hopkins, Eric (2000). 7462:Beckert, Sven (2014). 7356:The Unbound Prometheus 7260:The Unbound Prometheus 7183:3.2–3 (2005): 525–534. 6602:Lucas, Robert (2003). 6368:Landes, David (1999). 6326:Ray, Indrajit (2011). 6171:The Unbound Prometheus 5836:is the Greek root for 5780:pre-industrial society 5771: 5754:Pre-industrial society 5535: 5532:Joseph Wright of Derby 5403:Letters on the English 5353: 5342:English Bill of Rights 5268:Capitalism and Slavery 5233: 5202: 5188: 5143: 5011: 4831: 4742:. The introduction of 4713: 4667: 4569:Waltham, Massachusetts 4427: 4247: 4023:Public Health Act 1875 4019:William Blake Richmond 3979:environmental movement 3974: 3691:Organisation of labour 3663: 3620:By 1746 an integrated 3574: 3569:, an 1840 portrait of 3546:Pre-industrial society 3477: 3273: 3259: 3212: 3211:tea and coffee service 3134:Public Health Act 1875 3078: 2854: 2843: 2755: 2676: 2424: 2336: 2296:) by Scottish chemist 2187:U.S. Department of War 2168:Portsmouth Block Mills 2050: 2038: 1901: 1890: 1877:, who transformed the 1825:James Beaumont Neilson 1707:Newcomen steam engines 1675:reverberatory furnaces 1632: 1590: 1575: 1542:acquired the nickname 1384:, patented in 1733 by 1377: 1361: 1346: 1272: 1242:Indonesian archipelago 1214: 1129: 1086: 977:– the substitution of 836: 832:Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui 774:steel-making processes 624:; and the rise of the 606:chemical manufacturing 456:History of measurement 416:History of agriculture 383:Medieval Islamic world 293:Digital transformation 23206:History of technology 23186:Industrial Revolution 23064:Population Connection 22928:Mere addition paradox 22767:Physiological density 22614:Three Seas Initiative 22589:Pacific Islands Forum 22454:British–Irish Council 22202:Greek Orthodox Church 21661:Industrial Revolution 21631:Scientific Revolution 20723:Black Saturday (1983) 20577:Kennedy Slide of 1962 20149:Commercial revolution 19892:Cryptocurrency bubble 19880:Corporate debt bubble 19787:Irish property bubble 19569:Mount Baker gold rush 19491:Black Hills gold rush 19393:Similkameen Gold Rush 19387:Pennsylvania oil rush 19375:Pike's Peak gold rush 19267:Bengal Bubble of 1769 19239:Commercial revolution 19214:Irrational exuberance 18999:Early 2000s recession 18966:Early 1990s recession 18918:Early 1980s recession 18498:Commercial revolution 18396:Nominal interest rate 18076:Industrial Revolution 17610:Post-scarcity economy 17585:Libertarian socialism 17570:Free-market socialism 17501:Market fundamentalism 17486:Capitalist propaganda 17080:Industrial Revolution 16995:Anarchy of production 16886:Industry trade groups 16646:London Stock Exchange 16636:London Metal Exchange 16403:Trades Union Congress 16096:East London Tech City 15940:Cost-of-living crisis 15878:1948–52 Marshall Plan 15833:Industrial Revolution 15521:Industrial Revolution 15428:History of technology 15263:Cottage industry 14948:Eaton Hodgkinson 14933:James Hargreaves 14868:Thomas Boulsover 14306:Snooks, G.D. (2000). 14297:Smil, Vaclav (1994). 14269:. U of Chicago Press. 14132:. London: Routledge. 14082:Macmillan and Company 13666:. Vol. 4 part 1. 13602:John Wiley & Sons 13509:Accessed 28 June 2021 13455:(14 September 2012). 13015:10.1073/pnas.89.3.793 12963:commercial revolution 12588:Barrington Moore, Jr. 12177:Merson, John (1990). 12119:27 March 2023 at the 11739:Scientific Revolution 11682:Overton, Mar (1996). 10917:. Council of Europe. 10870:Brian William Clapp, 10857:15 March 2021 at the 10812:Environmental history 10635:"General Strike 1842" 10611:The Tolpuddle Martyrs 10463:13 March 2008 at the 10330:Hoeder, Dirk (2002). 10305:History Learning Site 9812:"The Sam Weller Bump" 9449:16 April 2021 at the 9442:(1982) 35#2: 199–216 9425:Theodore S. Hamerow, 9297:62#2 (2002): 489–511. 8534:on 24 September 2015. 8396:18 April 2021 at the 8318:(2003) pp. 53–54 8258:19 April 2021 at the 7900:14 April 2021 at the 7192:Christine Rider, ed. 7159:CEPR Discussion Paper 6614:on 27 November 2007. 6097:. Council of Europe. 6011:History of capitalism 5769: 5668:only two universities 5626:Protestant work ethic 5616:Protestant work ethic 5610:Protestant work ethic 5548:Royal Society of Arts 5517: 5452:Transfer of knowledge 5320: 5301:Instead, the greater 5229: 5194: 5186: 5028:Scientific Revolution 4998: 4954:Statute of Monopolies 4939:Henry VIII of England 4896:scientific revolution 4825: 4740:electrical industries 4696: 4658: 4639:Waltham Watch Company 4614:interchangeable parts 4603:Waltham-Lowell system 4581:Lowell, Massachusetts 4577:public stock offering 4524:Hartford, Connecticut 4440:interchangeable parts 4422: 4407:Interchangeable parts 4237:valleys, between the 4222: 4188:valleys, between the 4176:, "Especially in the 4109:List of world's fairs 3991:untreated human waste 3972: 3965:Effect on environment 3661: 3563: 3467: 3453:population of England 3287:Huntley & Palmers 3264: 3236: 3207: 3176:Further information: 3142:byelaw terraced house 3066: 2872:, which demonstrated 2849: 2833: 2753: 2729:Manchester Ship Canal 2673:Manchester Ship Canal 2666: 2604:and independently by 2499:invented an improved 2473:continuous production 2418: 2330: 2221:The production of an 2191:interchangeable parts 2044: 2029: 1896: 1868: 1626: 1581: 1564:reverberatory furnace 1561: 1498:developed a vertical 1367: 1352: 1332: 1256: 1212: 1117: 1082:Industry and Idleness 1074: 1049:precision metal parts 969:power-to-weight ratio 828:Industrial Revolution 772:. These included new 763:in the United Kingdom 620:; the development of 566:Industrial Revolution 519:Outline of technology 410:By type of technology 337:By historical regions 325:Emerging technologies 185:By technological eras 177:History of technology 42:Industrial Revolution 23094:World Population Day 23049:Church of Euthanasia 22938:Non-identity problem 22913:Political demography 22869:Human overpopulation 22609:Special Relationship 22019:Christian philosophy 21964:Western Christianity 21626:Age of Enlightenment 21500:Hellenistic Kingdoms 21277:Ghana banking crisis 21107:European debt crisis 20892:Dot-com bubble crash 20804:Cuban Special Period 20263:Copper Panic of 1789 20168:The Great Debasement 20160:Great Bullion Famine 19563:Kobuk River Stampede 19497:Colorado Silver Boom 19429:West Coast gold rush 19381:Rock Creek Gold Rush 19339:California gold rush 18565:Copper Panic of 1789 18131:European debt crisis 18126:European integration 18066:Age of Enlightenment 17906:Republic of Florence 17065:Financial Revolution 17030:Economic development 16680:Entertainment & 15903:Late-2000s recession 15898:1992 Black Wednesday 15838:Financial Revolution 15667:FTSE Fledgling Index 15591:History of transport 15556:History of computing 15202:Sheffield plate 15003:Richard Roberts 14983:Thomas Newcomen 14903:Samuel Crompton 14873:Matthew Boulton 14831:Economies of density 14564:10.1162/jinh_a_01230 14545:. London: Routledge. 14324:Timbs, John (1860). 14310:. London: Routledge. 14203:Simon & Schuster 14165:Mokyr, Joel (2018). 14084:. pp. 161–374. 13765:. pp. 239–316. 13753:Craig, John (1953). 13604:. pp. 135–193. 13345:10.1057/jphp.2010.12 13250:Environmental Values 13114:10.1093/past/38.1.56 12959:wealth concentration 12352:Jones, Eric (1981). 12005:Mokyr, Joel (1990). 11912:Princeton University 11894:4 April 2023 at the 11759:Baten, Jörg (2016). 11715:. Historyguide.org. 11659:. 16 February 2016. 11233:Breaking stereotypes 11085:pp 292–296, 437–453. 10772:Agricultural History 10681:10.1162/BFLR_a_00183 10360:Dunn, James (1905). 10347:America in the World 10022:6 April 2009 at the 9932:Hudson, Pat (1992). 9333:Christopher Powell, 9130:Woodward, D. (1981) 8528:"The Rotherham Plow" 8510:"The Rotherham Plow" 8387:Construction History 8359:4 April 2023 at the 8277:. Ayer Co. pp. 7076:Hudson, Pat (1992). 6852:Gupta, Bishnupriya. 5912:Percy Bysshe Shelley 5480:improve this article 5236:– British historian 5001:London Coal Exchange 4890:and accumulation of 4526:, and the second at 4202:World Heritage Sites 4103:organised the first 3719:Combination Act 1799 3148:Water and sanitation 3102:among young adults. 2457:Louis-Nicolas Robert 2387:a generation later. 2377:Marc Isambard Brunel 2306:factory at St Rollox 2294:calcium hypochlorite 2208:lead chamber process 2035:screw-cutting lathes 1883:reciprocating motion 1768:potting and stamping 1428:cotton spinning mill 1398:patented the roller 1302:, a cloth with flax 1199:Natchez, Mississippi 1179:Gossypium barbadense 1170:colonial plantations 962:– the efficiency of 798:Louis-Guillaume Otto 759:electrical telegraph 668:proto-industrialised 483:Technology timelines 471:History of transport 214:Neolithic Revolution 23226:Revolutions by type 22943:Reproductive rights 22774:Population dynamics 22725:Population momentum 22634:West Nordic Council 22499:Eastern Partnership 22088:Analytic philosophy 21789:Classical tradition 21611:Early modern period 21567:Classical antiquity 21562:European Bronze Age 21233:2015 Nepal blockade 20943:2000s energy crisis 20841:Mexican peso crisis 20746:Black Monday (1987) 20606:1970s energy crisis 20566:Post–WWII expansion 20240:Bengal bubble crash 20035:Financial contagion 19699:The Great Inflation 19682:Porcupine Gold Rush 19666:Post–WWII expansion 19644:Porcupine Gold Rush 19626:Fairbanks Gold Rush 19599:Porcupine Gold Rush 19581:Fairbanks Gold Rush 19351:Victorian gold rush 19316:Chilean silver rush 19229:Stock market bubble 18901:1973–1975 recession 18845:Post–WWII expansion 18519:Great Frost of 1709 18347:Neutrality of money 18328:Classical dichotomy 18244:Economic expansions 18096:Revolutions of 1848 18026:Early modern France 17807:Anglo-Saxon England 17712:Classical antiquity 17540:Anarcho-syndicalism 17535:Anarcho-primitivism 17420:Economic inequality 17035:Economic liberalism 16376:Equal opportunities 15981:Economic liberalism 15883:1974 Three-Day Week 15868:1926 general strike 15672:FTSE SmallCap Index 15581:History of medicine 15212:Spinning jenny 15207:Spinning frame 15177:Flying shuttle 15167:Crucible steel 15048:John Wilkinson 15033:Thomas Telford 14878:James Brindley 14415:Past & Present, 14004:. pp. 50–142. 13415:2016Sci...351.2622W 13297:2007EnvPo..16..470S 13138:15.1 (2000): 48–56. 13006:1992PNAS...89..793J 12974:Robert Green, ed., 12901:"The Lunar Society" 12565:"Old Naval College" 11047:Millward and Saul, 10900:(Harvard UP, 1977). 10887:(Harvard UP, 1973). 10814:17#1 (2012): 29–54. 10774:68.2 (1994): 35–50. 10663:"A Nod to Ned Ludd" 10595:11 May 2021 at the 10399:on 27 November 2007 10332:Cultures in Contact 10094:Eleanor Amico, ed. 9399:Martin J. Daunton, 8314:Johann P. Murmann, 8274:Chemical Revolution 7978:. 1879. p. 20. 7393:Hounshell, David A. 6575:on 27 November 2007 6222:49.01 (2018): 9–42. 5858:evolutionary rescue 5810:collapse of society 5800:Ecological collapse 5758:Anarcho-primitivism 5704:ecological collapse 5650:Glorious Revolution 5421:Economic historian 5381:Glorious Revolution 5338:Glorious Revolution 5164:Italian city-states 5149:Republic of Letters 5133:Economic historian 5065:Judaeo-Christianity 5051:Historians such as 5044:(and Britain had a 5020:Classical Antiquity 4975:Jonathan Hornblower 4744:hydroelectric power 4726:automotive industry 4718:chemical industries 4688:open hearth furnace 3977:The origins of the 3839: 3573:'s factory chimneys 3437:Population increase 3381:The Pickwick Papers 3354:R. White's Lemonade 3305:. Their competitor 3218:consumer revolution 2994:Standards of living 2794:Boonsboro, Maryland 2561:were often shallow 2495:The English lawyer 2385:London sewer system 2279:potassium carbonate 1849:cementation process 1056:Textile manufacture 1037:screw-cutting lathe 664:Indian subcontinent 461:History of medicine 353:Indian subcontinent 23216:Late modern Europe 23211:Industrial history 23069:Population Matters 22784:Population pyramid 22762:Population density 22757:Population decline 22093:Post-structuralism 22056:Christian humanism 21686:Universal suffrage 20495:Panic of 1910–1911 20339:Great Irish Famine 20277:Panic of 1796–1797 20116:Stock market crash 19638:Cobalt silver rush 19593:Cobalt silver rush 19551:Klondike Gold Rush 19447:Kildonan Gold Rush 19435:Big Bend Gold Rush 19294:Carolina gold rush 19255:Mississippi bubble 19224:Real-estate bubble 19083:COVID-19 recession 18743:Panic of 1910–1911 18575:Panic of 1796–1797 18401:Real interest rate 18369:Economic expansion 18202:Crusading movement 18106:Russian Revolution 17941:Hundred Years' War 17837:Maritime republics 17740:Early Christianity 17730:Hellenistic period 17687:Paleolithic Europe 17560:Economic democracy 17381:Private foundation 16791:Telecommunications 15956:Economic geography 15303:Industrial warfare 15152:Blast furnace 15013:Samuel Slater 15008:Thomas Savery 14978:Lunar Society 14836:Economies of scale 13968:Kmlos, J. (2000). 13873:. pp. 29–59. 13863:Wooldridge, Adrian 13644:Alexander Hamilton 13461:The New York Times 13370:(18 August 2011). 13200:Rethinking Marxism 13106:Past & Present 12978:(D.C. Heath, 1973) 11585:The New York Times 11192:, pp. 122–123 11180:Michel De Coster, 11081:Milward and Saul, 10874:(Routledge, 2014). 10081:5 May 2015 at the 9089:on 26 October 2018 8736:. 1 January 1894. 8719:, pp. 192–193 8647:Retail Price Index 8516:on 14 August 2014. 7822:. Metals Society. 7739:"Ironbridge Gorge" 7209:(1973) pp 161–174. 7009:on roads in France 6680:Joseph E Inikori. 6021:Industrial society 5896:William Wordsworth 5772: 5536: 5354: 5203: 5200:William Bell Scott 5189: 5012: 4967:Richard Trevithick 4884:colonial expansion 4832: 4746:generation in the 4714: 4703:Bessemer converter 4680:Sir Henry Bessemer 4668: 4454:control mechanisms 4428: 4211:, which runs from 3975: 3955:cotton plantations 3922:Rest of the world 3837: 3764:friendly societies 3731:universal suffrage 3664: 3575: 3478: 3427:Uniform Penny Post 3274: 3213: 3079: 3067:Housing in London 3046:Great Irish Famine 3022:Food and nutrition 2965:putting-out system 2844: 2842:due to its success 2776:, with the first ' 2756: 2696:North West England 2677: 2511:Joseph Foljambe's 2445:The Crystal Palace 2425: 2337: 2237:was a reaction of 2051: 2039: 1989:Richard Trevithick 1974:Boulton & Watt 1922:The Miner's Friend 1902: 1891: 1697:built furnaces at 1686:air furnace. (The 1633: 1591: 1576: 1402:and the flyer-and- 1378: 1362: 1359:Greater Manchester 1347: 1315:putting-out system 1273: 1231:East India Company 1215: 1205:Trade and textiles 1185:Gossypium hirsutum 1159:medium of exchange 1130: 1087: 1035:invented were the 999:economies of scale 699:standard of living 675:East India Company 590:continental Europe 398:Renaissance Europe 18:Industrial history 23231:Stages of history 23201:Age of Revolution 23173: 23172: 23044:7 Billion Actions 22918:Population ethics 22811:Carrying capacity 22720:Population growth 22657: 22656: 22484:Council of Europe 22386:International law 22339:Constitutionalism 22197:Eastern Orthodoxy 21703:Post–Cold War era 21636:Age of Revolution 21490:Greco-Roman world 21428: 21427: 21309:COVID-19 pandemic 20194:Tulip mania crash 20185:Kipper und Wipper 20162:(c. 1400–c. 1500) 19940: 19939: 19898:Everything bubble 19547:(c. 1890–c. 1910) 19527:Cayoosh Gold Rush 19517:(c. 1880–c. 1930) 19505:(c. 1880–c. 1900) 19487:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 19485:Cassiar Gold Rush 19481:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 19453:Omineca Gold Rush 19417:Cariboo Gold Rush 19399:Stikine Gold Rush 19335:(c. 1840–c. 1850) 19305:Georgia Gold Rush 19290:(c. 1790–c. 1810) 19193:Financial bubbles 19159: 19158: 18870:Recession of 1958 18864:Recession of 1953 18858:Recession of 1949 18555:Thirteen Colonies 18362:Velocity of money 18292:Paradox of thrift 18210: 18209: 18136:COVID-19 pandemic 18081:French Revolution 18056:Habsburg monarchy 18036:Cossack Hetmanate 18016:Portuguese Empire 18006:Absolute monarchy 18001:Thirty Years' War 17896:Holy Roman Empire 17821:Bulgarian Empire 17780:Early Middle Ages 17697:Bronze Age Europe 17671:History of Europe 17637: 17636: 17530:Anarcho-communism 17401:Spontaneous order 17396:Social alienation 17353:Economic mobility 17040:Economic planning 16937: 16936: 16840: 16839: 16619:Lloyd's of London 16330: 16329: 16302:Industrialisation 16216:Industrialisation 15999: 15998: 15928:COVID-19 pandemic 15848:1815–46 Corn Laws 15599: 15598: 15394: 15393: 15268:Factory Acts 15253:Child labour 15217:Steam engine 15129:Soho Foundry 15018:John Smeaton 14943:Thomas Highs 14938:Hawks family 14473:978-0-521-43154-5 14351:978-1-4191-2952-0 14301:. Westview Press. 14292:. Westview Press. 14259:978-0-917914-73-7 14212:978-1-4165-7091-2 14193:Rappleye, Charles 14139:978-0-415-14792-7 14118:978-0-674-06692-2 14091:978-0-341-78124-0 14035:978-0-521-09418-4 14011:978-1-4088-6856-0 13951:978-0-19-507738-4 13921:978-0-262-08198-6 13880:978-0-7352-2244-1 13802:978-0-7083-1351-0 13702:978-0-691-12135-2 13654:978-0-14-303475-9 13630:978-0-201-00958-3 13611:978-0-471-29563-1 13549:on 12 March 2017. 13537:Ashton, Thomas S. 13409:(6269): aad2622. 12952:978-0-9518382-4-2 12931:guide, Bob Miles. 12802:10.1111/ehr.12491 12744:10.1111/ehr.12693 12505:978-0-520-23500-7 12380:978-0-691-18096-0 12314:978-0-8129-7233-7 12282:978-0-521-09418-4 12257:978-0-393-31888-3 12192:978-0-87951-397-9 12079:978-90-04-23276-1 12072:. Leiden: Brill. 12016:978-0-19-507477-2 11991:978-0-486-21071-1 11969:978-0-521-87928-6 11851:978-0-15-688254-5 11770:978-1-107-50718-0 11697:978-0-521-56859-3 11546:978-0-8078-1867-1 11489:978-0-87332-101-3 11464:978-0-674-94052-9 11437:978-0-393-96315-1 11347:10.1111/ehr.12576 11250:Cahiers de l'ISEA 11190:978-2-296-03394-8 11130:Philippe Raxhon, 11000:(2007) pp. 24–27. 10846:Harold L. Platt, 10620:978-0-586-03832-1 10371:978-1-4344-6870-3 10240:978-1-56584-561-9 9943:978-0-7131-6531-9 9761:978-0-14-004116-3 9752:Boys Will be Boys 9619:978-1-910561-34-8 9386:Anthony S. Wohl, 9362:Victorian Studies 9309:Victorian Studies 9229:978-0-521-80878-1 9008:978-0-7656-2599-1 8972:978-0-674-73325-1 8717:Kindleberger 1993 8496:978-0-691-09010-8 8479:Pomeranz, Kenneth 8461:978-0-521-56859-3 8429:978-0-8018-6502-2 8372:Patrick Degryse, 8288:978-0-8369-1909-7 8161:978-1-351-25134-1 8128:978-0-521-09418-4 8043:978-0-521-27367-1 8000:978-0-521-09418-4 7959:978-0-521-09418-4 7931:978-0-521-27367-1 7879:978-0-671-62028-8 7829:978-0-904357-06-6 7775:978-0-8018-6816-0 7712:978-0-8018-8272-2 7673:978-0-521-09418-4 7553:(Subscription or 7520:(Subscription or 7473:978-0-375-71396-5 7410:978-0-8018-2975-8 7365:978-0-521-09418-4 7340:978-0-901462-88-6 7294:978-0-226-72634-2 7269:978-0-521-09418-4 7144:978-0-8047-0876-0 7112:978-0-230-22642-5 7087:978-0-7131-6531-9 7065:978-0-543-94762-8 7034:978-0-521-40940-7 6978:978-0-917914-73-7 6900:978-0-87332-101-3 6472:978-0-674-01601-9 6381:978-0-393-31888-3 6339:978-1-136-82552-1 6300:978-0-19-516520-3 6285:Esposito, John L. 6270:978-1-317-13522-7 6243:978-0-915463-73-2 6205:978-0-262-51562-7 6180:978-0-521-09418-4 5963:Technology portal 5814:resource scarcity 5672:four universities 5646:English Civil War 5604:Annales des Mines 5568:Lexicon Technicum 5512: 5511: 5504: 5440:by Morgan Kelly, 5390:The Servile State 5374:Scottish Lowlands 5346:absolute monarchy 5286:historiographical 5179:Causes in Britain 5128:Kingdom of Mysore 5055:and sociologists 5046:per capita income 4910:Early Middle Ages 4888:financial markets 4866:movement and the 4852:English Civil War 4800:COVID-19 pandemic 4777:New Industrialism 4666:, Germany in 1868 4516:Blackstone Valley 4423:Slater's Mill in 4356:Meiji Restoration 4262:French historians 4209:Sillon industriel 4173:Sillon industriel 4158:. The leader was 3999:hydrochloric acid 3941: 3940: 3749:Tolpuddle Martyrs 3527:Labour conditions 3409:formed the first 3407:Pryce Pryce-Jones 3280:: "chocolate and 3138:38 & 39 Vict. 3035:Antebellum Puzzle 2898:George Stephenson 2874:Robert Stephenson 2772:and most notably 2692:Bridgewater Canal 2669:Bridgewater Canal 2643:steam locomotives 2606:George Stephenson 2520:threshing machine 2465:Henry Fourdrinier 2255:calcium carbonate 2251:hydrochloric acid 1991:and the American 1871:Watt steam engine 1841:Benjamin Huntsman 1711:Abraham Darby III 1496:Edmund Cartwright 1446:Richard Arkwright 1043:machine, and the 687:industrialisation 633:population growth 562: 561: 368:Hellenistic world 363:Maya civilization 171: 170: 167: 166: 32:Industrialisation 16:(Redirected from 23238: 23163: 23162: 23151: 23150: 23120:Green Revolution 22901:Two-child policy 22896:One-child policy 22819: 22779:Population model 22735:World population 22684: 22677: 22670: 22661: 22660: 22529:EU Customs Union 22061:Secular humanism 22009:Christian ethics 21959:East–West Schism 21942:Physical culture 21666:Great Divergence 21616:Age of Discovery 21455: 21448: 21441: 21432: 21431: 21421: 21414: 21407: 21400: 21385: 21378: 21371: 21364: 21356: 21349: 21342: 21332: 21325: 21318: 21311: 21304: 21296: 21288: 21280: 21272: 21265: 21257: 21249: 21242: 21235: 21228: 21221: 21213: 21206: 21198: 21191: 21184: 21177: 21170: 21162: 21154: 21147: 21140: 21116: 21109: 21102: 21095: 21088: 21081: 21074: 21067: 21060: 21053: 21046: 21039: 21032: 21025: 21018: 21011: 21004: 20997: 20990: 20968: 20960: 20953: 20946: 20938: 20931: 20924: 20917: 20910: 20903: 20895: 20887: 20879: 20872: 20865: 20858: 20851: 20844: 20836: 20829: 20822: 20814: 20807: 20799: 20792: 20785: 20778: 20771: 20763: 20755: 20748: 20741: 20733: 20725: 20718: 20711: 20704: 20696: 20682:Great Regression 20677:Great Moderation 20668: 20660: 20653: 20646: 20638: 20630: 20623: 20616: 20609: 20586: 20579: 20557: 20550: 20543: 20535: 20527: 20504: 20497: 20490: 20482: 20475: 20468: 20461: 20453: 20446: 20439: 20431: 20423: 20415: 20408: 20401: 20379: 20371: 20364: 20357: 20348: 20341: 20334: 20315: 20308: 20301: 20294: 20286: 20279: 20272: 20265: 20258: 20250: 20243: 20235: 20213: 20205: 20197: 20189: 20179: 20171: 20163: 20140: 20118: 20111: 20104: 20095: 20088: 20081: 20074: 20067: 20065:Liquidity crisis 20060: 20053: 20044: 20042:Social contagion 20037: 20030: 20023: 20016: 20009: 20002: 19995: 19988: 19974:Financial crises 19967: 19960: 19953: 19944: 19943: 19742:Great Regression 19737:Great Moderation 19714:Mexican oil boom 19509:Indiana gas boom 19261:South Sea bubble 19219:Social contagion 19186: 19179: 19172: 19163: 19162: 18951:Great Regression 18946:Great Moderation 18792:Great Depression 18781:Roaring Twenties 18302:Underconsumption 18272:Effective demand 18263:Aggregate demand 18237: 18230: 18223: 18214: 18213: 18071:Great Divergence 17986:Age of Discovery 17931:Late Middle Ages 17901:High Middle Ages 17812:Byzantine Empire 17795:Christianization 17785:Migration Period 17720:Classical Greece 17692:Neolithic Europe 17664: 17657: 17650: 17641: 17640: 17620:Social anarchism 17595:Market socialism 17590:Market anarchism 17496:Critique of work 17386:Private property 17348:Economic freedom 17343:Decentralization 17321:Cultural aspects 17282:Regulated market 17060:Financial crisis 17045:Entrepreneurship 16964: 16957: 16950: 16941: 16940: 16927: 16926: 16917: 16916: 16876:Co-operatives UK 16466:Hydroelectricity 16441:Renewable energy 16423: 16422: 16307:Renewable energy 16288: 16236:Renewable energy 16024:Atlantic Gateway 16012: 16011: 15843:Panic of 1796–97 15813: 15812: 15626: 15619: 15612: 15603: 15602: 15516:Great Divergence 15421: 15414: 15407: 15398: 15397: 15382: 15381: 15370: 15369: 15273:Great Divergence 15227:Water frame 15162:Cotton mill 14988:Robert Owen 14848: 14816:Water power 14796:Steam power 14751:Coal mining 14729:Potential future 14663: 14656: 14649: 14640: 14639: 14567: 14546: 14537: 14535: 14533: 14527: 14512: 14502: 14500: 14498: 14489:. 15 (January). 14477: 14450: 14441: 14439: 14437: 14399: 14390: 14379: 14367: 14365: 14363: 14354:. Archived from 14331: 14320: 14311: 14302: 14293: 14282: 14270: 14244: 14225: 14216: 14188: 14179: 14174:More, C (2002). 14170: 14161: 14152: 14143: 14122: 14095: 14072: 14060: 14048: 14039: 14020:Landes, David S. 14015: 13989: 13987: 13985: 13964: 13955: 13934: 13925: 13913: 13902: 13893: 13884: 13854: 13845: 13836: 13815: 13806: 13783: 13774: 13749: 13747: 13745: 13739: 13725:(2–3): 525–534. 13716: 13706: 13685: 13676: 13667: 13658: 13634: 13615: 13592: 13583: 13550: 13523: 13516: 13510: 13496: 13490: 13483: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13472: 13449: 13443: 13442: 13398: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13364: 13358: 13357: 13347: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13280: 13274: 13273: 13245: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13228: 13197: 13188: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13177: 13145: 13139: 13132: 13126: 13125: 13101: 13095: 13094: 13092: 13090: 13084: 13053: 13044: 13038: 13037: 13027: 13017: 12985: 12979: 12972: 12966: 12956: 12938: 12932: 12926: 12920: 12912: 12910: 12908: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12860: 12828: 12822: 12821: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12769:on 19 April 2021 12768: 12762:. Archived from 12729: 12720: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12703: 12672: 12663: 12654: 12653: 12645: 12639: 12632: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12621: 12610:www.bartleby.com 12601: 12595: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12577:on 26 June 2007. 12576: 12570:. Archived from 12569: 12561: 12555: 12544: 12538: 12531: 12525: 12524: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12493: 12483: 12477: 12476: 12466: 12438: 12432: 12431: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12364: 12358: 12357: 12349: 12343: 12337: 12331: 12330:, pp. 34–35 12325: 12319: 12318: 12306: 12296: 12287: 12286: 12268: 12262: 12261: 12241: 12235: 12233: 12229: 12227: 12225: 12219: 12212: 12204: 12198: 12196: 12184: 12174: 12168: 12166: 12158: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12147: 12131: 12125: 12109: 12103: 12102: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12065: 12059: 12046: 12040: 12027: 12021: 12020: 12002: 11996: 11995: 11977: 11971: 11962: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11948: 11941: 11921: 11915: 11904: 11898: 11876:Deane, Phyllis. 11874: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11836: 11830: 11829: 11801: 11795: 11781: 11775: 11774: 11756: 11750: 11749:31 October 2009. 11735: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11689: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11618: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11530: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11509: 11503: 11500: 11494: 11493: 11475: 11469: 11468: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11417: 11411: 11404: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11374: 11368: 11367: 11349: 11325: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11282: 11276: 11271:Allan Mitchell, 11269: 11263: 11258: 11252: 11242: 11236: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11199: 11193: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11152: 11146: 11128: 11122: 11105: 11099: 11092: 11086: 11079: 11073: 11058: 11052: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11017:on 16 March 2012 11013:. Archived from 11007: 11001: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10948:(123): 243–275. 10937: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10907: 10901: 10894: 10888: 10881: 10875: 10868: 10862: 10844: 10838: 10821: 10815: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10781: 10775: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10753: 10747: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10713:on 26 March 2012 10709:. Archived from 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10658: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10637:. Archived from 10631: 10625: 10624: 10606: 10600: 10586: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10493: 10474: 10468: 10455: 10449: 10435: 10429: 10412: 10406: 10404: 10398: 10392:. Archived from 10391: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10271: 10265: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10226: 10220: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10187: 10181: 10174: 10168: 10161: 10155: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10105: 10099: 10092: 10086: 10073: 10067: 10053: 10047: 10033: 10027: 10013: 10007: 9994: 9988: 9974: 9968: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9903: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9869: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9816:The Paris Review 9808: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9775: 9766: 9765: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9705:White, Matthew. 9702: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9680:Historic England 9672: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9564: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9531: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9508:on 19 April 2021 9498: 9489: 9482: 9476: 9469: 9463: 9462:Hamerow, p. 159. 9460: 9454: 9436: 9430: 9423: 9417: 9410: 9404: 9397: 9391: 9384: 9378: 9377: 9357: 9351: 9344: 9338: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9304: 9298: 9291: 9285: 9283: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9258: 9251: 9240: 9234: 9233: 9216:Fogel, Robert W. 9212: 9206: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9175: 9152: 9143: 9137: 9128: 9122: 9108: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9001:. PHI Learning. 8994: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8888: 8882: 8879: 8873: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8820: 8814: 8811: 8805: 8792: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8747: 8745: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8626: 8619: 8608: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8572: 8566: 8559: 8550: 8545: 8536: 8535: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8475: 8466: 8465: 8453: 8443: 8434: 8433: 8417: 8407: 8401: 8383: 8377: 8370: 8364: 8352:(W. King, 1907) 8346: 8340: 8325: 8319: 8312: 8306: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8268: 8262: 8249: 8243: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8187: 8181: 8174: 8165: 8164: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7945: 7936: 7935: 7911: 7905: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7867: 7857: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7793:. Awards Daily. 7786: 7780: 7779: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7735: 7726: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7632: 7627: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7591: 7584: 7570: 7559: 7558: 7550: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7517: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7459: 7430: 7429: 7389: 7370: 7369: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7326: 7299: 7298: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7197: 7190: 7184: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7136: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7073: 7067: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7016: 7010: 7002: 6994: 6981: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6934: 6905: 6904: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6858: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6781: 6775: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6714: 6701: 6695: 6678: 6669: 6655: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6610:. Archived from 6599: 6593: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6565:Robert Lucas Jr. 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6524: 6515: 6514: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6460: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6166: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6087: 6071: 6067: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5820:The Anthropocene 5530:illustration by 5529: 5526: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5464: 5456: 5426:2018 studies in 5366:English Midlands 5362:North of England 5290:Seymour Drescher 5245: 5146: 5038:Age of Discovery 5009: 5006: 4999:Interior of the 4991:Great Divergence 4985:Causes in Europe 4872:cottage industry 4804:land speculation 4759:General Electric 4627:Thomas Blanchard 4596: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4571:, second to the 4539:Blackstone River 4215:in the west, to 3983:coal consumption 3840: 3836: 3642:Soho Manufactory 3611:New Lanark mills 3417:. Selling Welsh 3371:The Paris Review 3315:department store 3293:of Carlisle and 3257: 3250:Georgian Britain 3241:mass consumption 3121:Friedrich Engels 3073: 3070: 3004:living standards 3000:Robert Lucas Jr. 2969:cottage industry 2890:Arthur Wellesley 2433:cylinder process 2429:glass production 2421:Great Exhibition 2399:was the work of 2233:(soda ash). The 2231:sodium carbonate 2189:which perfected 2180:Joseph Whitworth 1959:his steam engine 1740:Boulton and Watt 1695:Abraham Darby II 1473:James Hargreaves 1435:James Hargreaves 1376:, West Yorkshire 1343:James Hargreaves 1271: 1268: 1240:, including the 1219:Age of Discovery 1174:Native Americans 1011:puddling process 882:Great Divergence 844:Friedrich Engels 839: 808:Raymond Williams 637:textile industry 554: 547: 540: 446:Maritime history 378:Byzantine Empire 173: 172: 163: 150: 143: 63: 39: 38: 21: 23246: 23245: 23241: 23240: 23239: 23237: 23236: 23235: 23176: 23175: 23174: 23169: 23139: 23103: 23037: 23035: 23028: 22980: 22959: 22908:Overconsumption 22891:Family planning 22848: 22842: 22815: 22799: 22796: 22788: 22750: 22747: 22739: 22693: 22688: 22658: 22653: 22619:UKUSA Agreement 22559:Lublin Triangle 22444:Baltic Assembly 22396: 22390: 22308: 22145: 21980: 21850:Eurolinguistics 21719: 21708:Information age 21681:Interwar period 21548: 21468: 21459: 21429: 21424: 21417: 21410: 21403: 21396: 21388: 21381: 21374: 21367: 21359: 21352: 21345: 21337: 21328: 21321: 21314: 21307: 21299: 21291: 21283: 21275: 21268: 21260: 21252: 21245: 21238: 21231: 21224: 21216: 21209: 21201: 21194: 21187: 21180: 21173: 21165: 21157: 21150: 21143: 21136: 21129: 21127:Information Age 21121: 21112: 21105: 21098: 21091: 21084: 21077: 21070: 21063: 21056: 21049: 21042: 21035: 21028: 21021: 21014: 21007: 21000: 20993: 20986: 20979: 20977:Great Recession 20971: 20963: 20956: 20949: 20941: 20934: 20927: 20920: 20913: 20906: 20898: 20890: 20882: 20875: 20868: 20861: 20854: 20847: 20839: 20832: 20825: 20817: 20810: 20802: 20795: 20788: 20781: 20774: 20766: 20758: 20751: 20744: 20736: 20728: 20721: 20714: 20707: 20699: 20691: 20684: 20680: 20671: 20663: 20658:1979 oil crisis 20656: 20649: 20641: 20633: 20626: 20619: 20614:1973 oil crisis 20612: 20604: 20597: 20595:Great Inflation 20589: 20582: 20575: 20568: 20560: 20553: 20546: 20538: 20530: 20522: 20515: 20513:Interwar period 20507: 20500: 20493: 20485: 20478: 20471: 20464: 20456: 20449: 20442: 20434: 20426: 20418: 20411: 20404: 20397: 20390: 20382: 20374: 20367: 20360: 20353: 20344: 20337: 20329: 20318: 20311: 20304: 20297: 20289: 20282: 20275: 20268: 20261: 20253: 20246: 20238: 20231: 20224: 20216: 20208: 20200: 20192: 20182: 20174: 20166: 20158: 20151: 20143: 20135: 20121: 20114: 20107: 20100: 20091: 20084: 20077: 20070: 20063: 20056: 20049: 20040: 20033: 20026: 20019: 20014:Currency crisis 20012: 20005: 19998: 19991: 19984: 19976: 19971: 19941: 19936: 19903: 19860: 19858:Information Age 19852: 19744: 19740: 19731: 19720:Silver Thursday 19701: 19693: 19688:Poseidon bubble 19668: 19660: 19612: 19610:Interwar period 19604: 19466: 19458: 19411:Otago gold rush 19321: 19280: 19272: 19241: 19233: 19195: 19190: 19160: 19155: 19020:Great Recession 19012: 19010:Information Age 19004: 18953: 18949: 18940: 18893: 18891:Great Inflation 18885: 18847: 18839: 18762: 18760:Interwar period 18754: 18690:Long Depression 18682: 18678: 18669: 18629: 18625: 18616: 18531: 18523: 18500: 18492: 18457:U.S. recessions 18452:U.K. recessions 18384:U.S. expansions 18254: 18241: 18211: 18206: 18145: 18111:Interwar period 18086:Napoleonic Wars 17950: 17921:Mongol invasion 17874:Crown of Aragon 17766: 17706: 17702:Iron Age Europe 17673: 17668: 17638: 17633: 17615:Sharing economy 17605:Post-capitalism 17575:Green anarchism 17514: 17481:Anti-capitalism 17468: 17404: 17315: 17307:State-sponsored 17164: 17140:Property rights 17115:Nationalization 17025:Economic bubble 16983: 16973: 16968: 16938: 16933: 16905: 16848: 16846: 16836: 16744:Pharmaceuticals 16657: 16572:Baltic Exchange 16563: 16556: 16428: 16414: 16336: 16326: 16282: 16260: 16187: 16169: 16162: 16007: 16005: 15995: 15991:Nationalisation 15944: 15802: 15697:Bank of England 15689: 15687: 15681: 15635: 15630: 15600: 15595: 15530: 15501:Medieval Europe 15430: 15425: 15395: 15390: 15358: 15307: 15236: 15187:Power loom 15144: 15138: 15114:New Lanark 15057: 15053:John Wyatt 15043:James Watt 14993:Lewis Paul 14893:Henry Cort 14855: 14849: 14840: 14734: 14677: 14667: 14634:Wayback Machine 14622:Wayback Machine 14610:Wayback Machine 14598:Wayback Machine 14586:Wayback Machine 14575: 14570: 14531: 14529: 14525: 14510: 14496: 14494: 14474: 14435: 14433: 14406: 14361: 14359: 14358:on 3 March 2016 14352: 14336:Toynbee, Arnold 14213: 14140: 14119: 14092: 14053:Maddison, Angus 14036: 14012: 13994:Kynaston, David 13983: 13981: 13952: 13922: 13881: 13859:Greenspan, Alan 13803: 13743: 13741: 13737: 13714: 13703: 13655: 13631: 13612: 13531: 13529:Further reading 13526: 13517: 13513: 13507:Wayback Machine 13497: 13493: 13484: 13480: 13470: 13468: 13450: 13446: 13399: 13395: 13385: 13383: 13365: 13361: 13324: 13320: 13281: 13277: 13246: 13242: 13232: 13230: 13226: 13195: 13189: 13185: 13175: 13173: 13146: 13142: 13133: 13129: 13102: 13098: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13051: 13045: 13041: 12986: 12982: 12973: 12969: 12953: 12939: 12935: 12914: 12913: 12906: 12904: 12899: 12898: 12894: 12884: 12882: 12829: 12825: 12786: 12782: 12772: 12770: 12766: 12727: 12721: 12717: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12670: 12664: 12657: 12646: 12642: 12633: 12629: 12619: 12617: 12602: 12598: 12586: 12582: 12574: 12567: 12563: 12562: 12558: 12545: 12541: 12532: 12528: 12517: 12513: 12506: 12484: 12480: 12439: 12435: 12404: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12381: 12365: 12361: 12350: 12346: 12338: 12334: 12326: 12322: 12315: 12297: 12290: 12283: 12269: 12265: 12258: 12242: 12238: 12231: 12223: 12221: 12217: 12210: 12206: 12205: 12201: 12193: 12175: 12171: 12159: 12155: 12145: 12143: 12132: 12128: 12121:Wayback Machine 12110: 12106: 12091: 12087: 12080: 12066: 12062: 12056:Wayback Machine 12047: 12043: 12037:Wayback Machine 12028: 12024: 12017: 12003: 11999: 11992: 11978: 11974: 11960: 11952: 11950: 11946: 11939: 11935: 11932:Wayback Machine 11922: 11918: 11905: 11901: 11896:Wayback Machine 11875: 11871: 11861: 11859: 11852: 11838: 11837: 11833: 11818:10.2307/1251689 11802: 11798: 11782: 11778: 11771: 11757: 11753: 11747:Wayback Machine 11736: 11732: 11722: 11720: 11709: 11705: 11698: 11680: 11676: 11666: 11664: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11636: 11634: 11619: 11612: 11602: 11600: 11577: 11573: 11558: 11554: 11547: 11531: 11527: 11519: 11515: 11510: 11506: 11501: 11497: 11490: 11482:. M.E. Sharpe. 11476: 11472: 11465: 11449: 11445: 11438: 11418: 11414: 11405: 11401: 11391: 11389: 11376: 11375: 11371: 11326: 11322: 11312: 11310: 11283: 11279: 11270: 11266: 11259: 11255: 11243: 11239: 11230: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11162:on 31 July 2013 11154: 11153: 11149: 11129: 11125: 11120:Wayback Machine 11106: 11102: 11093: 11089: 11080: 11076: 11059: 11055: 11046: 11042: 11034: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11009: 11008: 11004: 10995: 10991: 10981: 10979: 10966: 10965: 10961: 10938: 10934: 10924: 10922: 10909: 10908: 10904: 10895: 10891: 10882: 10878: 10869: 10865: 10859:Wayback Machine 10845: 10841: 10836:Wayback Machine 10822: 10818: 10809: 10805: 10795: 10793: 10782: 10778: 10769: 10765: 10754: 10750: 10746:Beckert, p. 86. 10745: 10741: 10730: 10726: 10716: 10714: 10705: 10704: 10700: 10690: 10688: 10675:(23): 120–128. 10659: 10655: 10644: 10642: 10633: 10632: 10628: 10621: 10607: 10603: 10597:Wayback Machine 10587: 10583: 10573: 10571: 10558: 10557: 10553: 10543: 10541: 10532: 10531: 10527: 10517: 10515: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10491: 10489: 10476: 10475: 10471: 10465:Wayback Machine 10456: 10452: 10446:Wayback Machine 10436: 10432: 10426:Wayback Machine 10402: 10400: 10396: 10389: 10383: 10379: 10372: 10358: 10354: 10343: 10339: 10328: 10324: 10314: 10312: 10299: 10298: 10294: 10284: 10282: 10281:on 9 March 2012 10273: 10272: 10268: 10253:R.M. Hartwell, 10252: 10248: 10241: 10227: 10223: 10213:Wayback Machine 10203: 10199: 10188: 10184: 10175: 10171: 10163:Ivy Pinchbeck, 10162: 10158: 10149: 10145: 10106: 10102: 10093: 10089: 10083:Wayback Machine 10074: 10070: 10065:Wayback Machine 10054: 10050: 10045:Wayback Machine 10034: 10030: 10024:Wayback Machine 10014: 10010: 10004:Wayback Machine 9995: 9991: 9985:Wayback Machine 9975: 9971: 9965:Wayback Machine 9955: 9951: 9944: 9930: 9926: 9916: 9914: 9905: 9904: 9897: 9887: 9885: 9870: 9866: 9856: 9854: 9839: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9810: 9809: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9777: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9745: 9741: 9730: 9726: 9716: 9714: 9703: 9699: 9689: 9687: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9659: 9657: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9629: 9627: 9620: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9590: 9586: 9576: 9574: 9567:Financial Times 9559: 9558: 9554: 9544: 9542: 9533: 9532: 9521: 9511: 9509: 9500: 9499: 9492: 9483: 9479: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9451:Wayback Machine 9437: 9433: 9424: 9420: 9411: 9407: 9398: 9394: 9385: 9381: 9358: 9354: 9345: 9341: 9332: 9328: 9305: 9301: 9292: 9288: 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9249: 9241: 9237: 9230: 9213: 9209: 9194:R.M. Hartwell, 9193: 9189: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9150: 9144: 9140: 9129: 9125: 9110:Mabel C. Buer, 9109: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9079:World Economics 9071: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9020: 9016: 9009: 8995: 8991: 8982: 8980: 8973: 8949: 8948: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8889: 8885: 8880: 8876: 8872:(2nd ed. 1999). 8867: 8863: 8848: 8844: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8793: 8786: 8776: 8774: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8743: 8741: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8699: 8690: 8689: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8627:on 1 March 2012 8624: 8617: 8609: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8573: 8569: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8408: 8404: 8398:Wayback Machine 8384: 8380: 8371: 8367: 8361:Wayback Machine 8347: 8343: 8337:Wayback Machine 8326: 8322: 8313: 8309: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8269: 8265: 8260:Wayback Machine 8250: 8246: 8239: 8235: 8188: 8184: 8175: 8168: 8162: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8115: 8111: 8101: 8099: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7987: 7983: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7912: 7908: 7902:Wayback Machine 7895:Fareed Zakaria 7892: 7888: 7880: 7858: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7800: 7798: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7737: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7605: 7595: 7593: 7592:on 1 March 2012 7589: 7582: 7571: 7562: 7552: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7500: 7496: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7460: 7433: 7411: 7390: 7373: 7366: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7327: 7302: 7295: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7256: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7217: 7213: 7204: 7200: 7191: 7187: 7178: 7174: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7074: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7035: 7017: 7013: 6995: 6984: 6958: 6956: 6935: 6908: 6901: 6893:. M.E. Sharpe. 6887: 6883: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6856: 6850: 6843: 6833: 6831: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6782: 6778: 6772:Wayback Machine 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6729:10.2307/2598327 6712: 6702: 6698: 6679: 6672: 6657:Eric Hobsbawm, 6656: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6626: 6622: 6606:Past and Future 6600: 6596: 6578: 6576: 6562: 6558: 6525: 6518: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6451: 6444: 6421:10.2307/2595144 6405: 6401: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6366: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6301: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6230: 6226: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6167: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6054: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5937: 5887: 5881: 5865:geologic record 5854:mass extinction 5842:mass extinction 5822: 5802: 5796: 5784:modern medicine 5764: 5752:Main articles: 5750: 5738: 5730:Main articles: 5728: 5700: 5676:Anglican Church 5658:Bank of England 5622:entrepreneurial 5618: 5612: 5527: 5508: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5477: 5465: 5454: 5340:and signed the 5326:James Thornhill 5308:Napoleonic Wars 5251:entrepreneurial 5247: 5235: 5181: 5007: 4993: 4987: 4971:William Murdoch 4914:mass production 4820: 4806:, to invest in 4796:Great Recession 4779: 4736:electrification 4653: 4647: 4619:milling machine 4599:Merrimack River 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4462:mass production 4444:milling machine 4417: 4399: 4393: 4378:Iwakura Mission 4362: 4354:Main articles: 4352: 4320: 4314: 4294: 4288: 4258: 4252: 4141: 4065:Austria-Hungary 4061: 4055: 4053:Austria-Hungary 4037: 4032: 3967: 3946: 3828: 3792: 3786: 3699: 3693: 3656: 3650: 3638:Matthew Boulton 3634:Josiah Wedgwood 3624:was working at 3558: 3534: 3529: 3495: 3462: 3448:The Fatal Shore 3439: 3376:Charles Dickens 3361:Penny dreadfuls 3311:Valentine's Day 3258: 3254:British Library 3247: 3223:Josiah Wedgwood 3202: 3180: 3174: 3150: 3071: 3061: 3030: 3024: 3009:life expectancy 2996: 2949: 2943: 2923:social question 2919: 2913: 2870:Rainhill trials 2828: 2822: 2761:turnpike trusts 2748: 2661: 2655: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2548: 2481: 2459:in France. The 2453: 2437:Chance Brothers 2431:, known as the 2413: 2401:William Murdoch 2393: 2349:portland cement 2325: 2298:Charles Tennant 2287:bleaching cloth 2259:calcium sulfide 2243:sodium chloride 2235:Leblanc process 2227:Nicolas Leblanc 2200: 2172:Richard Roberts 2126:Richard Roberts 2105:shaping machine 2101:milling machine 2097:planing machine 2047:milling machine 2045:The Middletown 2024: 2008:electrification 1955:Matthew Boulton 1929:Thomas Newcomen 1887:rotating motion 1863: 1857: 1621: 1596: 1583:The Iron Bridge 1556: 1505:Richard Roberts 1461:Samuel Crompton 1337:in a museum in 1333:A model of the 1327: 1269: 1251: 1207: 1190:barrier islands 1154: 1146:Tower of London 1127:Derby Silk Mill 1112: 1103: 1077:William Hogarth 1069: 1064: 1058: 1045:milling machine 1039:, the cylinder 997:, resulting in 914: 902: 890:Nicholas Crafts 794: 786:electrical grid 778:mass production 715:economic growth 683:property rights 610:iron production 584:. Beginning in 558: 529: 528: 514: 512:Article indices 504: 503: 484: 476: 475: 411: 403: 402: 393:Medieval Europe 338: 330: 329: 320:Post-industrial 308:Imagination Age 298:Information Age 258:Standardization 186: 141: 133: 128:Iron production 95: 74: 51: – c. 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23244: 23234: 23233: 23228: 23223: 23218: 23213: 23208: 23203: 23198: 23193: 23188: 23171: 23170: 23168: 23167: 23157: 23144: 23141: 23140: 23138: 23137: 23135:Sustainability 23132: 23127: 23122: 23117: 23111: 23109: 23108:Related topics 23105: 23104: 23102: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23066: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23046: 23040: 23038: 23033: 23030: 23029: 23027: 23026: 23021: 23020: 23019: 23014: 23009: 22999: 22997:Largest cities 22994: 22988: 22986: 22982: 22981: 22979: 22978: 22973: 22967: 22965: 22961: 22960: 22958: 22957: 22952: 22947: 22946: 22945: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22904: 22903: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22878: 22877: 22876: 22866: 22858: 22852: 22850: 22844: 22843: 22841: 22840: 22835: 22830: 22825: 22820: 22817:I = P × A × T 22813: 22808: 22802: 22800: 22793: 22790: 22789: 22787: 22786: 22781: 22776: 22771: 22770: 22769: 22759: 22753: 22751: 22744: 22741: 22740: 22738: 22737: 22732: 22727: 22722: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22701: 22699: 22695: 22694: 22687: 22686: 22679: 22672: 22664: 22655: 22654: 22652: 22651: 22649:Westernization 22646: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22629:Visegrád Group 22626: 22621: 22616: 22611: 22606: 22601: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22581: 22576: 22571: 22569:Nordic Council 22566: 22561: 22556: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22531: 22526: 22521: 22516: 22511: 22506: 22501: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22481: 22476: 22471: 22466: 22464:Bucharest Nine 22461: 22456: 22451: 22446: 22441: 22436: 22431: 22429:Arctic Council 22426: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22406: 22400: 22398: 22392: 22391: 22389: 22388: 22383: 22378: 22377: 22376: 22371: 22366: 22361: 22356: 22351: 22341: 22336: 22335: 22334: 22324: 22318: 22316: 22310: 22309: 22307: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22295: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22273: 22272: 22267: 22262: 22257: 22247: 22242: 22237: 22227: 22226: 22225: 22224: 22223: 22213: 22212: 22211: 22206: 22205: 22204: 22194: 22193: 22192: 22182: 22181: 22180: 22155: 22153: 22147: 22146: 22144: 22143: 22142: 22141: 22131: 22126: 22121: 22120: 22119: 22107: 22106: 22105: 22095: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22064: 22063: 22058: 22048: 22047: 22046: 22039:Existentialism 22036: 22031: 22026: 22021: 22016: 22011: 22006: 22001: 21996: 21990: 21988: 21982: 21981: 21979: 21978: 21977: 21976: 21971: 21966: 21961: 21951: 21950: 21949: 21939: 21938: 21937: 21932: 21922: 21921: 21920: 21910: 21905: 21904: 21903: 21898: 21893: 21883: 21882: 21881: 21871: 21870: 21869: 21859: 21858: 21857: 21852: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21826: 21825: 21815: 21810: 21809: 21808: 21798: 21797: 21796: 21786: 21785: 21784: 21774: 21769: 21768: 21767: 21757: 21752: 21751: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21729: 21727: 21721: 21720: 21718: 21717: 21716: 21715: 21710: 21700: 21699: 21698: 21693: 21688: 21683: 21678: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21603: 21598: 21597: 21596: 21591: 21586: 21576: 21575: 21574: 21572:Late antiquity 21564: 21558: 21556: 21550: 21549: 21547: 21546: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21525: 21524: 21523: 21522: 21517: 21507: 21502: 21497: 21487: 21482: 21476: 21474: 21470: 21469: 21458: 21457: 21450: 21443: 21435: 21426: 21425: 21423: 21422: 21415: 21408: 21401: 21393: 21390: 21389: 21387: 21386: 21379: 21372: 21365: 21363:(2022–present) 21357: 21350: 21343: 21341:(2020–present) 21335: 21334: 21333: 21326: 21319: 21305: 21303:(2019–present) 21297: 21295:(2019–present) 21289: 21287:(2018–present) 21281: 21273: 21266: 21258: 21250: 21243: 21236: 21229: 21222: 21214: 21207: 21205:(2013–present) 21199: 21192: 21185: 21178: 21171: 21169:(2011–present) 21163: 21161:(2010–present) 21155: 21148: 21141: 21133: 21131: 21130:(2009–present) 21123: 21122: 21120: 21119: 21118: 21117: 21110: 21103: 21096: 21089: 21082: 21075: 21068: 21061: 21054: 21047: 21040: 21033: 21026: 21019: 21012: 21005: 20998: 20995:September 2008 20983: 20981: 20973: 20972: 20970: 20969: 20967:(2007–present) 20961: 20954: 20947: 20939: 20932: 20925: 20918: 20911: 20904: 20896: 20888: 20880: 20873: 20866: 20859: 20852: 20845: 20837: 20830: 20823: 20815: 20808: 20800: 20793: 20786: 20779: 20772: 20764: 20756: 20749: 20742: 20734: 20726: 20719: 20712: 20705: 20697: 20688: 20686: 20673: 20672: 20670: 20669: 20661: 20654: 20647: 20639: 20631: 20624: 20617: 20610: 20601: 20599: 20591: 20590: 20588: 20587: 20580: 20572: 20570: 20562: 20561: 20559: 20558: 20551: 20544: 20536: 20528: 20519: 20517: 20509: 20508: 20506: 20505: 20498: 20491: 20483: 20476: 20469: 20462: 20454: 20447: 20440: 20432: 20424: 20416: 20409: 20402: 20394: 20392: 20384: 20383: 20381: 20380: 20372: 20365: 20358: 20351: 20350: 20349: 20342: 20326: 20324: 20320: 20319: 20317: 20316: 20309: 20302: 20295: 20287: 20280: 20273: 20266: 20259: 20257:(c. 1780–1795) 20251: 20244: 20236: 20228: 20226: 20218: 20217: 20215: 20214: 20206: 20198: 20190: 20180: 20178:(c. 1600–1760) 20172: 20164: 20155: 20153: 20145: 20144: 20142: 20141: 20132: 20130: 20123: 20122: 20120: 20119: 20112: 20105: 20098: 20097: 20096: 20089: 20082: 20075: 20061: 20058:Hyperinflation 20054: 20047: 20046: 20045: 20031: 20024: 20017: 20010: 20003: 19996: 19989: 19981: 19978: 19977: 19970: 19969: 19962: 19955: 19947: 19938: 19937: 19935: 19934: 19929: 19927:Unicorn bubble 19924: 19919: 19914: 19908: 19905: 19904: 19902: 19901: 19895: 19889: 19883: 19877: 19871: 19864: 19862: 19861:(2007–present) 19854: 19853: 19851: 19850: 19845: 19839: 19838: 19832: 19826: 19820: 19814: 19808: 19802: 19796: 19790: 19789:(c. 2000–2007) 19784: 19778: 19775:Dot-com bubble 19772: 19766: 19760: 19754: 19752:1980s oil glut 19748: 19746: 19733: 19732: 19730: 19729: 19728:(c. 1980–1982) 19723: 19717: 19711: 19705: 19703: 19695: 19694: 19692: 19691: 19685: 19684:(1945–c. 1960) 19679: 19678:(1945–c. 1950) 19676:Texas oil boom 19672: 19670: 19662: 19661: 19659: 19658: 19652: 19647: 19641: 19640:(1918–c. 1930) 19635: 19632:Texas oil boom 19629: 19628:(1918–c. 1930) 19623: 19622:(c. 1920–1925) 19616: 19614: 19606: 19605: 19603: 19602: 19596: 19590: 19587:Texas oil boom 19584: 19583:(c. 1900–1918) 19578: 19575:Nome Gold Rush 19572: 19571:(1897–c. 1925) 19566: 19560: 19554: 19548: 19542: 19536: 19530: 19524: 19518: 19512: 19511:(c. 1880–1903) 19506: 19500: 19494: 19488: 19482: 19476: 19470: 19468: 19460: 19459: 19457: 19456: 19450: 19444: 19438: 19432: 19426: 19420: 19414: 19408: 19402: 19396: 19390: 19384: 19378: 19372: 19366: 19360: 19354: 19353:(1851–c. 1870) 19348: 19342: 19336: 19329: 19327: 19323: 19322: 19320: 19319: 19313: 19308: 19307:(1828–c. 1840) 19302: 19297: 19291: 19284: 19282: 19274: 19273: 19271: 19270: 19264: 19258: 19252: 19245: 19243: 19235: 19234: 19232: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19216: 19211: 19206: 19200: 19197: 19196: 19189: 19188: 19181: 19174: 19166: 19157: 19156: 19154: 19153: 19152: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19139:United Kingdom 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19080: 19079: 19078: 19073: 19071:United Kingdom 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19028: 19016: 19014: 19013:(2007–present) 19006: 19005: 19003: 19002: 18996: 18991: 18990: 18989: 18984: 18982:United Kingdom 18979: 18974: 18963: 18957: 18955: 18942: 18941: 18939: 18938: 18937: 18936: 18931: 18929:United Kingdom 18926: 18915: 18914: 18913: 18908: 18906:United Kingdom 18897: 18895: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18867: 18861: 18855: 18851: 18849: 18841: 18840: 18838: 18837: 18832: 18831: 18830: 18825: 18823:United Kingdom 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18789: 18786: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18766: 18764: 18756: 18755: 18753: 18752: 18746: 18740: 18734: 18728: 18725: 18719: 18713: 18710: 18705: 18704: 18703: 18698: 18696:United Kingdom 18686: 18684: 18671: 18670: 18668: 18667: 18661: 18655: 18652: 18646: 18643: 18637: 18633: 18631: 18618: 18617: 18615: 18614: 18608: 18605: 18602: 18596: 18593: 18587: 18584: 18581: 18578: 18572: 18562: 18559: 18558: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18535: 18533: 18525: 18524: 18522: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18504: 18502: 18494: 18493: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18488: 18478: 18477: 18476: 18471: 18461: 18460: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18414: 18413: 18412: 18403: 18398: 18388: 18387: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18366: 18365: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18311: 18309:Business cycle 18306: 18305: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18287:Overproduction 18284: 18279: 18274: 18259: 18256: 18255: 18240: 18239: 18232: 18225: 18217: 18208: 18207: 18205: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18153: 18151: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18061:Russian Empire 18058: 18053: 18051:British Empire 18048: 18046:Dutch Republic 18043: 18041:Swedish Empire 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18021:Spanish Empire 18018: 18013: 18011:Ottoman Empire 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17982: 17981: 17971: 17966: 17960: 17958: 17952: 17951: 17949: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17926:Serbian Empire 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17871: 17866: 17861: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17834: 17833: 17832: 17827: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17798: 17797: 17787: 17782: 17776: 17774: 17768: 17767: 17765: 17764: 17762:Late antiquity 17759: 17754: 17749: 17748: 17747: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17725:Roman Republic 17722: 17716: 17714: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17683: 17681: 17675: 17674: 17667: 17666: 17659: 17652: 17644: 17635: 17634: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17520: 17516: 17515: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17476: 17470: 17469: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17410: 17409:Social aspects 17406: 17405: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17333:American Dream 17330: 17325: 17323: 17317: 17316: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17244: 17239: 17234: 17229: 17224: 17219: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17170: 17166: 17165: 17163: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17095:Market failure 17092: 17090:Market economy 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17050:Ecopreneurship 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17005:Centralization 17002: 17000:Business cycle 16997: 16991: 16989: 16985: 16984: 16978: 16975: 16974: 16967: 16966: 16959: 16952: 16944: 16935: 16934: 16932: 16931: 16921: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16852: 16850: 16842: 16841: 16838: 16837: 16835: 16834: 16833: 16832: 16831: 16830: 16825: 16815: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16794: 16793: 16788: 16778: 16777: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16753: 16752: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16726: 16724:Legal services 16721: 16716: 16715: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16678: 16677: 16676: 16665: 16663: 16659: 16658: 16656: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16622: 16621: 16611: 16606: 16604:Euronext.liffe 16601: 16596: 16591: 16590: 16589: 16584: 16574: 16568: 16566: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16554: 16553: 16552: 16547: 16539: 16538: 16537: 16536: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16517: 16516: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16490: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16433: 16431: 16420: 16416: 16415: 16413: 16412: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16395: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16368: 16367: 16366: 16356: 16351: 16349:Businesspeople 16346: 16340: 16338: 16332: 16331: 16328: 16327: 16325: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16276: 16270: 16268: 16262: 16261: 16259: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16197: 16195: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16185: 16180: 16174: 16172: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16143:Thames Gateway 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16104: 16103: 16098: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16037: 16036: 16026: 16020: 16018: 16009: 16001: 16000: 15997: 15996: 15994: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15952: 15950: 15946: 15945: 15943: 15942: 15937: 15936: 15935: 15925: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15819: 15817: 15810: 15804: 15803: 15801: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15784: 15783: 15778: 15771:Pound sterling 15768: 15763: 15762: 15761: 15756: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15710: 15709: 15704: 15693: 15691: 15683: 15682: 15680: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15662:FTSE 250 Index 15659: 15657:FTSE 100 Index 15654: 15649: 15643: 15641: 15637: 15636: 15629: 15628: 15621: 15614: 15606: 15597: 15596: 15594: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15542: 15541: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15529: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15496:Medieval Islam 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15442: 15441: 15435: 15432: 15431: 15424: 15423: 15416: 15409: 15401: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15388: 15376: 15363: 15360: 15359: 15357: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15315: 15313: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15244: 15242: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15148: 15146: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15058: 15056: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14859: 14857: 14851: 14850: 14843: 14841: 14839: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14742: 14740: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14725: 14718: 14711: 14704: 14697: 14690: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14666: 14665: 14658: 14651: 14643: 14637: 14636: 14624: 14612: 14600: 14588: 14574: 14573:External links 14571: 14569: 14568: 14547: 14538: 14503: 14478: 14472: 14451: 14442: 14405: 14404:Historiography 14402: 14401: 14400: 14391: 14380: 14368: 14350: 14332: 14321: 14312: 14303: 14294: 14285: 14271: 14262: 14226: 14217: 14211: 14189: 14180: 14171: 14162: 14153: 14144: 14138: 14123: 14117: 14096: 14090: 14073: 14061: 14049: 14040: 14034: 14016: 14010: 13990: 13965: 13956: 13950: 13935: 13926: 13920: 13903: 13894: 13885: 13879: 13855: 13846: 13837: 13816: 13807: 13801: 13784: 13775: 13750: 13707: 13701: 13686: 13677: 13668: 13659: 13653: 13635: 13629: 13616: 13610: 13593: 13584: 13566:(4): 269–287. 13551: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13524: 13511: 13491: 13478: 13444: 13393: 13359: 13338:(2): 272–277. 13318: 13291:(3): 470–487. 13275: 13256:(4): 407–425. 13240: 13206:(2): 168–186. 13183: 13160:(3): 359–371. 13140: 13127: 13096: 13062:(2): 245–254. 13039: 13000:(3): 793–797. 12980: 12967: 12951: 12933: 12892: 12849:10.1086/720890 12823: 12796:(1): 106–132. 12780: 12715: 12681:(1): 153–168. 12655: 12640: 12634:E.A. Wrigley, 12627: 12596: 12580: 12556: 12539: 12526: 12511: 12504: 12478: 12449:(5): 679–689. 12433: 12414:(4): 803–832. 12398: 12379: 12359: 12344: 12332: 12320: 12313: 12288: 12281: 12263: 12256: 12236: 12199: 12191: 12169: 12153: 12126: 12104: 12085: 12078: 12060: 12041: 12022: 12015: 11997: 11990: 11972: 11916: 11899: 11869: 11850: 11831: 11812:(1): 108–125. 11796: 11776: 11769: 11751: 11730: 11703: 11696: 11674: 11644: 11610: 11571: 11552: 11545: 11525: 11513: 11504: 11495: 11488: 11470: 11463: 11443: 11436: 11412: 11399: 11369: 11340:(3): 772–794. 11320: 11277: 11264: 11253: 11237: 11224: 11194: 11173: 11147: 11123: 11100: 11087: 11074: 11053: 11040: 11028: 11002: 10989: 10959: 10932: 10902: 10889: 10876: 10863: 10839: 10816: 10803: 10776: 10763: 10748: 10739: 10724: 10698: 10653: 10641:on 9 June 2007 10626: 10619: 10601: 10581: 10551: 10525: 10499: 10469: 10450: 10430: 10377: 10370: 10352: 10337: 10322: 10292: 10266: 10246: 10239: 10221: 10197: 10182: 10169: 10156: 10143: 10116:(3): 534–549. 10100: 10087: 10068: 10048: 10028: 10008: 9989: 9969: 9949: 9942: 9924: 9895: 9864: 9833: 9800: 9767: 9760: 9739: 9724: 9713:on 22 May 2022 9697: 9667: 9637: 9618: 9599: 9584: 9552: 9519: 9490: 9477: 9471:Henry Milner, 9464: 9455: 9431: 9418: 9412:Enid Gauldie, 9405: 9392: 9379: 9352: 9339: 9326: 9299: 9286: 9270: 9235: 9228: 9207: 9187: 9138: 9123: 9100: 9065: 9014: 9007: 8989: 8971: 8942: 8903:(3): 747–775. 8883: 8874: 8861: 8842: 8815: 8806: 8784: 8754: 8721: 8709: 8683: 8671: 8658:MeasuringWorth 8638: 8600: 8567: 8551: 8537: 8519: 8501: 8495: 8467: 8460: 8435: 8428: 8402: 8389:(1991): 47–68 8378: 8365: 8348:Charles Hunt, 8341: 8320: 8307: 8294: 8287: 8263: 8244: 8233: 8220:10.1086/658495 8204:10.1086/658495 8198:(4): 841–861. 8182: 8166: 8160: 8134: 8127: 8109: 8079: 8049: 8042: 8018: 8006: 7999: 7981: 7965: 7958: 7937: 7930: 7906: 7886: 7878: 7847: 7828: 7808: 7781: 7774: 7756: 7727: 7718: 7711: 7691: 7679: 7672: 7654: 7642: 7633: 7603: 7560: 7527: 7494: 7479: 7472: 7431: 7409: 7371: 7364: 7346: 7339: 7300: 7293: 7275: 7268: 7250: 7238: 7211: 7198: 7185: 7172: 7149: 7143: 7118: 7111: 7093: 7086: 7068: 7048: 7033: 7011: 6982: 6906: 6899: 6881: 6841: 6802: 6776: 6757: 6704:Berg, Maxine; 6696: 6670: 6647: 6620: 6594: 6556: 6516: 6497:(3): 625–658. 6478: 6471: 6442: 6415:(2): 229–230. 6399: 6387: 6380: 6357: 6338: 6318: 6299: 6287:, ed. (2004). 6276: 6269: 6249: 6242: 6224: 6211: 6204: 6186: 6179: 6112: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6046: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6018: 6016:Industrial Age 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5966: 5952: 5936: 5933: 5883:Main article: 5880: 5877: 5828:is a proposed 5821: 5818: 5798:Main article: 5795: 5792: 5749: 5746: 5727: 5724: 5699: 5696: 5614:Main article: 5611: 5608: 5592:and Diderot's 5559:Encyclopaedias 5510: 5509: 5492:September 2019 5468: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5446:Cormac O Grada 5385:Hilaire Belloc 5303:liberalisation 5228: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5180: 5177: 4989:Main article: 4986: 4983: 4918:printing press 4874:, for example 4819: 4816: 4808:infrastructure 4778: 4775: 4699:Henry Bessemer 4649:Main article: 4646: 4643: 4532:John H. Chafee 4484:Cabot Brothers 4395:Main article: 4392: 4389: 4351: 4348: 4316:Main article: 4313: 4310: 4304:was critical. 4290:Main article: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4254:Main article: 4251: 4248: 4160:John Cockerill 4140: 4137: 4117:Czech Republic 4070:Czech Republic 4057:Main article: 4054: 4051: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 3966: 3963: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3882:United States 3879: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3827: 3824: 3788:Main article: 3785: 3782: 3773:general strike 3740:Lord Melbourne 3692: 3689: 3649: 3646: 3583:factory system 3557: 3554: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3494: 3491: 3461: 3458: 3438: 3435: 3338:street sellers 3245: 3201: 3198: 3190: 3189: 3173: 3170: 3149: 3146: 3060: 3057: 3026:Main article: 3023: 3020: 2995: 2992: 2947:Factory system 2945:Main article: 2942: 2941:Factory system 2939: 2915:Main article: 2912: 2911:Social effects 2909: 2824:Main article: 2821: 2818: 2814:carriers carts 2770:Thomas Telford 2747: 2744: 2685:bulk materials 2657:Main article: 2654: 2651: 2620:Main article: 2617: 2616:Transportation 2614: 2587:Cornish engine 2547: 2544: 2480: 2477: 2452: 2449: 2412: 2409: 2392: 2389: 2324: 2321: 2247:sodium sulfate 2204:sulphuric acid 2199: 2196: 2176:Joseph Clement 2148:Jan Verbruggen 2136:Henry Maudslay 2118:Matthew Murray 2085:boring machine 2023: 2020: 1873:, invented by 1859:Main article: 1856: 1853: 1845:crucible steel 1843:developed his 1723:blowing engine 1719:John Wilkinson 1688:foundry cupola 1671:Clement Clerke 1620: 1617: 1595: 1592: 1566:could produce 1555: 1552: 1477:spinning jenny 1439:spinning jenny 1400:spinning frame 1382:flying shuttle 1341:. Invented by 1335:spinning jenny 1326: 1323: 1319:spinning wheel 1250: 1247: 1238:Southeast Asia 1206: 1203: 1153: 1150: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1068: 1065: 1060:Main article: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1026: 995:blast furnaces 972: 957: 913: 910: 901: 898: 855:Arnold Toynbee 793: 790: 782:assembly lines 730:social changes 707:GDP per capita 629:factory system 560: 559: 557: 556: 549: 542: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 521: 515: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 496: 491: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 343:Ancient Africa 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 322: 316: 315: 311: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 242: 241: 237: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 201: 195: 194: 192:Pre-industrial 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 169: 168: 165: 164: 154: 135: 134: 132: 131: 125: 123:Factory system 120: 115: 109: 103: 101: 97: 96: 94: 93: 88: 86:Western Europe 82: 80: 76: 75: 71:United Kingdom 64: 56: 55: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23243: 23232: 23229: 23227: 23224: 23222: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23183: 23181: 23166: 23158: 23156: 23155: 23146: 23145: 23142: 23136: 23133: 23131: 23128: 23126: 23123: 23121: 23118: 23116: 23115:Bennett's law 23113: 23112: 23110: 23106: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23041: 23039: 23036:organizations 23031: 23025: 23022: 23018: 23015: 23013: 23010: 23008: 23005: 23004: 23003: 23000: 22998: 22995: 22993: 22990: 22989: 22987: 22983: 22977: 22974: 22972: 22969: 22968: 22966: 22962: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22944: 22941: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22920: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22902: 22899: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22883: 22882: 22879: 22875: 22872: 22871: 22870: 22867: 22865: 22863: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22853: 22851: 22845: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22831: 22829: 22826: 22824: 22823:Kaya identity 22821: 22818: 22814: 22812: 22809: 22807: 22804: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22791: 22785: 22782: 22780: 22777: 22775: 22772: 22768: 22765: 22764: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22754: 22752: 22749: 22742: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22702: 22700: 22696: 22692: 22685: 22680: 22678: 22673: 22671: 22666: 22665: 22662: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22620: 22617: 22615: 22612: 22610: 22607: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22594:PROSUR/PROSUL 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22562: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22535: 22532: 22530: 22527: 22525: 22522: 22520: 22517: 22515: 22512: 22510: 22507: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22489:Craiova Group 22487: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22404:ABCANZ Armies 22402: 22401: 22399: 22393: 22387: 22384: 22382: 22379: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22346: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22333: 22330: 22329: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22319: 22317: 22315: 22311: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22271: 22268: 22266: 22263: 22261: 22258: 22256: 22253: 22252: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22232: 22231: 22228: 22222: 22219: 22218: 22217: 22214: 22210: 22209:Protestantism 22207: 22203: 22200: 22199: 22198: 22195: 22191: 22188: 22187: 22186: 22183: 22179: 22175: 22172: 22171: 22170: 22167: 22166: 22165: 22162: 22161: 22160: 22157: 22156: 22154: 22152: 22148: 22140: 22137: 22136: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22129:Sovereigntism 22127: 22125: 22122: 22118: 22117: 22113: 22112: 22111: 22108: 22104: 22101: 22100: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22053: 22052: 22049: 22045: 22042: 22041: 22040: 22037: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22025: 22024:Scholasticism 22022: 22020: 22017: 22015: 22012: 22010: 22007: 22005: 22002: 22000: 21997: 21995: 21992: 21991: 21989: 21987: 21983: 21975: 21972: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21956: 21955: 21952: 21948: 21945: 21944: 21943: 21940: 21936: 21933: 21931: 21928: 21927: 21926: 21923: 21919: 21916: 21915: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21902: 21899: 21897: 21894: 21892: 21889: 21888: 21887: 21884: 21880: 21877: 21876: 21875: 21872: 21868: 21865: 21864: 21863: 21860: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21847: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21824: 21821: 21820: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21807: 21804: 21803: 21802: 21799: 21795: 21792: 21791: 21790: 21787: 21783: 21780: 21779: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21766: 21763: 21762: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21735: 21734: 21731: 21730: 21728: 21726: 21722: 21714: 21713:War on terror 21711: 21709: 21706: 21705: 21704: 21701: 21697: 21694: 21692: 21689: 21687: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21608: 21607: 21606:Modern period 21604: 21602: 21599: 21595: 21592: 21590: 21587: 21585: 21582: 21581: 21580: 21577: 21573: 21570: 21569: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21559: 21557: 21555: 21551: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21521: 21518: 21516: 21513: 21512: 21511: 21508: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21492: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21477: 21475: 21471: 21467: 21463: 21462:Western world 21456: 21451: 21449: 21444: 21442: 21437: 21436: 21433: 21420: 21416: 21413: 21409: 21406: 21402: 21399: 21395: 21394: 21391: 21384: 21380: 21377: 21373: 21370: 21366: 21362: 21358: 21355: 21351: 21348: 21344: 21340: 21336: 21331: 21327: 21324: 21320: 21317: 21313: 21312: 21310: 21306: 21302: 21298: 21294: 21290: 21286: 21282: 21278: 21274: 21271: 21267: 21263: 21259: 21255: 21251: 21248: 21244: 21241: 21237: 21234: 21230: 21227: 21223: 21219: 21215: 21212: 21208: 21204: 21200: 21197: 21193: 21190: 21186: 21183: 21179: 21176: 21172: 21168: 21164: 21160: 21156: 21153: 21149: 21146: 21142: 21139: 21135: 21134: 21132: 21128: 21124: 21115: 21111: 21108: 21104: 21101: 21097: 21094: 21090: 21087: 21083: 21080: 21076: 21073: 21069: 21066: 21062: 21059: 21055: 21052: 21048: 21045: 21041: 21038: 21034: 21031: 21027: 21024: 21020: 21017: 21016:December 2008 21013: 21010: 21009:November 2008 21006: 21003: 20999: 20996: 20992: 20991: 20989: 20985: 20984: 20982: 20978: 20974: 20966: 20962: 20959: 20955: 20952: 20948: 20944: 20940: 20937: 20933: 20930: 20926: 20923: 20919: 20916: 20912: 20909: 20905: 20901: 20897: 20893: 20889: 20885: 20881: 20878: 20874: 20871: 20867: 20864: 20860: 20857: 20853: 20850: 20846: 20842: 20838: 20835: 20831: 20828: 20824: 20820: 20816: 20813: 20809: 20805: 20801: 20798: 20794: 20791: 20787: 20784: 20780: 20777: 20773: 20769: 20765: 20761: 20757: 20754: 20750: 20747: 20743: 20739: 20735: 20731: 20727: 20724: 20720: 20717: 20713: 20710: 20706: 20702: 20698: 20694: 20690: 20689: 20687: 20683: 20678: 20674: 20666: 20662: 20659: 20655: 20652: 20648: 20644: 20640: 20636: 20632: 20629: 20625: 20622: 20618: 20615: 20611: 20607: 20603: 20602: 20600: 20596: 20592: 20585: 20581: 20578: 20574: 20573: 20571: 20567: 20563: 20556: 20555:Panic of 1930 20552: 20549: 20545: 20541: 20537: 20533: 20529: 20525: 20521: 20520: 20518: 20514: 20510: 20503: 20499: 20496: 20492: 20488: 20484: 20481: 20480:Panic of 1907 20477: 20474: 20473:Panic of 1901 20470: 20467: 20466:Panic of 1896 20463: 20459: 20455: 20452: 20448: 20445: 20444:Panic of 1893 20441: 20437: 20433: 20429: 20428:Baring crisis 20425: 20421: 20420:Arendal crash 20417: 20414: 20413:Panic of 1884 20410: 20407: 20403: 20400: 20399:Panic of 1873 20396: 20395: 20393: 20389: 20385: 20377: 20373: 20370: 20369:Panic of 1866 20366: 20363: 20362:Panic of 1857 20359: 20356: 20355:Panic of 1847 20352: 20347: 20343: 20340: 20336: 20335: 20332: 20328: 20327: 20325: 20321: 20314: 20313:Panic of 1837 20310: 20307: 20306:Panic of 1825 20303: 20300: 20299:Panic of 1819 20296: 20292: 20288: 20285: 20281: 20278: 20274: 20271: 20270:Panic of 1792 20267: 20264: 20260: 20256: 20252: 20249: 20245: 20241: 20237: 20234: 20230: 20229: 20227: 20223: 20219: 20211: 20207: 20203: 20199: 20195: 20191: 20187: 20186: 20181: 20177: 20173: 20169: 20165: 20161: 20157: 20156: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20138: 20134: 20133: 20131: 20129: 20124: 20117: 20113: 20110: 20109:Social crisis 20106: 20103: 20102:Minsky moment 20099: 20094: 20090: 20087: 20083: 20080: 20076: 20073: 20069: 20068: 20066: 20062: 20059: 20055: 20052: 20048: 20043: 20039: 20038: 20036: 20032: 20029: 20028:Energy crisis 20025: 20022: 20018: 20015: 20011: 20008: 20004: 20001: 20000:Credit crunch 19997: 19994: 19990: 19987: 19983: 19982: 19979: 19975: 19968: 19963: 19961: 19956: 19954: 19949: 19948: 19945: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19912:Carbon bubble 19910: 19909: 19906: 19899: 19896: 19893: 19890: 19887: 19884: 19881: 19878: 19875: 19872: 19869: 19866: 19865: 19863: 19859: 19855: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19840: 19836: 19833: 19830: 19827: 19824: 19821: 19818: 19815: 19812: 19809: 19806: 19803: 19800: 19797: 19794: 19791: 19788: 19785: 19782: 19779: 19776: 19773: 19770: 19767: 19764: 19761: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19749: 19747: 19743: 19738: 19734: 19727: 19724: 19721: 19718: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19706: 19704: 19700: 19696: 19689: 19686: 19683: 19680: 19677: 19674: 19673: 19671: 19667: 19663: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19645: 19642: 19639: 19636: 19633: 19630: 19627: 19624: 19621: 19618: 19617: 19615: 19611: 19607: 19600: 19597: 19594: 19591: 19588: 19585: 19582: 19579: 19576: 19573: 19570: 19567: 19564: 19561: 19558: 19555: 19552: 19549: 19546: 19543: 19540: 19537: 19534: 19531: 19528: 19525: 19522: 19519: 19516: 19515:Ohio oil rush 19513: 19510: 19507: 19504: 19501: 19498: 19495: 19492: 19489: 19486: 19483: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19471: 19469: 19465: 19461: 19454: 19451: 19448: 19445: 19442: 19439: 19436: 19433: 19430: 19427: 19424: 19421: 19418: 19415: 19412: 19409: 19406: 19403: 19400: 19397: 19394: 19391: 19388: 19385: 19382: 19379: 19376: 19373: 19370: 19367: 19364: 19361: 19358: 19355: 19352: 19349: 19346: 19343: 19340: 19337: 19334: 19333:Railway Mania 19331: 19330: 19328: 19324: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19295: 19292: 19289: 19286: 19285: 19283: 19279: 19275: 19268: 19265: 19262: 19259: 19256: 19253: 19250: 19247: 19246: 19244: 19240: 19236: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19201: 19198: 19194: 19187: 19182: 19180: 19175: 19173: 19168: 19167: 19164: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19144:United States 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19086: 19085: 19084: 19081: 19077: 19076:United States 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19023: 19022: 19021: 19018: 19017: 19015: 19011: 19007: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18988: 18987:United States 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18969: 18968: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18958: 18956: 18952: 18947: 18943: 18935: 18934:United States 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18921: 18920: 18919: 18916: 18912: 18911:United States 18909: 18907: 18904: 18903: 18902: 18899: 18898: 18896: 18892: 18888: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18871: 18868: 18865: 18862: 18859: 18856: 18853: 18852: 18850: 18846: 18842: 18836: 18833: 18829: 18828:United States 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18795: 18794: 18793: 18790: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18761: 18757: 18750: 18747: 18744: 18741: 18738: 18737:Panic of 1907 18735: 18732: 18731:Panic of 1901 18729: 18726: 18723: 18722:Panic of 1893 18720: 18717: 18716:Baring crisis 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18702: 18701:United States 18699: 18697: 18693: 18692: 18691: 18688: 18687: 18685: 18681: 18676: 18672: 18665: 18662: 18659: 18658:Panic of 1866 18656: 18653: 18650: 18649:Panic of 1857 18647: 18644: 18641: 18640:Panic of 1847 18638: 18635: 18634: 18632: 18628: 18623: 18619: 18612: 18611:Panic of 1837 18609: 18606: 18603: 18600: 18599:Panic of 1825 18597: 18594: 18591: 18588: 18585: 18582: 18579: 18576: 18573: 18570: 18569:Panic of 1792 18566: 18563: 18560: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18542: 18541: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18534: 18530: 18526: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18514:Slump of 1706 18512: 18509: 18506: 18505: 18503: 18499: 18495: 18487: 18484: 18483: 18482: 18479: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18466: 18465: 18462: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18422:Balance sheet 18420: 18419: 18418: 18415: 18411: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18393: 18392: 18391:Interest rate 18389: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18370: 18367: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18320: 18319: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18269: 18268: 18264: 18261: 18260: 18257: 18253: 18249: 18245: 18238: 18233: 18231: 18226: 18224: 18219: 18218: 18215: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18157:Art of Europe 18155: 18154: 18152: 18148: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17980: 17977: 17976: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17961: 17959: 17957: 17956:Modern period 17953: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17839: 17838: 17835: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17822: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17796: 17793: 17792: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17777: 17775: 17773: 17769: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17746: 17743: 17742: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17717: 17715: 17713: 17709: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17684: 17682: 17680: 17676: 17672: 17665: 17660: 17658: 17653: 17651: 17646: 17645: 17642: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17565:Eco-socialism 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17517: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17475: 17471: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17440:Labour supply 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17407: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17358:Individualism 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17322: 17318: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17217: 17216:Laissez-faire 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17180:Authoritarian 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17167: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17130:Privatization 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17100:Merchantilism 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17070:Globalization 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16992: 16990: 16986: 16982: 16976: 16972: 16965: 16960: 16958: 16953: 16951: 16946: 16945: 16942: 16930: 16922: 16920: 16912: 16911: 16908: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16853: 16851: 16849:organisations 16843: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16820: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16810: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16779: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16756: 16754: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16730: 16729:Manufacturing 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16679: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16670: 16667: 16666: 16664: 16660: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16620: 16617: 16616: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16582:List of banks 16580: 16579: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16565: 16559: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16542: 16540: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16500: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16491: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16476:North Sea oil 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16443: 16442: 16438: 16435: 16434: 16432: 16430: 16424: 16421: 16417: 16411: 16408: 16404: 16401: 16400: 16399: 16398:Trades unions 16396: 16394: 16391: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16373: 16372: 16369: 16365: 16362: 16361: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16341: 16339: 16333: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16286: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16271: 16269: 16267: 16263: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16198: 16196: 16194: 16190: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16173: 16171: 16165: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16093: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16035: 16034:Big City Plan 16032: 16031: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16021: 16019: 16017: 16013: 16010: 16002: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15986:Privatisation 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15966:Gold standard 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15953: 15951: 15947: 15941: 15938: 15934: 15931: 15930: 15929: 15926: 15923: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15893:1986 Big Bang 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15820: 15818: 15816:Chronological 15814: 15811: 15809: 15805: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15699: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15684: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15647:Co-operatives 15645: 15644: 15642: 15638: 15634: 15627: 15622: 15620: 15615: 15613: 15608: 15607: 15604: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15543: 15540: 15537: 15536: 15533: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15471:Ancient Greek 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15456:Ancient Egypt 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15433: 15429: 15422: 15417: 15415: 15410: 15408: 15403: 15402: 15399: 15387: 15386: 15377: 15375: 15374: 15365: 15364: 15361: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15316: 15314: 15310: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15241:Social impact 15239: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15141: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15094:Coalbrookdale 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15066: 15064: 15060: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14852: 14847: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14737: 14731: 14730: 14726: 14724: 14723: 14719: 14717: 14716: 14712: 14710: 14709: 14705: 14703: 14702: 14698: 14696: 14695: 14691: 14689: 14688: 14684: 14683: 14680: 14675: 14674:technological 14671: 14664: 14659: 14657: 14652: 14650: 14645: 14644: 14641: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14619: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14607: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14595: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14583: 14580: 14577: 14576: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14548: 14544: 14539: 14524: 14520: 14516: 14509: 14504: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14479: 14475: 14469: 14465: 14461: 14457: 14452: 14448: 14443: 14431: 14427: 14423: 14419: 14418: 14414: 14408: 14407: 14397: 14392: 14388: 14387: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14357: 14353: 14347: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14328: 14322: 14318: 14313: 14309: 14304: 14300: 14295: 14291: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14277: 14272: 14268: 14263: 14260: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14233: 14227: 14223: 14218: 14214: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14199: 14194: 14190: 14186: 14181: 14177: 14172: 14168: 14163: 14159: 14154: 14150: 14145: 14141: 14135: 14131: 14130: 14124: 14120: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14105:Cambridge, MA 14102: 14097: 14093: 14087: 14083: 14079: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14065:Mantoux, Paul 14062: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14041: 14037: 14031: 14027: 14026: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13979: 13975: 13971: 13966: 13962: 13957: 13953: 13947: 13943: 13942: 13936: 13932: 13927: 13923: 13917: 13912: 13911: 13904: 13900: 13895: 13891: 13886: 13882: 13876: 13872: 13871:Penguin Press 13868: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13847: 13843: 13838: 13834: 13830: 13826: 13822: 13817: 13813: 13808: 13804: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13785: 13781: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13756: 13751: 13736: 13732: 13728: 13724: 13720: 13713: 13708: 13704: 13698: 13694: 13693: 13687: 13683: 13678: 13674: 13669: 13665: 13660: 13656: 13650: 13646: 13645: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13626: 13622: 13617: 13613: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13594: 13590: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13552: 13548: 13544: 13543: 13538: 13534: 13533: 13521: 13515: 13508: 13504: 13501: 13495: 13488: 13482: 13466: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13453:Nuwer, Rachel 13448: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13397: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13368:Harvey, Fiona 13363: 13355: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13322: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13279: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13244: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13194: 13187: 13171: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13144: 13137: 13131: 13123: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13108:(38): 56–97. 13107: 13100: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13056:Global Policy 13050: 13043: 13035: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12984: 12977: 12971: 12964: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12924: 12918: 12902: 12896: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12827: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12784: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12726: 12719: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12660: 12651: 12644: 12637: 12631: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12600: 12593: 12589: 12584: 12573: 12566: 12560: 12553: 12549: 12543: 12536: 12530: 12522: 12515: 12507: 12501: 12497: 12492: 12491: 12482: 12474: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12437: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12402: 12386: 12382: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12363: 12355: 12348: 12342: 12336: 12329: 12324: 12316: 12310: 12305: 12304: 12295: 12293: 12284: 12278: 12274: 12267: 12259: 12253: 12249: 12248: 12240: 12232:(254 KB) 12216: 12209: 12203: 12194: 12188: 12183: 12182: 12173: 12164: 12157: 12141: 12137: 12130: 12123: 12122: 12118: 12115: 12108: 12100: 12096: 12089: 12081: 12075: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12053: 12050: 12045: 12038: 12034: 12031: 12026: 12018: 12012: 12008: 12001: 11993: 11987: 11983: 11976: 11970: 11966: 11945: 11938: 11933: 11929: 11926: 11920: 11913: 11909: 11906:Eric Schiff, 11903: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11887: 11886:0-521-29609-9 11883: 11879: 11873: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11843: 11842: 11835: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11800: 11794: 11793:0-7131-6531-6 11790: 11786: 11783:Hudson, Pat. 11780: 11772: 11766: 11762: 11755: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11718: 11714: 11707: 11699: 11693: 11688: 11687: 11678: 11662: 11658: 11657:Bloomberg.com 11654: 11648: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11617: 11615: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11575: 11566: 11565: 11556: 11548: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11529: 11523: 11522:Samuel Slater 11517: 11508: 11499: 11491: 11485: 11481: 11474: 11466: 11460: 11456: 11455: 11447: 11439: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11416: 11409: 11403: 11387: 11383: 11382:Bank of Japan 11379: 11373: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11324: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11281: 11274: 11268: 11262: 11257: 11251: 11247: 11241: 11234: 11228: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11198: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11144:2-7089-4779-6 11141: 11137: 11133: 11127: 11121: 11117: 11114: 11113:FLWI.ugent.be 11110: 11104: 11097: 11091: 11084: 11078: 11071: 11070:0-7546-3390-X 11067: 11063: 11057: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11016: 11012: 11006: 10999: 10993: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10936: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10899: 10893: 10886: 10880: 10873: 10867: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10813: 10807: 10791: 10787: 10780: 10773: 10767: 10759: 10752: 10743: 10735: 10728: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10669: 10664: 10657: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10622: 10616: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10585: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10539: 10535: 10529: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10454: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10434: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10419:mortality.org 10416: 10411: 10395: 10388: 10381: 10373: 10367: 10363: 10356: 10348: 10341: 10333: 10326: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10280: 10276: 10270: 10264: 10263:0-416-19500-8 10260: 10256: 10250: 10242: 10236: 10232: 10225: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10207: 10201: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10173: 10166: 10160: 10153: 10150:Alice Clark, 10147: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10104: 10097: 10091: 10084: 10080: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10012: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9993: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9973: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9953: 9945: 9939: 9935: 9928: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9900: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9837: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9805: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9772: 9763: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9748:Turner, E. S. 9743: 9735: 9728: 9712: 9708: 9701: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9641: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9611: 9610: 9603: 9595: 9588: 9572: 9568: 9563: 9556: 9540: 9536: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9487: 9481: 9474: 9468: 9459: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9428: 9422: 9415: 9409: 9402: 9396: 9389: 9383: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9343: 9336: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9290: 9281: 9274: 9255: 9248: 9247: 9239: 9231: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9204:0-631-18071-0 9201: 9197: 9191: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9134: 9127: 9121: 9120:0-415-38218-1 9117: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9018: 9010: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8878: 8871: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8810: 8803: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8758: 8751: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8718: 8713: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8681:, p. 363 8680: 8675: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8642: 8623: 8616: 8615: 8607: 8605: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8561:John U. Nef, 8558: 8556: 8549: 8544: 8542: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8498: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8472: 8463: 8457: 8452: 8451: 8442: 8440: 8431: 8425: 8421: 8416: 8415: 8406: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8375: 8369: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8324: 8317: 8311: 8304: 8298: 8290: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8163: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7977: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7942: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7910: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7890: 7881: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7812: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7722: 7714: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7675: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7646: 7637: 7631: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7588: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7574:Ayres, Robert 7569: 7567: 7565: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7531: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7296: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7242: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7202: 7195: 7189: 7182: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7114: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7089: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7007:Robert Fulton 7005: 7000: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6846: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6816:The Telegraph 6813: 6806: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6761: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6690:0-521-01079-9 6687: 6683: 6677: 6675: 6668: 6667:0-349-10484-0 6664: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6635: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6607: 6598: 6591: 6589: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6521: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6449: 6447: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6364: 6362: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6322: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6253: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6215: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5967: 5964: 5958: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5892:William Blake 5886: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5737: 5736:Individualism 5733: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654:national debt 5651: 5647: 5643: 5642:Presbyterians 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5506: 5503: 5495: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5469:This section 5467: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5263:Eric Williams 5259: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5240:on the BBC's 5239: 5232: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5196:Iron and Coal 5193: 5185: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5144:lingua franca 5140: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5112:Mughal Empire 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4906:Lewis Mumford 4903: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4829: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4774: 4772: 4771:stock markets 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496:Samuel Slater 4492: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480:Thomas Somers 4477: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4391:United States 4388: 4385: 4383: 4382:Bank of Japan 4379: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4346:and textile. 4345: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4309: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4043: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3987:air pollution 3984: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3816:Captain Swing 3812: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3725:In 1832, the 3723: 3720: 3716: 3715:strike action 3711: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3660: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3599:water-powered 3595: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3515:Samuel Smiles 3511: 3508: 3507:Ivy Pinchbeck 3503: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3470:Black Country 3466: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3443:Robert Hughes 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421:, he created 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3331:fish and chip 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313:in 1868. The 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303:chocolate bar 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3278:Polly Russell 3271: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3065: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3029: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961:Great Britain 2957: 2954: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2905:Railway Mania 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2840:Railway Mania 2837: 2832: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2752: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:Andrew Meikle 2521: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461:paper machine 2458: 2451:Paper machine 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2381:Thames Tunnel 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355:a mixture of 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:Joseph Aspdin 2334: 2333:Thames Tunnel 2329: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239:sulfuric acid 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2156:Joseph Bramah 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140:Royal Arsenal 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2078:machine tools 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2022:Machine tools 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1970:double-acting 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914:Thomas Savery 1910: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:iron silicate 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1656:Coalbrookdale 1653: 1652:Abraham Darby 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1608:charcoal iron 1604: 1602: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1554:Iron industry 1551: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528:entrepreneurs 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465:spinning mule 1463:invented the 1462: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1437:invented the 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1355:Bolton Museum 1351: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1211: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1128: 1125:, rebuilt as 1124: 1120: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1063: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:machine tools 1030: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 973: 970: 965: 964:steam engines 961: 958: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 920: 919: 918: 909: 907: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 851: 850: 845: 841: 838: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 804: 799: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 746: 744: 739: 735: 734:Eric Hobsbawm 731: 726: 724: 723:domestication 720: 719:human history 716: 712: 708: 704: 703:Western world 700: 695: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671:Mughal Bengal 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652:technological 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 627: 623: 622:machine tools 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:United States 591: 587: 586:Great Britain 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 555: 550: 548: 543: 541: 536: 535: 533: 532: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 513: 508: 507: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 480: 479: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 407: 406: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 358:Ancient China 356: 354: 351: 349: 348:Ancient Egypt 346: 344: 341: 340: 334: 333: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 313: 312: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 248: 244: 243: 239: 238: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 209: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 182: 181: 178: 175: 174: 162: 158: 153: 149: 144: 140: 136: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 102: 98: 92: 91:North America 89: 87: 84: 83: 81: 77: 72: 68: 62: 57: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 23152: 22964:Publications 22923:Antinatalism 22861: 22838:World3 model 22698:Major topics 22639:Western Bloc 22439:AUSCANNZUKUS 22395:Contemporary 22344:Human rights 22190:Latin Church 22164:Christianity 22114: 22073:Conservatism 21918:contemporary 21755:Architecture 21691:World War II 21660: 21651:Emancipation 21646:Abolitionism 21534:Romanization 21529:Roman legacy 21510:Roman Empire 21002:October 2008 20884:Samba effect 20740:(1987–2000s) 20635:Steel crisis 20458:Black Monday 20436:Encilhamento 20376:Black Friday 20221: 20183: 20139:(235–284 CE) 20007:Credit cycle 19917:Green bubble 19539:Encilhamento 19277: 19209:Credit cycle 19204:Market trend 19061:South Africa 18818:South Africa 18664:Black Friday 18528: 18481:Unemployment 18338:Money supply 18333:Disinflation 18277:General glut 18116:World War II 18075: 17969:Early modern 17946:Kalmar Union 17817:Papal States 17735:Roman Empire 17511:Wage slavery 17465:Unemployment 17445:Productivity 17376:Philanthropy 17237:Mercantilist 17214: 17185:Conservative 17079: 17020:Deregulation 16981:perspectives 16979:Aspects and 16798:Supermarkets 16764:Construction 16759:Architecture 16594:Canary Wharf 16427:Resource and 16410:Unemployment 16381:Minimum wage 16344:Billionaires 16241:Silicon Glen 16113:M11 Corridor 15832: 15538: 15520: 15438: 15384: 15371: 15298:Urbanization 14727: 14720: 14713: 14706: 14699: 14693: 14692: 14685: 14669: 14555: 14551: 14542: 14530:. Retrieved 14518: 14514: 14495:. Retrieved 14486: 14455: 14446: 14434:. Retrieved 14416: 14412: 14395: 14385: 14375: 14372:Uglow, Jenny 14360:. Retrieved 14356:the original 14340: 14326: 14316: 14307: 14298: 14289: 14283: 14279: 14278:(3 vol 2011) 14275: 14266: 14231: 14221: 14201:. New York: 14197: 14184: 14178:. Routledge. 14175: 14169:. Routledge. 14166: 14157: 14148: 14128: 14100: 14077: 14068: 14056: 14044: 14024: 14000:. New York: 13997: 13982:. Retrieved 13973: 13960: 13940: 13930: 13909: 13898: 13889: 13869:. New York: 13866: 13850: 13841: 13824: 13820: 13811: 13788: 13779: 13754: 13742:. Retrieved 13722: 13718: 13691: 13681: 13672: 13663: 13643: 13639:Chernow, Ron 13620: 13597: 13588: 13563: 13559: 13547:the original 13541: 13519: 13514: 13494: 13486: 13481: 13469:. Retrieved 13460: 13447: 13406: 13402: 13396: 13384:. Retrieved 13376:The Guardian 13375: 13362: 13335: 13331: 13321: 13288: 13284: 13278: 13253: 13249: 13243: 13231:. Retrieved 13203: 13199: 13186: 13174:. Retrieved 13157: 13153: 13143: 13135: 13130: 13105: 13099: 13087:. Retrieved 13059: 13055: 13042: 12997: 12993: 12983: 12975: 12970: 12942: 12936: 12928: 12905:. Retrieved 12895: 12883:. Retrieved 12840: 12836: 12826: 12793: 12789: 12783: 12771:. Retrieved 12764:the original 12735: 12731: 12718: 12706:. Retrieved 12678: 12674: 12649: 12643: 12635: 12630: 12618:. Retrieved 12609: 12599: 12591: 12583: 12572:the original 12559: 12551: 12547: 12542: 12534: 12529: 12520: 12514: 12490:Maps of Time 12489: 12481: 12446: 12442: 12436: 12411: 12407: 12401: 12389:. Retrieved 12369: 12362: 12353: 12347: 12341:Iain Stewart 12335: 12323: 12302: 12272: 12266: 12246: 12239: 12222:. Retrieved 12202: 12180: 12172: 12162: 12156: 12144:. Retrieved 12129: 12112: 12107: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12069: 12063: 12044: 12025: 12006: 12000: 11981: 11975: 11961:(55 KB) 11951:. Retrieved 11919: 11914:Press, 1971. 11907: 11902: 11889:Google Books 11877: 11872: 11860:. 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UNESCO. 10574:18 October 10492:18 October 10403:5 November 9180:9 December 9161:(2): 176. 8831:(3): 511. 8777:13 October 8679:Timbs 1860 8631:30 January 8593:31 January 8565:(2v 1932). 8548:Clark 2007 8014:Ayres 1989 7687:Ayres 1989 7650:Ayres 1989 7557:required.) 7524:required.) 7427:1104810110 7246:Ayres 1989 7231:30 January 6959:16 October 6874:5 December 6750:9 December 6535:(1): 104. 6078:References 5908:Lord Byron 5904:John Keats 5894:and poets 5848:and soil, 5846:atmosphere 5698:Criticisms 5684:Unitarians 5664:Dissenters 5442:Joel Mokyr 5312:Royal Navy 5135:Joel Mokyr 4962:James Watt 4946:monopolies 4850:after the 4755:U.S. Steel 4512:Daniel Day 4508:Derbyshire 4436:cotton gin 4401:See also: 4332:Bergslagen 4121:Leopold II 3951:plantation 3811:for life. 3727:Reform Act 3695:See also: 3652:See also: 3622:brass mill 3571:Manchester 3487:Manchester 3474:Birmingham 3423:mail order 3411:mail order 3390:Sam Weller 3266:Winchester 3096:sanitation 2801:Royal Mail 2790:Hagerstown 2733:ship canal 2708:Manchester 2626:See also: 2571:drift mine 2513:Rotherham 2501:seed drill 2469:stationers 2439:to create 2345:bricklayer 2164:Royal Navy 2130:Manchester 2059:watermills 2014:-powered, 2001:steamboats 1952:Englishman 1948:James Watt 1918:horsepower 1875:James Watt 1797:. In 1838 1795:iron oxide 1772:Henry Cort 1735:James Watt 1587:Shropshire 1540:Manchester 1521:cotton gin 1500:power loom 1455:Derbyshire 1420:Leominster 1408:Birmingham 1396:Lewis Paul 1195:cotton gin 1134:John Lombe 1119:John Lombe 1091:Lancashire 934:cotton gin 930:power loom 894:revolution 824:Wordsworth 721:since the 711:capitalist 647:invested. 626:mechanised 273:Atomic Age 224:Bronze Age 219:Copper Age 139:Chronology 100:Key events 23130:Migration 23007:6 billion 22544:Five Eyes 22539:EU–UK TCA 22381:Democracy 22270:Old Norse 22159:Abrahamic 22116:Peritrope 22098:Tolerance 22078:Socialism 21908:Mythology 21896:Classical 21845:Languages 21823:Astrology 21671:Modernism 21485:Old World 21330:Recession 20323:1840–1870 19900:(2020–21) 19437:(c. 1865) 19326:1840–1870 19134:Singapore 19089:Australia 19066:Sri Lanka 19026:Australia 18972:Australia 18798:Australia 18788:1926–1927 18785:1923–1924 18751:(1913–14) 18727:1899–1900 18583:1807–1810 18580:1802–1804 18561:1785–1788 18486:Sahm rule 18417:Recession 18318:Inflation 18314:Deflation 17911:Feudalism 17882:Catalonia 17625:Socialism 17600:Mutualism 17555:Communism 17525:Anarchism 17474:Criticism 17455:Syndicate 17190:Corporate 17145:Recession 17120:Oligopoly 17085:Invention 16845:Trade and 16808:Transport 16755:Property 16734:Aerospace 16669:Education 16614:Insurance 16562:Financial 16446:Biodiesel 16322:Transport 16251:Transport 16211:Edinburgh 16183:Transport 16158:Wiltshire 16153:Transport 16128:Sheffield 16086:Liverpool 15949:Recurrent 15776:Banknotes 15686:Currency, 15640:Companies 15491:Byzantine 15451:Neolithic 15312:Reference 15079:Bethlehem 15074:Allentown 14821:Workforce 14791:Sociology 14781:Machinery 14771:Invention 14067:(1961) . 13759:Cambridge 13439:206642594 13313:144572405 13233:6 October 13220:219015323 13176:15 August 13076:218777050 12875:248787980 12867:0022-3808 12843:: 59–94. 12818:157908061 12810:0013-0117 12760:152650710 12752:0013-0117 12695:1361-4916 12473:0192-5121 12428:0022-0507 12124:. p. 607. 11862:8 January 11593:0362-4331 11378:"History" 11364:154088734 11356:1468-0289 11313:23 August 11297:: 57–71. 11166:19 August 10138:145599586 9577:23 August 9048:154692462 8925:143077444 8917:1479-2443 8696:The Times 8228:154401778 8212:0022-2186 8102:9 January 7904:. CNN.com 6824:0307-1235 6640:15 August 6429:0013-0117 6057:Footnotes 5869:Black Sea 5834:anthropo- 5712:wellbeing 5630:Max Weber 5358:Enclosure 5350:Louis XIV 5295:Econocide 5175:schools. 5081:Han Feizi 5073:Confucius 5057:Max Weber 4880:factories 4864:Enclosure 4844:feudalism 4826:Regional 4722:petroleum 4711:Sheffield 4494:In 1793, 4156:Charleroi 4099:In 1791, 3831:starved. 3735:Tolpuddle 3520:Self-Help 3476:, England 3352:company, 3342:urbanized 3327:Pall Mall 3295:McVitie's 3231:tableware 3225:in 1759, 3158:John Snow 3083:Edinburgh 3042:Corn Laws 2988:Karl Marx 2935:anarchism 2931:communism 2927:socialism 2878:hot blast 2865:in 1825. 2806:packhorse 2796:in 1823. 2649:quickly. 2634:Wagonways 2610:coal dust 2563:bell pits 2528:threshing 2405:oil lamps 2361:limestone 2353:sintering 2317:dyestuffs 2198:Chemicals 2110:James Fox 2067:fasteners 2063:windmills 2033:'s early 1821:Hot blast 1799:John Hall 1661:In 1750, 1650:In 1709, 1568:cast iron 1339:Wuppertal 1023:hot blast 1007:cast iron 792:Etymology 751:hot blast 697:that the 283:Space Age 204:Stone Age 23165:Category 22933:Natalism 22856:Eugenics 22604:Schengen 22534:Eurozone 22374:Property 22369:Religion 22260:Frankish 22250:Germanic 22230:Paganism 22151:Religion 22139:European 22051:Humanism 21954:Religion 21913:Painting 21879:Internet 21830:Folklore 21801:Clothing 21772:Calendar 21748:Cyrillic 21733:Alphabet 21696:Cold War 19986:Bank run 19119:Malaysia 19104:Botswana 19056:Pakistan 19046:Malaysia 18550:Scotland 18410:Inverted 18374:Recovery 18150:See also 18121:Cold War 17916:Crusades 17886:Valencia 17252:National 17247:Monopoly 17200:Dirigist 17169:Ideology 16919:Category 16847:business 16813:Aviation 16786:Internet 16692:Gambling 16599:The City 16564:services 16545:Forestry 16528:Scottish 16519:Fishing 16461:Fracking 16393:Pensions 16201:Aberdeen 16193:Scotland 16168:Northern 16138:Somerset 16046:Cornwall 16006:regions, 16004:Nations, 15788:Taxation 15373:Category 15099:Cromford 15089:Broseley 14811:Textiles 14630:Archived 14618:Archived 14606:Archived 14594:Archived 14582:Archived 14558:: 9–42. 14523:Archived 14491:Archived 14436:14 April 14430:Archived 14374:(2002). 14338:(1884). 14251:27-24075 14241:16011753 14195:(2010). 14055:(2003). 14022:(1969). 13996:(2017). 13978:Archived 13865:(2018). 13735:Archived 13641:(2004). 13580:12283330 13539:(1948). 13503:Archived 13465:Archived 13431:26744408 13380:Archived 13354:20535108 13270:30301899 13224:Archived 13170:Archived 13089:25 March 13080:Archived 13034:11607253 12917:cite web 12879:Archived 12699:Archived 12614:Archived 12385:Archived 12215:Archived 12140:Archived 12117:Archived 12052:Archived 12033:Archived 11944:Archived 11928:Archived 11892:Archived 11856:Archived 11743:Archived 11717:Archived 11661:Archived 11631:Archived 11597:Archived 11386:Archived 11307:Archived 11246:take-off 11217:18 March 11211:Archived 11116:Archived 11021:11 March 10976:Archived 10919:Archived 10855:Archived 10832:Archived 10790:Archived 10717:2 August 10691:2 August 10685:Archived 10593:Archived 10568:Archived 10544:22 March 10538:Archived 10536:. 2008. 10518:22 March 10512:Archived 10510:. 2008. 10486:Archived 10461:Archived 10442:Archived 10422:Archived 10315:29 April 10309:Archived 10285:17 March 10209:Archived 10079:Archived 10061:Archived 10041:Archived 10020:Archived 10000:Archived 9981:Archived 9961:Archived 9917:12 March 9911:Archived 9888:5 August 9882:Archived 9878:BBC News 9851:Archived 9820:Archived 9793:12 March 9787:Archived 9750:(1975). 9684:Archived 9654:Archived 9624:Archived 9571:Archived 9539:Archived 9447:Archived 9254:Archived 9218:(2004). 9171:Archived 9052:Archived 8983:23 April 8977:archived 8935:23 April 8929:Archived 8771:Archived 8738:Archived 8587:Archived 8481:(2000), 8394:Archived 8357:Archived 8333:Archived 8256:Archived 8096:Archived 8066:Archived 7898:Archived 7834:Archived 7795:Archived 7745:. 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