2540:
3162:
465:
3186:
3174:
479:
3198:
1287:
43:
199:
298:
of the resulting ocean basin that formed between the
Greater Himalayan fragment and India explains the apparent discrepancy between the crustal shortening estimates in the Himalaya and paleomagnetic data from India and Asia. However, the proposed ocean basin was not constrained by paleomagnetic data
401:
The Indian Plate is currently moving north-east at five cm (2.0 in) per year, while the
Eurasian Plate is moving north at only two cm (0.79 in) per year. This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform, and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of four mm (0.16 in) per
293:
data from the
Greater Himalaya was used to propose two collisions to reconcile the discrepancy between the amount of crustal shortening in the Himalaya (~1,300 km or 800 mi) and the amount of convergence between India and Asia (~3,600 km or 2,200 mi). These authors propose a
294:
continental fragment of northern
Gondwana rifted from India, traveled northward, and initiated the "soft collision" between the Greater Himalaya and Asia at ~50 Mya. This was followed by the "hard collision" between India and Asia occurred at ~25 Mya.
362:
during the late
Cretaceous, a result irreconcilable to current theories of plate tectonics and a refutation of the plume-push hypothesis. PĂ©rez-DĂaz concludes that the accelerated movement of the Indian Plate is an illusion wrought by large errors in
299:
from the key time interval of ~120 Mya to ~60 Mya. New paleomagnetic results of this critical time interval from southern Tibet do not support this
Greater Indian Ocean basin hypothesis and the associated dual collision model.
289:. If the collision occurred between 55 and 50 Mya, the Indian Plate would have covered a distance of 3,000 to 2,000 km (1,900–1,200 mi), moving more quickly than any other known plate. In 2012,
302:
In 2007, German geologists suggested the reason the Indian Plate moved so quickly is that it is only half as thick (100 km or 62 mi) as the other plates which formerly constituted
Gondwana. The
849:
Qin, Shi-Xin; Li, Yong-Xiang; Li, Xiang-Hui; Xu, Bo; Luo, Hui (2019-01-17). "Paleomagnetic results of
Cretaceous cherts from Zhongba, southern Tibet: New constraints on the India-Asia collision".
233:, together with modern Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and South America. Gondwana fragmented as these continents drifted apart at different velocities; a process which led to the opening of the
1822:
1805:
2429:
1944:
1924:
1448:
327:. As India moved north, it is possible the thickness of the Indian Plate degenerated further as it passed over the hotspots and magmatic extrusions associated with the
2539:
2069:
2079:
355:
2074:
2099:
2089:
2064:
2059:
1775:
644:
Kumar, M. Ravi; Bhatia, S. C. (1999). "A new seismic hazard map for the Indian plate region under the global seismic hazard assessment programme".
312:
158:; recent studies suggest that India and Australia have been separate plates for at least 3 million years. The Indian Plate includes most of modern
2230:
1163:
2404:
920:
Meert, J.G.; Tamrat, Endale (2006). "Paleomagnetic evidence for a stationary Marion hotspot: Additional paleomagnetic data from
Madagascar".
2084:
1595:
1319:
531:
1815:
2462:
2178:
2161:
1698:
340:
2146:
1810:
267:. It began moving north, at about 20 cm (7.9 in) per year, and is believed to have begun colliding with Asia as early as
1065:
1370:
1291:
2005:
1642:
1610:
1590:
722:
699:
679:
632:
3234:
2023:
1768:
1615:
364:
2909:
2223:
2173:
2094:
1023:"Indo-Atlantic plate accelerations around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary: A time-scale error, not a plume-push signal"
497:
311:, which allowed it to move both more quickly and farther than the other parts. The remains of this plume today form the
3087:
899:
The lithospheric roots in South Africa, Australia, and
Antarctica are 300 to 180 km (190 to 110 mi) thick. (
2316:
2124:
1582:
602:
368:
1164:"Magnitude 9.0 off W coast of northern Sumatra Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:49 UTC: Preliminary rupture model"
3202:
2038:
1468:
1433:
1312:
790:
van Hinsbergen, D.; Lippert, P.; Dupont-Nivet, G.; McQuarrie, N.; Doubrivine, P.; Spakman, W.; Torsvik, T. (2012).
339:
released during the passage of the Indian Plate over the hotspots have been theorised to have played a role in the
206:, Insular India, situated over the Indian plate, split from Madagascar and collided (c. 55 Mya) with the
2306:
2296:
2276:
2136:
1949:
1761:
1703:
1438:
3107:
2216:
2156:
2151:
1934:
1850:
2548:
2479:
908:
124:
53:
2636:
2455:
1792:
1717:
1672:
3229:
2168:
1919:
1914:
1204:
Kumar, Prakash; Yuan, Xiaohui; Kumar, M. Ravi; Kind, Rainer; Li, Xueqing; Chadha, R. K. (18 October 2007).
2992:
2356:
2046:
1939:
1870:
1652:
1647:
1488:
1305:
183:
2809:
2326:
2256:
2141:
2129:
2051:
1929:
1605:
1600:
1483:
1463:
1171:
3224:
2849:
2361:
1443:
1336:
1122:
512:
1188:
282:. However, some authors suggest the collision between India and Eurasia occurred much later, around
3239:
3190:
2448:
2424:
2389:
2111:
1677:
1667:
1520:
1478:
1453:
1408:
3040:
557:
3178:
3082:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2281:
2271:
2261:
1860:
1855:
1620:
1473:
1423:
502:
2744:
2704:
579:
19:
This article is about the geological term. For the large plated meal in Indian restaurants, see
3135:
3097:
3092:
3075:
2829:
2351:
2346:
2291:
2266:
2018:
2013:
1784:
1508:
1503:
1458:
1375:
1167:
1117:
2502:
2414:
2371:
2366:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2286:
2185:
2119:
1344:
1205:
535:
450:
316:
155:
3010:
2932:
2922:
2869:
2864:
2804:
2669:
2606:
2529:
2519:
1832:
1800:
1732:
1630:
1217:
1109:
1036:
971:
929:
858:
803:
580:"The January 26, 2001 Bhuj Earthquake and the Diffuse Western Boundary of the Indian Plate"
427:
351:
2709:
792:"Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia"
8:
3125:
2894:
2659:
2419:
2409:
1498:
1380:
431:
308:
163:
87:
27:
1221:
1113:
1040:
975:
957:"The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary"
933:
862:
807:
3140:
3130:
3055:
3050:
2947:
2794:
2739:
2596:
2195:
2190:
1400:
1328:
1249:
1003:
956:
882:
826:
791:
653:
492:
419:
415:
344:
132:
789:
324:
3060:
3025:
2859:
2799:
2789:
2749:
2684:
1845:
1682:
1241:
1233:
1143:
1097:
1027:
995:
987:
886:
874:
831:
718:
695:
675:
628:
598:
320:
3065:
2764:
2649:
2507:
1965:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1712:
1634:
1413:
1349:
1253:
1225:
1135:
1127:
1044:
1007:
979:
937:
866:
821:
811:
590:
151:
3070:
3005:
2889:
2724:
2719:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2571:
2492:
2471:
2381:
2028:
1560:
1555:
1540:
1533:
1390:
1070:
870:
507:
387:
359:
203:
171:
371:, and that a recalibration of the time scale shows no such acceleration exists.
3166:
3030:
2982:
2937:
2899:
2854:
2754:
2694:
2644:
2576:
2497:
2399:
1975:
1893:
1878:
1708:
1662:
1657:
470:
435:
375:
332:
290:
226:
207:
358:
found that new plate-motion models displayed increased movement speeds in all
3218:
3145:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2942:
2927:
2844:
2814:
2784:
2769:
2759:
2734:
2729:
2626:
2601:
2561:
2556:
2524:
2487:
1970:
1572:
1418:
1237:
1147:
991:
941:
878:
423:
411:
264:
147:
107:
983:
816:
3035:
2917:
2839:
2834:
2819:
2699:
2689:
2616:
2611:
1985:
1898:
1245:
999:
835:
484:
336:
328:
304:
234:
167:
91:
3120:
3115:
3045:
3020:
3015:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2824:
2779:
2774:
2714:
2679:
2621:
2591:
2581:
2566:
1995:
1883:
1753:
1550:
1528:
1428:
1131:
710:
307:
that once broke up Gondwana might also have melted the lower part of the
187:
95:
2208:
1229:
657:
3000:
2957:
2242:
1567:
1545:
1139:
594:
443:
410:
The westerly side of the Indian Plate is a transform boundary with the
295:
256:
241:
159:
3161:
1262:
464:
2972:
1297:
1049:
1022:
246:
220:
211:
198:
175:
141:
99:
1385:
284:
269:
2239:
1990:
446:
439:
391:
279:
252:
230:
139:, the Indian Plate broke away from the other fragments of Gondwana
136:
2440:
1191:(Press release). Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
383:
128:
1096:
Aitchison, Jonathan C.; Ali, Jason R.; Davis, Aileen M. (2007).
1888:
1286:
672:
Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the Western Himalaya
395:
275:
179:
42:
1980:
1493:
1189:"The fastest continent: India's truncated lithospheric roots"
913:
379:
260:
20:
1263:"The collision of India and Asia (90 mya – present)"
1066:"The New Historian of the Smash That Made the Himalayas"
578:
Stein, Seth; Sella, Giovanni F.; Okai, Emile A. (2002).
1020:
394:
Mountains, as sediment bunched up like earth before a
460:
263:, the Indian Plate split from Madagascar and formed
1203:
904:
900:
756:
1095:
778:
3216:
1021:PĂ©rez-DĂaz, L.; Eagles, G.; Sigloch, K. (2020).
135:. Originally a part of the ancient continent of
796:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
534:. Geology.about.com. 2014-03-05. Archived from
1206:"The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate"
674:, p. 375, Geological Society of London, 2000,
577:
63:11,900,000 km (4,600,000 sq mi)
2456:
2224:
1769:
1313:
752:
750:
748:
150:with it. It was once fused with the adjacent
1098:"When and where did India and Asia collide?"
955:Schulte, Peter; et al. (5 March 2010).
430:(CIR). The northerly side of the Plate is a
919:
643:
627:, p. 52, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010,
3173:
2463:
2449:
2231:
2217:
1783:
1776:
1762:
1320:
1306:
745:
532:"Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates"
41:
2238:
2162:Southwestern Sri Lanka rivers and streams
1121:
1048:
848:
825:
815:
1261:Scotese, Christopher R. (January 2001).
736:
734:
732:
730:
715:Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region
197:
178:, and extending up to but not including
16:Minor plate that separated from Gondwana
1260:
1064:Andrews, Robin George (14 April 2021).
1063:
954:
948:
767:
761:
589:. American Geophysical Union: 243–254.
251:, and subsequent to the splitting from
166:) and a portion of the basin under the
3217:
1371:National Geological Monuments of India
1327:
225:, the Indian Plate formed part of the
79:26–36 mm/a (1.0–1.4 in/year)
2444:
2212:
1757:
1301:
727:
694:, page 152, Srikrishna Prapnnachari,
555:
378:along the boundary between India and
341:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
3197:
1186:
1161:
772:
740:
350:In 2020, however, geologists at the
210:, resulting in the formation of the
2470:
498:List of tectonic plate interactions
13:
625:Understanding Earthquake Disasters
193:
14:
3251:
2024:Divisional Secretariats Divisions
1279:
146:and began moving north, carrying
3196:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3160:
2538:
1285:
1187:Kind, Rainer (17 October 2007).
558:"New Look at Gondwana's Breakup"
477:
463:
343:, generally held to be due to a
1102:Journal of Geophysical Research
1057:
1014:
893:
851:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
842:
783:
779:Aitchison, Ali & Davis 2007
3088:South American–Antarctic Ridge
2147:dry-zone dry evergreen forests
704:
684:
664:
637:
617:
571:
549:
524:
1:
1718:World Heritage Sites in India
1088:
369:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
2430:North Himalayan Normal Fault
1643:Biogeographic classification
1162:Chen, Ji (January 4, 2005).
871:10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.01.012
405:
7:
3235:Geology of the Indian Ocean
1699:National monuments of India
556:Oskin, Becky (2013-07-05).
456:
365:geomagnetic reversal timing
10:
3256:
3041:Galápagos Spreading Center
2142:Deccan thorn scrub forests
25:
18:
3154:
3106:
2991:
2908:
2635:
2547:
2536:
2478:
2380:
2249:
2110:
2037:
2029:Grama Niladhari Divisions
2004:
1958:
1907:
1869:
1831:
1791:
1691:
1629:
1581:
1519:
1399:
1381:Sacred mountains of India
1363:
1335:
970:(5970). AAAS: 1214–1218.
690:Srikrishna Prapnnachari,
513:Seychelles Microcontinent
335:. The massive amounts of
105:
83:
75:
67:
59:
49:
40:
35:
2425:South Tibetan Detachment
2390:Geology of the Himalayas
2250:Notable Himalayan quakes
942:10.1016/j.gr.2006.04.008
692:Concepts in Frame Design
518:
356:Alfred Wegener Institute
26:Not to be confused with
3083:Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
1861:Knuckles Mountain Range
1856:Hanthana Mountain Range
1713:Indian-origin religions
1704:National parks of India
1449:Highest point by states
984:10.1126/science.1177265
817:10.1073/pnas.1117262109
503:List of tectonic plates
374:The collision with the
287: million years ago
272: million years ago
249: million years ago
223: million years ago
144: million years ago
3136:Pacific-Farallon Ridge
3108:Ancient oceanic ridges
3098:Southwest Indian Ridge
3093:Southeast Indian Ridge
2830:Philippine Mobile Belt
2080:North Western Province
2070:North Central Province
1785:Geography of Sri Lanka
1591:States and territories
1386:Sacred rivers of India
1376:Sacred groves of India
1168:U.S. Geological Survey
215:
2415:Main Himalayan Thrust
1292:Indian tectonic plate
451:Main Himalayan Thrust
345:large asteroid impact
317:Prince Edward Islands
201:
170:, including parts of
156:Indo-Australian Plate
3011:Central Indian Ridge
2277:1833 Kathmandu–Bihar
2179:wildlife sanctuaries
2157:montane rain forests
2152:lowland rain forests
2125:environmental issues
1733:Environment of India
1294:at Wikimedia Commons
1132:10.1029/2006JB004706
428:Central Indian Ridge
352:University of Oxford
125:minor tectonic plate
3230:Geology of Pakistan
3126:Kula-Farallon Ridge
2420:Main Central Thrust
2410:Main Frontal Thrust
1230:10.1038/nature06214
1222:2007Natur.449..894K
1114:2007JGRB..112.5423A
1041:2020Geo....48.1169P
976:2010Sci...327.1214S
934:2006GondR..10..340M
863:2019JAESc.173...42Q
808:2012PNAS..109.7659V
432:convergent boundary
309:Indian subcontinent
164:Indian subcontinent
88:Indian subcontinent
28:Indian subcontinent
3167:Geology portal
3141:Pacific-Kula Ridge
3131:Mid-Labrador Ridge
3056:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
3051:Juan de Fuca Ridge
2317:1988 Myanmar-India
1959:Bordering entities
1329:Geography of India
1265:. Paleomap Project
595:10.1029/GD030p0243
587:Geodynamics Series
493:Historical geology
420:divergent boundary
416:Owen Fracture Zone
216:
133:Eastern Hemisphere
3212:
3211:
3026:East Pacific Rise
2438:
2437:
2206:
2205:
2090:Southern Province
2075:Northern Province
1851:Central Highlands
1823:Natural disasters
1751:
1750:
1290:Media related to
1216:(7164): 894–897.
1035:(12): 1169–1173.
922:Gondwana Research
905:Kumar et al. 2007
901:Kumar et al. 2007
802:(20): 7659–7664.
757:Kumar et al. 2007
723:978-0-7923-0067-0
711:A.M. Celâl Şengör
700:978-99929-52-21-4
680:978-1-86239-061-4
633:978-0-07-014456-9
560:. Livescience.com
386:that created the
321:Kerguelen hotspot
154:to form a single
113:
112:
3247:
3225:Geology of India
3200:
3199:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3066:Kolbeinsey Ridge
2542:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2357:April 2015 Nepal
2307:1950 Assam–Tibet
2233:
2226:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2100:Western Province
2065:Eastern Province
2060:Central Province
1806:Climatic regions
1778:
1771:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1743:Tourism in India
1738:History of India
1728:Culture of India
1723:Climate of India
1596:Autonomous areas
1350:Geology of India
1322:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1257:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1174:on March 5, 2005
1170:. Archived from
1158:
1156:
1154:
1125:
1123:10.1.1.1008.2522
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:10.1130/G47859.1
1018:
1012:
1011:
961:
952:
946:
945:
928:(3–4): 340–348.
917:
911:
897:
891:
890:
846:
840:
839:
829:
819:
787:
781:
776:
770:
765:
759:
754:
743:
738:
725:
708:
702:
688:
682:
668:
662:
661:
641:
635:
621:
615:
614:
612:
611:
584:
575:
569:
568:
566:
565:
553:
547:
546:
544:
543:
528:
487:
482:
481:
480:
473:
468:
467:
360:mid-ocean ridges
325:RĂ©union hotspots
288:
273:
250:
224:
152:Australian Plate
145:
106:Relative to the
60:Approximate area
45:
33:
32:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3240:Tectonic plates
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3159:
3150:
3102:
3076:Reykjanes Ridge
3061:Knipovich Ridge
3006:Carlsberg Ridge
2987:
2904:
2810:North Galápagos
2631:
2543:
2534:
2503:Indo-Australian
2474:
2472:Tectonic plates
2469:
2439:
2434:
2382:Plate tectonics
2376:
2327:1991 Uttarkashi
2257:1505 Lo Mustang
2245:
2237:
2207:
2202:
2169:protected areas
2106:
2056:Settlements in
2033:
2000:
1954:
1903:
1865:
1827:
1787:
1782:
1752:
1747:
1687:
1678:Protected Areas
1625:
1577:
1541:Northeast India
1515:
1509:Western Coastal
1504:Eastern Coastal
1469:Mountain passes
1395:
1391:Stones of India
1359:
1331:
1326:
1282:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1194:
1192:
1177:
1175:
1152:
1150:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1071:Quanta Magazine
1062:
1058:
1019:
1015:
959:
953:
949:
918:
914:
898:
894:
847:
843:
788:
784:
777:
773:
766:
762:
755:
746:
739:
728:
709:
705:
689:
685:
669:
665:
646:Current Science
642:
638:
622:
618:
609:
607:
605:
582:
576:
572:
563:
561:
554:
550:
541:
539:
530:
529:
525:
521:
508:Palaeogeography
483:
478:
476:
469:
462:
459:
408:
388:Tibetan Plateau
283:
268:
245:
219:
204:plate tectonics
196:
194:Plate movements
140:
127:straddling the
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
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471:Geology portal
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337:volcanic gases
333:Rajmahal Traps
313:Marion Hotspot
244:approximately
227:supercontinent
218:Until roughly
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2597:New Hebrides
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2549:Minor plates
2512:
2480:Major plates
2405:Oldham Fault
2395:Indian Plate
2394:
2342:2008 Damxung
2337:2005 Kashmir
2332:1999 Chamoli
2282:1885 Kashmir
2272:1803 Garhwal
2262:1555 Kashmir
2085:Sabaragamuwa
2006:Subdivisions
1986:Indian Ocean
1841:Indian Plate
1840:
1583:Subdivisions
1355:Indian Plate
1354:
1345:Fossil Parks
1267:. Retrieved
1213:
1209:
1193:. Retrieved
1176:. Retrieved
1172:the original
1151:. Retrieved
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1075:. Retrieved
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540:. Retrieved
536:the original
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485:India portal
438:forming the
409:
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373:
349:
305:mantle plume
301:
240:In the late
239:
235:Indian Ocean
217:
168:Indian Ocean
120:
117:Indian Plate
116:
114:
92:Indian Ocean
36:Indian Plate
3121:Alpha Ridge
3116:Aegir Ridge
3071:Mohns Ridge
3046:Gorda Ridge
3021:Cocos Ridge
3016:Chile Ridge
2860:Solomon Sea
2800:North Andes
2790:Molucca Sea
2685:Conway Reef
2670:Bird's Head
2637:Microplates
2352:2011 Sikkim
2347:2009 Bhutan
2292:1905 Kangra
2267:1714 Bhutan
2243:earthquakes
2112:Environment
2039:Settlements
1996:Palk Strait
1631:Environment
1551:South India
1529:North India
1269:28 December
1178:28 December
1153:January 12,
1140:10722/72794
903:) See also
717:, Springer
426:called the
414:called the
382:formed the
367:around the
188:Balochistan
172:South China
121:India Plate
96:Arabian Sea
3219:Categories
3001:Aden Ridge
2850:Seychelles
2765:Madagascar
2650:Aegean Sea
2607:Philippine
2508:Australian
2372:2023 Nepal
2367:2021 Assam
2322:1988 Nepal
2312:1980 Nepal
2302:1947 Assam
2297:1934 Bihar
2287:1897 Assam
2137:ecoregions
1950:Waterfalls
1653:Biospheres
1648:Ecoregions
1568:West India
1546:East India
1489:Waterfalls
1089:References
652:(3): 447.
610:2015-12-25
564:2016-01-13
542:2016-01-13
444:Hindu Kush
323:, and the
296:Subduction
257:Madagascar
242:Cretaceous
174:, western
160:South Asia
71:North-east
2890:Trobriand
2795:Niuafo’ou
2750:Kerguelen
2725:Halmahera
2720:Greenland
2705:Galápagos
2675:Capricorn
2665:Banda Sea
2655:Anatolian
2572:Caribbean
2493:Antarctic
2240:Himalayan
2019:Districts
2014:Provinces
1935:Mountains
1908:Landforms
1606:Districts
1601:Divisions
1561:Southeast
1556:Southwest
1534:Northwest
1484:Volcanoes
1464:Mountains
1401:Landforms
1238:0028-0836
1195:2 October
1148:0148-0227
1118:CiteSeerX
992:1095-9203
887:134469511
879:1367-9120
857:: 42–53.
741:Kind 2007
623:Sinvhal,
447:mountains
434:with the
422:with the
406:Geography
274:, in the
212:Himalayas
176:Indonesia
100:Himalayas
3191:Category
2983:Kshiroda
2968:Malvinas
2938:Farallon
2933:Cimmeria
2900:Woodlark
2895:Victoria
2855:Shetland
2755:Kermadec
2695:Explorer
2645:Adriatic
2577:Caroline
2498:Eurasian
2186:wildlife
2120:Forestry
1991:Palk Bay
1816:Wet Zone
1811:Dry Zone
1692:See also
1683:Wildlife
1444:Glaciers
1364:Heritage
1246:17943128
1077:15 April
1000:20203042
909:figure 1
836:22547792
713:(1989).
658:24102967
457:See also
440:Himalaya
418:, and a
392:Himalaya
390:and the
354:and the
280:Cenozoic
253:Gondwana
231:Gondwana
184:Kohistan
137:Gondwana
84:Features
68:Movement
3203:Commons
2978:Phoenix
2953:Izanagi
2943:Insular
2928:Charcot
2845:Sangihe
2815:Okinawa
2785:Mariana
2770:Malpelo
2760:Lwandle
2735:Iranian
2730:Iberian
2627:Yangtze
2602:Okhotsk
2562:Arabian
2557:Amurian
2525:Pacific
2488:African
1945:Valleys
1925:Lagoons
1920:Islands
1915:Beaches
1879:Highest
1833:Geology
1801:Climate
1793:Climate
1668:Forests
1635:climate
1521:Regions
1479:Valleys
1454:Islands
1414:Borders
1409:Beaches
1337:Geology
1254:4339656
1218:Bibcode
1110:Bibcode
1037:Bibcode
1028:Geology
1008:2659741
972:Bibcode
964:Science
930:Bibcode
859:Bibcode
827:3356651
804:Bibcode
319:), the
202:Due to
131:in the
129:equator
123:) is a
2918:Baltic
2840:Rovuma
2835:Rivera
2820:Panama
2710:Gonâve
2700:Futuna
2690:Easter
2617:Somali
2612:Scotia
2587:Indian
2513:Indian
2047:Cities
1940:Rivers
1673:Issues
1611:Cities
1494:Plains
1474:Rivers
1429:Desert
1424:Canals
1419:Coasts
1252:
1244:
1236:
1210:Nature
1146:
1120:
1006:
998:
990:
885:
877:
834:
824:
721:
698:
678:
656:
631:
601:
402:year.
329:Deccan
276:Eocene
186:, and
180:Ladakh
2963:Lhasa
2885:Tonga
2880:Tisza
2875:Timor
2825:Pelso
2780:Maoke
2775:Manus
2715:Gorda
2680:Coiba
2622:Sunda
2592:Nazca
2582:Cocos
2567:Burma
2196:flora
2191:fauna
2052:Towns
1981:India
1930:Lakes
1889:South
1884:North
1663:Flora
1658:Fauna
1616:Towns
1459:Lakes
1250:S2CID
1004:S2CID
960:(PDF)
883:S2CID
654:JSTOR
583:(PDF)
519:Notes
380:Nepal
261:India
162:(the
76:Speed
54:Minor
21:Thali
3179:List
2958:Kula
1899:West
1894:East
1846:Gems
1633:and
1271:2004
1242:PMID
1234:ISSN
1197:2019
1180:2004
1155:2016
1144:ISSN
1079:2021
996:PMID
988:ISSN
875:ISSN
832:PMID
719:ISBN
696:ISBN
676:ISBN
629:ISBN
599:ISBN
442:and
396:plow
331:and
259:and
119:(or
115:The
50:Type
2973:Moa
2095:Uva
1711:in
1434:ECZ
1226:doi
1214:449
1136:hdl
1128:doi
1106:112
1045:doi
980:doi
968:327
938:doi
867:doi
855:173
822:PMC
812:doi
800:109
591:doi
247:100
221:140
142:100
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