282:
568:("Perfume blending"), here Varahamihira provides several formulas with grid patterns, on which perfume ingredients were placed where numerous combinations of perfumes can be made. This mathematical exercises in perfumery may have been a source of intellectual delight for the educated connoisseur of perfume. Surviving perfumery texts additionally contained sophisticated verbal puzzles that seem designed to entertain and impress the cultivated makers and users of perfumes. Those who were well versed in the sixty-four or seventy-two arts and techniques (kala) that defined their education and in addition to this erotic context, it would seem riddles were associated with the literary gathering called the
550:("the Complete Man-About-Town") by Padmasri also describes Gandhaykuti in vastly more detailed manner. In erotic texts and in the surviving complex perfumery texts, perfumery and making perfumes is seen as sensuous and erudite pleasure, almost a high-class game with poetic riddles and puns. Perfumes were seen as indispensable to the goal of pleasure (kama), and the informated consumption of them was a vital part of what it meant to be a cultivated person. Padmasri mentions unknown perfumery text by the author named Lokesvara, it is one of several lost perfumery texts.
761:
production is done by hand-rolling at home. There are about 5,000 incense companies in India which take raw un-perfumed sticks hand-rolled by approximately 200,000 women working part-time at home, apply their own brand of perfume, and package the sticks for sale. An experienced home-worker can produce 4,000 raw sticks a day. There are about 25 main companies, who together account for up to 30% of the market, and around 500 of the companies, including a significant number of the main companies, are based in
Bangalore. The state of
774:
growth in the production of agarbathi (incense sticks), Dhoop-Deep has been seen in every part of India. There are plenty of manufacturers in
Maharashtra,Gaya and Gujrat and the western India agarbatti market is totally dominated by them. At a national level, the most prominent manufacturers include N. Ranga Rao & Sons with their Cycle Pure Agarbathies, PremaNature with their Natural Vedic Incense Sticks, Patanjali with their Aastha agarbatti, Samun Agarbatti with their gaya darshan and ITC with their Mangaldeep.
30:
572:. McHugh notes that "the audience was expected to engage in a bewildering, yet pleasurable, contest of intellectual, olfactory, erotic riddles." Therefore, art of perfumery was not entirely olfactory but also included the cleaver delights of combinatorics and word games. Solving poetic perfume riddles and complex puns of erotic nature, political science, religion etc to make perfume blends were part of perfume making art for the cultivated person.
749:
160:
810:
2332:
350:("Ocean of perfumes") is a unique perfume formula, in which from a given number of ingredients placed in a grid, numerous combinations can be made, leading in some cases to a vast number of potential perfumes. He provides a complex algorithm for calculating how many perfumes one can make from a given number of ingredients, in one case up to 43,680 perfumes can be made.
179:, which encouraged a uniform method of making incense. Although Vedic texts mention the use of incense for masking odors and creating a pleasurable smell, the modern system of organized incense-making was likely created by the medicinal priests of the time. Thus, modern, organized incense-making is intrinsically linked to the
719:
had banned resin extraction; This forced up the price of halmaddi, so its usage in incense making declined. In 2011, extraction was allowed under leasing agreements, which increased in 2013, though production is still limited for the resin to sometimes be stolen via improper extraction to be sold on the black market.
467:, as well as collyrium to decorate the eyes. Mouth fragrances, etc., oils, as well as the preparation of rubbing unguents. Then the practice of bathing, bathing materials, and the bath accessory materials. Fragrant clothes powders, sticks/wicks, and the preparation of perfumes, etc. The artificial manufacture of
797:
Under the aegis of the "Atma
Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan", the government of India approved an incense production and employment program on August 2, 2020. The program is called "Khadi Agarbatti Atma Nirbhar Mission", and was proposed by the Khadi Village Industries Commission (KVIC) of India. Under this
731:
rituals. During rituals, an incense stick is lighted to remove unpleasant odours in the air. It creates a setting for an auspicious ritual by filling the air with a pleasant smell. As they release smoke, they also act as organic disinfectants that drive away insects. Sticks made up of bamboo are not
580:
According to historian John McHugh, the earliest surviving texts to treat art of perfumery as main topic of the text in any detail appeared "around the middle of the first millennium CE" and in these texts "perfumery is discussed in context of matters of the body and the bedroom" and that by around
554:
Various artful perfumes are celebrated as eminent inflamers of lust. The best lovers should be carefully instructed at the start from perfume texts. Having collected the essential part of the perfume texts, which are difficult to understand for those who are not cleaver, which are by
Lokesvara etc.
66:
is more commonly used in ancient and medieval texts which encompasses various types of stick incense recipes. Incense is part of the cottage industry in India and important part of many religions in the region since ancient times. The method of incense making with a bamboo stick as a core originated
957:
agaru m.n. ' fragrant Aloe -- tree and wood, Aquilaria agallocha ' lex., aguru -- R. Pa. agalu -- , aggalu -- m., akalu -- m. ' a partic. ointment '; Pk. agaru -- , agaluya -- , agaru(a) -- m.n. ' Aloe -- tree and wood '; K. agara -- kāth ' sandal -- wood '; S. agaru m. ' aloe ', P. N. agar m., A.
773:
being the main manufacturing centres of scented agarbatti and Gaya, Bihar was the manufacturing hub of unscented agarbatti. The Mysore region is recognised as a pioneer in the activity of agarbathi manufacturing and this is one of the main cluster activities that exist in the city. In recent years,
298:
the art of perfumery emerge for diverse use. According to James Mchugh from "approximately the late centuries of the first millennium CE onwards do we see significant materials on perfumery incorporated into texts on erotics and courtly life." These texts are not just limited to incense making, but
739:
Incense has its own spiritual significance. The incense stick burns itself completely into ashes and yet fills the air with a pleasant smell. This ritual basically denotes human virtue of sacrificing oneself for society. The sticks are used as air fresheners during normal days as well and integral
718:
tree; as with other resins, it is a viscous semi-liquid when fresh, it hardens to a brittle solid as it evaporates and ages. Some incense makers mix it with honey in order to keep it pliable. Due to crude extraction methods which resulted in trees dying, by the 1990s the Forest
Department in India
633:
and other trees), and the perfume ingredients – which traditionally would be a masala (powder of ground ingredients), though more commonly is a solvent of perfumes and/ or essential oils. After the base paste has been applied to the bamboo stick it is, while still moist, immediately rolled into a
237:
texts similarly gives incense ingredients similar to
Dharmasastra like sandalwood, aloeswood, musk, camphor, saffron, piper cubeba, resins etc. As Hinduism matured and Buddhism was founded in India, incense became an integral part of Buddhism as well. Around 200 CE, a group of wandering Buddhist
584:
Many texts solely dedicated to perfumery are lost, they exist in fragments in other texts where the authors give credit to these texts for recipes. Only three texts survive, these include two texts named
Gandhasara; Gandhasara by Gangadhara and Gandhasara by unknown author, and third text named
354:
The
Gandharnaava (Ocean of perfumes) is prepared from the following sixteen substances, if every four of them are permuted variously at will and that in one, two or four parts. The substances are Uŝira, Aguru, Vālaka, Madanfal, Karpûra, Dhānya, Nāgapuşpa, Tagara, Saibya, Spŗkkā, Ghana, Karcûra,
713:
tree are also used in masala incense, usually as a fragrant binding ingredient, and these add their distinctive fragrance to the finished incense. Some resins, such as gum arabic, may be used where it is desirable for the binding agent to have no fragrance of its own. Halmaddi has a particular
930:
Ta. akil (in cpds. akiṛ-) eagle-wood, Aquilaria agallocha; the drug agar obtained from the tree; akku eagle-wood. Ma. akil aloe wood, A. agallocha. Ka. agil the balsam tree which yields bdellium, Amyris agallocha; the dark species of
Agallochum; fragrance. Tu. agilů a kind of tree; kari agilů
735:
Incense has some psychological benefits. The aroma of the incense is considered to have a healing power that has a soothing effect on the mind. The calming effect relaxes the mind and helps in performing rituals with better concentration. Prayer offered with a calm mind acts like a meditation
760:
Production may be partly or completely by hand, or partly or completely by machine. There are semi-automatic machine for applying paste, semi-automatic machine for perfume-dipping, semi-automatic machine for packing, or fully automated machines which apply paste and scent, though the bulk of
229:; artificially produced or manufactured like jaggery or molasses from sugarcane for example. Blend of these three types of ingredients formed basis of incense making since ancient period. The practice of incense as a healing tool was assimilated into the religious practices of the time.
798:
scheme, the incense artisans will be provided automatic agarbatti and powder-mixing machines through private business partners. One quarter of the cost of each unit will be borne by KVIC via a subsidy, while the remnant will be paid through loans by the artisans.
293:
While the earliest texts that mention aromatic preparations in any detail appear to be religious and medical texts; some of which had chapters dedicated to incense; it is only later during the first millennium CE is when evidence of texts devoted entirely to
396:
Incense for dissipation of bugs and other insects; the mixture of the powders of sandalwood, vidanga seeds, flowers of arjun trees, along with jaggery...and honey dissipates flies, gnats and bugs from the house when fumigated with
483:
in how it is organized, consisting of a number of aromatic formulae respectively for hair (kesapatavasa), dwelling (grhavasa), mouth (mukhavasa), water (jalavasa), betel-nut (pugaphalam), bathing powder (snaniya).
2314:
445:
An incense stick made from the compound of
Marjari, Himavaluka, Pisunaka, Gorocana, Sihlaka, Karpura, pounded in water, in progressive proportion, mixed with ghee and sugar, this is known as Manmathavarti
245:, a text on treatise of statecraft and political science, agarwood, sandalwood and other aromatics were subject to a state tax at one-tenth or one-fifteenth of the sale price of the products. The
629:
The basic ingredients of an incense stick are bamboo sticks, paste (generally made of charcoal dust or sawdust and joss/ jiggit/ gum/ tabu powder – an adhesive made from the bark of Bollywood
440:
An incense stick which is suitable for kings can be prepared from the mixture of Nakha, Aguru, Sihlaka, Valaka, Kunduru, Saileya, Candana, Syama by taking each in progressive proportion
487:
Perfume names in medieval period are also information on the aspirations expressed through aromatic culture that presents perfume formulae in a playful and literary manner;
589:
dating most likely from the early- to mid-second millenium CE" with later additions by several authors up to 13th century. Some of the notable lost perfumery texts include
463:
This collection of the applications of the fifth is composed. There the preparation of water fragrance, as well as preparation of tooth sticks/brush. The preparation of
167:
Early evidenced of incense use and incense burners have been found in Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods (3300–1300 BCE). The oldest textual source on incense is the
253:("Perfume blending"), the technique of making perfumes as one of the 64 arts to be learned by men and women. Commonly described incense types in early texts include
2278:
151:, meaning "stick"); an older term, "dhūpavarti", is more commonly used in ancient and medieval texts which encompasses various types of stick incense recipes.
1182:
Historical perspective on the usage of perfumes and scented Articles in ancient Indian literatures Prasad et al 2008, page 33-39, National Library of Medicine
355:
Vyāghranakha, Nakha, Coraka, Chandana. The total number of perfumes resulting from the sixteen ingredients being mixed in all possible combinations is 43,680.
233:
describes incense ingredients as sandalwood, aloeswood, camphor, musk, saffron, piper cubeba, resins, jaggery, ghee, honey, fragrant flowers, among others.
1319:'Lokopakara (For the Benefit of People) - An Ancient Text on Indian Agriculture' page 89 Valmiki Sreenivasa Ayangarya (2006), Asian Agri-history foundation
515:
When a person who has censed entire body , is walked it is said by people "Who goes there?" therefore this incense is called "Who Goes There?" (Kogacchati)
2296:
901:
1662:
994:, itself a loan from the Tamil (Numbers 24.8; Proverbs 7.17; Song of Songs 4.14; Psalms 45.9--the latter two instances with the feminine plural form
714:
interest to some consumers, possibly through its association with the popular Satya Nag Champa. It is an earth coloured liquid resin drawn from the
613:
12th century, Gandhasara by Gangadhara 13th century, Gandhasara by unknown author 14th century, Gandhavada by anonymous author 13th century,
427:
A person should fumigate both clothes & home with the incense of Camphor, Nakha, Giri, Kasturi, Jatamasami, Jatu in equal quantity with
998:. Akil is, we think, native to South India, and it is thus not surprising that the word was borrowed by cultures that imported this plant.
786:
producing countries,. It was the largest exporter of incense until 2015, after several years of reduced import tariffs as a result of the
1995:
1076:
958:
B. agaru, Or. agarū, H. agar, agur m.; G. agar, agru n. ' aloe or sandal -- wood '; M. agar m.n. ' aloe ', Si. ayal (agil ← Tam. akil).
107:(food). Worshipping deities with these five accessories is generally considered as a way for achieving the four ends of human life;
67:
in India at the end of the 19th century, largely replacing the rolled, extruded or shaped method which is still used in India for
1870:
641:
principles, in which the ingredients that go into incense-making are categorized into five classes. Ether (fruits), for example
1439:
1381:
1086:
363:("for the benefit of the people") text has a chapter dedicated to incense recipes for various needs, below are few examples;
1204:
1108:
1328:'Śārṅgadhar-saṃhitā: a treatise of Āyurveda by Śārṅgadhara' page 234, K. R. Srikantamurthy (1984), Chaukhambha Orientalia
2170:
1818:
Entrepreneur's Start-Up Handbook: Manufacturing of Profitable Household (FMCG) Products with Process & Formulations
2336:
2147:
2113:
2079:
2045:
2018:
1902:
1853:
1826:
1799:
1765:
1712:
1639:
1605:
1571:
1534:
1500:
1466:
1408:
1349:
1297:
1249:
1034:
791:
281:
1954:
765:, referred to as the Capital of Agarbathi (Incense Sticks), is the leading producer of the agarbathi in India, with
17:
1065:'Excavations at Rakhigarhi (1997-98 to 1999–2000)' page 188, by Dr. Amerendra Nath, Archaeological Survey of India
950:
787:
1939:
Women's Role in Dynamic Forest-based Small Scale Enterprises: Case Studies on Uppage and Lacquerware from India
391:...to this final mixture and prepare oblong tables. This is called 'divine incense' and is amiable to all gods.
1271:
Brihat Samhita by N. Chidambaram Iyer (1884), page 139–150, Chapter 77 - Preparation of Perfumes (Gandhayukti)
931:
Agallochum. / Cf. Skt. aguru-, agaru-; Pali akalu, akaḷu, agaru, agalu, agaḷu; Turner, CDIAL, no. 49. DED 14.
861:
1972:
1194:'History of Dharmaśāstra' page 38, by Pāṇḍuraṅga Vāmana Kāṇe (1958), Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
581:
the turn of the "first millennium CE, we have evidence of texts devoted entirely to the art of perfumery".
1937:
2356:
634:
fine wood powder, and then left for several days to dry; it may also be dipped into a scented solvent.
459:("daily-routine"), the fifth chapter is summarized by the author of the text in the following passage:
2361:
2351:
543:
1729:
560:
542:("daily-routine") of bathing, cosmetics and use of perfumery and incense for various needs. Other
339:
1163:
346:("Perfume blending"), here Varahamihira provides several perfume formulas, one of them known as
923:
2137:
2035:
1843:
1816:
2260:
2103:
2069:
1892:
1789:
1702:
883:"The Current Scenario of Indian Incense Sticks Market and Their Impact on the Indian Economy"
662:
403:
2202:
8:
946:
834:
1432:
Papers of the 13th World Sanskrit Conference: Edinburg, Scotland (UK), 10 - 14 July 2006
1139:
715:
710:
286:
197:
2143:
2109:
2075:
2041:
2014:
1898:
1849:
1822:
1795:
1761:
1730:"Patchouli in fragrances-incense stick production from patchouli spent charge powder"
1708:
1680:
1635:
1601:
1567:
1530:
1496:
1462:
1435:
1404:
1377:
1345:
1293:
1245:
1143:
1131:
1082:
1030:
882:
372:
230:
209:
315:(fragrant sandal unguent, applied to the body and left on to render its fragrance),
1663:"How to start agarbatti manufacturing business?#agarbattimanufacturer; - Debshakti"
1123:
823:
630:
384:
453:("the Girdle of Hara") text describes preparations of the following aromatics for
1208:
840:
815:
694:
534:("Perfume blending") as one of 64 arts to be learned by a person. Chapter titled
203:
1127:
44:
producing country, and is also a major exporter to other countries. In India,
29:
2345:
2177:
1135:
973:
303:
covers diverse products related to perfumery and cosmetics of various kinds;
1918:
828:
666:
646:
242:
172:
2013:(3rd ed.). New Delhi: UBS Publishers Distributors ltd. p. 167.
479:("the Complete Man-About-Town") by Padmasri has some similarities to the
184:
1814:
753:
709:. Various resins, such as amber, myrrh, frankincense, and resin of the
658:
650:
539:
455:
428:
368:
222:
1555:
1553:
163:
Prayer offering tray with incense sticks and gandhā (sandalwood paste)
2315:"Government launches a programme for agarbatti manufacturing workers"
1755:
1629:
1595:
1561:
1524:
1490:
1456:
1398:
1339:
1287:
1239:
1024:
770:
762:
706:
698:
654:
526:
246:
218:
180:
143:: from Dravidian probably Tamil அகில் (agil), அகிர்(agir)., Sanskrit
56:: from Dravidian probably Tamil அகில் (agil), அகிர் (agir), Sanskrit
34:
1700:
748:
1550:
678:
638:
432:
380:
92:
84:
159:
75:
1728:
Ramya, H. G.; Palanimuthu, V.; Kumar, R. Dayananda (March 2013).
783:
682:
674:
464:
388:
176:
88:
45:
41:
732:
used because to burn bamboo is strictly prohibited in Hinduism.
2331:
928:(2 ed.). Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
766:
756:
Incense boxes. Nag Champa is notable incense sticks from India.
690:
686:
642:
234:
127:
109:
83:(perfumes) are two of five accessories of religious worship in
1056:
Sociology of Religion in India (2001) - Page 287, M. G. Nayar
728:
702:
670:
376:
168:
115:
1757:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1631:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1597:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1563:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1526:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1492:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1458:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1400:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1341:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1289:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1241:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
1026:
Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture
2297:"Import duty on bamboo for agarbatti industry hiked to 25%"
2242:
1894:
The Essential Guide to Aromatherapy and Vibrational Healing
1871:"Consumer satisfaction level towards Cycle Pure Agarbattis"
968:
966:
468:
121:
1996:"Why Do We Light Incense Sticks Before God? - Boldsky.com"
1942:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
1794:. National Institute Of Industrial Research. p. 174.
1228:
Royal life in Mānasôllāsa, Page 137, P. Arundhati (1994).
941:
939:
2224:
2071:
South Indian Factory Workers: Their Life and Their World
1681:"Agarbatti raw materials supplier | Kolkata, India"
963:
407:("Sharngadhara's Guidebook"), a chapter is dedicated to
1815:
NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (22 Feb 2016).
1190:
1188:
921:
794:
increased tariffs on incense imports in 2019 and 2020.
2135:
936:
327:(incense sticks, early form which lacks bamboo-core),
145:
57:
1727:
585:
Gandhavada. Mchung notes that the earliest layer of "
471:
and the method of the extraction of various perfumes.
1737:
Agricultural Engineering International: Cigr Journal
1704:
Markets and Rural Poverty: Upgrading in Value Chains
1185:
1102:
1100:
1098:
952:
A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages
805:
367:
Divine perfume; Prepare a mixture of the powders of
1935:
1281:
1279:
1277:
917:
915:
609:by anonymous author 12th century, Unknown title by
331:(perfumed powder rolled inside cotton lamp-wicks),
2101:
1890:
1835:
877:
875:
261:(powder incense rolled inside cotton lamp-wicks),
257:(incense sticks, early form without bamboo-core),
1868:
1434:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 2011. p. 211.
1106:
1095:
538:(‘The Avocation of the Nagaraka’) also describes
2343:
2037:Inclusive Value Chains: A Pathway Out of Poverty
1821:. ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. p. 184.
1274:
1107:López-Sampson, Arlene; Page, Tony (2018-03-01).
945:
912:
238:monks introduced incense stick making to China.
2205:. The office of Development Commissioner (MSME)
2200:
872:
2067:
2033:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1955:"Doom staring dhoop trees in Dakshina Kannada"
1841:
1374:Cultural History of Early South Asia: A Reader
1078:Mohenjo Daro And The Indus Civilization 3 Vols
972:
955:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
1701:Jonathan Mitchell, Christopher Coles (2011).
1074:
899:
1696:
1694:
980:. Harvard University Press. pp. 19–20.
1983:
564:by Varahamihira has a chapter dedicated to
265:dhupa (incense powder mixed with camphor),
2279:"Centre puts curbs on import of Agarbatti"
2108:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 84.
2074:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
2011:The book of Hindu festivals and ceremonies
1952:
1787:
511:("with the perfume of champaka flowers").
1691:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
792:Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)
225:, roots, flowers and herbs, and third is
1721:
1157:
1155:
1153:
747:
280:
158:
28:
2027:
2008:
986:, probably derived directly from Tamil
269:(fresh incense paste made into lumps),
14:
2344:
1946:
1753:
1627:
1593:
1559:
1522:
1488:
1454:
1396:
1337:
1285:
1237:
1109:"History of Use and Trade of Agarwood"
1022:
1003:
902:"Incense sticks: The fading fragrance"
649:. Water (stems and branches), such as
183:medical system in which it is rooted.
1911:
1878:Visvesvaraya Technological University
1150:
475:The chapter on perfumery in the text
1371:
900:Raj Chengappa (September 15, 1981).
831: – Place of worship in Hinduism
743:
423:(incense), below are some examples;
139:The word agarbatti is derived from (
1897:. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 41.
925:A Dravidian etymological dictionary
837: – Buddhist religious practice
587:Gandhasara, the Essence of Perfume,
276:
24:
1754:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1628:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1594:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1560:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1523:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1489:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1455:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1397:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1338:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1286:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1238:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
1023:McHugh, James (29 November 2012).
922:Burrow, T.; M. B. Emeneau (1984).
637:Many Indian incense makers follow
371:, bharudi leaves, male flowers of
33:Incense being sold in a market in
25:
2373:
2325:
2102:B. Sudhakara Reddy (1 Jan 1998).
2040:. World Scientific. p. 249.
1973:"29 kg halmaddi seized, two held"
1891:Margaret Ann Lembo (8 Mar 2016).
1376:. Orient Blackswan. p. 255.
1161:
843: – Prayer ritual in Hinduism
62:, meaning "stick". An older term
2330:
1869:Karthik Bharadwaj (April 2012).
808:
788:ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement
782:India is one of the world's top
740:part of every Hindu ceremonies.
705:. And air (leaves), for example
621:by unknown author 16th century.
617:by unknown author 16th century,
519:
435:in two units mixed with molasses
2317:. economictimes.indiatimes.com.
2307:
2289:
2271:
2253:
2235:
2217:
2194:
2163:
2136:Chris Devonshire-Ellis (2012).
2129:
2095:
2061:
2002:
1965:
1929:
1884:
1862:
1808:
1781:
1747:
1673:
1655:
1621:
1587:
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1390:
1365:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1265:
1231:
1222:
1197:
1176:
1068:
387:taken in equal proportion. Add
335:(perfumed oils), among others.
323:(fragrant bathing exfoliants),
285:"Dhupdaan" incense burner from
1842:Thomas Kinkele (30 Jun 2005).
1081:. Asian Educational Services.
1059:
1050:
893:
854:
624:
13:
1:
2068:Mark Holmström (3 Dec 2007).
1634:. OUP USA. pp. 249–253.
1529:. OUP USA. pp. 121–126.
847:
575:
289:, Bronze, 10th century, India
2301:www.thehindubusinessline.com
1936:Jeffrey Y. Campbell (1991).
1848:. Lotus Press. p. 107.
134:
7:
1953:Akshatha M (4 March 2011).
1845:Incense and Incense Rituals
1791:Handbook On Herbal Products
801:
790:. Subsequently, the Indian
727:Incense is used as part of
701:. Fire (flowers), notably
273:(perfumed oils for lamps).
146:
58:
10:
2378:
990:rather than from Sanskrit
777:
191:into three types known as
154:
40:India is the world's main
2142:. Springer. p. 154.
2009:Bahadur, Om Lata (1996).
1372:Kaul, Shonaleeka (2014).
1128:10.1007/s12231-018-9408-4
1600:. OUP USA. p. 128.
1566:. OUP USA. p. 133.
1495:. OUP USA. p. 134.
1461:. OUP USA. p. 124.
1403:. OUP USA. p. 107.
1344:. OUP USA. p. 129.
1292:. OUP USA. p. 109.
1244:. OUP USA. p. 103.
1029:. OUP USA. p. 132.
507:("Uproar" or "Fracas"),
2139:Doing Business in India
2034:Malcolm Harper (2010).
1760:. OUP USA. p. 68.
1075:John Marshall (1996).
757:
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473:
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2201:Government of India.
906:indiatoday.intoday.in
751:
552:
513:
503:("Who Goes There?"),
461:
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425:
404:Sharngadhara-paddhati
394:
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352:
338:A chapter in ancient
284:
162:
32:
2105:Urban Energy Systems
1707:. IDRC. p. 50.
1205:"History of Incense"
619:Gandhaparadipaptrika
546:-related texts like
419:(cloth perfume) and
171:, specifically, the
1788:Niir Board (2000).
499:("Pride of Kama"),
491:("Southern Wind"),
415:(mouth freshener),
411:(perfumed waters),
307:(perfume powders),
187:classifies incense
2283:The Economic Times
2203:"Agarbathi Sticks"
978:Tamil: A biography
758:
716:Ailanthus triphysa
291:
217:; heartwoods from
198:Commiphora wightii
165:
48:sticks are called
38:
2357:Incense by region
2335:Media related to
2265:www.itcportal.com
2243:"PremaNature.com"
1685:www.debshakti.com
1667:www.debshakti.com
1441:978-81-208-3529-0
1383:978-81-250-5359-0
1088:978-81-206-1179-5
868:. September 2009.
866:techno-preneur.ne
744:Modern production
210:Boswellia serrata
16:(Redirected from
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2352:Incense in India
2337:Incense in India
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862:"Incense Sticks"
858:
824:Culture of India
818:
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677:. Earth (roots)
631:litsea glutinosa
495:("Moon Juice"),
342:is dedicated to
277:Texts on incense
149:
61:
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18:Incense of India
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299:the topic of "
278:
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195:; resins from
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1209:the original
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1042:29 November
949:(1962–66).
625:Ingredients
611:Prthvisimha
591:Gandhayukti
566:Gandhayukti
532:Gandhayukti
501:Kogacchati?
493:Chandrarasa
481:Haramekhala
451:Haramekhala
344:Gandhayukti
251:Gandhayukti
185:Mahabharata
103:(lamp) and
99:(flowers),
2346:Categories
2225:"Cycle.in"
2187:2012-04-09
1215:2009-07-02
1169:2013-08-02
848:References
754:Nag Champa
659:cedar wood
651:sandalwood
576:Lost texts
540:dinacharya
456:dinacharya
429:sandalwood
373:screw-pine
369:sandalwood
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