88:
336:
Buddha's humility. (Gautama was originally a prince, who renounced the world to seek enlightenment, and his original robe was made from the shroud of a corpse.) The robe is sometimes shown as diaphanous, transparent or billowing mysteriously, suggesting the spiritual power emanating from the Buddha. Buddha images are often draped with real robes, which are renewed periodically, usually at major festivals. The Buddha may also be shown wearing royal attire, but this is uncommon.
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1153:
1140:
1083:
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345:
223:
20:
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317:
509:, except that the thumb and forefinger are brought together. The gesture can be made with either the right or left hand (usually the right), but not both. This mudra signifies an appeal to reason, or the giving of instruction. Since the Buddha is appealing to reason, the gesture is often interpreted as an appeal for peace.
466:: either one or both arms are shown bent at the elbow and the wrist, with the palm facing outwards and the fingers pointing upwards. It shows the Buddha either displaying fearlessness in the face of adversity, or enjoining others to do so. With the right hand raised, it is also called "calming animals"
243:
text of the 1st century BCE, gives a list of 32 physical attributes of the Buddha. Some of these are poetic or fanciful ("legs like an antelope's," "ankles like rounded shells"), while others are more specific: feet with level tread, projecting heels, long and slender fingers and toes, a tuft of hair
126:) that will enable him to visualise this ideal reality. There is no requirement that every Buddha image be identical, and in fact there is a wide variety of artistic styles and national traditions in representing the Buddha. There are, however, certain rules of representation that must be adhered to.
118:
Buddha images are not intended to be naturalistic representations of what
Gautama Buddha looked like. There are no contemporary images of him, and the oldest Buddha images date from 500 to 600 years after his lifetime. But Buddhists believe that Buddha images represent an ideal reality of the Buddha,
70:
with specific rules. The Buddha is always represented with certain physical attributes, and in specified dress and specified poses. Each pose, and particularly the position and gestures of the Buddha's hands, has a defined meaning which is familiar to
Buddhists. In other Buddhist countries, different
540:
position, became common in
Thailand and Laos in the 16th century, and is now one of the most common representations of the Buddha in south-east Asian countries. It is sometimes interpreted as "Buddha teaching on reason." As artists wished to depict more of the specific incidents in the life of the
185:
As
Buddhism spread from India to other countries, variations in the depiction of the Buddha evolved. This article describes the canon of Buddha representation in Thailand and Laos. This canon was not formalised until the 19th century, as part of the general project of "modernisation" that followed
335:
The Buddha is nearly always depicted wearing a monastic robe, of the type worn by
Buddhist monks today. The robe may be shown as worn in the "covering mode" (draped over both shoulders) or in the "open mode" (leaving the right shoulder and breast uncovered). The robe is a representation of the
99:: an actual spiritual emanation of the Buddha, which possesses supernatural qualities. Although the Buddha is not a god, Buddhists seek to communicate with the supernatural world through Buddha images, making offerings to them and praying before them.
210:. Some of these, such as "Buddha threading a needle," were new, although justified through reference to the literary accounts of the Buddha's life. Paramanuchit's illustrations were later rendered as bronze miniatures, which can be seen today at
149:
In the early part of this period, the Buddha was usually shown giving a general gesture of benediction, with the right hand held at shoulder-height with the palm facing forward and the fingers together and slightly bent. By the end of the
366:. These gestures have meanings which are known throughout the Buddhist world, and when combined with the postures described above, give a complete representation, usually associated with a particular incident in the life of the Buddha.
134:
The current range of postures in which the Buddha may be shown, and the gestures which may be depicted, evolved over the first millennium of the
Buddhist era (roughly 500 BCE to 500 CE), mainly in
388:): the right arm rests on the right thigh with the fingers pointing downwards, but not always touching the earth (as can be seen in the image at the top of this page). The left hand rests in the
798:
251:. This is sometimes shown as a spire or spike, and sometimes only as a small bump. The Buddha always has a serene expression or a faint smile. The Buddha is also always depicted with very
749:
524:
since it refers to a particular episode in the Buddha's life: his first sermon, when he "set the wheel (of his life's work) in motion." It can be used for both seated and standing images.
460:
467:
579:) existed in Thai art. However, only fews could be commonly founded throughout most temples and amongst those displayed individually. The list below consists of several common
474:
442:
146:, in a number of respects: the gaze is lowered, the clinging robes disclose no male genital bulge, the robe lacks folds, and there are different body proportions.
434:
is associated with a seated Buddha. It shows that the Buddha is disciplining his mind through mental concentration, a necessary step to achieving enlightenment.
783:
138:, the original homeland of Buddhism. The tradition of images that reached South-East Asia had been changed in the later 5th century CE, apparently first at
1894:
2809:
452:
is usually associated with a standing Buddha. This position can signify either that the Buddha is granting blessings or receiving charitable offerings.
804:
244:
between the eyebrows. Although it is not required that Buddha images reflect all of these attributes, many of them have acquired canonical status.
95:
For
Buddhists, the correct depiction of the Buddha is not merely an artistic matter; Buddhists believe that a properly rendered Buddha image is a
2813:
3805:
3037:
545:
evolved, such as "Buddha holding an alms bowl", "Buddha receiving a mango" and Buddha performing various miracles. Many of these originated in
1254:
906:
3795:
424:
1362:
948:
1097:
186:
the
Buddhist world's encounter with Western civilisation. A key figure in this process was the Siamese royal prince and Buddhist monk
1119:
832:
657:
255:. This is attributed to his earlier life as a prince, weighed down by material possession, but has since come to symbolize wisdom.
3629:
3081:
3284:
1264:
997:
1076:
448:: the right arm is shown pendent (extended downwards), with the open palm turned to the front and the fingers extended. This
142:
in India. The new "Sarnath image type" or "Gupta period
Buddhist image" differs from earlier Buddha images, such as those in
734:
1447:
1289:
1046:
1086:
412:(the demon who tried to prevent him attaining enlightenment by various means)". This is by far the most commonly depicted
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1367:
1051:
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682:
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1510:
735:
Why do statues of Buddha have long earlobes? What's the difference between fat Buddha and regular Buddha? (2007)
63:
3636:
3289:
3091:
2982:
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1500:
1002:
719:
206:, Paramanuchit described and represented 40 different postures of the Buddha in an illustrated treatise called
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3304:
2987:
1279:
1112:
1007:
710:
Brown, Robert L., pp. 318–319, "The
Importance of Gupta-period Sculpture in Southeast Asian Art History", in
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and that every Buddha image stands at the end of a succession of images reaching back to the Buddha himself.
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position, with the fingers of the left hand resting in the palm of the right hand. This is a less common
154:(about 550 CE), the canon of representation had become more varied, with the seated meditative position (
2424:
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3209:
2685:
2171:
1294:
1127:
1056:
977:
252:
2619:
308:: The reclining posture may represent the Buddha resting or sleeping, but more usually represents the
299:
Standing: If standing, the Buddha may be shown either with his feet together, or with one foot forward
3800:
3619:
3432:
3422:
3294:
2277:
1857:
1618:
1593:
970:
646:
558:
360:
The most important aspect of the iconography of the Buddha is gestures made with the hands, known as
87:
1643:
596:; according to Thai beliefs, it depicts the Buddha episode of walking down to earth from the heaven.
3724:
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818:
714:, Editors Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani, Geoff Wade, 2011, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
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2001:
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Untitled booklet, Khochone Keomanivong et al., Ho Phra Kaeo Museum, Viang Chan, Laos (undated)
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604:: sitting attitude of Buddha with one hand lying down to the ground and the other on his lap
122:
When creating a Buddha image, the artist is expected to be in a spiritual and mental state (
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712:
Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange
484:
are usually associated with a standing Buddha, but seated representations are not uncommon.
247:
Most curiously, the Buddha is said to have had a protuberance on the top of his skull, the
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2154:
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1825:
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643:, pot-bellied figures sometimes confused with the Buddha, as well as with each other
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Statue of "the Buddha preaching on reason," with the Buddha's hands in the double
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Sitting: If seated, the Buddha may be shown in one of three different positions
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in Bangkok and serve as templates for the creation of modern Buddhist imagery.
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The Life of the Buddha in 80 Scenes from the Ananda Temple, Bagan, Myanmar
473:, and with both hands raised it is also called "forbidding the relatives"
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2282:
2090:
2018:
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430:: the hands are shown lying flat in the Buddha's lap, palms upward. This
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287:"), with the legs crossed so that the soles of both feet are turned up
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404:"calling the earth to witness (to his fulfilment of the perfections,
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31:)," one of the most common depictions. The Buddha's hands are in the
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516:): the hands are held in front of the chest, with both hands in the
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2008:
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857:
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177:, he is draped with monastic robes, with the right shoulder bare. (
162:. By the 7th century CE the canon was largely as it is seen today.
102:
55:
2579:
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2063:
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1912:
1815:
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1603:
1390:
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Statue of "the Buddha meditating." The Buddha's hands are in the
199:
195:
139:
75:
in Indian art. Certain ones of these are considered particularly
59:
2186:
1954:
623:
505:): the arm and hand are positioned in the same manner as in the
240:
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2112:
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2013:
1937:
1820:
1588:
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1012:
488:
405:
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222:
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19:
592:: walking attitude of Buddha, believed to be pioneered in the
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3412:
3378:
3358:
3328:
3257:
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2519:
2397:
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2159:
2038:
1743:
1568:
1535:
1525:
992:
987:
636:
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362:
135:
72:
528:
Over the centuries combinations and variations of these six
312:: the Buddha's final state of enlightenment before his death
3589:
2382:
2048:
1545:
397:
51:
40:
767:, K.I.Matics, Chulalongkorn University Press, Bangkok 2004
3247:
1783:
552:
549:
and then spread to other parts of the Buddhist world.
263:
The Buddha may be depicted in one of four postures:
169:Statue of the Buddha with his hand upraised in the
66:that are familiar to the Buddhists according to an
194:, who in 1814 was appointed administrator of the
71:but related iconography is used, for example the
3772:
290:In the position of a person sitting in a chair (
840:
79:for those born on particular days of the week.
158:– see below) becoming common, particularly in
1113:
826:
1895:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
805:Thai Buddha Images for the Days of the Week
408:). In Thai it is known as "Buddha subduing
217:
1120:
1106:
833:
819:
610:: meditating Buddha, the most founded one
658:Easily confused Buddhist representations
487:
343:
315:
221:
164:
101:
86:
18:
3082:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
795:– worldwide submitted photos (archived)
532:have evolved. For example, the "double
276:), with the legs folded over each other
229:(Wat Xieng Thong, Luang Phrabāng, Laos)
3773:
3285:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1082:
685:Thai birth day colors and Buddha image
3806:Cultural depictions of Gautama Buddha
1101:
814:
553:Attitudes of Buddha icons in Thai art
1072:
622:: the seated meditating Buddha with
258:
563:There are acceptably 80 attitudes (
392:position in the Buddha's lap. This
13:
3796:Thai Buddhist art and architecture
3072:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
536:", with both hands held up in the
23:Statue of "the Buddha calling the
14:
3822:
1052:Gautama Buddha in world religions
774:
649:(provides historical perspective)
320:Modern gigantic rendition of the
3753:
3743:
3742:
3300:Thai temple art and architecture
3045:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1285:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1151:
1138:
1128:
1081:
1071:
799:Buddhist iconography in Thailand
641:Phra Sangkadchai/Phra Sangkachai
373:associated with the Buddha are:
339:
1152:
665:, 12th to 15th century Thailand
616:: known as the reclining buddha
496:position (Luang Phrabāng, Laos)
82:
16:Theravadin Buddhist iconography
3290:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3092:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2172:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1363:Places where the Buddha stayed
742:
728:
704:
675:
129:
1:
3305:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
669:
512:Setting the wheel in motion (
279:In the "adamantine posture" (
3062:Buddhism and the Roman world
3038:Decline of Buddhism in India
3033:History of Buddhism in India
1133: Topics in
7:
2260:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2000:
630:
35:(Earth-touching position).
10:
3827:
3811:Buddha statues in Thailand
3210:The unanswerable questions
758:
556:
501:Reasoning and exposition (
3738:
3690:
3605:
3520:
3295:Buddhist temples in Korea
3218:
3120:
3003:
2700:
2628:
2455:
2328:
2268:
1903:
1858:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1769:
1761:Three planes of existence
1709:
1554:
1446:
1376:
1368:Buddha in world religions
1230:
1175:
1147:
1067:
853:
647:Buddha images in Thailand
568:
559:Buddha images in Thailand
272:In the "heroic posture" (
202:. At the request of King
173:position. Walking in the
3077:Persecution of Buddhists
2298:Four stages of awakening
1679:Three marks of existence
1265:Physical characteristics
998:Physical characteristics
218:Attributes of the Buddha
2440:Ten principal disciples
1323:(aunt, adoptive mother)
895:ten principal disciples
583:of Buddha in Thai art.
577:Paang Phra Phutta Roupe
541:Buddha, new, secondary
356:, Luang Phrabāng, Laos)
114:, Chiang Mai, Thailand)
106:Buddhists venerating a
3150:Buddhism and democracy
2663:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2658:Chinese Buddhist canon
1890:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1885:Early Buddhist schools
765:Gestures of the Buddha
653:Lao Buddhist sculpture
497:
357:
332:
230:
182:
115:
92:
43:
3160:Eight Consciousnesses
1270:Life of Buddha in art
491:
347:
319:
225:
208:Pathama Sambodhikatha
188:Paramanuchit Chinorot
168:
105:
90:
64:travels and teachings
22:
3786:Buddhist iconography
3637:East Asian religions
3067:Buddhism in the West
2638:Early Buddhist texts
2253:Four Right Exertions
1719:Ten spiritual realms
1212:Noble Eightfold Path
873:Noble Eightfold Path
464:pang bprà-taan à-pai
91:The Reclining Buddha
39:temple, Viang Chan,
3760:Religion portal
3507:Temple of the Tooth
3386:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2425:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
1918:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
1701:Two truths doctrine
1521:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1321:Mahapajapati Gotamī
932:Mahapajapati Gotami
608:Meditation attitude
601:Maravijaya attitude
386:pang maa-rá-wí-chai
46:The iconography of
29:Maravijaya Attitude
3682:Western philosophy
3280:Dzong architecture
3102:Vipassana movement
3097:Buddhist modernism
2525:Emperor Wen of Sui
2293:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2226:Threefold Training
2028:Vipassana movement
1744:Hungry Ghost realm
1564:Avidyā (Ignorance)
1511:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1260:Great Renunciation
1255:Eight Great Events
1137:
912:Great Renunciation
907:Eight Great Events
786:2013-12-19 at the
639:and its entry for
620:Naga Prok attitude
569:ปาง, ปางพระพุทธรูป
514:Dharmachakrā mudrā
498:
446:pang bprà-taan pon
378:Touching the earth
358:
333:
231:
183:
144:Greco-Buddhist art
116:
108:Leela Buddha image
93:
44:
3768:
3767:
3406:Om mani padme hum
3112:Women in Buddhism
3028:Buddhist councils
2898:Western countries
2686:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2447:Shaolin Monastery
2024:Samatha-vipassanā
1634:Pratītyasamutpāda
1438:Metteyya/Maitreya
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1185:Four Noble Truths
1095:
1094:
868:Four Noble Truths
752:on Thai Knowledge
722:, 9789814311168,
382:Bhūmiśparṣa mudrā
283:; also known as "
259:Posture and dress
33:bhūmisparśa mudrā
3818:
3801:Buddhism in Laos
3758:
3757:
3746:
3745:
3585:Sacred languages
3433:Maya Devi Temple
3396:Mahabodhi Temple
3200:Secular Buddhism
3165:Engaged Buddhism
2005:
1853:Tibetan Buddhism
1804:Vietnamese Thiền
1403:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
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1154:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1074:
971:pilgrimage sites
966:Mahabodhi Temple
835:
828:
821:
812:
811:
793:Images of Buddha
753:
750:th:ปางพระพุทธรูป
748:translated from
746:
740:
732:
726:
708:
702:
701:
699:
698:
689:. Archived from
679:
626:covering himself
614:Nirvana Attitude
594:Sukhothai period
570:
461:th:ปางประทานอภัย
322:reclining Buddha
227:Reclining Buddha
198:royal temple in
190:, a son of King
58:recall specific
25:earth to witness
3826:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3752:
3734:
3686:
3601:
3516:
3253:Ordination hall
3214:
3116:
3087:Buddhist crisis
2999:
2696:
2648:Mahayana sutras
2624:
2620:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2451:
2324:
2264:
2214:Bodhisattva vow
1899:
1765:
1705:
1664:Taṇhā (Craving)
1599:Five hindrances
1550:
1442:
1372:
1226:
1171:
1143:
1126:
1096:
1091:
1063:
849:
839:
788:Wayback Machine
777:
761:
756:
747:
743:
733:
729:
709:
705:
696:
694:
681:
680:
676:
672:
633:
561:
555:
468:th:ปางโปรดสัตว์
354:Wat Xieng Thong
342:
326:Bunleua Sulilat
310:mahāparinabbāna
261:
220:
132:
85:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:Greco-Buddhist
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3268:Burmese pagoda
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3050:Greco-Buddhism
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:United Kingdom
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:Czech Republic
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2692:Abhidharmadīpa
2689:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:B. R. Ambedkar
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:Songtsen Gampo
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Eight precepts
2206:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1997:
1987:
1982:
1980:Five Strengths
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Mental factors
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1471:Mahamoggallāna
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1386:Avalokiteśvara
1382:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
974:
973:
968:
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
914:
909:
904:
899:
898:
897:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
863:Core teachings
860:
854:
851:
850:
846:Gautama Buddha
838:
837:
830:
823:
815:
809:
808:
802:
796:
790:
776:
775:External links
773:
772:
771:
768:
760:
757:
755:
754:
741:
727:
703:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
660:
655:
650:
644:
632:
629:
628:
627:
617:
611:
605:
597:
589:Leela attitude
554:
551:
526:
525:
510:
486:
485:
475:th:ปางห้ามญาติ
471:pang pròht sàt
455:Fearlessness (
453:
443:th:ปางประทานพร
435:
428:pang sà-măa-tí
417:
341:
338:
314:
313:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:pralambanāsana
288:
285:lotus position
277:
269:
268:
260:
257:
219:
216:
179:Phutthamonthon
175:Leela attitude
131:
128:
112:Wat Doi Suthep
84:
81:
48:Gautama Buddha
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3823:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3522:Miscellaneous
3519:
3513:
3512:Vegetarianism
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Buddha in art
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:United States
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Padmasambhava
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2457:Major figures
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2403:Western tulku
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Five precepts
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Dhamma vicaya
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Buddhābhiṣeka
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
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693:on 2010-01-13
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340:Hand gestures
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42:
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37:Haw Phra Kaew
34:
30:
26:
21:
3781:Buddhist art
3700:Bodhisattvas
3620:Christianity
3615:Baháʼí Faith
3480:Dharmachakra
3470:Prayer wheel
3460:Prayer beads
3228:Architecture
3107:969 Movement
2891:Saudi Arabia
2869:Central Asia
2862:South Africa
2684:
2667:
2600:Panchen Lama
2505:Buddhapālita
2101:Satipatthana
2096:Mindful Yoga
2009:Recollection
1923:Brahmavihara
1794:Japanese Zen
1789:Chinese Chan
1749:Animal realm
1556:Key concepts
1378:Bodhisattvas
1284:
1190:Three Jewels
1041:
764:
744:
736:
730:
724:google books
711:
706:
695:. Retrieved
691:the original
684:
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562:
542:
538:abhāya mudrā
537:
534:abhāya mudrā
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513:
507:abhāya mudrā
506:
502:
494:abhāya mudrā
493:
481:
478:pang ham yat
477:
470:
463:
457:Abhāya mudrā
456:
449:
445:
439:Varana mudrā
438:
431:
427:
421:Dhyāna mudrā
420:
419:Meditation (
413:
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390:dhyāna mudrā
389:
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370:
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361:
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350:dhyāna mudrā
349:
334:
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309:
291:
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262:
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236:Dīgha Nikāya
234:
232:
207:
184:
171:abhāya mudrā
170:
156:dhyāna mudrā
155:
152:Gupta Empire
148:
133:
123:
121:
117:
94:
83:Introduction
45:
32:
3791:Laotian art
3545:Dharma talk
3374:Asalha Puja
3170:Eschatology
2973:Switzerland
2953:New Zealand
2881:Middle East
2790:Philippines
2710:Afghanistan
2515:Bodhidharma
2500:Buddhaghosa
2420:Householder
2330:Monasticism
2283:Bodhisattva
2138:Prostration
2091:Mindfulness
2019:Anapanasati
2002:Kammaṭṭhāna
1799:Korean Seon
1739:Asura realm
1734:Human realm
1674:Ten Fetters
1629:Parinirvana
1531:Uppalavanna
1496:Mahākaccana
1481:Mahākassapa
1413:Kṣitigarbha
1408:Ākāśagarbha
1305:Suddhodāna
1250:Four sights
1177:Foundations
1042:Iconography
1035:life in art
902:Four sights
425:th:ปางสมาธิ
352:position. (
330:Buddha Park
181:, Thailand)
130:Development
68:iconography
62:during his
3775:Categories
3662:Psychology
3642:Gnosticism
3630:Comparison
3625:Influences
3607:Comparison
3490:Bhavacakra
3448:Kushinagar
3423:Pilgrimage
3369:Māgha Pūjā
3324:Bodhi Tree
3140:Buddhology
3130:Abhidharma
3122:Philosophy
3055:Menander I
2923:Costa Rica
2874:Uzbekistan
2715:Bangladesh
2669:Dhammapada
2653:Pali Canon
2615:Ajahn Chah
2595:Dalai Lama
2495:Kumārajīva
2490:Vasubandhu
2465:The Buddha
2373:Zen master
2308:Sakadagami
2288:Buddhahood
2219:Pratimokṣa
2034:Shikantaza
1990:Meditation
1965:Deity yoga
1836:Madhyamaka
1729:Deva realm
1624:Mindstream
1574:Bodhicitta
1486:Aṅgulimāla
1353:Devadatta
1329:Yaśodharā
1232:The Buddha
1222:Middle Way
962:Bodhi Tree
927:Śuddhodana
878:Middle Way
842:The Buddha
807:(archived)
801:(archived)
720:9814311162
697:2009-06-30
670:References
557:See also:
97:hypostasis
77:auspicious
3730:Festivals
3710:Buddhists
3672:Theosophy
3475:Symbolism
3465:Hama yumi
3438:Bodh Gaya
3205:Socialism
3180:Evolution
3155:Economics
2993:Venezuela
2908:Australia
2903:Argentina
2827:Sri Lanka
2822:Singapore
2740:Indonesia
2702:Countries
2643:Tripiṭaka
2605:Ajahn Mun
2480:Nagarjuna
2475:Aśvaghoṣa
2358:Anagārika
2353:Śrāmaṇerī
2348:Śrāmaṇera
2343:Bhikkhunī
2303:Sotāpanna
2192:Passaddhi
2133:Offerings
2108:Nekkhamma
1985:Iddhipada
1905:Practices
1875:Theravada
1848:Vajrayana
1841:Yogachara
1811:Pure Land
1724:Six Paths
1711:Cosmology
1491:Anuruddha
1466:Sāriputta
1456:Kaundinya
1448:Disciples
1423:Vajrapāṇi
1275:Footprint
1240:Tathāgata
1087:Wikiquote
1023:footprint
958:Bodh Gaya
937:Yaśodharā
890:Disciples
480:. These '
437:Charity (
306:Reclining
281:vajrāsana
160:Sri Lanka
3748:Category
3677:Violence
3647:Hinduism
3595:Sanskrit
3550:Hinayana
3535:Amitābha
3495:Swastika
3364:Uposatha
3354:Holidays
3339:Calendar
3185:Humanism
3023:Kanishka
3013:Timeline
2837:Thailand
2805:Kalmykia
2800:Buryatia
2785:Pakistan
2770:Mongolia
2765:Maldives
2760:Malaysia
2725:Cambodia
2590:Shamarpa
2585:Nichiren
2535:Xuanzang
2470:Nagasena
2388:Rinpoche
2118:Pāramitā
1960:Devotion
1880:Navayana
1868:Dzogchen
1831:Nichiren
1779:Mahayana
1771:Branches
1649:Saṅkhāra
1398:Mañjuśrī
1355:(cousin)
1347:(cousin)
1315:(mother)
1307:(father)
1295:Miracles
1245:Birthday
1162:Glossary
1135:Buddhism
1057:Hinduism
993:Prophecy
983:Birthday
978:Miracles
858:Buddhism
784:Archived
631:See also
402:Sanskrit
369:The six
274:vīrāsana
249:ushnisha
204:Rama III
60:episodes
56:Thailand
3725:Temples
3705:Buddhas
3667:Science
3657:Judaism
3652:Jainism
3570:Lineage
3530:Abhijñā
3500:Thangka
3443:Sarnath
3428:Lumbini
3349:Funeral
3344:Cuisine
3220:Culture
3195:Reality
3145:Creator
3135:Atomism
3005:History
2978:Ukraine
2938:Germany
2857:Senegal
2847:Vietnam
2775:Myanmar
2575:Shinran
2565:Karmapa
2540:Shandao
2510:Dignāga
2435:Śrāvaka
2415:Donchee
2410:Kappiya
2368:Sayadaw
2338:Bhikkhu
2313:Anāgāmi
2270:Nirvana
2236:Samadhi
2123:Paritta
2064:Tonglen
2059:Mandala
2014:Smarana
1995:Mantras
1943:Upekkha
1913:Bhavana
1863:Shingon
1816:Tiantai
1669:Tathātā
1659:Śūnyatā
1654:Skandha
1644:Saṃsāra
1639:Rebirth
1614:Kleshas
1604:Indriya
1506:Subhūti
1391:Guanyin
1345:Ānanda
1337:Rāhula
1217:Nirvana
1157:Outline
1077:Commons
954:Lumbini
883:Sayings
759:Sources
302:Walking
200:Bangkok
196:Wat Pho
140:Sarnath
124:samādhi
3720:Sutras
3715:Suttas
3580:Siddhi
3565:Koliya
3540:Brahmā
3455:Poetry
3401:Mantra
3391:Kasaya
3263:Pagoda
3243:Kyaung
3238:Vihāra
3233:Temple
3175:Ethics
3018:Ashoka
2968:Sweden
2963:Poland
2958:Norway
2948:Mexico
2933:France
2918:Canada
2913:Brazil
2852:Africa
2832:Taiwan
2795:Russia
2720:Bhutan
2680:Vinaya
2560:Naropa
2550:Saraha
2485:Asanga
2241:Prajñā
2150:Refuge
2113:Nianfo
2074:Tertön
2069:Tantra
2054:Ganana
2044:Tukdam
1970:Dhyāna
1938:Mudita
1933:Karuṇā
1826:Risshū
1821:Huayan
1754:Naraka
1694:Anattā
1689:Dukkha
1684:Anicca
1589:Dharma
1541:Channa
1476:Ānanda
1461:Assaji
1428:Skanda
1331:(wife)
1300:Family
1280:Relics
1205:Sangha
1200:Dharma
1195:Buddha
1013:Cetiya
1008:Relics
949:Places
942:Rāhula
917:Family
718:
543:mudrās
406:pāramī
192:Rama I
73:mudras
3692:Lists
3560:Kalpa
3555:Iddhi
3418:Music
3413:Mudra
3379:Vassa
3359:Vesak
3329:Budai
3275:Candi
3258:Stupa
3190:Logic
2943:Italy
2842:Tibet
2780:Nepal
2750:Korea
2745:Japan
2735:India
2730:China
2675:Sutra
2630:Texts
2580:Dōgen
2570:Hōnen
2555:Atiśa
2520:Zhiyi
2430:Achar
2398:Tulku
2393:Geshe
2378:Rōshi
2363:Ajahn
2318:Arhat
2278:Bodhi
2248:Vīrya
2165:Sacca
2160:Satya
2155:Sādhu
2143:Music
2086:Merit
2079:Terma
2039:Zazen
1975:Faith
1928:Mettā
1609:Karma
1569:Bardo
1536:Asita
1526:Khema
1516:Upāli
1501:Nanda
1339:(son)
1313:Māyā
1290:Films
1167:Index
1047:Films
1018:tooth
1003:Death
988:Modak
637:Budai
581:paang
573:Paang
547:Burma
530:mudrā
522:mudrā
482:mudrā
450:mudrā
432:mudrā
414:mudrā
394:mudrā
371:mudrā
363:mudrā
136:India
3590:Pāḷi
3575:Māra
3485:Flag
2886:Iran
2810:Tuva
2755:Laos
2383:Lama
2231:Śīla
2199:Śīla
2187:Pīti
2177:Sati
2128:Puja
2049:Koan
1955:Dāna
1546:Yasa
1433:Tārā
922:Maya
716:ISBN
624:Nāga
565:Thai
410:Māra
400:and
398:Pāḷi
241:Pāli
239:, a
233:The
54:and
52:Laos
41:Laos
3312:Art
3248:Wat
1784:Zen
328:'s
324:in
50:in
3777::
2814:ru
964:,
960:,
956:,
575:,
571:;
567::
459:)
441:)
423:)
2816:)
2812:(
2030:)
2026:(
1121:e
1114:t
1107:v
848:)
844:(
834:e
827:t
820:v
700:.
687:"
683:"
416:.
380:(
294:)
110:(
27:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
