508:
38:
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281:, where he defined it as "the branch of the history of art which concerns itself with the subject matter or meaning of works of art, as opposed to form," although the distinction he and other scholars drew between particular definitions of "iconography" (put simply, the identification of visual content) and "iconology" (the analysis of the meaning of that content), has not been generally accepted, though it is still used by some writers.
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Contemporary iconography research often draws on theories of visual framing to address such diverse issues as the iconography of climate change created by different stakeholders, the iconography that international organizations create about natural disasters, the iconography of epidemics disseminated
408:
system, a highly complex system for the classification of the content of images, with 40,000+ classification types, and 84,000 (14,000 unique) keywords, was developed in the
Netherlands as a standard classification for recording collections, with the idea of assembling huge databases that will allow
743:
figures, portraits of Christ and some saints, and a limited number of "abbreviated representations" of biblical episodes emphasizing deliverance. From the
Constantinian period monumental art borrowed motifs from Roman Imperial imagery, classical Greek and Roman religion and popular art – the motif
1159:
analyzed stock photos used in press reporting to depict the social issue of child sexual abuse. Based on a sample of N=1,437 child sexual abuse (CSA) online press articles that included 419 stock photos, a CSA iconography (i.e. a set of typical image motifs for a topic) was revealed that relate to
979:
From the 15th century religious painting gradually freed itself from the habit of following earlier compositional models, and by the 16th century ambitious artists were expected to find novel compositions for each subject, and direct borrowings from earlier artists are more often of the poses of
229:(1862–1954) all specialists in Christian religious art, which was the main focus of study in this period, in which French scholars were especially prominent. They looked back to earlier attempts to classify and organise subjects encyclopedically like Cesare Ripa and
905:, as were many other developments. Most painters remained content to copy and slightly modify the works of others, and it is clear that the clergy, by whom or for whose churches most art was commissioned, often specified what they wanted shown in great detail.
110:, "an iconography" may also mean a particular depiction of a subject in terms of the content of the image, such as the number of figures used, their placing and gestures. The term is also used in many academic fields other than art history, for example
311:
The period from 1940 can be seen as one where iconography was especially prominent in art history. Whereas most iconographical scholarship remains highly dense and specialized, some analyses began to attract a much wider audience, for example
164:
reassuringly demonstrates that such works were difficult to understand even for well-informed contemporaries. Lesser known, though it had informed poets, painters and sculptors for over two centuries after its 1593 publication, was
806:
iconographical innovation was regarded as unhealthy, if not heretical, in the
Eastern Church, though it still continued at a glacial pace. More than in the West, traditional depictions were often considered to have authentic or
131:, although the definitions, and so the distinction made, varies. When referring to movies, genres are immediately recognizable through their iconography, motifs that become associated with a specific genre through repetition.
1063:
developed on largely original lines, and for different purposes. Personal iconographies, where works appear to have significant meanings individual to, and perhaps only accessible by, the artist, go back at least as far as
954:
iconography became highly sophisticated, and in many cases appears to be deliberately enigmatic, even for a well-educated contemporary. The subtle layers of meaning uncovered by modern iconographical research in works of
277:(1892–1968) elaborated the practice of identification and classification of motifs in images to using iconography as a means to understanding meaning. Panofsky codified an influential approach to iconography in his 1939
1160:
criminal reporting: The CSA iconography visualizes 1. crime contexts, 2. course of the crime and people involved, and 3. consequences of the crime for the people involved (e.g., image motif: perpetrator in handcuffs).
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lie in small details of what are on first viewing very conventional representations. When
Italian painting developed a taste for enigma, considerably later, it most often showed in secular compositions influenced by
230:
61:, studies the identification, description and interpretation of the content of images: the subjects depicted, the particular compositions and details used to do so, and other elements that are distinct from
884:
period sculpture on churches became increasingly important in
Western art, and probably partly because of the lack of Byzantine models, became the location of much iconographic innovation, along with the
1798:. (with 275 specialists from all continents, all specialities, all periods from Prehistory to nowadays); Laurent Gervereau, "Images, une histoire mondiale", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2008, 272p.,
822:
are very close to their predecessors of a thousand years ago, though development, and some shifts in meaning, have occurred – for example, the old man wearing a fleece in conversation with
1136:. Discussing imagery as iconography in this way implies a critical "reading" of imagery that often attempts to explore social and cultural values. Iconography is also used within
1560:
Dieter Wuttke (2017), "Erwin
Panofsky (1892-1968)", in: The Routledge Companion to Medieval Iconography, ed. by Colum Hourihane, London and New York, pp. 105-122, here p. 119).
1148:. In the age of Internet, the new global history of the visual production of Humanity (Histiconologia) includes History of Art and history of all kind of images or medias.
1527:
845:
and saints and other subjects were developed; the number of named types of icons of Mary, with or without the infant Christ, was especially large in the East, whereas
401:(which has made a specialism of iconography since its early days in America). These are now being digitised and made available online, usually on a restricted basis.
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faiths, and often contain highly complex iconography, which reflects centuries of accumulated tradition. Secular
Western iconography later drew upon these themes.
91:
A secondary meaning (based on a non-standard translation of the Greek and
Russian equivalent terms) is the production or study of the religious images, called "
1523:
Richard
Krautheimer, Introduction to an "Iconography of Mediaeval Architecture", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 5. (1942), pp. 1-33.
409:
the retrieval of images featuring particular details, subjects or other common factors. For example, the
Iconclass code "71H7131" is for the subject of "
188:
with an inverted torch was an early attempt to use a study of a type of image to explain the culture it originated in, rather than the other way round.
393:
Technological advances allowed the building-up of huge collections of photographs, with an iconographic arrangement or index, which include those of the
2165:
Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East (Project of the Swiss National Science Foundation at the Universities of Zurich and Fribourg)
1500:
916:
was understood as a "type" or pre-figuring of an event in the life of, or aspect of, Christ or Mary was often reflected in art, and in the later
370:, that Panofsky researched throughout his life, the iconographic interest in texts as possible sources remains important, because the meaning of
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periods the great majority of religious art was intended to convey often complex religious messages as clearly as possible, with the arrival of
811:, and the job of the artist was to copy them with as little deviation as possible. The Eastern church also never accepted the use of monumental
103:
tradition. This usage is mostly found in works translated from languages such as Greek or Russian, with the correct term being "icon painting".
1245:
877:
figures of saints by a standard appearance and symbolic objects held by them; in the East, they were more likely to identified by text labels.
1016:
Secular painting became far more common in the West from the Renaissance, and developed its own traditions and conventions of iconography, in
355:, which had developed following the publications of Erwin Panofsky, has been critically discussed since the mid-1950s, in part also strongly (
2117:
2056:
1226:
507:
1948:
Johansson, Anna; Sternudd, Hans T. (2015). "Iconography of Suffering in Social Media: Images of Sitting Girls". In Anderson, R. (ed.).
2196:
118:, and archaeology, and in general usage, for the content of images, the typical depiction in images of a subject, and related senses.
1790:
The first World Dictionary of Images: Laurent Gervereau (ed.), "Dictionnaire mondial des images", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2006, 1120p,
1692:
1175:
614:
1815:
Wozniak, Antal (2020). "Stakeholders Visual Representations of Climate Change". In Holmes, David C.; Richardson, Lucy M. (eds.).
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1971:
1924:
1909:
King, Nicholas B. (2015). "Mediating Panic: The Iconography of New Infectious Threats, 1936-2009". In Peckham, Robert (ed.).
1877:
1830:
1803:
1795:
1634:
1524:
1369:
363:). However, among the critics, no one has found a model of interpretation that could completely replace that of Panofsky.
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2074:
The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?
1574:
The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?
1551:
Most recently: North, John (September, 2004). The Ambassador's Secret: Holbein and the World of the Renaissance. Orion Books
728:
217:
Iconography as an academic art historical discipline developed in the nineteenth century in the works of scholars such as
1214:
968:
1169:
2111:
2093:
1512:
1462:
699:
494:
613:. The art of Indian Religions esp. Hindus in its numerous sectoral divisions is governed by sacred texts called the
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and other factors. Developments in theology and devotional practice produced innovations like the subject of the
768:. Eventually, the Church would succeed in weeding most of these out, but some remain, like the ox and ass in the
316:'s theory (now generally out of favour with specialists of that picture) that the writing on the rear wall in the
237:
as guides to understanding works of art, both religious and profane, in a more scientific manner than the popular
180:, a 17th-century biographer of artists of his own time, describes and analyses, not always correctly, many works.
37:
2135:
476:
889:, which had already taken a decisively different direction from Byzantine equivalents, under the influence of
421:". A number of collections of different types have been classified using Iconclass, notably many types of
1666:
1487:
973:
951:
695:
562:
472:
1997:"Ikonografien des sexuellen Kindesmissbrauchs: Symbolbilder in Presseartikeln und Präventionsmaterialien"
1203:
964:
304:, a specialist on early medieval churches and another German émigré, extended iconographical analysis to
1916:
1430:
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art developed esoteric meanings, accessible only to initiates; this is an especially strong feature of
16:
This article is about iconography in art history. For religious painting in Eastern Christianity, see
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2073:
1573:
1283:
720:
665:
332:
100:
46:
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has been the subject of books for a general market with new theories as to its iconography, and the
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769:
327:
200:
181:
41:
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cycle on a single panel. Altogether 25 scenes, not all involving the Virgin, are depicted. 1480,
1822:
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465:
222:
218:
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types. Traditional models evolved for narrative paintings, including large cycles covering the
826:
usually seen in Orthodox Nativities seems to have begun as one of the shepherds, or the prophet
1457:
Alte Pinakotek, Munich; (Summary Catalogue – various authors), pp. 348-51, 1986, Edition Lipp,
886:
842:
803:
1427:
Iconologia overo Descrittione Dell’imagini Universali cavate dall’Antichità et da altri luoghi
1132:. These analyses in turn have affected conventional art history, especially concepts such as
565:, also found in Christian and Islamic art, and divine qualities and attributes represented by
1231:
1181:
1156:
1125:
858:
849:
was much the commonest image of Christ. Especially important depictions of Mary include the
632:
Although iconic depictions of, or concentrating on, a single figure are the dominant type of
519:
2225:
2220:
1632:
Illuminated manuscripts from the Dutch royal Library, browsable by ICONCLASS classification
1250:
1237:
1105:
923:
398:
1193:
960:
931:
8:
1955:
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685:
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texts, which were usually considered authoritative by most patrons, artists and viewers.
375:
301:
177:
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art, narrative scenes have become rather more common in recent centuries, especially in
2026:
1891:
1861:
1209:
1033:
939:
898:
862:
846:
724:
594:
534:
387:
318:
205:
2068:
1854:
Revet, Sandrine (2020). "Disaster Iconography: Victims, Rescue Workers, and Hazards".
1569:
2107:
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2018:
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or free-standing sculpture, which it found too reminiscent of paganism. Most modern
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though considered a wrathful deity but in few contexts is depicted in pacified mood.
605:
syllables from sacred alphabetic scripts are other features. Under the influence of
394:
345:
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continued under his influence in the discipline. In an influential article of 1942,
245:, manuals, and other publications useful in identifying the content of art. Mâle's
1723:, Vol. 8, (1954), pp. 83–150, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University,
1278:
2099:
2008:
1959:
1865:
1357:
1353:
Picturing Roman Belief Systems: The iconography of coins in the Republic and Empire
1133:
1129:
1017:
993:
989:
816:
761:
550:
530:
526:
437:. The system can also be used outside pure art history, for example on sites like
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344:
include theories, disowned by most art historians, on the iconography of works by
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2013:
1996:
1963:
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1638:
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Renaissance mythological painting was in theory reviving the iconography of its
2159:
1292:
1187:
1069:
1029:
881:
313:
293:
274:
145:
62:
1887:
1840:
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came to dominate the choice of Old Testament scenes in Western Christian art.
2214:
2177:
2022:
1981:
1934:
1752:
1729:
1326:
1197:
1121:
1073:
956:
927:
913:
808:
704:
691:
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Early Western writers who took special note of the content of images include
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70:
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1163:
356:
235:
Recueil d'antiquités égyptiennes, étrusques, grècques, romaines et gauloises
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1816:
1361:
1273:
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1113:
1089:
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period iconography began to be standardized, and to relate more closely to
753:
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242:
196:
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Web site for European Sacred Mountains, Calvaries and Devotional Complexes
1949:
1910:
1137:
1085:
1037:
917:
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546:
337:
266:
170:
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58:
50:(1533) is a complex work whose iconography remains the subject of debate.
2188:
1724:
1642:
1145:
1049:
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of 1425-28 has a highly complex iconography that is still debated. Is
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850:
791:
637:
582:
479: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
270:
24:
1736:
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in the press, and the iconography of suffering found in social media.
865:, parts of the Old Testament, and, increasingly, the lives of popular
1398:
Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance
1117:
1109:
1021:
765:
657:
622:
598:
410:
405:
352:
341:
238:
123:
111:
28:
2049:
Iconography and Gesamtkunstwerk in Parsifal's Two Cinematic Settings
454:
249:(originally 1899, with revised editions) translated into English as
1667:"The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art – Smarthistory"
988:
religious painting to Biblical scenes conceived along the lines of
757:
633:
397:
and the Index of Medieval Art (formerly Index of Christian Art) at
251:
The Gothic Image, Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century
191:
157:
2065:, Online version, University of Virginia Library, Gale Group, 2003
1653:
241:
approach of the time. These early contributions paved the way for
1081:
854:
780:
669:
649:
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as well as mood of the central figure in a context. For example,
578:
558:
262:
2206:"Semiotics and Iconography" from the Handbook of Visual Analysis
648:, or tales of his previous lives, are found at major sites like
602:
557:
or gestures with specific meanings. Other features include the
1385:
Oxford Bibliographies: Paul Taylor, "Iconology and Iconography"
1287:
870:
838:
827:
775:
641:
626:
606:
586:
529:
are used to some extent by all major religions, including both
515:
438:
1954:. Social Indicators Research Series. Vol. 56. Dordrecht:
1435:: From the 17th to the 19th Century by Hans-Joachim Zimmermann
2182:
1589:
1068:, but have become increasingly significant with artists like
866:
831:
740:
732:
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features Christian iconography, prominently developed in the
661:
617:
which describes the ratio and proportion of the icon, called
590:
574:
566:
554:
512:
418:
379:
326:
turned the painting into the record of a marriage contract.
185:
79:
73:
1486:, Sources of information in the humanities, no. 2. Chicago:
748:
owes something to both Imperial portraits and depictions of
2106:,1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London,
2081:
9 (2024), pp. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/23753234.2024.2322546
1611:
1041:
1004:
819:
749:
673:
92:
17:
942:
that Christ's Incarnation was a trap to catch men's souls?
298:
Introduction to an "Iconography of Mediaeval Architecture"
1164:
Articles with iconographical analysis of individual works
434:
413:(alone) with David's letter", whereas "71" is the whole "
288:, to which Panofsky immigrated in 1931, students such as
1095:
1431:
English Translations and Adaptations of Cesare Ripa's
1719:, "The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm",
996:
reined in somewhat the freedom of Catholic artists.
980:
individual figures than of whole compositions. The
1912:Empires of Panic: Epidemics and Colonial Anxieties
830:, but is now usually understood as the "Tempter" (
1947:
1818:Research Handbook on Communicating Climate Change
1444:
1442:
1007:painting icons on the wall of an Abbey in France.
938:making a mousetrap, reflecting a remark of Saint
660:, especially in earlier periods. Conversely, in
2212:
1643:Ross Publishing - examples of databases for sale
837:In both East and West, numerous iconic types of
731:occurred within the first seven centuries after
1356:. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd.
540:
1439:
1036:, not to mention modern media and genres like
1011:
444:
433:. These are available, usually on-line or on
121:Sometimes distinctions have been made between
1507:, pp. 20-28, 2005, Laurence King Publishing,
912:, by which the meaning of most events of the
764:narratives were plugged with matter from the
2118:Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
1994:
1693:"All the Known Audio of C.S. Lewis Speaking"
1484:Research Guide to the History of Western Art
1482:W. Eugene Kleinbauer and Thomas P. Slavens,
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1415:. Toronto: Person Prentice Hall. p. 52.
1144:of cinema, particularly within the field of
593:. The symbolic use of colour to denote the
2160:The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database
1737:"The Early Church on the Aniconic Spectrum"
1684:
2012:
1467:
1410:
495:Learn how and when to remove this message
247:l'Art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France
2084:Cook, Pam and Mieke Bernink, eds. 1999.
1995:Döring, Nicola; Walter, Roberto (2021).
998:
922:
774:
727:from the outset, and the development of
679:
506:
190:
184:'s study (1796) of the classical figure
36:
1814:
1658:
869:. Especially in the West, a system of
2213:
1690:
1349:
992:, and after some decades the Catholic
203:– in fact this is a later title for a
1853:
1580:9, pp. 1-36, here pp. 1-4, 9, 23, 28.
1096:In disciplines other than art history
195:A painting with complex iconography:
2104:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I
1908:
1775:
1425:Ripa's full title, rarely used, was
729:early Christian art and architecture
477:adding citations to reliable sources
448:
378:is closely linked to the content of
256:
253:has remained continuously in print.
1951:World Suffering and Quality of Life
1741:The Westminster Theological Journal
1664:
1505:Methods and Theories of Art History
404:With the arrival of computing, the
13:
2194:What iconographers do - case study
2185:—iconography of ancient mythology.
2088:. 2nd ed. London: BFI Publishing.
2063:Dictionary of The History of Ideas
2001:Studies in Communication and Media
963:, and of Jan van Eyck such as the
14:
2237:
2129:
2079:Church, Communication and Culture
1781:Cook and Bernink (1999, 138-140).
1578:Church, Communication and Culture
1100:Iconography, often of aspects of
760:texts, although many gaps in the
700:Marian art in the Catholic Church
366:As regards the interpretation of
152:interpreted the paintings in the
1691:Taylor, Justin (July 18, 2013).
1572:and Maciej Jan Jasiński (2024),
453:
2052:in ESM Mediamusic. No. 2 (2013)
1988:
1941:
1902:
1847:
1821:. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire:
1808:
1784:
1766:
1710:
1647:
1625:
1604:
1595:
1583:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1517:
715:, and is a prominent aspect of
545:Central to the iconography and
464:needs additional citations for
2178:about the Cult of Great Mother
1493:
1451:
1419:
1404:
1389:
1378:
1343:
1059:, but in practice themes like
946:Whereas in the Romanesque and
804:period of Byzantine iconoclasm
269:(1866–1929) and his followers
231:Anne Claude Philippe de Caylus
139:
134:
1:
2125:), Artemis Verlag, 1981-2009
1350:Eiland, Murray (2023-04-30).
1332:
784:
569:and ritual tools such as the
2014:10.5771/2192-4007-2021-3-362
1964:10.1007/978-94-017-9670-5_26
1654:website Iconclass for Flickr
1488:American Library Association
1337:
952:Early Netherlandish painting
859:events of the Life of Christ
696:Eastern Orthodox iconography
541:Indian religious iconography
7:
2175:Sacred Icons in Modern Era
1870:10.1007/978-3-030-41582-2_3
1315:
1298:
1204:Madonna of Chancellor Rolin
1012:Secular Western iconography
965:Madonna of Chancellor Rolin
901:, Both associated with the
445:Brief survey of iconography
261:In early twentieth-century
10:
2242:
2040:
1917:Hong Kong University Press
1671:Smarthistory – art history
1263:St. Augustine in His Study
1227:Virgin and Child Enthroned
689:
683:
520:Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra
417:" and "71H" the "story of
80:
74:
22:
15:
2150:Resources in your library
2071:and Maciej Jan Jasiński,
1411:Giannetti, Louis (2008).
974:Renaissance Neo-Platonism
425:, the collections of the
1241:by Rogier van der Weyden
1155:An iconography study in
1104:, is a concern of other
895:Coronation of the Virgin
644:narrative cycles of the
201:Seven Joys of the Virgin
23:Not to be confused with
1823:Edward Elgar Publishing
1246:St. Jerome in His Study
969:Washington Annunciation
511:A 17th century Central
223:Anton Heinrich Springer
219:Adolphe Napoleon Didron
1530:April 8, 2008, at the
1362:10.30861/9781407360713
1284:Marie de' Medici cycle
1008:
943:
887:illuminated manuscript
875:identifying individual
799:
735:. Small images in the
721:Aniconism was rejected
523:
427:Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
214:
51:
2189:Christian Iconography
1721:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1590:Index of Medieval Art
1232:Rogier van der Weyden
1182:Piero della Francesca
1157:communication science
1126:Communication Studies
1002:
984:soon restricted most
926:
778:
690:Further information:
680:Christian iconography
510:
194:
40:
34:Branch of art history
1958:. pp. 341–355.
1919:. pp. 181–203.
1825:. pp. 131–143.
1697:The Gospel Coalition
1413:Understanding Movies
1251:Antonello da Messina
1238:The Magdalen Reading
1106:academic disciplines
790:, an example of the
473:improve this article
279:Studies in Iconology
1612:"Iconclass website"
1257:Two Venetian Ladies
1057:Classical Antiquity
686:Christian symbolism
666:miniature paintings
636:image, large stone
306:architectural forms
302:Richard Krautheimer
178:Gian Pietro Bellori
2199:2005-08-27 at the
2055:Białostocki, Jan,
1864:. pp. 53–80.
1862:Palgrave Macmillan
1637:2008-02-20 at the
1601:Białostocki:538-39
1210:Arnolfini Portrait
1134:signs in semiotics
1046:political cartoons
1009:
944:
863:Life of the Virgin
847:Christ Pantocrator
809:miraculous origins
800:
770:Nativity of Christ
766:apocryphal gospels
725:Christian theology
646:Life of the Buddha
625:an incarnation of
595:Classical Elements
524:
319:Arnolfini Portrait
215:
206:Life of the Virgin
101:Orthodox Christian
52:
2136:Library resources
2100:Schiller, Gertrud
1973:978-94-017-9670-5
1926:978-988-8208-44-9
1879:978-3-030-41581-5
1832:978-1-78990-040-8
1804:978-2-84736-362-3
1796:978-2-84736-185-8
1371:978-1-4073-6071-3
1310:Urban iconography
1305:Hindu iconography
1268:Vittore Carpaccio
1194:Mérode Altarpiece
1066:Hieronymous Bosch
1061:Leda and the Swan
1020:, which includes
961:Mérode Altarpiece
932:Mérode Altarpiece
796:Madonna and Child
779:The Theotokos of
746:Christ in Majesty
737:Catacombs of Rome
505:
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497:
395:Warburg Institute
346:Leonardo da Vinci
257:Twentieth century
225:(1825–1891), and
57:, as a branch of
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1177:The Flagellation
1140:to describe the
1130:Cultural Studies
1018:history painting
994:Council of Trent
990:history painting
817:Eastern Orthodox
789:
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762:canonical Gospel
668:of the lives of
601:and letters and
551:Indian religions
527:Religious images
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423:old master print
372:Christian images
273:(1890–1948) and
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717:Christian media
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431:Marburger Index
429:and the German
361:Svetlana Alpers
333:The Ambassadors
290:Frederick Hartt
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154:Palazzo Vecchio
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415:Old Testament
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243:encyclopedias
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1756:. Retrieved
1747:(1): 35–47.
1744:
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1696:
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1221:Jan van Eyck
1216:Annunciation
1215:
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1154:
1150:
1138:film studies
1114:Anthropology
1099:
1090:Joseph Beuys
1054:
1030:genre scenes
1015:
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959:such as the
945:
907:
879:
836:
824:Saint Joseph
801:
754:Late Antique
703:
645:
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571:dharmachakra
544:
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491:
482:
471:Please help
466:verification
463:
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376:architecture
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338:best-sellers
331:
324:Jan van Eyck
317:
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162:Ragionamenti
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2226:Art history
2221:Iconography
2183:LIMC-France
2141:Iconography
2058:Iconography
1772:Schiller:66
1525:Online text
1086:Frida Kahlo
1050:comic books
1038:photography
1032:, and even
1022:mythologies
982:Reformation
918:Middle Ages
903:Franciscans
891:Insular art
813:high relief
788: 1300
713:renaissance
611:Tibetan art
547:hagiography
388:theological
267:Aby Warburg
171:emblem book
167:Cesare Ripa
140:Foundations
135:Scholarship
129:iconography
108:art history
67:iconography
65:. The word
59:art history
55:Iconography
2215:Categories
1888:1153066230
1841:1226584969
1618:2014-03-31
1433:Iconologia
1333:References
1108:including
1034:landscapes
986:Protestant
899:Assumption
882:Romanesque
871:attributes
851:Hodegetria
802:After the
792:Hodegetria
583:sauwastika
384:liturgical
357:Otto Pächt
271:Fritz Saxl
227:Émile Mâle
174:Iconologia
95:", in the
25:Iconograph
2031:242216019
2023:2192-4007
1982:902846595
1935:904372902
1896:219010604
1753:0043-4388
1338:Citations
1219:, all by
1118:Sociology
1110:Semiotics
1026:portraits
940:Augustine
880:From the
752:. In the
658:Borobudor
623:Narasimha
619:taalmaana
599:Mahabhuta
535:Abrahamic
411:Bathsheba
406:Iconclass
399:Princeton
353:iconology
342:Dan Brown
239:aesthetic
213:, Munich.
124:iconology
112:semiotics
97:Byzantine
29:Iconology
2197:Archived
1956:Springer
1860:. Cham:
1758:March 2,
1702:March 2,
1676:March 2,
1635:Archived
1528:Archived
1316:See also
1299:Examples
1172:frescoes
967:and the
910:typology
897:and the
794:type of
758:Biblical
711:era and
709:medieval
634:Buddhist
485:May 2014
380:biblical
314:Panofsky
158:Florence
148:, whose
2041:Sources
1592:website
1503:in her
1082:Picasso
1078:Gauguin
855:Panagia
781:Tikhvin
723:within
670:Krishna
650:Sarnath
579:chhatra
559:aureola
513:Tibetan
328:Holbein
284:In the
263:Germany
182:Lessing
86:to draw
81:γράφειν
42:Holbein
2138:about
2110:
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1288:Rubens
1128:, and
1088:, and
1042:cinema
948:Gothic
936:Joseph
867:saints
861:, the
839:Christ
828:Isaiah
698:, and
656:, and
654:Ajanta
642:fresco
638:relief
627:Vishnu
615:Aagama
607:tantra
587:phurba
531:Indian
516:thanka
439:Flickr
292:, and
2077:, in
2027:S2CID
1892:S2CID
1725:JSTOR
1576:, in
1005:monks
853:and
832:Satan
820:icons
741:orans
739:show
733:Jesus
662:Hindu
591:danda
575:vajra
567:asana
555:mudra
419:David
93:icons
75:εἰκών
71:Greek
2123:LIMC
2108:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2019:ISSN
1978:OCLC
1968:ISBN
1931:OCLC
1921:ISBN
1884:OCLC
1874:ISBN
1837:OCLC
1827:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1760:2022
1749:ISSN
1704:2022
1678:2022
1641:and
1509:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1260:and
1192:The
1186:The
1070:Goya
843:Mary
750:Zeus
674:Rama
672:and
603:bija
589:and
563:halo
561:and
553:are
533:and
386:and
374:and
186:Amor
127:and
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18:Icon
2061:,
2009:doi
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1866:doi
1358:doi
1286:by
1277:by
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783:of
744:of
640:or
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549:of
518:of
475:by
435:DVD
340:of
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1999:.
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1966:.
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1745:83
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1469:^
1441:^
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1360::
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498:)
492:(
487:)
483:(
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