1093:. Kornilov organized his army into three brigades under Markov, Bogaevskii and Erdeli. The attack, which began on 10 April, was met with heavy resistance from forces more than twice the size of the Volunteers. Kornilov was killed when an artillery shell hit the farmhouse where he had set up headquarters. Some accounts have characterized this event as "very bad luck" because shell had hit the one room where Kornilov was, killing him but not injuring anybody else present in the building. He was succeeded in command by Denikin, who decided to abandon the assault after five days of fighting, and withdraw to the north. Hearing of the death of Kornilov,
1078:. The march took them through Stavropol province and their first battle, and victory, against the Bolsheviks on 6 March at Lezhanka. On 9 March, the army entered the Kuban, and another battle on 14 March at Berezanskaia. On 17 March, after four days of fighting, the army captured Korenovskaia, and its large cache of military supplies. On 28 March, the bitterest battle was fought against the Bolsheviks in which a number of volunteer officers froze to death crossing a small river with shallow icy water, hence the name of the campaign. By the end of March, the Volunteer Army was able to absorb
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1074:, "United by a boundless hatred of the enemy, the soldiers performed miracles of military accomplishment; the world had seen few armies of comparable size with greater fighting ability." On 23 February, the army entered Olginskaia for a rendezvous with Ataman Popov on 26 February. However, Popov elected to stay within the Don, while the Volunteer Army headed south towards Ekaterinodar and the
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1117:. Krasnov agreed to support the Volunteer Army with weapons and money, and take on the sick and wounded. In June, Alekseev established a political department in Novocherkassk, and Denikin published his "Goals of the Army". Amongst other points, it stated "the Germans must withdraw from the territory of Russia; the Bolsheviks must capitulate and be disarmed..."
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28 January] 1918. Kornilov, now in command of some 4,000 men at Rostov, judged it pointless to attempt a defence of the city in the face of superior forces. Instead, the
Volunteers made ready to relocate to the south, deep into the Kuban, in the hope of attracting more support, though the
1104:
On the evening of 13 April, the
Volunteer Army's forced march began in order to save the demoralized Volunteer Army, avoiding large Red forces. Denikin left 211 of his severely wounded, with doctors and nurses, at Elizavetinskaia, Diad'kovskaia, and Il'inskaia. By the beginning of May, the army had
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The
Cossacks aimed primarily to defend their independence, but the Volunteers persuaded them that they could guarantee this only by joining with them in fighting against the Bolsheviks, who had the support of a large part of the non-Cossack population of the Don region. With the encouragement of
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made it back to the border of the Don. According to Kenez, "The Ice March had ended. The Army, which had started the march with four thousand soldiers, had five thousand at the end of the campaign. But the greatest achievement of the march was simply survival."
1067:, and a battalion under General Borovskii. Another thousand civilians accompanied the army, including the politicians V. N. Lvov, L. V. Polovtsev, L. N., Novosiltsev, and N. P. Shchetnina, plus journalists, professors, soldiers' wives, doctors and nurses.
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declared its independence. Novocherkassk became a haven for those opposed to the
Bolshevik Revolution, and soon hosted the headquarters of the Volunteer Army, made up for the most part of former
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whole area was in deep winter. Thus began the Ice March. With his defenses gone and his government in a state of collapse, Kaledin shot himself (11 February [
1052:. The soldiers, carrying one rifle each, and hauling some field artillery, were accompanied by long trail of civilians from Rostov fearful of Bolshevik reprisals.
1207:
C.В. Волков. Трагедия русского офицерства. Глава IV. Офицерство в Белом движении. Юг. Потери. Дата обращения: 7 октября 2015. Архивировано 2 сентября 2016 года.
311:
1056:, Kornilov's second-in-command, later recalled, "We went from the dark night of spiritual slavery to unknown wandering-in search of the bluebird." The
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2 December] 1917. However, by the beginning of 1918 better-organised and stronger
Communist forces began an advance from the north, capturing
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Only on 2 December, when supported by
Alekseyev's Volunteer Army, did Kaledin succeed in retaking the city and driving the Bolsheviks from Rostov.
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The
Volunteer Army established its headquarters in Mechetinskaia and Egorlykskaia, and established contact with Ataman
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From his four thousand men, Kornilov formed three regiments under
General S. L. Markov, Colonel Nezhintsev, General
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recruitment poster represents a woman addressing her son with the words: "My son! Go and save your
Motherland!"
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October] 1917, many of those opposed to the new government gravitated towards the fringes of the old
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This article is about the White Army's retreat towards Kuban. For the retreat across Lake Baikal, see
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On 23 February, as the Red Army entered Rostov, Kornilov began the march south across the frozen
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7 November] 1917, not long after the
Communists took control in central Russia, the
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Kaledin, the Whites, still only some 500 strong, managed to recapture the city of
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lasting from February to May 1918, was one of the defining moments in the
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With his army now double in size, Kornilov decided to mount an attack on
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was a traditional symbol of hope in Russian fairy tales and legend.
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1224:. Origins Of Modern Wars. Routledge (published 2013). p. 88.
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All those who survived the First Kuban Campaign, referred to as
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Civil War in South Russia: the First Year of the Volunteer Army
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1918 retreat of the White movement during the Russian Civil War
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1280:. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing. pp. 96–117.
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Red Attack, White Resistance; Civil War in South Russia 1918
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Alexey Tolstoy, " Road to Calvary", book two "18th year".
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A People's Tragedy: the Russian Revolution, 1891-1924
1082:'s Kuban Army, which had recently fled Ekaterinodar.
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18 June] 1917). On 20 November [
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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431:15,000 lost, about 10,000 of which were wounded
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913:, in the hope of gaining the support of the
897:advancing from the north, the forces of the
1160:in memory of their courage and martyrdom.
999:officers, and under the command of General
881:(Russian: Ледяной походъ), also called the
1089:, the capital of the recently established
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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893:of 1917 to 1921. Under attack by the
885:(Russian: Первый кубанскій походъ), a
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1336:Battles involving the Volunteer Army
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1221:The Origins of the Russian Civil War
1218:Swain, Geoffrey (26 November 2013).
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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905:, began a retreat from the city of
428:During the battle of Yekaterinodar:
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1341:Campaigns of the Russian Civil War
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1040:29 January] 1918).
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1321:History of the Don Cossacks
1300:Translated in Mawdsley, E.
1253:Translated in Mawdsley, E.
1145:, "First-campaigners", see
963:Aleksei Maksimovich Kaledin
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1151:First Kuban Campaign Badge
1129:First Kuban Campaign Badge
170:February 22 – May 13, 1918
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416:(exact number unknown)
253:Commanders and leaders
1302:The Russian Civil War
1276:Kenez, Peter (2004).
1255:The Russian Civil War
1185:The Russian Civil War
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652:Vyoshenskaya Uprising
402:Casualties and losses
1346:Military withdrawals
1065:Afrikan P. Bogaewsky
961:had elected General
883:First Kuban Campaign
749:Rostov–Novocherkassk
414:5,000-20,000+ killed
395:20+ artillery pieces
43:improve this article
1149:) were awarded the
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887:military withdrawal
712:Voronezh–Kastornoye
590:Allied intervention
378:14 artillery pieces
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909:south towards the
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657:Alexandrovsky Fort
607:Katerynoslav March
1331:Conflicts in 1918
1001:Mikhail Alekseyev
891:Russian Civil War
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697:Advance on Moscow
637:Hryhoriv Uprising
612:Northern Caucasus
602:Voronezh–Povorino
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873:Map of the march
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54:Find sources:
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38:
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32:This article
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1235:. Retrieved
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1087:Ekaterinodar
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1003:and General
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917:against the
915:Don Cossacks
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764:Novorossiysk
525:Steppe March
519:
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386:
374:Don Cossacks
363:
325:Ivan Sorokin
230:
209:
204:Belligerents
180:Kuban Oblast
136:Part of the
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1304:, 2005. p22
1257:, 2005. p21
1154: [
1072:Peter Kenez
1050:steppelands
1029:Sea of Azov
1015:from local
974: [
947:Don Cossack
943:German Army
903:White Guard
727:3rd Kharkiv
717:Khopyor–Don
692:Perehonivka
672:2nd Kharkiv
488:1st Kharkiv
99:August 2022
58:"Ice March"
1315:Categories
1237:2016-05-11
1176:Kenez, P.
1169:Figes, O.
1164:References
945:. In the
929:After the
836:2nd Crimea
769:Azerbaijan
737:2nd Donbas
707:Orel–Kursk
632:1st Donbas
540:1st Crimea
535:March Days
510:Donbas-Don
422:3,000 fled
407:400 killed
239:Bolsheviks
191:Strategic
69:newspapers
1216:Compare:
1109:Aftermath
1097:told the
1017:Red Guard
971:Host Krug
949:capital,
919:Bolshevik
879:Ice March
565:Tsaritsyn
520:Ice March
1058:bluebird
1025:Taganrog
895:Red Army
796:Lankaran
732:4th Kiev
687:3rd Kiev
642:Binagadi
622:2nd Kiev
585:Dibrivka
570:Kurdamir
530:Iași–Don
515:1st Kiev
505:Shamkhor
388:Red Army
353:Strength
245:Red Army
175:Location
1187:, 2005.
1173:, 1997.
1139:Russian
1027:on the
997:Tsarist
957:), the
858:Georgia
811:Armenia
786:Ochakov
617:Ukraine
555:Goychay
372:(2,000
195:victory
140:of the
83:scholar
1284:
1228:
1180:, 1971
1121:Memory
1013:Rostov
967:Ataman
953:(near
907:Rostov
791:Anzali
779:Sarvan
774:Yalama
500:Mughan
188:Result
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1195:Notes
1158:]
1095:Lenin
1076:Kuban
978:]
911:Kuban
853:Anapa
754:Odesa
667:Odesa
575:Livny
560:Sochi
550:Kuban
193:White
90:JSTOR
76:books
1282:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1038:O.S.
1033:O.S.
1021:O.S.
993:Krug
986:O.S.
982:O.S.
935:O.S.
877:The
847:1921
743:1920
596:1919
580:Baku
494:1918
482:1917
167:Date
62:news
990:Don
45:by
1317::
1262:^
1240:.
1156:ru
1141::
1007:.
976:ru
154:A
1290:.
1137:(
460:e
453:t
446:v
391::
376:)
368::
314:†
280:†
268:†
125:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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