Ibn Tumart - Knowledge

634: 1299:, as it would avoid the appearance of favoritism towards any particular tribe. Nonetheless it is reported that the more easterly Masmuda tribes, the Haskura and the Harzaja, rejected Abd al-Mu'min's leadership and broke away from the Almohad coalition at this stage. Abd al-Mu'min would have to force them back to the fold. (Ibn Khaldun reports (improbably) that Abd al-Ma'mun managed to conceal the death of Ibn Tumart for nearly two years, in order to gather allies and marry the daughter of Omar Hintati, who would become his principal ally.) His principal rival Ibn Malwiya was captured, condemned and executed by 1132, and Ibn Tumart's own family soon disappears from significance, their roles eclipsed by Abd al-Mu'min's own family, the future dynasty of Almohad caliphs. Whatever doubts lingered about Abd al-Mu'min's leadership certainly dissipated a decade later, when Abd al-Mu'min led the renewed Almohads down from the mountains on a seven-year campaign of conquest of present-day Morocco, culminating in the fall of Marrakesh in 1147. 445: 436: 36: 3253: 680: 952:(or 'Tin Mal', meaning "(she who is) white"), in a small valley of the Nfis in the middle of the High Atlas. Tinmel was an impregnable fortified complex, which would serve both as spiritual center and military headquarters of the Almohad rebellion. It is during this period that he wrote a series of monographs on various doctrines for the instruction of his men. These disparate works were later collected and compiled in 1183–84, on the order of the Almohad caliph Yusuf ibn Abd al-Ma'mun (later translated in French in 1903, under the title 1952: 776:

the emir's own scholars reminded him the Almoravids too embraced puritanical ideals, and were committed to the Sunnah, Ibn Tumart pointed out that the Almoravids professed puritanism had been clouded and deviated by "obscurantists", drawing attention to the ample evidence of laxity and impiety that prevailed in their dominions. When countered that at least on points of doctrine, there was little difference between them, Ibn Tumart brought out more emphasis on his own peculiar doctrines on the

687:, Algeria, is the only remaining vestige of the mosque founded by Ibn Toumert between 1117 and 1120. According to some accounts, it is also believed that the historic meeting between Ibn Toumert and Abdelmoumen, the founder of the Almohad dynasty, took place in this mosque. Unfortunately, the mosque itself has completely disappeared and has been replaced by another mosque. Recognizing its cultural significance, the mihrab was classified as a national heritage site on November 3, 1999. 922: 1040:. The Almohads set up a siege camp before Marrakesh, the first recorded siege of the Almoravid capital, whose walls had only recently been erected. The Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf immediately called upon reinforcements from other parts of present-day Morocco. After forty days of siege, in May (others date 14 April 1130), heartened by news of the approach of a relief column from Sijilmassa, the Almoravids sallied from Marrakesh in force and crushed the Almohads in the bloody 2495: 825: 975: 2484: 1048:

those who doubted the righteousness of their cause, to go to the battlefield and ask the dead themselves if they were enjoying the blisses of heaven after falling in the fight for God's cause. When they heard the positive reply from the buried men, they were assuaged. To prevent the ruse from being revealed, it is said Ibn Thumart left them buried there, filling their straws so they would suffocate.

1044:(named after a large garden east of the city). The Almohads were routed, suffering huge human losses - 12,000 men from the Hargha alone. Al-Bashir and several other leading figures were killed in action. If not for a sudden torrential rain that broke up the fighting and allowed the remnant to escape back to the mountains, the Almohads might have been finished off then and there. 610:), obscurantist, perverse and possibly heretical. Ibn Tumart also blamed the Almoravid governance for the latitude he found in Maghrebi society, notably the public sale of wine and pork in the markets, foodstuffs forbidden for Muslims. Another reform was the destruction or hiding of religious art in mosques. His rule and the rule of the Almohads after were 1007:, by which gold came from west Africa to present-day Morocco. But the Almoravids were unable to send enough manpower through the narrow passes to dislodge the Almohad rebels from their easily defended mountain strongpoints. The Almoravid authorities reconciled themselves to setting up strongpoints to confine them (most famously the fortress of 912:

from Mecca to Medina) - would become a popular pilgrimage route for the Almohad faithful. The cave itself was preserved as a shrine for many years, where apparently Almohad partisans, regardless of their origin or background, would ceremonially reject their past affiliations and be "adopted" into Ibn

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He composed his own sectarian identity by combining the Maliki and Zahiri fiqh view, the kalam of Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila, the Shii imamate thought and Mahdi belief, and some principles of Kharijism with his own experiences. His sectarian identity emerged as the result of a selective attitude. With

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Berber tribes - the Hargha (Ibn Tumart's tribe, which had primacy in the hierarchy among the tribes), the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura and the Hazraja. The Almohad military had been organized as arranged "units" named by tribe, with sub-units and internal hierarchies carefully and

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In a bizarre and chilling footnote in the aftermath, it is said that Ibn Tumart returned to the battlefield at night with some of his followers, and ordered them to bury themselves in the field with a small straw to breathe by. Then, to invigorate the rest of the demoralized Almohads, he challenged

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For the next eight years, the Almohad revolt was largely confined to an irresolute guerilla war through the ravines and peaks of the Atlas range. The principal damage done by the Almohads at this stage was the disruption of Almoravid tax-collection, and rendering insecure (or altogether impassable)

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and immediately resumed his old behavior - destroying every jug of wine in sight, haranguing passers-by for impious behavior or dress, engaging locals in controversial debate. The ulama of Aghmat complained to the emir, who changed his mind and decided to have Ibn Tumart arrested after all. He was

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Charged with fomenting rebellion, Ibn Tumart defended himself before the emir and his leading advisors. Presenting himself as a mere scholar, a voice for reform, Ibn Tumart set about lecturing the emir and his leading advisors about the dangers of innovations and the centrality of the Sunnah. When

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The Almohad hagiographer al-Baydhaq claims that Ibn Tumart had already designated Abd al-Mu'min as his successor back in Bejaia. But it seems more probable (although passed over in the chronicles) that there was an intense power struggle for succession in the aftermath of Ibn Tumart's death. With

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in 1117/18. The journey was not without incident - Ibn Tumart took it upon himself to toss the ship's flasks of wine overboard and set about lecturing (or harassing) the sailors to ensure they adhered to correct prayer times and number of genuflections; in some reports, the sailors got fed up and

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Ibn Tumart died in August 1130, only a few months after the disastrous defeat at al-Buhayra. That the Almohad movement did not immediately collapse by the combined blows of the crushing defeat and large losses at the walls of Marrakesh, and the deaths of not only their spiritual leader, but also

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García, Sénén. "The Masmuda Berbers and Ibn Tumart: An Ethnographic Interpretation of the Rise of the Almohad Movement." Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies 18.1 (1990). "Ibn Tumart preached what he considered orthodox Islam, a symbiotic doctrine of analogical interpretalion of the Qur'an,

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saved by the timely intervention of Abu Ibrahim Ismail Ibn Yasallali al-Hazraji ("Ismail Igig"), a prominent chieftain of the Hazraja tribe of the Masmuda, who helped him escape the city. Ibn Tumart took the road towards the Sous valley, to hide among his own people, the Haghra.

855:, the expected divinely guided justicer. He was promptly recognized as such by his audience. This was effectively a declaration of war on the Almoravid state. For to reject or resist the Mahdi's interpretations was equivalent to resisting God, and thus punishable with death as 392:, many early Sufi saints held this name in present-day Morocco). His father Tumart ibn Nitawas or ibn Titawin belonged to the Hargha and his mother Umm al-Husayn bint Waburkan al-Masakkali to the Masakkala, both of which are divisions of the Masmuda tribal confederation. 707:, preaching a puritan, simplistic Islam along the way. Waving his puritan's staff among crowds of listeners, Ibn Tumart complained of the mixing of sexes in public, the production of wine and music, and the fashion of veiling men unveiling women (a custom among the 1323:

Aymes, Marc. "Kemal H. Karpat, ed., with Robert W. Zens, Ottoman Borderlands: Issues, Personalities, and Political Changes (Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003). Pp. 347. $ 37.50 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 40.3 (2008):

1111:, outside of Bejaia, in 1119-20); others were local leaders drawn from the local Masmuda Berbers who had proven early adherents. Although the list has some variations and there is some dispute in names, the Council of Ten is frequently identified as follows: 804:

Before the end of 1120, Ibn Tumart arrived at his home village of Igiliz in the Sous valley (exact location uncertain). Almost immediately, Ibn Tumart set himself up in a nearby mountain cave (a conscious echo of the Muhammad's withdraw to the

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Ibn Tumart's closest companion and chief strategist, al-Bashir, took upon himself the role of political commissar, enforcing doctrinal discipline among the Masmuda tribesmen, often with a heavy head. This culminated in an infamous purge

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in the Muslim orthodoxy, but he was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observer of the law. He blamed the caliphate's "theological flaws" upon the ruling dynasty of the Almoravids. Ibn Thumart strongly opposed their sponsorship of the

715:, that had spread to urban centers with the Almoravids). Setting himself up on the steps of mosques and schools, Ibn Tumart challenged everyone who came close to debate – unwary Maliki jurists and scholars frequently got an earful. 1031:

In early 1130, the Almohads finally descended from the mountains for their first sizeable attack on the Almoravids in the lowlands. It was a disaster. Al-Bashir (others report Abd al-Mu'min) led the Almohad armies first against

663:), but was so bubbling with the doctrines he had learnt and a one-minded zeal to 'correct' the mores of the people he came across that he quickly made a nuisance of himself and was expelled from the city. He proceeded to 767:

at a local mosque. In the famous encounter, when ordered to acknowledge the presence of the emir, Ibn Tumart reportedly replied "Where is the emir? I see only women here!" - an insulting reference to the

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during the 1120s. After his death his followers, the Almohads, went on to conquer much of North Africa and part of Spain. Although the Almohad movement itself was founded by Ibn Tumart, his disciple

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imbibed from al-Ghazali. Almohad hagiographers report that ibn Tumart was in al-Ghazali's presence when news arrived that the Almoravids had proscribed and publicly burned his recent great work,

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It was probably while in Baghdad that ibn Tumart began to develop a system of his own by combining the teachings of his Ash'arite masters with parts of the doctrines of others, with a touch of

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threw Ibn Tumart overboard, only to find him still bobbing a half-day later and fished him back (he is also reported in different chronicles of having either caused or calmed a storm at sea).

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of Fez decided they had enough and expelled him from the city. He proceeded south, hurried along from town to town like a vagabond (reportedly, he and his companions had to swim across the

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and the attributes. After a lengthy examination, the Almoravid jurists of Marrakesh concluded Ibn Tumart, however learned, was blasphemous and dangerous, insinuating he was probably a

604:(consensus of jurists) and other sources, an anathema to the stricter Zahirism favored by ibn Tumart. Ibn Tumart condemned the subtle reasoning of Maliki scholars as "innovations" ( 843:

in late 1121, in a particularly moving sermon, Ibn Tumart reviewed his failure to persuade the Almoravids to reform by argument. After the sermon, having already claimed to be a

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with supernatural powers (a point de-emphasized by later hagiographers). But he soon set about spreading his principal message of puritanical reform. He preached in vernacular

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Mukti, Mohd Fakhrudin Abdul. "The Background of Malay Kalam With Special Reference to the Issue of the Sifat of Allah." Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam 3.1 (2002): 1-32.

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valley, surrounded on three sides by Almohadist Masmuda mountaineers, was nearly cut off and isolated. Of more particular concern to the Almoravids was their threat to the

726:(a few miles south of the city), where he began receiving his first followers and adherents. Among these were al-Bashir (a scholar, who would become his chief strategist), 1870: 1966: 1556: 3408: 1267:

Of the Council of Ten, five were killed at al-Buhayra in 1130, two died in subsequent years, and only three survived well into the height of the Almohad empire -

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chieftain of Hazraja tribe of the Masmuda, who spirited Ibn Tumart from Aghmat to the High Atlas in 1120. Later appointed to lead Ibn Tumart's own Hargha tribe.

3442: 1957: 1068:) which included the Ifriqiyan migrants who had first joined Ibn Tumart in Mellala. There was also a wider consultative "Council of Fifty", composed of the 564:, upon which al-Ghazali is said to have turned to ibn Tumart and charged him, as a native of those lands, with the mission of setting the Almoravids right. 1023:) conducted by al-Bashir in the winter of 1129–30, with mass executions of disloyal partisans, which has been characterized as a brief "reign of terror". 2137:

Laoust, H., "Une fetwā d’Ibn Taimīya sur Ibn Tūmart", in "Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, LIX" (Cairo, 1960), pp. 158–184.

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Cornell, Vincent J. "Understanding is the mother of ability: Responsibility and action in the Doctrine of Ibn Tūmart." Studia Islamica (1987): 71-103.

749:, the intellectual capital at the time, and engaged in polemical debates with the leading Malikite scholars of the city. Having exhausted them, the 1295:

Berber, Abd al-Mu'min was an alien among the Masmuda. But that foreignness itself might have recommended him as a neutral choice to the Masmuda

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agitator, and recommended he should be executed or imprisoned. The Almoravid emir, however, decided to merely expel him from the city, after a

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YAVUZ, A. Ö. (2017) . "The Sectarian Identity of Ibn Tumart." CUMHURIYET ILAHIYAT DERGISI-CUMHURIYET THEOLOGY JOURNAL , vol.21, pp.2069-2101.

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Messier (2010: p. 149) reports 15,000 men of Tinmel area were killed, and their wives and belongings distributed among the Almohad warriors.

1288:.) Abd al-Mu'min's claim was challenged by Ibn Malwiya (another survivor of the Ten) as well as by the Ahl al-Dar (Ibn Tumart's brothers). 903:, where he would be better protected from the Almoravid authorities. In 1122, Ibn Tumart abandoned his cave and climbed up the High Atlas. 2076:

García, Senén A. (1990) "The Masmuda Berbers and Ibn Tumart : an ethnographic interpretation of the rise of the Almohad movement" in

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In later years, Ibn Tumart's path from the cave of Igiliz to mountain fort of Tinmel - another conscious echo of the Muhammad's life (the

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Ibn Tumart came from a humble family, and his father was a lamplighter at the mosque. He and his followers claimed he was a descendant of

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Fromherz (2005: p.177) identifies Igiliz (and Ibn Tumart's nearby cave) with the modern small village of Igli, some 30 km east of

742:, the chronicle of the Almohads.) It was at Mellala that Ibn Tumart and his close companions began forging a plan of political action. 3418: 2224: 723: 1196:

from the Hintata tribe. He was killed in the 1130 battle of al-Buhayra. His son would briefly serve as Almohad governor of Cordova.

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doctrine of their founding figure and spiritual leader. Ibn Tumart was born sometime between 1078 and 1082 in the small village of

2510: 1632: 1230:, prob. adhered at Mellala. He became Ibn Tumart's early right-hand-man and chief strategist and enforcer. Known as "the Herald" ( 513:

have said, and modern historians also maintain that it is unknown whether this encounter happened). He met and studied under both

1284:", as "successor" of the Mahdi emerged only later, in conscious imitation of the term's original use for the "successors" of the 1060:

Ibn Tumart had set up the Almohad commune as a minutely detailed pyramidical hierarchy with fourteen grades. At the top was the

2062: 1867: 1107:. Several of them were drawn from the core of followers that Ibn Tumart had picked up in Ifriqiya (esp. while holding camp at 1692: 1665: 1544: 546:

the sectarian identity he composed, he gained a ground for presenting both his actionist personality and his political goals.

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Berber, prob. adhered at Mellala Died c. 1142 of natural causes. Sometimes said to be the brother of the Almohad chronicler

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His antics and fiery preaching prompted fed-up authorities to hustle him along from town to town. After being expelled from

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of the Ganfisa tribe of the Masmuda. He disputed the succession with Abd al-Mu'min, but was defeated and executed in 1132.

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WASIL, IBN, and B. SALIM JAMALAL-DIN. "IBN YūNUS, ALi IBN “ABD." Medieval Islamic Civilization: AK, index 1 (2006): 375.

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half the Council of Ten killed at al-Buhayra, Abd al-Mu'min laid claim as the "successor" of the Ibn Tumart (the term "

1239: 884: 1036:. They quickly defeated the Almoravid force that came out to meet them, and then chased their fleeing remnant back to 1916: 1589: 1345: 3565: 3307: 2807: 1169:

from the people of Aghmat. His name was Arabized, he was known to the Berbers as bn al-Baqqāl and Ibn Tāʿḍamiyīt.

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their chief military commanders, is testament to the careful organization that Ibn Tumart had built up at Tinmel.

2974: 944:, to fulfill the mission of purifying the Almoravid state. In 1122, or shortly thereafter (c. 1124) he founded a 191: 2010: 868:

were not unfamiliar in that part of present-day Morocco - not long before, the Sous valley had been a hotbed of

3166: 2366: 2161:

Wasserstein, D.J. (2003) "A Jonah theme in the biography of Ibn Tumart", in F. Daftary and J.W. Meri, editors,

1451:, can be found in Lévi-Provençal (1928). A Spanish translation of the arguably most reliable Almohad chronicle 967:) and the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura and the Hazraja (roughly from west to east, along the 509:

support that he met and studied under al-Ghazali, but this contradicts what other contemporary historians like

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Cushing, Dana (2016) "Ibn Tumart" in: Curta and Holt, eds. Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History

444: 435: 35: 2675: 2217: 1707:

Dramani Issifou (1988) "Islam as a social system in Africa since the seventh century", in M. Elfasi, editor,

2343: 3605: 3510: 3130: 2426: 2265: 2044:(1987) "Understanding Is the Mother of Ability: Responsibility and action in the doctrine of Ibn Tumart", 1141:

confederation. Abd al-Mu'min adhered at Mellala, and was given the appellation of "Lamp of the Almohads" (

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Ibn Khaldun reports that Muhammad ibn Tumart himself was very pious as a child, and that he was nicknamed

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Documents inédits d'histoire almohade: fragments manuscrits du "Legajo" 1919 du fonds arabe de l'Escurial

1885: 999:

valley on the other side of the High Atlas. These were the principal routes to the all-important city of

621:, meaning those who affirm the unitarianism of God. This name was later translated by Spanish authors as 368:) tribal confederation. His name is given alternatively as Muhammad ibn Abdallah or Muhammad ibn Tumart. 1682: 876:

influence, and descendance from Muhammad had been the principal recommendation of the fondly remembered

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In 1120, Ibn Tumart and his small band of followers headed west into present-day Morocco. He stopped by

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reported that "Tumart" was actually his father Abdallah's nickname ("Tumart" or "Tunart" comes from the

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Fletcher, Madeleine. "The Almohad tawhid: Theology which relies on logic." Numen 38.1 (1991): 110-127.

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After his studies in Baghdad, Ibn Tumart is claimed in one account to have proceeded on pilgrimage to

418:, this is today largely disputed. At the time, it was common for Berber leaders and tribes to claim a 3517: 2884: 2771: 2711: 2651: 2537: 2416: 1188:

chieftain of the Gadmiwa tribe of the Masmuda of the High Atlas. Killed at 1130 battle of al-Buhayra

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tribe of the Masmuda of the High Atlas. Omar Hintata became the father-in-law and principal ally of

414:, who took refuge in present-day Morocco in the eighth century. However, despite being supported by 3590: 3550: 3503: 3496: 3413: 3383: 3040: 2998: 2813: 2452: 2421: 2411: 2210: 1096: 376:

and means "good fortune", "delight" or "happiness", and makes it an equivalent of the Arabic name "

3595: 3028: 2914: 2866: 2615: 2518: 1605: 497:, which was the biggest centre of learning in the Almoravid dominion, where he was a disciple of 385: 2120: 3237: 3088: 3046: 2878: 2705: 2349: 2337: 2050:

Understanding Is the Mother of Ability: Responsibility and Action in the Doctrine of Ibn Tūmart

1087:, the preachers that had been the original missionaries and spreaders of Ibn Tumart's message. 2111: 1998: 1478: 1429:تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر 614:

that attempted to turn the area under his control into a place where his doctrines held sway.

3540: 3398: 3252: 3118: 3082: 3064: 3004: 2926: 2896: 2854: 2639: 2585: 2313: 1373:

Mu'tazili and 'Ash'ari teachings, and Shi'i dogmas, especially that of the infallible Mahdi."

1204:

originally from the Massakala tribe. He came from Ānsā, an oasis in south of the Anti-Atlas.

821:. His oratory skill and crowd-moving eloquence are frequently referred to in the chronicles. 2437: 1461:, can be found in Huici Miranda (1951). Ibn Idhari was a principal source for the account, 809:). His bizarre retreat, his ascetic lifestyle, probably combined with rumors of his being a 574: 501:. Thereafter, Ibn Tumart went east to deepen his studies, where he came under the influence 3545: 3403: 3337: 3112: 3010: 2962: 2908: 2657: 2567: 2561: 2066: 1177:

Abu Ibrahim Ismail Ibn Yasallali al-Hazraji (known as "Ismail Igig" or "Ismail al-Hazraji")

1041: 399:(Berber for "firebrand" or "lover of light") for his habit of lighting candles at mosques. 895:). Omar Hintati was immediately impressed and invited Ibn Tumart to take refuge among the 8: 3100: 3022: 2992: 2801: 2759: 2741: 2687: 2621: 2445: 2396: 2384: 2372: 1453: 1448: 1158: 1145:). He became Almohad emir and the first Almohad caliph after Ibn Tumart's death in 1130. 1004: 735: 1893: 679: 3160: 3142: 2956: 2783: 2331: 2325: 2253: 2202: 1628: 617:

In a powerful display of unity and solidarity, Ibn Tumart's followers took up the name

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and small miracle-worker, gave the local people the initial impression that he was a

312: 494: 3610: 3600: 3575: 3393: 3283: 2789: 2735: 2723: 2498: 2283: 1552: 1268: 1250: 1127: 1064:(the Mahdi's family), supplemented by a privy council known as the Council of Ten ( 992: 818: 727: 582: 361: 316: 85: 2002: 1951: 3354: 3331: 2765: 2747: 2247: 2196: 2058: 2057:

Fletcher, Madelaine (1991) "The Almohad Tawhid: Theology which relies on logic",

2045: 2041: 1906: 1874: 1579: 1398: 963:

tribes adhered to the Almohad rebellion: Ibn Tumart's own Hargha tribe (from the

829: 611: 460: 373: 308: 297: 274: 266: 2189: 2184: 598:(traditions and sayings of Muhammad and his companions) and relying too much on 3452: 3388: 3136: 3106: 2944: 2872: 2819: 1254: 692: 514: 3534: 3447: 3271: 3182: 3154: 3094: 3052: 2627: 2603: 2233: 2166: 2103: 1470: 978:

Approximate locations of the main Masmuda tribes that adhered to the Almohads

925: 908: 869: 764: 712: 578: 530: 510: 482: 407: 304: 282: 114: 3148: 2307: 759:, as they could not afford the ferry passage). Shortly after his arrival in 493:. To pursue his education, ibn Tumart went as a young man (c. 1106) to 3231: 3206: 3200: 3177: 2968: 2681: 2633: 2579: 2543: 2488: 2468: 2259: 1609: 988: 810: 806: 746: 518: 381: 179: 2163:

Culture and Memory in Medieval Islam: Essays in honour of Wilfred Madelung

2034:

Bourouiba, Rachid (1966) "A propos de la date de naissance d’Ibn Tumart",

1789:بسم ااالله الرحمان الرحيم لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله المهدي إمام الأمة 1709:

General History of Africa, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century

296:. He founded and served as the spiritual and first military leader of the 3343: 3034: 2902: 2834: 2824: 2669: 2378: 2170: 1721: 1466: 1424: 1137:, modern Algeria), Abd al-Mu'min was a Berber of the Kumiya tribe of the 974: 763:, Ibn Tumart is said to have successfully sought out the Almoravid ruler 704: 498: 490: 415: 377: 348:

region of southern present-day Morocco. He was a member of the Hargha, a

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was the founder of the ruling dynasty and creator of the Almohad empire.

225: 206: 932:, once part of a large fortified complex, the first headquarters of the 537:, which differed significantly from early Zahirites in its rejection of 3070: 3058: 2986: 2950: 2938: 2932: 2920: 2890: 2848: 2842: 2693: 2645: 2597: 2591: 2049: 1491: 1458: 1166:

Abu al-Rabi' Sulayman ibn Makhluf al-Hadrami (known as "Ibn al-Baqqal")

1008: 1000: 996: 968: 964: 921: 900: 824: 756: 668: 606: 541:

and reliance on reason. However, Abdullah Yavuz, argues the following:

502: 474: 470: 369: 353: 229: 175: 155: 103: 2069:(2005) "The Almohad Mecca: locating Igli and the cave of Ibn Tumart", 3472: 3295: 3172: 3124: 3076: 3016: 2980: 2860: 2729: 2717: 2699: 2663: 2609: 2573: 2555: 2295: 2277: 1037: 941: 781: 769: 760: 684: 486: 1103:), composed of the ten who had first borne witness to Ibn Tumart as 1015:), while exploring alternative routes through more easterly passes. 3301: 3192: 2301: 1604: 1285: 1258: 933: 856: 848: 785: 534: 411: 285: 221: 940:

Ibn Tumart urged his followers to arms in open revolt against the

3289: 3217: 2529: 2077: 1994: 1970: 1447:

A French translation of the relation of the Almohad hagiographer

1246: 1154: 1134: 1075: 960: 896: 888: 877: 873: 864: 840: 708: 672: 526: 478: 357: 349: 337: 301: 293: 251: 151: 3467: 3462: 3359: 2271: 1969:(d. 620/1223), located at al-Salah Islamic secondary school in 1292: 1281: 1138: 1070: 1033: 1012: 949: 929: 892: 844: 792: 731: 719: 696: 646: 595: 591: 587: 581:. Ibn Tumart represented a revolt against what he perceived as 569: 557: 538: 419: 341: 165: 99: 77: 1473:'s entry on Ibn Tumart can be found in English translation in 3457: 3313: 2467: 2190:

Comparative notes (in English) on sources of Moroccan history

2018: 1291:

Exactly how Abd al-Mu'min imposed himself is uncertain. As a

945: 852: 832:, the last line of the inner inscription on the right reads: 751: 700: 664: 654: 638: 124: 2132:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

1581:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus

1495: 1227: 984: 814: 659: 600: 590:

school of jurisprudence, whom he accused of neglecting the

345: 300:

movement, a puritanical reform movement launched among the

289: 81: 2408:

Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence

336:, whose accounts probably mix legendary elements from the 332:

Many of the details of Ibn Tumart's life were recorded by

1684:'Abd al-Mu'min: Mahdism and Caliphate in the Islamic West 1223:

Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Wansharisi (known as "al-Bashir")

1079:

exactly spelled out. There were also organized groups of

473:

and large parts of what is now Morocco were ruled by the

2232: 311:. Ibn Tumart launched an open revolt against the ruling 1965:) by Ibn Tumart (d. 524/1130), praised and approved by 1253:. A major military leader, he is the stem of the later 722:, Ibn Tumart set himself up c.1119 at an encampment in 3443:

2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny

983:

the roads and mountain passes south of Marrakesh. The

567:

Ibn Tumart's main principle was a rigid unitarianism (

1987:

Le livre de Mohammed Ibn Toumert, mahdi des Almohades

851:, Ibn Tumart suddenly 'revealed' himself as the true 734:

Berber who would become his eventual successor) and

529:, he attached himself to the Ash'arite theology and 1234:), he was killed in the 1130 battle of al-Buhayra. 916: 2125:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830 16:Founder of the Almohad movement (c.1080–c.1128/30) 489:and are credited with spreading Islam to much of 140:Umm al-Husayn bint Waburkan al-Masakkali (mother) 3532: 2073:, ISSN 0211-3589, vol. 26, no1, pp. 175–190 1150:Omar ibn Ali al-Sanhaji (known as "Omar Asanag") 288:scholar, teacher and political leader, from the 2080:, ISSN 0041-5715, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 3–24 2061:, Volume 38, Number 1, 1991, pp. 110–127. 1332: 1330: 2156:Les Almohades: Histoire d'une dynastie berbère 2088:Colección de crónicas árabes de la Reconquista 2036:Revue d'Histoire et de Civilisation du Maghreb 1401:, "Ibn Mada's Criticism of Arab Grammarians." 2453: 2218: 1213:prob. adhered at Mellala, later appointed as 577:as incompatible with his unity and therefore 1787: 1657:The Dearest Quest: A Biography of Ibn Tumart 1432: 1340:, p. 249. Courier Dover Publications, 1939. 1327: 1209:Abd Allah ibn Ya'la (known as "Ibn Malwiya") 1051: 57: 2025: 1908:The Almohads: The Rise of an Islamic Empire 1524: 1423: 2460: 2446: 2225: 2211: 2110:, 1843 M. de Slane trans., Paris, vol. 3, 1629:"Ibn Tumart: Charismatic Religious Leader" 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1477:, 1843 M. de Slane trans., Paris, vol. 3, 928:erected in 1148 in honor of Ibn Tumart at 137:Tumart ibn Nitawas or ibn Titawin (father) 34: 3419:Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil 2048:, No. 66 (1987), pp. 71–103, JSTOR: 772:veil worn by the Almoravid ruling class. 2158:. Paris:, Soc. d'éditions géographiques. 1977: 1950: 1904: 1890:The Moorish Empire: a historical epitome 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1242:(known as "Omar Hintata" or "Omar Inti") 1171:Killed at battle of al-Buhayra in 1130. 995:passes, that connected Marrakesh to the 973: 920: 823: 678: 632: 628: 533:of jurisprudence, but with the creed of 1577: 1542: 1501: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1338:Arabic Thought and Its Place in History 1026: 46:, a book of the teachings of Ibn Tumart 3533: 1680: 1653: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1271:, Omar Hintata and Ismail al-Hazraji. 1185:Abu 'Imran Musa ibn Tammara al-Gadmiwi 281:, ca. 1080–1130 or 1128) was a Muslim 2441: 2206: 2100:, 2 vols., Tetouan. Editora Marroqui. 2098:Historia politica delimperio Almohade 1635:from the original on 29 December 2022 1385: 1090: 573:), which denied the existence of the 505:'s ideas. Almohad historians such as 422:lineage to gain religious authority. 2391:Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri 2234:Muslim scholars of the Zahiri School 2142:Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad 2090:, 3 vols, Tetouan. Editora Marroqui. 1741:Julian, p. 93; Ibn Khallikan, p.206; 1350: 2250:(founder of the school; d. 883/884) 2086:Huici, Miranda, A. (1953–54, 1963) 1788: 1681:Fierro, Maribel (4 November 2021). 1626: 1559:from the original on 31 August 2018 1531: 1433: 1201:Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Sulaīman 671:, where he took a ship back to the 453:An 1183 manuscript of Ibn Tumart's 278: 58: 13: 2183:Biography on 'Muslim philosophy': 1687:. Simon and Schuster. p. 55. 1240:Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati 891:chieftain (and stem of the future 885:Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati 344:(exact location uncertain) in the 14: 3622: 3556:People from the Almohad Caliphate 2177: 1543:Hopkins, J.F.P. (24 April 2012). 799: 3251: 2494: 2493: 2482: 2470:Ash'ari school of Sunni theology 2134:. London: Addison-Wesley-Longman 1955:A rock carved with the text of " 1911:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 123–124. 1095:Ibn Tumart organized the inner ' 917:Tinmel and the Almohad rebellion 883:At some point he was visited by 828:Coin minted during the reign of 443: 434: 1946: 1934: 1925: 1898: 1879: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1714: 1701: 1674: 1647: 1620: 1598: 1571: 1484: 1441: 1011:that protected the approach to 263:Abu Abd Allah Amghar Ibn Tumart 28:Abu Abd Allah Amghar Ibn Tumart 3131:'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad 2367:Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali 1627:Joe, Jimmy (11 January 2022). 1417: 1408: 1376: 1366: 1317: 1308: 887:("Umar Hintati"), a prominent 507:ibn Abd al-Malik al-Marrakushi 1: 2808:Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi 2199:by French historian Lagadère. 2096:Huici, Miranda, A. (1956–57) 1274: 1193:Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ibn Yiggit 1113: 641:. Folio from a manuscript of 327: 2975:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 2796:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur 2628:Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari 2290:Mundhir ibn Sa'īd al-Ballūṭī 2266:Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri 1786:Full inscription in Arabic: 1133:originally from Tagra (near 736:Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Baydhaq 481:puritanical movement of the 425: 322: 279:أبو عبد الله امغار ابن تومرت 7: 2778:Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi 2038:, January, pp. 19– 25. 1905:Fromherz, Allen J. (2012). 1886:James Edward Budgett-Meakin 738:(who would later write the 10: 3627: 3586:12th-century Berber people 3581:11th-century Berber people 3571:Moroccan religious leaders 3487:Ash'ari-related templates 3344:Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi 3326:Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi 2676:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 2344:Abu Bakr Ibn Sayyid al-Nās 1845:Messier (2010: pp. 150–51) 1584:. Routledge. p. 197. 1244: 1238: 1225: 1222: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1168: 1165: 1152: 1149: 1132: 1126: 410:, grandson of the prophet 3485: 3438: 3431: 3379: 3372: 3267: 3260: 3249: 3216: 3191: 2833: 2814:Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki 2772:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki 2652:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi 2538:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 2528: 2509: 2477: 2406: 2359: 2240: 2127:, 1961 ed., Paris: Payot. 1405:, v. 10, pp. 89–113. 1974 1118: 1052:Almohads after Ibn Tumart 637:Ibn Tumart is proclaimed 242: 212: 202: 197: 185: 171: 161: 147: 130: 120: 110: 92: 70: 65: 51: 33: 23: 3414:Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad 3384:Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari 2999:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 2026:Written about Ibn Tumart 1967:Fakhr al-Din Ibn 'Asakir 1892:, London: Sonnenschein, 1827:Messier, 2010: p.153-54) 1660:. Lulu.com. p. 50. 1459:Ibn Idhari al-Marrakushi 1428: 1302: 913:Tumart's Hargha tribe). 791:Ibn Tumart proceeded to 3566:People from Souss-Massa 3284:'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali 3029:Shams al-Din al-Kirmani 2915:Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani 2867:Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini 2712:Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani 2616:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi 2144:Santa Barbara, Calif.: 2108:Biographical Dictionary 2011:Évariste Lévi-Provençal 1800:Fromherz (2005: p. 181) 1654:Shar?f, Wilyam (2010). 1606:Ibn al-Zayyat al-Tadili 1475:Biographical Dictionary 1425:Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman 695:, Ibn Tumart landed in 386:Ibn al-Zayyat al-Tadili 3238:Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi 3149:Bediuzzaman Said Nursi 3089:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani 3047:Nur al-Din al-Haythami 2885:Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani 2879:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 2706:Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti 2640:Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari 2350:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 2338:Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati 2008:(in Arabic and French) 1974: 1940:Messier (2010: p. 153) 1854:Messier (2010: p. 151) 1768:Messier (2010: p. 141) 1578:Kennedy, Hugh (2014). 1549:Encyclopaedia of Islam 979: 937: 836: 688: 650: 554: 384:in his research about 380:". As it was noted by 40:An 1183 manuscript of 3399:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq 3338:'Izz al-Din al-Qassam 3119:Al-Khatib al-Shirbini 3083:Nur al-Din al-Samhudi 3065:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani 3041:Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi 3005:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi 2927:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani 2897:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi 2855:Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri 2586:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 2314:Ibn Tahir of Caesarea 2140:Messier, R.A. (2010) 2130:Kennedy, Hugh (1996) 2121:Julien, Charles-André 1978:Written by Ibn Tumart 1958:al-'Aqida al-Murshida 1954: 1864:Encyclopedia of Islam 1750:Ibn Khallikan, p. 206 977: 924: 834:al-Mahdi Imam al-Umma 827: 682: 636: 629:Return to the Maghreb 543: 3404:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 3320:Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun 3113:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 3011:Taqi al-Din al-Subki 2963:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 2909:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi 2658:Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi 2568:Abu Bakr al-Turtushi 2562:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 2519:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari 2195:9 April 2016 at the 2154:Millet, René (1923) 1777:See Fromherz (2005). 1042:Battle of al-Buhayra 1027:Battle of al-Buhayra 788:of fourteen lashes. 3606:Self-declared mahdi 3161:'Abdallah al-Harari 3101:Zakariyya al-Ansari 3023:Taj al-Din al-Subki 2802:Abdel-Halim Mahmoud 2742:Muhammad al-Zurqani 2688:Ahmad al-Wansharisi 2397:Abdul Aziz al-Harbi 2385:Muhammad Abu Khubza 2373:Abu Turab al-Zahiri 2042:Cornell, Vincent J. 1873:11 May 2023 at the 1454:al-Bayan al-Mughrib 1449:Mohammed al-Baydhaq 1143:Siraj al-Muwahhidin 1115: 1005:trans-Saharan trade 954:Livre d'Ibn Toumert 839:Towards the end of 579:a polytheistic idea 356:range, part of the 3561:People from Tinmel 3296:Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub 3143:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 2332:Ibn Dihya al-Kalby 2254:Abd Allah al-Qaysi 2173:. pp. 232–49. 2067:Fromherz, Allen J. 1975: 1809:Messier (2010:148) 1759:Wasserstein (2003) 1114: 1091:The Council of Ten 980: 938: 837: 699:and proceed on to 691:After touching at 689: 651: 404:Idris I of Morocco 234:Al-Kiya al-Harrasi 216:Influenced by 3528: 3527: 3481: 3480: 3427: 3426: 3368: 3367: 3278:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 3247: 3246: 2754:M'Hamed al-Azhari 2718:Ibrahim al-Laqani 2550:Abu Imran al-Fasi 2435: 2434: 2003:introduction (Fr) 1963:the Guiding Creed 1694:978-0-86154-192-8 1667:978-1-4452-7825-4 1528:H. Kennedy (1996) 1336:De Lacy O'leary, 1265: 1264: 1245:chieftain of the 1003:, gateway of the 870:Waqafite Shi'iism 667:, and thereon to 645:, Iran, probably 575:attributes of God 562:Ihya' Ulum al-Din 271:Amghar ibn Tumert 260: 259: 3618: 3520: 3519:Islamic theology 3513: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3436: 3435: 3394:Al-Baz al-Ashhab 3377: 3376: 3265: 3264: 3255: 2993:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id 2790:Ahmad al-Ghumari 2760:Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba 2736:Al-Hasan al-Yusi 2724:Muhammad Mayyara 2622:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id 2526: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2512:Ash'ari scholars 2501: 2497: 2496: 2489:Islam portal 2487: 2486: 2485: 2471: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2284:Ibn al-Mughallis 2227: 2220: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2153: 2119: 2095: 2085: 2033: 2013:(1928), editor, 2009: 1999:full text online 1989:, 1903 edition, 1985: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1902: 1896: 1883: 1877: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1553:Brill Publishers 1551:(2nd ed.). 1540: 1529: 1526: 1499: 1488: 1482: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1396: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1348: 1334: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1116: 583:anthropomorphism 552: 525:states that, in 456:Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab 447: 438: 280: 86:Almoravid Empire 61: 60: 43:Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab 38: 21: 20: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3591:Berber scholars 3551:Berber monarchs 3531: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3477: 3423: 3364: 3355:Ayyubid dynasty 3332:Omar al-Mukhtar 3261:Ash'ari leaders 3256: 3243: 3212: 3187: 2957:Ahmad al-Rifa'i 2829: 2784:Muhammad 'Ilish 2766:Ahmad al-Tijani 2748:Ahmad al-Dardir 2517: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2436: 2431: 2402: 2355: 2248:Dawud al-Zahiri 2236: 2231: 2197:Wayback Machine 2180: 2151: 2117: 2093: 2083: 2046:Studia Islamica 2031: 2028: 2007: 1991:Ignác Goldziher 1983: 1980: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1903: 1899: 1884: 1880: 1875:Wayback Machine 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1625: 1621: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1555:. p. 958. 1541: 1532: 1527: 1502: 1489: 1485: 1446: 1442: 1431:. 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Fontana. 1979: 1976: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1917: 1897: 1878: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1802: 1793: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1713: 1700: 1693: 1673: 1666: 1646: 1619: 1597: 1590: 1570: 1530: 1500: 1483: 1463:Kitab al-'Ibar 1440: 1437:. p. 305. 1416: 1407: 1384: 1375: 1365: 1349: 1326: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1276: 1273: 1263: 1262: 1255:Hafsid dynasty 1243: 1236: 1235: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1131: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1097:Council of Ten 1092: 1089: 1053: 1050: 1028: 1025: 959:Six principal 918: 915: 899:tribes of the 801: 800:Cave of Igiliz 798: 740:Kitab al-Ansab 683:The mihrab in 630: 627: 558:Sufi mysticism 548: 485:, who founded 452: 451: 442: 441: 433: 432: 431: 430: 429: 427: 424: 329: 326: 324: 321: 258: 257: 255: 254: 245: 244: 243: 240: 239: 237: 236: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 149: 145: 144: 142: 141: 138: 134: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 98: 94: 90: 89: 76: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 53: 49: 48: 39: 31: 30: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3623: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3448:Ahl al-Hadith 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3350:Al-Muwahhidun 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3272:Nizam al-Mulk 3270: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3183:Gibril Haddad 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155:Noah al-Qudah 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3095:Al-Qastallani 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3053:Ibn al-Jazari 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2604:Ibn al-Qattan 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:Ibn Khallikan 2102: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1937: 1928: 1920: 1918:9781780764054 1914: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711:, ch.4, p. 99 1710: 1704: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1677: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1650: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1593: 1591:9781317870418 1587: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:Ibn Khallikan 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1444: 1426: 1420: 1411: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1379: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1347: 1346:9780486149554 1343: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1320: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1272: 1270: 1269:Abd al-Mu'min 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:Abd al-Mu'min 1248: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1207: 1199: 1191: 1183: 1175: 1172: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1129: 1128:Abd al-Mu'min 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101:Ahl al-jamāʿā 1098: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1074:of the major 1073: 1072: 1067: 1066:Ahl al-jamāʿā 1063: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1024: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993:Tizi n'Tichka 990: 986: 976: 972: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 935: 931: 927: 926:Tinmel Mosque 923: 914: 911: 910: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 866: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 835: 831: 826: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 797: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 773: 771: 766: 765:Ali ibn Yusuf 762: 758: 754: 753: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728:Abd al-Mu'min 725: 721: 716: 714: 713:Sahara Desert 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 686: 681: 677: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661: 656: 648: 644: 640: 635: 626: 624: 620: 619:al-Muwwahidun 615: 613: 609: 608: 603: 602: 597: 593: 589: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571: 565: 563: 559: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 531:Zahiri school 528: 524: 521:theologians. 520: 516: 512: 511:ibn Khallikan 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483:Maliki school 480: 476: 472: 469:At the time, 462: 459:written in a 458: 457: 446: 437: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 408:Hasan ibn Ali 405: 400: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 352:tribe of the 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 334:hagiographers 320: 318: 317:Abd al-Mu'min 314: 310: 306: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 284: 276: 272: 268: 264: 253: 250: 249: 241: 235: 231: 227: 223: 220: 219: 211: 208: 205: 201: 198:Muslim leader 196: 193: 190: 188: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 167: 164: 162:Jurisprudence 160: 157: 153: 150: 146: 139: 136: 135: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 116: 115:Tinmel Mosque 113: 111:Resting place 109: 105: 101: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 73: 69: 64: 55:Imam al-Ummah 54: 50: 45: 44: 37: 32: 25:Imam al-Ummah 22: 19: 3541:1080s births 3346:(d. 1382 AH) 3340:(d. 1354 AH) 3334:(d. 1350 AH) 3328:(d. 1300 AH) 3225: 3207:Ibn al-Jawzi 3178:Ali al-Jifri 3169:(d. 1434 AH) 3163:(d. 1432 AH) 3157:(d. 1432 AH) 3151:(d. 1379 AH) 3145:(d. 1304 AH) 3139:(d. 1230 AH) 3133:(d. 1132 AH) 3127:(d. 1031 AH) 2969:Ibn al-Salah 2816:(d. 1425 AH) 2810:(d. 1419 AH) 2804:(d. 1397 AH) 2798:(d. 1393 AH) 2792:(d. 1380 AH) 2786:(d. 1299 AH) 2780:(d. 1276 AH) 2774:(d. 1230 AH) 2768:(d. 1230 AH) 2762:(d. 1224 AH) 2756:(d. 1208 AH) 2750:(d. 1201 AH) 2744:(d. 1122 AH) 2738:(d. 1102 AH) 2732:(d. 1090 AH) 2726:(d. 1072 AH) 2720:(d. 1041 AH) 2714:(d. 1041 AH) 2708:(d. 1036 AH) 2682:Ahmad Zarruq 2634:Ibn Adjurrum 2580:Ibn Barrajan 2544:Al-Baqillani 2360:Contemporary 2322:(d. 1128/30) 2319: 2260:Ibn Abi Asim 2256:(d. 885/886) 2162: 2155: 2141: 2131: 2124: 2107: 2097: 2094:(in Spanish) 2087: 2084:(in Spanish) 2070: 2035: 2014: 1986: 1956: 1947:Bibliography 1936: 1931:Julien, p.93 1927: 1907: 1900: 1889: 1881: 1863: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1818:Julien, p.99 1814: 1805: 1796: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1716: 1708: 1703: 1683: 1676: 1656: 1649: 1637:. Retrieved 1622: 1613: 1610:Ahmed Toufiq 1600: 1580: 1573: 1561:. Retrieved 1548: 1545:"Ibn Tūmart" 1486: 1474: 1462: 1452: 1443: 1419: 1410: 1402: 1378: 1368: 1337: 1319: 1310: 1296: 1290: 1278: 1266: 1231: 1214: 1212: 1170: 1142: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1084: 1080: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1046: 1030: 1020: 1017: 981: 958: 953: 939: 907: 905: 882: 863: 862:(Notions of 861: 838: 833: 811:faith healer 807:cave of Hira 803: 790: 777: 774: 750: 744: 739: 717: 690: 658: 652: 642: 622: 618: 616: 605: 599: 568: 566: 561: 555: 544: 468: 454: 401: 396: 394: 389: 382:Ahmed Toufiq 365: 331: 292:in southern 270: 262: 261: 96:c. 1128–1130 41: 18: 3546:1130 deaths 3453:Ahl al-Ra'y 3322:(d. 741 AH) 3316:(d. 658 AH) 3310:(d. 635 AH) 3304:(d. 635 AH) 3298:(d. 615 AH) 3292:(d. 589 AH) 3286:(d. 558 AH) 3280:(d. 500 AH) 3274:(d. 485 AH) 3240:(d. 745 AH) 3234:(d. 592 AH) 3228:(d. 524 AH) 3209:(d. 534 AH) 3203:(d. 508 AH) 3121:(d. 977 AH) 3115:(d. 974 AH) 3109:(d. 973 AH) 3107:Al-Sha'rani 3103:(d. 926 AH) 3097:(d. 923 AH) 3091:(d. 918 AH) 3085:(d. 911 AH) 3079:(d. 911 AH) 3073:(d. 902 AH) 3067:(d. 852 AH) 3061:(d. 845 AH) 3055:(d. 833 AH) 3049:(d. 807 AH) 3043:(d. 806 AH) 3037:(d. 794 AH) 3035:Al-Zarkashi 3031:(d. 786 AH) 3025:(d. 771 AH) 3019:(d. 764 AH) 3013:(d. 756 AH) 3007:(d. 742 AH) 3001:(d. 728 AH) 2995:(d. 702 AH) 2989:(d. 685 AH) 2983:(d. 676 AH) 2977:(d. 660 AH) 2971:(d. 643 AH) 2965:(d. 606 AH) 2959:(d. 578 AH) 2953:(d. 571 AH) 2951:Ibn 'Asakir 2947:(d. 548 AH) 2941:(d. 516 AH) 2935:(d. 505 AH) 2929:(d. 502 AH) 2923:(d. 478 AH) 2917:(d. 471 AH) 2911:(d. 476 AH) 2905:(d. 465 AH) 2903:Al-Qushayri 2899:(d. 463 AH) 2893:(d. 458 AH) 2887:(d. 430 AH) 2881:(d. 429 AH) 2875:(d. 427 AH) 2873:Al-Tha'labi 2869:(d. 418 AH) 2863:(d. 406 AH) 2857:(d. 405 AH) 2851:(d. 371 AH) 2845:(d. 354 AH) 2825:Hamza Yusuf 2702:(d. 954 AH) 2696:(d. 953 AH) 2690:(d. 914 AH) 2684:(d. 899 AH) 2678:(d. 876 AH) 2672:(d. 808 AH) 2670:Ibn Khaldun 2666:(d. 803 AH) 2660:(d. 790 AH) 2654:(d. 776 AH) 2648:(d. 741 AH) 2642:(d. 737 AH) 2636:(d. 723 AH) 2630:(d. 709 AH) 2624:(d. 702 AH) 2618:(d. 684 AH) 2612:(d. 672 AH) 2606:(d. 628 AH) 2600:(d. 581 AH) 2594:(d. 544 AH) 2588:(d. 543 AH) 2582:(d. 536 AH) 2576:(d. 536 AH) 2570:(d. 520 AH) 2564:(d. 474 AH) 2558:(d. 458 AH) 2552:(d. 430 AH) 2546:(d. 403 AH) 2540:(d. 386 AH) 2387:(1932–2020) 2381:(1920–2003) 2379:Ihsan Abbas 2375:(1923–2002) 2369:(1893–1987) 2352:(1256–1344) 2346:(1200–1261) 2340:(1166–1239) 2334:(1150–1235) 2328:(1116–1196) 2310:(1029–1095) 2171:I.B. Tauris 2152:(in French) 2118:(in French) 2032:(in French) 2021:: Geuthner. 1984:(in Arabic) 1722:Ibn Khaldun 1720:History of 1614:at-Tashawof 1467:Ibn Khaldun 499:al-Turtushi 491:West Africa 416:ibn Khaldun 390:at-Tashawof 226:at-Turtushi 207:At-Turtushi 203:Disciple of 3535:Categories 3226:Ibn Tumart 3071:Al-Sakhawi 3059:Al-Maqrizi 2987:Al-Baydawi 2939:Al-Baghawi 2933:Al-Ghazali 2921:Al-Juwayni 2891:Al-Bayhaqi 2849:Ibn Khafif 2843:Ibn Hibban 2730:Ibn 'Ashir 2694:Al-Akhdari 2664:Ibn 'Arafa 2646:Ibn Juzayy 2598:Al-Suhayli 2320:Ibn Tumart 2308:Al-Humaydī 2304:(994–1064) 2071:Al-Qantara 1993:, editor, 1973:, Lebanon. 1639:27 January 1492:Taroudannt 1275:Succession 1159:al-Baydhaq 1062:Ahl ad-Dar 1009:Tasghimout 1001:Sijilmassa 969:High Atlas 965:Anti-Atlas 942:Almoravids 901:High Atlas 845:descendant 757:Bou Regreg 669:Alexandria 643:Nigaristan 503:al-Ghazali 475:Almoravids 471:al-Andalus 370:Al-Baydhaq 354:Anti-Atlas 328:Early life 313:Almoravids 246:Influenced 230:al-Ghazali 156:Al Andalus 104:High Atlas 59:إمام الأمة 3473:Al-Ahbash 3409:Al-Irshad 3232:Ibn Mada' 3201:Ibn 'Aqil 3173:Ali Gomaa 3125:Al-Munawi 3077:Al-Suyuti 3017:Al-Safadi 2981:Al-Nawawi 2861:Ibn Furak 2700:Al-Hattab 2610:Ibn Malik 2574:Al-Maziri 2556:Ibn Sidah 2399:(b. 1965) 2393:(b. 1942) 2326:Ibn Maḍāʾ 2316:(d. 1113) 2296:Al-Qassab 2292:(887–966) 2278:Niftawayh 2185:The Mahdi 1888:, (1899) 1612:(1997) . 1434:دار الفكر 1427:(1377). 1232:al-Bashir 1038:Marrakesh 782:Kharijite 770:tagelmust 761:Marrakesh 703:and then 685:Oued Ghir 623:Almohades 515:Mu'tazili 487:Marrakesh 426:Doctrines 406:and thus 366:imesmuden 323:Biography 286:religious 180:Mu'tazili 3492:Maturidi 3432:See also 3302:Al-Kamil 3193:Hanbalis 3167:Al-Bouti 2835:Shafi'is 2500:Category 2302:Ibn Hazm 2298:(d. 970) 2286:(d. 936) 2280:(d. 935) 2274:(d. 915) 2268:(d. 909) 2262:(d. 900) 2241:Medieval 2193:Archived 2167:New York 2123:(1931), 1871:Archived 1633:Archived 1557:Archived 1324:493-495. 1286:Muhammad 1259:Ifriqiya 971:range). 934:Almohads 878:Idrisids 857:apostasy 849:Muhammad 815:holy man 786:flogging 549:— 535:ibn Hazm 420:sharifan 412:Muhammad 252:Almohads 222:Ibn Hazm 187:Movement 121:Religion 66:Personal 3611:Mahdism 3601:Masmuda 3576:Zahiris 3512:Shafi'i 3290:Saladin 3218:Zahiris 2530:Malikis 2427:Shafi'i 2417:Hanbali 2146:Praeger 2078:Ufahamu 1995:Algiers 1971:Baalbek 1494:in the 1297:sheikhs 1247:Hintata 1155:Sanhaja 1135:Tlemcen 1130:ibn Ali 1109:Mallala 1076:Masmuda 1071:sheikhs 961:Masmuda 897:Masmuda 893:Hafsids 889:Hintata 874:Fatimid 865:mahdism 841:Ramadan 724:Mellala 709:Sanhaja 693:Tripoli 673:Maghreb 527:Baghdad 519:Ash'ari 495:Córdoba 479:Sanhaja 358:Masmuda 338:Almohad 307:of the 305:Berbers 302:Masmuda 298:Almohad 294:Morocco 192:Almohad 176:Ash'ari 152:Maghreb 131:Parents 3505:Maliki 3498:Hanafi 3468:Sufism 3463:Tawhid 3360:Mamluk 2422:Maliki 2412:Hanafi 2272:Ruwaym 1915: 1691: 1664: 1588: 1563:28 May 1498:valley 1403:Orient 1344: 1293:Zenata 1282:caliph 1215:sheikh 1139:Zenata 1122:Notes 1085:Huffaz 1034:Aghmat 1021:tamyiz 1013:Aghmat 989:Ourika 950:Tinmel 930:Tinmel 819:Berber 793:Aghmat 778:tawhid 732:Zenata 720:Bejaia 705:Bejaia 697:Mahdia 647:Shiraz 607:bid‘ah 596:hadith 592:Sunnah 588:Maliki 570:tawhid 539:taqlid 362:Berber 350:Berber 342:Igiliz 283:Berber 275:Arabic 267:Berber 166:Zahiri 148:Region 100:Tinmel 78:Igiliz 3458:Kalam 3314:Qutuz 2112:p.205 2059:Numen 2019:Paris 1868:p.592 1479:p.205 1465:, of 1303:Notes 1105:Mahdi 1081:Talba 946:ribat 909:hijra 853:Mahdi 752:ulama 701:Tunis 665:Cairo 655:Mecca 639:Mahdi 551:Yavuz 397:Asafu 172:Creed 125:Islam 52:Title 1913:ISBN 1894:p.69 1689:ISBN 1662:ISBN 1641:2023 1586:ISBN 1565:2017 1496:Sous 1342:ISBN 1228:Oran 1119:Name 1083:and 997:Draa 991:and 985:Sous 660:hajj 601:ijma 594:and 517:and 477:, a 378:Saad 346:Sous 290:Sous 154:and 93:Died 82:Sous 74:1080 71:Born 1961:" ( 1457:of 1257:of 1099:' ( 956:.) 948:at 880:). 847:of 747:Fez 730:(a 3537:: 3495:– 2169:: 2165:. 2106:, 2017:. 2001:; 1866:, 1631:. 1608:; 1547:. 1533:^ 1503:^ 1469:. 1387:^ 1352:^ 1329:^ 1261:. 1161:. 1153:a 859:. 625:. 364:: 277:: 273:, 269:: 232:, 228:, 224:, 102:, 84:, 80:, 2522:) 2516:( 2461:e 2454:t 2447:v 2226:e 2219:t 2212:v 2148:. 2114:) 1921:. 1697:. 1670:. 1643:. 1616:. 1594:. 1567:. 1481:) 1019:( 936:. 657:( 463:. 360:( 265:( 178:-

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Index