Almoravid dynasty - Knowledge

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d'«almoravide» qu'en l'absence de toute investigation proprement archéologique, les historiens modernes ont généralement attribué aux ruines apparentes du tell archéologique d'Azūgi; nous y reviendrons. Au siecle suivant, al-Idrisi (1154) localise la «première des stations du Sahara...au pays des Massūfa et des Lamṭa» ; étape sur un itinéraire transsaharien joignant Siğilmāsa a Silla, Takrūr ou Gāna, Azūki, ou Kukdam en «langue gināwiyya des Sudan», abrite une population prospère. Pour brève et à nos yeux trop imprécise qu'elle soit, l'évocation d'al-Idrisi est néanmoins la plus étoffée de celles qui nous sont parvenues des auteurs «médiévaux» de langue arabe. Aucun écrivain contemporain d'al-Idrisi, ou postérieur, qu'il s'agisse d'al-Zuhri (ap. 1133), d'Ibn Sa'id et surtout d'Ibn Haldun—qui n'en prononce même pas le nom dans son récit pourtant complet de l'histoire du mouvement almoravide—ne nous fournit en effet d'élément nouveau sur Azūgi. À la fin du XVe siècle, au moment où apparaissent les navigateurs portugais sur les côtes sahariennes, al-Qalqašandi et al-Himyari ne mentionnent plus «Azūqi» ou «Azīfi» que comme un toponyme parmi d'autres au Bilād al-Sudān... Les sources écrites arabes des XIe–XVe siècles ne livrent donc sur Azūgi que de brèves notices, infiniment moins détaillées et prolixes que celles dont font l'objet, pour la même période et chez ces mêmes auteurs, certaines grandes cités toutes proches, telles Awdagust, Gāna, Kawkaw, Niani, Walāta, etc... Faut-il voir dans cette discrétion un témoignage «a silentio» sur l'affaiblissement matériel d'une agglomération—une «ville» au sens où l'entendent habituellement les auteurs cités?—dont al-Idrisi affirme effectivement qu'elle n'est point une grande ville»?

8635:, p. 2: "The Arabic narrative, such as it is, posits that Abu Bakir b. 'Umar returned to the Almoravids' southern base or capital at Azuggi in modern Mauritania with a handful of Maliki jurists, including Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Muradi from Qayrawan, to orchestrate the Almoravid advance south against the Soninke kingdom of Ghana, which was successfully conquered around 1076–77 and subsequently collapsed. (...) The nature of the Almoravid encounter with Ghana—conquest or partnership—and the ethnic and religious origins of those involved is impossible to determine in the absence of new sources. However, the Almoravids clearly achieved control of the salt trade and the gold flow north, their primary economic objective, and Islam did take root among the population of Ghana, their religious objective. Abu Bakr maintained Almoravid control of the Sahara at least in the vicinity of Azuggi, and the expansion of the Sanhaja eastwards appears to have been led by the Almoravid Masufa, a group with strong marriage and maternal connections to the Lamtuna, who migrated into the vast zone between Sijilmasa and Waraqlan, led quite possibly by Abu Bakr's son, Yahya, known as al-Masufi due to his maternal lineage." 7801:, p. 17: "The Bani Gudala chose this moment to break away from the Sanhaja confederation. This open revolt of the Bani Gudala is linked with their rejection of Ibn Yasin; but it could also have something to do with their desire to seek their own fortune, now, along the salt routes to Awlil on the coast of the Atlantic. Regardless, it forced the Almoravids to split their forces. Ibn Yasin went north with a small detachment of Almoravid warriors. He added to his army as he went, recruiting tribesmen from the Bani Sarta and the Bani Tarja. He joined his forces to those of Abu Bakr Ibn Umar, Yahya's brother, who was already in the region of the Draa to the southwest of Sijilmasa. Yahya Ibn Umar, meanwhile, remained with part of the army in the Adrar, in the heartland of the Bani Lamtuna. He established his base at a place called Jabal Lamtuna. These mountains were surrounded by some 20,000 date palms. There was abundant water and pasturage. Most importantly, the place was easily defensible. He held up in a fortress called Azuggi, which his brother Yannu had built." 2685: 2807: 2026:) was born in Ceuta and educated in the traditions of al-Andalus, unlike his predecessors, who were from the Sahara. According to some scholars, Ali ibn Yusuf represented a new generation of leadership that had forgotten the desert life for the comforts of the city. His long reign of 37 years is historically overshadowed by the defeats and deteriorating circumstances that characterized the later years, but the first decade or so, prior to 1118, was characterized by continuing military successes, enabled in large part by skilled generals. While the Almoravids remained dominant in field battles, military shortcomings were becoming apparent in their relative inability to sustain and win long sieges. In these early years, the Almoravid state was also wealthy, minting more gold than ever before, and Ali ibn Yusuf embarked on ambitious building projects, especially in Marrakesh. 1924:, completely surrounding it, burning nearby villages, and confiscating the crops of the surrounding countryside. Ibn Jahhaf agreed at one point to pay tribute to El Cid in order to end the siege, which resulted in the Almoravids in the city being escorted out by El Cid's men. For reasons that remain unclear, an Almoravid relief army led by Ibn Tashfin's nephew, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim, approached Valencia in September 1093 but then retreated without engaging El Cid. Ibn Jahhaf continued negotiations. In the end, he refused to pay El Cid's tribute and the siege continued. By April 1094, the city was starving and he decided to surrender it shortly after. El Cid re-entered Valencia on 15 June 1094, after 20 months of siege. Rather than ruling through a puppet again, he now took direct control as king. 3138: 3100: 2588: 1990: 2726: 2296: 1081:

enough to merely adhere to God's law, but necessary to also destroy opposition to it. In Ibn Yasin's ideology, anything and everything outside of Islamic law could be characterized as "opposition". He identified tribalism, in particular, as an obstacle. He believed it was not enough to urge his audiences to put aside their blood loyalties and ethnic differences, and embrace the equality of all Muslims under the Sacred Law, it was necessary to make them do so. For the Lamtuna leadership, this new ideology dovetailed with their long desire to refound the Sanhaja union and recover their lost dominions. In the early 1050s, the Lamtuna, under the joint leadership of Yahya ibn Umar and Abdallah ibn Yasin—soon calling themselves the

2735: 1478:, is more commonly used by modern historians, although 1062 is still cited by some writers. Shortly after founding the new city, Abu Bakr was compelled to return south to the Sahara in order to suppress a rebellion by the Guddala and their allies which threatened the desert trade routes, in either 1060 or 1071. His wife Zaynab appears to have been unwilling to follow him south and he granted her a divorce. Apparently on Abu Bakr's instructions, she was then married to Yusuf Ibn Tashfin. Before leaving, Abu Bakr appointed Ibn Tashfin as his deputy in charge of the new Almoravid territories in the north. According to Ibn Idhari, Zaynab became his most important political advisor. 2757:. Its decoration is still in the earliest phases of artistic development, lacking the sophistication of later volumes, but many of the features that were standard in later manuscripts are present: the script is written in the Maghrebi style in black ink, but the diacritics (vowels and other orthographic signs) are in red or blue, simple gold and black roundels mark the end of verses, and headings are written in gold Kufic inside a decorated frame and background. It also contains a frontispiece, of relatively simple design, consisting of a grid of lozenges variously filled with gold vegetal motifs, gold netting, or gold Kufic inscriptions on red or blue backgrounds. 2485: 8620:, p. 86: "Nor did Abu Bakr interfere with Yusuf's free hand in Morocco or Spain. The old amir ruled in the Sahara in the same way that tribal chiefs among the Sanhaja had done for generations, through a combination nation of tribal loyalties, religious appeal, and military strength. He had every intention to continue the religious revival in the vein of strict Malikite Islam. He brought to the desert a teacher from the city of Aghmat, the Imam al-Hadrami. The latter had studied Malikite law in both Qayrawan and Andalusia. Abu Bakr made him qadi, judge, in Azuggi. From there, Imam al-Hadrami went out to preach among the unbelievers." 2408: 1486:

give no indication that the two leaders treated each other as enemies and Ibn Tashfin continued to mint coins in Abu Bakr's name until the latter's death. Following Abu Bakr's departure, Ibn Tashfin was largely responsible for building the Almoravid state in the Maghreb over the next two decades. One of Abu Bakr's sons, Ibrahim, who served as the Almoravid leader in Sijilmasa between 1071 and 1076 (according to the coinage minted there), did develop a rivalry with Ibn Tashfin and attempted to confront him toward 1076. He marched to Aghmat with the intention of reclaiming his father's position in the Maghreb. Another Almoravid commander,

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muqarnas vaults appeared in distant Iraq—has been noted by architectural historians as surprising. Another high point of Almoravid architecture is the intricate ribbed dome in front of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, which likely traces its origins to the 10th-century ribbed domes of the Great Mosque of Córdoba. The structure of the dome is strictly ornamental, consisting of multiple ribs or intersecting arches forming a twelve-pointed star pattern. It is also partly see-through, allowing some outside light to filter through a screen of pierced and carved arabesque decoration that fills the spaces between the ribs.

1383:. Both cities were captured in 1054 or 1055. Sijilmasa was captured first and its leader, Mas'ud Ibn Wannudin, was killed, along with other Maghrawa leaders. According to historical sources, the Almoravid army rode on camels and numbered 30,000, though this number may be an exaggeration. Strengthened with the spoils of their victory, they left a garrison of Lamtuna tribesmen in the city and then turned south to capture Awdaghust, which they accomplished that same year. Although the town was mainly Muslim, the Almoravids pillaged the city and treated the population harshly on the basis that they recognized the pagan 5072: 3115: 3081: 75: 3065: 1932:

Ibrahim, was ordered to take the city. He arrived outside its walls in October 1094 and began attacks on the city. The siege ended when El Cid launched a two-sided attack: he sent a sortie from one city gate that posed as his main force, occupying the Almoravid troops, while he personally led another force from a different city gate and attacked their undefended camp. This inflicted the first major defeat on the Almoravids on the Iberian Peninsula. After his victory, El Cid executed Ibn Jahhaf by burning him alive in public, perhaps in retaliation for treachery.

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became increasingly hollow. Their legitimacy was further undermined by the issue of taxation. One of the main appeals of early Almoravid rule had been its mission to eliminate non-canonical taxes (i.e. those not sanctioned by the Qur'an), thus relieving the people of a major fiscal burden. However, it was not feasible to finance Almoravid armies in the fight against multiple enemies across a large empire with the funding from Quranic taxes alone. Ali ibn Yusuf was thus forced to reintroduce non-canonical taxes while the Almoravids were losing ground.

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al-Andalus. Al-Mu'tamid, seeking to salvage his position, resorted to striking an alliance with Alfonso VI, which further undermined his own popular support. In early 1091, the Almoravids took control of Cordoba and turned towards Seville, defeating a Castilian force led Alvar Fañez that came to help al-Mu'tamid. In September 1091, al-Mu'tamid surrendered Seville to the Almoravids and was exiled to Aghmat. In late 1091, the Almoravids captured Almería. In late 1091 or January 1092, Ibn Aisha, one of Ibn Tashfin's sons, seized control of Murcia.

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camped near Aghmat, Ibn Tashfin sent him lavish gifts but refused to obey his summons, reportedly on the advice of Zaynab. Abu Bakr recognized that he was unable to force the issue and was unwilling to fight a battle over control of Marrakesh, so he decided to voluntarily recognize Ibn Tashfin's leadership in the Maghreb. The two men met on neutral ground between Aghmat and Marrakesh to confirm the arrangement. After a short stay in Aghmat, Abu Bakr returned south to continue his leadership of the Almoravids in the Sahara.

5139: 870: 12270: 5878: 1969:, but ultimately failed to attract many new Christian settlers to the city. He died on 10 July 1099, leaving his wife, Jimena, in charge of the kingdom. She was unable to hold off Almoravid pressures, which culminated in a siege of the city by the veteran Almoravid commander, Mazdali, in the early spring of 1102. In April–May, Jimena and the Christians who wished to leave the city were evacuated with the help of Alfonso VI. The Almoravids occupied the city after them. 4978: 5793: 11954: 7823:

likely that Azūgi became the seat of the Ḳāḍī Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Murādī al-Ḥaḍramī (to cite both the Ḳāḍī ʿlyāḍ and Ibn Bas̲h̲kuwāl), who died there in 489/1095–96 (assuming Azūgi to be Azkid or Azkd). The town was for long regarded as the "capital of the Almoravids", well after the fall of the dynasty in Spain and even after its fall in the Balearic Islands. It receives a mention by al-Idrīsī, al-Zuhrī and other Arab geographers.

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wing of the empire is not well documented in Arabic historical sources and is often neglected in histories of the Maghreb and al-Andalus. This has also encouraged a division in modern studies about the Almoravids, with archeology playing a greater role in the study of the southern wing, in the absence of more textual sources. The exact nature and impact of the Almoravid presence in the Sahel is a strongly debated topic among

1810:(or Battle of Zallaqa), on 23 October 1086, Alfonso was soundly defeated and forced to retreat north in disorder. Al-Mu'tamid recommended that they press their advantage, but Ibn Tashfin did not pursue the Christian army further, returning instead to Seville and then to North Africa. It is possible he was unwilling to be away from his home base for too long or that the death of his eldest son, Sir, encouraged him to return. 8682:(see F. Meier, Almoraviden und Marabute , in WI, xxi, 80–163). However, the raids of the Saharans who joined the movement were primarily launched from within against Morocco itself, so that Mauritania never became its major centre. Only Azuggī, the capital of the southern wing, under Abū Bakr b. ʿUmar and his successors, was considered worthy of mention by such geographers as al-Idrīsī and Ibn Saʿīd al-Mag̲h̲ribī. 3035:, typically consisting of border motifs composed of two interlacing bands. Similar decoration has also been found in the remains of former houses excavated in 2006 under the 12th-century Almoravid expansion of the Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fes. In addition to the usual border motifs were larger interlacing geometric motifs as well as Kufic inscriptions with vegetal backgrounds, all executed predominantly in red. 2230:, in the High Atlas mountains south of Marrakesh, and from here they progressively rolled back Almoravid territories. The struggle against the Almohads was immensely draining on Almoravid resources and contributed to their shortage of manpower elsewhere, including in al-Andalus. It also required the construction of large fortresses in the Almoravid heartlands in present-day Morocco, such as the fortress of 2717:

Andalusi script, which was associated with Al-Andalus. It was usually finer and denser, and while the loops of letters below the line are semi-circular, the extensions of letters above the line continue to use straight lines that recall its Kufic origins. Another version of the script is rounder and larger, and is more associated with the Maghreb, although it is nonetheless found in Andalusi volumes too.

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uncertainty among historical sources regarding the exact chronology of these conquests, with some sources dating the main conquests to the 1060s and others dating them to the 1070s. Some modern authors cite the date of the final conquest of Fez as 1069 (461 AH). Historian Ronald Messier gives the date more specifically as 18 March 1070 (462 AH). Other historians date this conquest to 1074 or 1075.

1404:(also rendered variably as Azougui or Azukki), which had been built earlier by his brother Yannu ibn Umar al-Hajj. Some scholars, including Attilio Gaudio, Christiane Vanacker, and Brigitte Himpan and Diane Himpan-Sabatier describe Azuggi as the "first capital" of the Almoravids. Yahya ibn Umar was subsequently killed in battle against the Guddala in 1055 or 1056, or later in 1057. 2648:, a 12th-century writer and market inspector, wrote that there were regulations designed to prohibit the practice of making such false inscriptions. As a result of the inscription, many of these textiles are known in scholarship as the "Baghdad group", representing a stylistically coherent and artistically rich group of silken textiles seemingly dating to reign of 7857:

Lamtuna (Adrar), where Yahya b. 'Umar was besieged and killed by the Juddala. Azukki, according to al-Bakri, was built by Yannu b. 'Umar, the brother of Yahya and Abu Bakr. Al-Idrisi mentions Azukki as an important Saharan town on the route from Sijilmasa to the Sudan, and adds that this was its Berber name, whereas Sudanis called it Kukadam (written as Quqadam).

2644:", suggesting that it was imported. However, more recent scholarship has suggested that the textile was instead produced locally in centres such as Almeria, but that they were copied or based on eastern imports. It's even possible that the inscription was knowingly falsified in order to exaggerate its value to potential sellers; Al-Saqati of 1673:

result of military action; there the Almoravids gained power by marrying among the nation's nobility. Lange attributes the decline of ancient Ghana to numerous unrelated factors, one of which is likely attributable to internal dynastic struggles instigated by Almoravid influence and Islamic pressures, but devoid of military conquest.

2174:, a 14th-century chronicle, which reports that Ibn Tashfin, while on his deathbed, advised his son to follow this policy. Alfonso I's capture of Zaragoza in 1118, along with the union of Aragon with the counties of Catalonia in 1137, also transformed the Kingdom of Aragon into a major Christian power in the region. To the west, 2094:. His son and successor, Imad al-Dawla, was unable to establish his authority and, faced with the threat of revolt, fled the city. Ali ibn Yusuf seized the opportunity and gave Muhammad ibn al-Hajj the task of capturing Zaragoza. On 30 May, Ibn al-Hajj entered the city with little opposition, ending the last independent 1454:, who would become very influential in the development of the dynasty. Zaynab was the daughter of a wealthy merchant from Kairouan who had settled in Aghmat. She had been previously married to Laqut ibn Yusuf ibn Ali al-Maghrawi, the ruler of Aghmat, until the latter was killed during the Almoravid conquest of the city. 973:. The Maghrawa also exploited this disunion to dislodge the Sanhaja Gazzula and Lamta out of their pasturelands in the Sous and Draa valleys. Around 1035, the Lamtuna chieftain Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Tifat (alias Tarsina), tried to reunite the Sanhaja desert tribes, but his reign lasted less than three years. 2961:

Aside from more ornamental religious structures, the Almoravids also built many fortifications, although most of these in turn were demolished or modified by the Almohads and later dynasties. The new capital, Marrakesh, initially had no city walls but a fortress known as the Ksar el-Hajjar ("Fortress

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From far-off Maghreb, an emissary of the Almoravid Ali bin Yusuf bin Tashfin came to Baghdad in 498/1104 declaring allegiance to the Abbasids, announcing the adoption of the official Abbasid black for banners, and received the title Amir al-Muslimin wa Nasir "Amir al-Mu'minin" (prince of the Muslims

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with the forces of al-Mu'tamid, al-Mutawwakil, and Abdallah ibn Buluggin. Alfonso VI, hearing of this development, lifted his siege of Zaragoza and marched south to confront them. The two sides met at a place north of Badajoz, called Zallaqa in Arabic sources and Sagrajas in Christian sources. In the

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After leaving Yusuf Ibn Tashfin in the north and returning south, Abu Bakr Ibn Umar reportedly made Azuggi his base. The town acted as the capital of the southern Almoravids under him and his successors. Despite the importance of the Saharan trade routes to the Almoravids, the history of the southern

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people went poorly. As he had more ardor than depth, Ibn Yasin's arguments were disputed by his audience. He responded to questioning with charges of apostasy and handed out harsh punishments for the slightest deviations. The Guddala soon had enough and expelled him almost immediately after the death

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Au milieu du Ve siecle H/XIe siecle ap. J.C., l'écrivain andalou al-Bakri fait état de l'existence à «Arki» d'une «forteresse...au milieu de 20 000 palmiers...édifiée par Yannu Ibn 'Umar al-Ḥāğ, frère de Yaḥya Ibn 'Umar... ». Cette brève mention est vraisemblablement a l'origine du qualificatif

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The foundation of the town of Azūgi (vars. Azuggī, Azuḳḳī, Azukkī) as the southern capital of the Almoravids. It lies 10 km NW of Atar. According to al-Bakrī, it was a fortress, surrounded by 20,000 palms, and it had been founded by Yānnū b. ʿUmar al-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲, a brother of Yaḥyā b. ʿUmar. It seems

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or "Hispano-Kufic" woven inscriptions, with letters sometimes ending in ornamental vegetal flourishes. The Chasuble of San Juan de Ortega is one such example, made of silk and gold thread and dating to the first half of the 12th century. The Shroud of San Pedro de Osma is notable for its inscription

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Alfonso I of Aragon inflicted further humiliations upon the Almoravids in the 1120s. In 1125, he marched down the eastern coast, reached Granada (though he refrained from besieging it), and devastated the countryside around Cordoba. In 1129, he raided the region of Valencia and defeated an army sent

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kingdom of Badajoz after its ruler, al-Mutawwakil, sought his own alliance with Castile. The Almoravid expedition was led by Sir ibn Abu Bakr, who had been appointed as governor of Seville. The Almoravids then returned their attention to Valencia, where another of Ibn Tashfin's nephews, Muhammad ibn

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kings as impious, self-indulgent, and thus illegitimate. In September 1090, Ibn Tashfin forced Granada to surrender to him and sent Abdallah ibn Buluggin into exile in Aghmat. He then returned to North Africa again, but this time he left his nephew, Sir ibn Abu Bakr, in charge of Almoravid forces in

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kings, immediately sent an advance force of 500 troops across the strait to take control of Algeciras. They did so in July 1086 without encountering resistance. The rest of the Almoravid army, numbering around 12,000, soon followed. Ibn Tashfin and his army then marched to Seville, where they met up

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Dierke Lange agreed with the original military incursion theory but argues that this doesn't preclude Almoravid political agitation, claiming that the main factor of the demise of the Ghana Empire owed much to the latter. According to Lange, Almoravid religious influence was gradual, rather than the

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Following this, the Almoravid Empire was divided into two distinct but co-dependent parts: one led by Ibn Tashfin in the north, and another led by Abu Bakr in the south. Abu Bakr continued to be formally acknowledged as the supreme leader of the Almoravids until his death in 1087. Historical sources

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imposed very strict disciplinary measures on his forces for every breach of his laws. The Almoravids' first military leader, Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni, gave them a good military organization. Their main force was infantry, armed with javelins in the front ranks and pikes behind, which formed into a

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cupolas in the corners of the structure. The central nave of the expanded Qarawiyyin Mosque notably features the earliest full-fledged example of muqarnas vaulting in the western Islamic world. The complexity of these muqarnas vaults at such an early date—only several decades after the first simple

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In early Islamic manuscripts, Kufic was the main script used for religious texts. Western or Maghrebi Kufic evolved from the standard (or eastern) Kufic style and was marked by the transformation of the low swooping sections of letters from rectangular forms to long semi-circular forms. It is found

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for reinforcements. When the reinforcements approached, the Almoravids lifted the siege, but laid a trap for El Cid's forces as they marched back to Valencia. They successfully ambushed the Christians in a narrow pass located between the mountains and the sea, but El Cid managed to rally his troops

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kings were aware of the risks that came with an Almoravid intervention but considered it the best choice among their bad options. Al-Mu'tamid is said to have remarked bitterly: "Better to pasture camels than to be a swineherd"—meaning that it was better to submit to another Muslim ruler than to end

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However, criticism from Conrad and Fisher (1982) argued that the notion of any Almoravid military conquest at its core is merely perpetuated folklore, derived from a misinterpretation or naive reliance on Arabic sources. According to Professor Timothy Insoll, the archaeology of ancient Ghana simply

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Ibn Tashfin also made efforts to organize the new Almoravid realm. Under his rule, the western Maghreb was divided into well-defined administrative provinces for the first time—prior to this, it had been mostly tribal territory. A developing central government was established in Marrakesh, while he

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overlords in Cairo, and the jurists of Kairouan were agitating for him to do so. Within this heady atmosphere, Yahya and Abu Imran fell into conversation on the state of the faith in their western homelands, and Yahya expressed his disappointment at the lack of religious education and negligence of

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dated to 1120 (during the reign of Ali ibn Yusuf), also produced in either the Maghreb or Al-Andalus, with a rich frontispiece centered around a large medallion formed by an interlacing geometric motif, filled with gold backgrounds and vegetal motifs. A similarly sophisticated Quran, dated to 1143

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derived from Kufic, which was fully formed by the early 12th century under the Almoravids. This style was commonly used in Qurans and other religious works from this period onward, but it was rarely ever used in architectural inscriptions. One version of this script during this early period is the

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These developments may have been factors in sparking an uprising in Cordoba in 1121. The Almoravid governor was besieged in his palace and the rebellion became so serious that Ali ibn Yusuf crossed over into al-Andalus to deal with it himself. His army besieged Cordoba but, eventually, a peace was

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and raided across the region, aided by Ibn Aisha from Valencia. On their return march, however, the Almoravids were ambushed and both commanders were killed. In late 1113, Sir ibn Abu Bakr passed away. In 1115, it was Mazdali, one of the most veteran and loyal allies of Yusuf ibn Tashfin's family,

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king of Zaragoza, the only other Muslim power left in the peninsula, sent an ambassador on this occasion and signed a treaty with the Almoravids. By the time Ibn Tashfin died in 1106, the Almoravids were thus in control of all of al-Andalus except for Zaragoza. In general, they had not reconquered

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This interpretation of events has been disputed by later scholars like Sheryl L. Burkhalter, who argued that, whatever the nature of the "conquest" in the south of the Sahara, the influence and success of the Almoravid movement in securing west African gold and circulating it widely necessitated a

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invited the man to preach to his people. The Lamtuna leaders, however, kept Ibn Yasin on a careful leash, forging a more productive partnership between them. Invoking stories of the early life of Muhammad, Ibn Yasin preached that conquest was a necessary addendum to Islamicization, that it was not

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The movement of the 'men of the ribāṭ', the Almoravids , became established in the Río de Oro and in parts of Mauritania by missionaries who were adepts of the saint Wad̲j̲ād̲j̲ b. Zalw, who had previously established a ribāṭ at Aglū in the Sūs of Morocco, not far from present-day Tīznīt and Ifnī

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clan, relatives of the ruling Almoravid dynasty, also became important players during this period. Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya was governor of Murcia up to 1133, while his brother was governor of the Balearic Islands after 1126. For much of the 1130s, Tashfin and Yahya led the Almoravid forces to a

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The crisis is evidence that Almoravid forces were over-extended across their vast territories. When the Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Abd Allah ibn Mazdali, had died earlier in 1118, no replacement was forthcoming and the Almoravid garrison left in the city prior to the siege seems to have been

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Ali ibn Yusuf visited al-Andalus for the first time of his reign in 1107. He organized the Almoravid administration there and placed his brother Tamim as overall governor, with Granada acting as the administrative capital. The first major offensive in al-Andalus during his reign took place in the

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to attack the Banu Ya'la, the Zenata tribe occupying the area. Led by Mazdali Ibn Tilankan, the army defeated the Banu Ya'la in battle near the valley of the Moulaya River and executed their commander, Mali Ibn Ya'la, the son of Tlemcen's ruler. However, Ibn Tilankan did not push to Tlemcen right

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suggests that some Almoravids, including the Guddala, were unwilling to be dragged into a conflict with the powerful Zanata tribes of the north and this created tension with those, like Ibn Yasin, who saw northern expansion as the next step in their fortunes. While Ibn Yasin went north, Yahya Ibn

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to the Christian kingdoms to keep the peace, but popular sentiment within the city opposed this policy and increasingly supported the Almoravids. To appease this sentiment, al-Musta'in embarked on an expedition against the Christians of Aragon, but it failed. He died in battle in January 1110 at

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L'historien El Bekri, dans sa Description de l'Afrique septentrionale, parle de l'ancienne fortresse d'Azougui, située dans une grande palmeraie de l'Adrar mauritanien, comme ayant été la véritable capital des sultans almoravides, avant leur épopée maroco-espagnole. Elle ne dut connaître qu'une

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After the confrontation with Ibn Tashfin, Abu Bakr b. 'Umar returned to the desert, where he led the southern wing of the Almoravids in the jihad against the Sudanis. The base for his operations seems to have been the town of Azukki (Azugi, Arkar.) It is first mentioned as the fortress in Jabal

2516:

inscriptions that were sometimes adorned with vegetal or geometric motifs. These demonstrate that the Almoravids not only reused Umayyad marble columns and basins, but also commissioned new works. The inscriptions on them are dedicated to various individuals, both men and women, from a range of

2185:

This major reversal precipitated a decline in popular support for the Almoravids, at least in al-Andalus. Andalusi society largely cooperated with the Almoravids on the understanding that they could keep the aggressive Christian kingdoms at bay. Once this was no longer the case, their authority

2058: 1523:, occupied by the Bani Iznasan, was too strong to capture. Instead, Ibn Tashfin himself returned with an army in 1081 that captured Oujda and then conquered Tlemcen, massacring the Maghrawa forces there and their leader, al-Abbas Ibn Bakhti al-Maghrawi. He pressed on and by 1082 he had captured 1481:

A year later, after suppressing the revolt in the south, Abu Bakr returned north toward Marrakesh, expecting to resume his control of the city and of the Almoravid forces in North Africa. Ibn Tashfin, however, was now unwilling to give up his own position of leadership. While Abu Bakr was still

1390:

Not long after the main Almoravid army left Sijilmasa, the city rebelled and the Maghrawa returned, slaughtering the Lamtuna garrison. Ibn Yasin responded by organizing a second expedition to recapture it, but the Guddala refused to join him and returned instead to their homelands in the desert

1699:

After the death of Abu Bakr (1087), the confederation of Berber tribes in the Sahara was divided between the descendants of Abu Bakr and his brother Yahya, and would have lost control of Ghana. Sheryl Burkhalter suggests that Abu Bakr's son Yahya was the leader of the Almoravid expedition that

2029:

Upon his enthronement, Ali ibn Yusuf was accepted as the new ruler by most Almoravid subjects, except for his nephew, Yahya ibn Abu Bakr, the governor of Fes. Ali ibn Yusuf marched his army to the gates of Fes, causing Yahya to flee to Tlemcen. There, the veteran Almoravid commander, Mazdali,

2286:

by the Almohads in 1147 marked the fall of the dynasty, though fragments of the Almoravids continued to struggle throughout the empire. Among these fragments, there was the rebel Yahya Al-Sahrāwiyya, who resisted Almohad rule in the Maghreb for eight years after the fall of Marrakesh before

1510:

under Almoravid control. He spent at least several years capturing each fort and settlement in the region around Fez and in northern Morocco. After most of the surrounding region was under his control, he was finally able to conquer Fez definitively. However, there is some contradiction and

3368:

reports that, while in combat, the Almoravids did not pursue those who fled in front of them. Their fighting was intense and they did not retreat when disadvantaged by an advancing opposing force; they preferred death over defeat. These characteristics were possibly unusual at the time.

2287:

surrendering in 1155. Also in 1155, the remaining Almoravids were forced to retreat to the Balearic Islands and later Ifriqiya under the leadership of the Banu Ghaniya, who were eventually influential in the downfall of their conquerors, the Almohads, in the eastern part of the Maghreb.

6697:

As far west as the Maghrib, two Berber (Amazigh) dynasties that had emerged in the aftermath of the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba – the Almoravids (1040–1147), who were Abbasid vassals, and their autonomous Almohad successors (1121–1269) who claimed the caliphate for

7103: 1527:. Ibn Tashfin subsequently treated Tlemcen as his eastern base. At that time, the city had consisted of an older settlement called Agadir, but Ibn Tashfin founded a new city next to it called Takrart, which later merged with Agadir in the Almohad period to become the present city. 1367:. The movement was now dominated by the Lamtuna rather than the Guddala. During the 1050s, the Almoravids began their expansion and their conquest of the Saharan tribes. Their first major targets were two strategic cities located at the northern and southern edges of the desert: 1961:

in another battle with the Almoravids, led by Ibn Aisha. The latter followed up this victory by ravaging the lands around Valencia and defeated another army sent by El Cid. Despite these victories in the field, the Almoravids did not capture any major new towns or fortresses.

1831:) of al-Andalus who now called for help from the Almoravids, rather than the kings. In May–June 1088, Ibn Tashfin landed at Algeciras with another army, soon joined by al-Mu'tamid of Seville, by Abdallah ibn Buluggin of Granada, and by other troops sent by Ibn Sumadih of 2872:

The two centers of artistic production in the Islamic west before the rise of the Almoravids were Kairouan and Córdoba, both former capitals in the region which served as sources of inspiration. The Almoravids were responsible for establishing a new imperial capital at

1605:

as overlords. While the Abbasids themselves had little direct political power by this time, the symbolism of this act was important and enhanced Ibn Tashfin's legitimacy. According to Ibn Idhari, it was at the same time as this that Ibn Tashfin also took the title of

1935:

El Cid fortified his new kingdom by building fortresses along the southern approaches to the city to defend against future Almoravid attacks. In late 1096, Ibn Aisha led an army of 30,000 men to besiege the strongest of these fortresses, Peña Cadiella (just south of

2974:

of Marrakesh today. The medina's main gates were also first built at this time, although many of them have since been significantly modified. Bab Doukkala, one of the western gates, is believed to have best preserved its original Almoravid layout. It has a classic

3381:, Christian chronicles reported a legend of a Turkish woman leading a band of 300 "Amazons", black female archers. This legend was possibly inspired by the ominous veils on the faces of the warriors and their dark skin colored blue by the indigo of their robes. 1534:

to the east multiple times, but they did not make a sustained effort to conquer the central Maghrib and instead focused their efforts on other fronts. Eventually, in 1104, they signed a peace treaty with the Hammadids. Algiers became their easternmost outpost.

1732:

rulers burdened their subjects with increased taxation, including taxes and tariffs that were not considered legal under Islamic law. As the payments of tribute began to falter, the Christian kingdoms resorted to punitive raids and eventually to conquest. The

1839:

kings. News eventually reached the Muslims that Alfonso VI was bringing an army to help the Castilian garrison. In November 1088, Ibn Tashfin lifted the siege and returned to North Africa again, having achieved nothing. Alfonso VI sent his trusted commander,

532:

in 1086 among their signature victories. This united the Maghreb and al-Andalus politically for the first time and transformed the Almoravids into the first major Berber-led Islamic empire in the western Mediterranean. Their rulers never claimed the title of

2238:

were built around the capital of Marrakesh for the first time in 1126. In 1138, he recalled his son, Tashfin, to Marrakesh in order to assist in the fight against the Almohads. Removing him from al-Andalus only further weakened the Almoravid position there.

2865:, establishing many of the forms and motifs of this style that were refined in subsequent centuries. Manuel Casamar Perez remarks that the Almoravids scaled back the Andalusi trend towards heavier and more elaborate decoration which had developed since the 1616:, have dated this political decision to later, most likely when the Almoravids were in the process of securing control of al-Andalus. According to Amira Bennison, the recognition of the Abbasid caliph must have been established by the 1090s at latest. When 1060:), suggesting he had obliterated his family past and was "re-born" of the Holy Book. Ibn Yasin certainly had the ardor of a puritan zealot; his creed was mainly characterized by a rigid formalism and a strict adherence to the dictates of the Quran, and the 2153:

Almoravid fortunes began to turn definitively after 1117. While Léon and Castile were in disarray following the death of Alfonso VI, other Christian kingdoms exploited opportunities to expand their territories at the expense of the Almoravids. In 1118,

6718:

The Almoravids, who acknowledged the spiritual authority of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, founded their capital at Marrakech and by 1082 had extended their control along the Mediterranean coast beyond present-day Algiers to the edge of the Kabylia

3362:

phalanx, and was supported by camelmen and horsemen on the flanks. They also had a flag carrier at the front who guided the forces behind him; when the flag was upright, the combatants behind would stand and when it was turned down, they would sit.

2838:

legitimacy, their "inheritance of the Umayyad imperial role", and the extension of that imperial power into the Maghreb. Both minbars are exceptional works of marquetry and woodcarving, decorated with geometric compositions, inlaid materials, and

2050:, which opened the way for an Almoravid invasion of Toledo. This came in the summer of 1109, with Ali Ibn Yusuf crossing over to lead the campaign in person. The death of Alfonso VI in June must have provided another advantage to the Almoravids. 1442:

was killed in battle with them in 1058 or 1059, at a place called Kurīfalalt or Kurifala. By 1060, however, they were conquered by Abu Bakr ibn Umar and were forced to convert to orthodox Islam. Shortly after this, Abu Bakr had reached as far as

1952:

In 1097, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin himself led another army into al-Andalus. Setting out from Cordoba with Muhammad ibn al-Hajj as his field commander, he marched against Alfonso VI, who was in Toledo at the time. The Castilians were routed at the

2987:

fortifications, as well as an apparent need to build quickly during times of crisis. The walls of Tlemcen (present-day Algeria) were likewise partly built by the Almoravids, using a mix of rubble stone at the base and rammed earth above.

1415:, continuing to impose Maliki Islamic law over the communities they conquered. When the campaign concluded that year, they retired to Sijilmasa and established their base there. It was around this time that Abu Bakr appointed his cousin, 1656:

of Ghana, writing in 1394. According to this source, the Almoravids weakened Ghana and collected tribute from the Sudan, to the extent that the authority of the rulers of Ghana dwindled away, and they were subjugated and absorbed by the

549:. The Almoravid period also contributed significantly to the Islamization of the Sahara region and to the urbanization of the western Maghreb, while cultural developments were spurred by increased contact between Al-Andalus and Africa. 2361:

Later on, the Black banner would be attested in clashes and uprisings opposing Almoravid and Almohad movements. The Almohads would adopt the white flag against Almoravid authority, while major anti-Almohad rebellions unleashed by the

3249: 771:, in which they had taken many losses. Whichever explanation is true, it seems certain the appellation was chosen by the Almoravids for themselves, partly with the conscious goal of forestalling any tribal or ethnic identifications. 1566:, provide assistance in besieging the city. Al-Mu'tamid obliged and sent a fleet to blockade the city by sea, while Ibn Tashfin's son Tamim led the siege by land. The city finally surrendered in June–July 1083 or in August 1084. 7008:, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 123.1 (2009): 7–22 : "The Almoravids were the first relatively recent Berber dynasty that ruled Morocco. The leaders of this dynasty came from the Moroccan deep south." 2315:. According to some authors, the black color marked "the fight against impiety and error", it was also considered a representation of prophet Muhammad's flag. However, most sources indicate a clear affiliation with the Abbasid 1776:

kings to finally consider seeking an external intervention by the Almoravids. According to the most detailed Arabic source, it was al-Mu'tamid, the ruler of Seville, who convened a meeting with his neighbours, al-Mutawwakil of

1913:(judge) Abu Ahmad Ja'far Ibn Jahhaf. The latter called for help from the Almoravids in Murcia, who sent a small group of warriors to the city. The Castilian garrison was forced to leave and al-Qadir was captured and executed. 2422:

describes the art of the Almoravid period as influenced by the "integration of several areas into a single political unit and the resultant development of a widespread Andalusi–Maghribi style", as well as the tastes of the

2162:. The siege of the city began on 22 May and, after no significant reinforcements arrived, it surrendered on 18 December. Ali ibn Yusuf ordered a major expedition to recover the loss, but it suffered a serious defeat at the 2054:, west of Toledo, was captured on 14 August. Toledo itself, however, resisted under the leadership of Alvar Fañez. Unable to overcome the city's formidable defenses, Ali ibn Yusuf eventually retreated without capturing it. 1188: 9875: 2675:

textiles. In subsequent periods, starting with the Almohads, these roundels with figurative imagery are progressively replaced with more abstract roundels, while epigraphic decoration becomes more prominent than before.

2170:

very small. It is possible that Yusuf ibn Tashfin had understood this problem and had intended to leave Zaragoza as a buffer state between the Almoravids and the Christians, as suggested by an apocryphal story in the

2198:, to re-organize the military structure in al-Andalus. His governorship grew to include Granada, Almeria, and Cordoba, becoming in effect the governor of al-Andalus for many years, where he performed capably. The 2101:

The Almoravids remained on the offensive in the following years, but some of their best generals died during this time. In 1111, Sir ibn Abu Bakr (governor of Seville) campaigned in the west, occupying Lisbon and

3317: 3064: 1801:(a city on the northern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar, across from Ceuta) be surrendered to him so he could use it as a base for his troops. Al-Mu'tamid agreed. Ibn Tashfin, wary of the hesitation of the 3242: 743:

suggested it was chosen early on by Abdallah ibn Yasin because, upon finding resistance among the Gudala Berbers of Adrar (Mauritania) to his teaching, he took a handful of followers to erect a makeshift

2779:

The Almoravid conquest of al-Andalus caused a temporary rupture in ceramic production, but it returned in the 12th century. There is a collection of about 2,000 Maghrebi-Andalusi ceramic basins or bowls

1700:

conquered Ghana in 1076, and that the Almoravids would have survived the loss of Ghana and the defeat in the Maghreb by the Almohads, and would have ruled the Sahara until the end of the 12th century.

10159:

Delgado, Jorge Lirola (2014). "Les stèles funéraires d'Almeria, marqueurs du commerce et de la circulation des objets en Méditerranée". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).

2671:

The decorative theme of having a regular grid of roundels containing images of animals and figures, with more abstract motifs filling the spaces in between, has origins traced as far back as Persian

2253:

After Ali ibn Yusuf's death in 1143, his son Tashfin ibn Ali lost ground rapidly before the Almohads. In 1146, he was killed in a fall from a precipice while attempting to escape after a defeat near

2529:

of Marrakesh). They have been found in many locations across West Africa and Western Europe, which is evidence that a wide-reaching industry and trade in marble existed. A number of pieces found in

1152: 2145:. After only a short siege, however, he withdrew. His army raided along the way back to Seville and won significant spoils, but it was a further sign that Almoravid initiative was being depleted. 1554:

his primary objective before making any attempt to intervene there. Ceuta, controlled by Zenata forces under the command of Diya al-Dawla Yahya, was the last major city on the African side of the

8663:

Its present capital is Āṭār, though in the mediaeval period its principal towns were Azuqqi (Azougui), which, for a while, was the "capital" of the southern wing of the Almoravid movement, (...)

2123:

who died in battle while serving as governor of Cordoba and campaigning to the north of it. Together, these deaths represented a major loss of senior and capable commanders for the Almoravids.

1899:

ruler of Toledo. He had been installed here in 1086 by the Castilians after they took control of Toledo. Al-Qadir's unpopular rule in Valencia was supported by a Castilian garrison headed by

1916:

However, the Almoravids did not send enough forces to oppose El Cid's return and Ibn Jahhaf undermined his popular support by proceeding to install himself as ruler, acting like yet another

1438:

three centuries earlier. The Barghawata occupied the region northwest of Aghmat and along the Atlantic coast. They resisted the Almoravids fiercely and the campaign against them was bloody.

6613: 1748:

After the Almoravid capture of Ceuta (1083) on the southern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar, the way was now open for Ibn Tashfin to intervene in al-Andalus. It was in this same year that

1708:

Initially, it appears Ibn Tashfin had little interest in involving the Almoravids in the politics of al-Andalus (the Muslim territories on the Iberian Peninsula). After the collapse of the

949:

These nomads had been converted to Islam in the 9th century. They were subsequently united in the 10th century and, with the zeal of new converts, launched several campaigns against the "

9811: 2962:

of Stone") was built by the city's founder, Abu Bakr ibn Umar, in order to house the treasury and serve as an initial residence. Eventually, circa 1126, Ali Ibn Yusuf also constructed a

2311:, both to mark a religious character to their political and military movement as well as their religious and political legitimacy, which was demonstrated through their connection to the 10761: 3114: 2983:, southeast of Marrakesh, and Amargu, northeast of Fes, provide evidence about other Almoravid forts. Built out of rubble stone or rammed earth, they illustrate similarities with older 13272: 2970:, around the city in response to the growing threat of the Almohads. These walls, although much restored and partly expanded in later centuries, continue to serve as the walls of the 1945:

and repel the Almoravids yet again. In 1097, the Almoravid governor of Xativa, Ali ibn al-Hajj, led another incursion into Valencian territory but was quickly defeated and pursued to

1371:

in the north and Awdaghust in the south. Control of these two cities would allow the Almoravids to effectively control the trans-Saharan trade routes. Sijilmasa was controlled by the

1236: 13075: 7090:

The Almoravids were an alliance of Sanhaja Berbers from the Guddala, Lamtuna and Massufa tribes, which formed in the 1040s in the area that is now Mauritania and Western Sahara.

6995:

Vol. 21, Iss. 2, pp. 185–196, April 1931: "The Almoravid dynasty, among the Berbers of North Africa, founded a considerable empire, Morocco being the result of their conquests"

1396:

Umar remained in the south in the Adrar, the heartland of the Lamtuna, in a defensible and well-provisioned place called Jabal Lamtuna, about 10 kilometres northwest of modern

10380: 8775: 2953:

is one of the few Almoravid monuments in Marrakesh surviving, and is notable for its highly ornate interior dome with carved stucco decoration, complex arch shapes, and minor

1114: 10898: 13406: 2194:

to stop him. The Almoravid position in al-Andalus was only shored up in the 1130s. In 1129, following Alfonso I's attacks, Ali ibn Yusuf sent his son (and later successor),

7527:

Studies in West African Islamic History: Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam, Volume 2: The Evolution of Islamic Institutions & Volume 3: The Growth of Arabic Literature

2030:

convinced Yahya to reconcile with his uncle. Yahya agreed, went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, and upon his return he was allowed to rejoin Ali Ibn Yusuf's court in Marrakesh.

1462:

It was around this time that Abu Bakr ibn Umar founded the new capital of Marrakesh. Historical sources cite a variety of dates for this event ranging from 1062, given by

7963:

Il est souhaitable que les fouilles prévues à Azougui, première « capitale » fondée par les Almoravides (avant Marrakech) puissent être prochainement réalisées.

7666:

begins the salutation "You are one of messengers" and the imperative duty to set people "on the straight path". Ibn Yasin's choice of name was probably not a coincidence.

6884:

But, as was the rule throughout the history of al-Andalus, the Almoravid Berbers accepted Arab cultural patterns and Arabic as the language of administration and culture.

1578:

of new conquests. The majority of the Almoravid army continued to be composed of Sanhaja recruits, but Ibn Tashfin also began recruiting slaves to form a personal guard (

3099: 13285: 8648:

The Arab Conquest of the Western Sahara: Studies of the Historical Events, Religious Beliefs and Social Customs which Made the Remotest Sahara a Part of the Arab World

396: 382: 357: 343: 329: 2788:, where they were used to decorate churches from the early 11th to fifteenth centuries. There were a number of varieties of ceramics under the Almoravids, including 2743:

Part of the frontispiece (left) and a page from the text (right) of a Maghrebi or Andalusi Qur'an dated to 1090, the oldest known illuminated Qur'an from this region

3080: 13280: 11417:

Lévi-Provençal, Évariste (1986) . "ʿAlī b. Yūsuf b. Tās̲h̲ufīn". In Gibb, H.A.R.; Kramers, J.H.; Lévi-Provençal, É.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.).

8131: 4849: 2130:. They lifted the siege when the Count returned, but in that same year the Almoravids captured the Balearic Islands, which had been temporarily occupied by the 15674: 6260: 2684: 2705:

before the Almoravid period. Almoravid Kufic is the variety of Maghrebi Kufic script that was used as an official display script during the Almoravid period.

1407:

Meanwhile, in the north, Ibn Yasin had ordered Abu Bakr to take command of the Almoravid army and they soon recaptured Sijilmasa. By 1056, they had conquered

13851: 1760:, led a military campaign into southern al-Andalus to punish al-Mu'tamid of Seville for failing to pay him tribute. His expedition penetrated all the way to 15494: 4845: 3177: 15669: 13303: 6325: 5100: 3310: 2806: 728:). Hence, the name of the Almoravids comes from the followers of the Dar al-Murabitin, "the house of those who were bound together in the cause of God." 15664: 5725: 1107: 760:

wrote that the name was suggested by Ibn Yasin in the "persevering in the fight" sense, to boost morale after a particularly hard-fought battle in the

10521:

Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El Mostafa (1998).

3003:, but some of its remains have been excavated and studied in the 20th century. These remains have revealed the earliest known example in Morocco of a 13399: 2591:

Fragment of the shroud of San Pedro de Osma, early 12th century: the imagery features pairs of lions and harpies, surrounded by men holding griffins

568:, was killed when the Almohads captured Marrakesh in 1147 and established themselves as the new dominant power in both North Africa and Al-Andalus. 13267: 13100: 1903:, a Castilian noble and mercenary better known today as El Cid. In October 1092, when El Cid was away from the city, there was an insurrection and 1363:

In the early 1050s, a kind of triumvirate emerged in leading the Almoravid movement, including Abdallah Ibn Yasin, Yahya Ibn Umar and his brother

6507: 6400: 5311: 5006: 3015:, a water supply system, and possibly a mosque. On the site were found many fragments of architectural decoration which are now preserved at the 2979:

configuration, of which variations are found throughout the medieval period of the Maghreb and Al-Andalus. Elsewhere, the archaeological site of

15654: 3011:

revealed the remains of a domestic complex or settlement dating from the Almoravid period or even earlier. It consisted of several houses, two

2995:. During his reign, Ali Ibn Yusuf added a large palace and royal residence on the south side of the Ksar el-Hajjar (on the present site of the 2126:

In 1115, the new governor of Zaragoza, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tifilwit, besieged Barcelona for 27 days while Count Ramon Berengar III was in

14351: 11969: 643:" literally means "one who is tying" but figuratively means "one who is ready for battle at a fortress". The term is related to the notion of 6541: 2652:

or the first half of the 12th century. Aside from the inscription, the shroud of San Pedro de Osma is decorated with images of two lions and

1100: 2749:

The oldest known illuminated Quran from the western Islamic world (i.e. the Maghreb and Al-Andalus) dates from 1090, towards the end of the

15679: 13392: 12792: 6648: 6607: 6546: 5839: 5769: 1728:(tributes) to the Christian kings, but the payments became a fiscal burden that drained the treasuries of these local rulers. In turn, the 1718:. These states constantly fought with each other but were unable to raise large armies of their own, so they became reliant instead on the 8308:

Le Tourneau, Roger; Terrasse, Henri (2012). "Fās". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

2584:

for "sitting on a luxurious silken cloak" at his grand mosque in Marrakesh indicates the important role of textiles under the Almoravids.

1490:, who was related to both men, defused the situation and convinced Ibrahim to join his father in the south rather than start a civil war. 12696: 11725:

The history of Ibn Khaldun: Record of the Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and Berbers and their Powerful Contemporaries

11674: 6463: 6390: 2798:, made by applying a metallic glaze to the pieces before a second firing. This technique came from Iraq and flourished in Fatimid Egypt. 2771:, contains a frontispiece with an interlacing geometric motif forming a panel filled with gold and a knotted blue roundel at the middle. 957:). Under their king Tinbarutan ibn Usfayshar, the Sanhaja Lamtuna erected (or captured) the citadel of Awdaghust, a critical stop on the 11974: 4840: 3182: 2753:

and the beginning of the Almoravid domination in Al-Andalus. It was produced either in the Maghreb or Al-Andalus and is now kept at the

13597: 13222: 13095: 10382:معلمة المغرب: قاموس مرتب على حروف الهجاء يحيط بالمعارف المتعلقة بمختلف الجوانب التاريخية و الجغرافية و البشرية و الحضارية للمغرب الاقصى 2435:

globally, and of the contributions of the Almoravids as "sparse" as a result of the empire's "puritanical fervour" and "ephemerality."

1692:

in November 1087 following an injury in battle—according to oral tradition, from an arrow—while fighting in the historic region of the

934:: "The original cell of the Almoravid empire was a powerful Sanhaja tribe of the Sahara, the Lamtuna, whose place of origin was in the 3350:. In the Almoravid period, several Andalusi poets expressed contempt for the city of Seville, the European capital of the Almoravids. 2664:, repeating across the whole fabric. The chasuble from Saint-Sernin is likewise decorated with figural images, in this case a pair of 74: 11365:

Ferhat, Halima (2002). "Yūsuf b. Tās̲h̲ufīn". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

11275: 8736: 8407:

Bel, A.; Yalaoui, M. (1960–2007). "Tilimsān". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

1206: 9958: 7471: 4847: 3308:

was an important form of poetry and music in the Almoravid period. Great poets from the period are mentioned in anthologies such as

3044: 2250:(1139), they were defeated by Afonso I of Portugal, who thereby won his crown. During the 1140s, the situation grew steadily worse. 1835:

and Ibn Rashiq of Murcia. They then set out to retake Aledo. The siege, however, was undermined by rivalries and disunity among the

15644: 15487: 13115: 12055: 10910: 4966: 2338:), which would take part in the social and cultural life of the Almoravid tribes in their peace and war time. The desert tribes of 10525:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc. 3267: 2517:

different occupations, indicating that such tombstones were relatively affordable. The stones take the form of either rectangular

1430:, a prosperous commercial town near the foothills of the mountains, and made it their capital. They then came in contact with the 13105: 12315: 6531: 5971: 5193: 5093: 4846: 4844: 4843: 1972:

That same year, with the capture of Valencia counting as another triumph, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin celebrated and arranged for his son,

1848:

kings again. He succeeded in forcing Abdallah ibn Buluggin to resume tribute payments and began to pressure al-Mu'tamid in turn.

786:), where the future Almoravid spiritual leader Abdallah ibn Yasin got his initial training. The 13th-century Moroccan biographer 5654: 5650: 12400: 11473: 11006: 7037:

Messier, Ronald A. (2009). "Almoravids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

6420: 3286: 2991:

In domestic architecture, none of the Almoravid palaces or residences have survived, and they are known only through texts and

11527: 2877:, which became a major center of architectural patronage thereafter. The Almoravids adopted the architectural developments of 2668:

repeating in horizontal bands, with vegetal stems separating each pair and small kufic inscriptions running along the bottom.

15304: 14686: 11902: 11875: 11838: 11668: 11567: 11537: 11510: 11483: 11453: 11401: 11314: 11287: 11185: 11016: 9916: 9889: 9841: 9794: 8913: 8656: 8563: 8486: 8447:

Idris, H.R. (1960–2007). "Ḥammādids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

7986: 7956: 7923: 7849: 7688: 7636: 7589: 7562: 7535: 7508: 7481: 7451: 7209: 7182: 7113: 7083: 6877: 6850: 6823: 6796: 6769: 6742: 6690: 5603: 4961: 4956: 11908: 9858: 9767: 7261: 3137: 1669:

does not show the signs of rapid change and destruction that would be associated with any Almoravid-era military conquests.

1665:

related that the Sosso attacked and took over Mali as well, and the ruler of the Sosso, Sumaouro Kanté, took over the land.

15639: 13812: 12300: 11792:

Lewicki, T. (1992) . "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in relationships between north and south". In Elfasi, M. (ed.).

7816:

Norris, H.T.; Chalmeta, P. (1993). "al-Murābiṭūn". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.).

7498: 6973:

Norris, H.T.; Chalmeta, P. (1993). "al-Murābiṭūn". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.).

5444: 4841: 2587: 2283: 1046:

Abdallah ibn Yasin was a Gazzula Berber, and probably a convert rather than a born Muslim. His name can be read as "son of

15210: 9831: 9784: 2533:

were likely acquired from later pillaging. Some of the most ornate tombstones found outside Al-Andalus were discovered in

15634: 15629: 15480: 13415: 11390:

Russell, Hopley (2012). "Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Abu Ya'qub". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.).

7199: 6395: 6318: 4999: 3016: 1957:. El Cid was not involved, but his son, Diego, was killed in the battle. Soon after, Alvar Fañez was also defeated near 15649: 15356: 14356: 13012: 12407: 11817: 11782: 11647: 11442:

Hopley, Russell (2012). "'Ali, ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.).

10771: 10467: 10210: 10168: 9906: 8456: 8416: 7976: 7050: 6502: 6452: 5618: 5469: 5086: 5024: 2608: 2190:

negotiated between the Almoravid governor and the population. This was the last time Ali ibn Yusuf visited al-Andalus.

834: 5598: 4839: 2882: 2370:

in Al-Andalus would confirm their affiliation to the Abbasids in the same manner as the early Almoravid movement did.

2243: 2182:. The growing power of these kingdoms added to the political difficulties Muslims now faced in the Iberian Peninsula. 15684: 14000: 13037: 13022: 12805: 12649: 12068: 11426: 11374: 11346: 7441: 4842: 2595:

Many of the remaining fabrics from the Almoravid period were reused by Christians, with examples in the reliquary of

2504:

A large group of marble tombstones have been preserved from the first half of the 12th century. They were crafted in

2295: 2138:. The Almoravids occupied Majorca without a fight after the death of the last local Muslim ruler, Mubashir al-Dawla. 2038:, east of Toledo. Alfonso VI sent a relief force, led by the veteran Alvar Fañez, that was defeated on 29 May in the 2034:

summer of 1108. Tamim, assisted by troops from Murcia and Cordoba, besieged and captured the small fortified town of

1989: 1921: 856: 10644: 10417: 10354: 10252: 3205:

under the Almoravid dynasty rapidly accelerated the cultural interchange between the two continents, beginning when

1749: 1688:

in Tadmekka in 1084 and that Abu Bakr "arrived at the mountain of gold" in the deep south. Abu Bakr finally died in

1064:. (Chroniclers such as al-Bakri allege Ibn Yasin's learning was superficial.) Ibn Yasin's initial meetings with the 12992: 12559: 8551: 6641: 6112: 5919: 5887: 5832: 5515: 1855:

kings and now intended to take direct control of the region. The Almoravid cause benefited from the support of the

1242: 1039:

valley of southern Morocco, to seek out a Maliki teacher for his people. Waggag assigned him one of his residents,

11304: 7525: 2922:, the Almoravids sent Muslim, Christian and Jewish artisans from Iberia to North Africa to work on monuments. The 2857:

The Almoravid period, along with the subsequent Almohad period, is considered one of the most formative stages of

2596: 15659: 15583: 14982: 13252: 13155: 13120: 13110: 12957: 12932: 12689: 12368: 12255: 12204: 7871:"Vie(s) Et Mort(s) De Al-Imām Al-Hadrāmi: Autour de la postérité saharienne du mouvement almoravide (11e–17e s.)" 6560: 6526: 6057: 5688: 5562: 3255: 3237: 2508:

in Al-Andalus, at a time when it was a prosperous port city under Almoravid control. The tombstones were made of

1570:

entrusted key provinces to important allies and relatives. The nascent Almoravid state was funded in part by the

14144: 10541:

La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée

8737:"Not quite Venus from the waves: The Almoravid conquest of Ghana in the modern historiography of Western Africa" 6468: 2556:, built in the Marinid period. The other is embedded into the decoration of the exterior southern façade of the 2159: 1825:, was embroiled in a rivalry with al-Mu'tamid of Seville. As a result, this time it was the elites or notables ( 1613: 13590: 13150: 12623: 12295: 12199: 11942: 11610: 10941: 10654: 10427: 10364: 10262: 9988: 6600: 6521: 5754: 5557: 5260: 4992: 4885: 2823: 2811: 2158:('The Battler'), king of Aragon, launched a successful attack on Zaragoza with the help of the French crusader 838: 509:. Shortly after this, the empire was divided into two branches: a northern one centered in the Maghreb, led by 7624: 1764:, the southernmost point of the Iberian Peninsula. A couple of years later, in May 1085, he seized control of 15420: 13196: 12478: 11336: 10554: 5923: 5464: 5245: 1612:('Commander of the Muslims'). Ibn Idhari dates this to 1073–74, but some authors, including modern historian 15543: 10643:

Perez, Manuel Casamar (1992). "The Almoravids and Almohads: An introduction". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).

8905:

Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids: The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib

7174:

Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids: The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib

1200: 15415: 15299: 13032: 13027: 13017: 12810: 12438: 12346: 12091: 12048: 11856:

Moraes Farias, P. F. de (1967), "The Almoravids: Some Questions Concerning the Character of the Movement",

11303:

Rodriguez-Manas, Francisco (2013). "'Abd Allah ibn Yasin: Almoravid: Sahara". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.).

10278: 10276: 10274: 8675:

Norris, H.T. (1993). "Mūrītāniyā". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.).

6570: 2431:

characterization of the art of al-Andalus and the Maghreb as provincial and peripheral in consideration of

2207:

in 1134, where the Almoravids, led by Yahya, defeated an Aragonese army besieging the small Muslim town of

1851:

In 1090, Ibn Tashfin returned to al-Andalus yet again, but by this point he seemed to have given up on the

1648:, founded by the Soninke, sometime around 1076–77. An example of this tradition is the record of historian 11499:

Cory, Stephen (2012). "Tashfin ibn ʿAli". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.).

6369: 5535: 5138: 1031:

among his southern Sanhaja people. With Abu Imran's recommendation, Yahya ibn Ibrahim made his way to the

15425: 14462: 13952: 13042: 12982: 12373: 12310: 6634: 6594: 5857: 5825: 5764: 5759: 5118: 4905: 3121: 2942: 2831: 2553: 1628:

were already being given in the Abbasid caliph's name across the territories ruled by Yusuf Ibn Tashfin.

1224: 798:(The house of the Almoravids), and that might have inspired Ibn Yasin's choice of name for the movement. 10271: 1076:

people. Probably sensing the useful organizing power of Ibn Yasin's pious fervor, the Lamtuna chieftain

15624: 13962: 13957: 13932: 13917: 13183: 13002: 12682: 10670:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2008). "Andalusian roots and Abbasid homage in the Qubbat al-Barudiyyin in Marrakesh".

6313: 5774: 5591: 5569: 5520: 3074:(right), a stone gate built for Ali ibn Yusuf's palace in Marrakesh next to the Ksar el-Hajjar fortress 2754: 1965:

El Cid attempted to Christianize Valencia, converting its main mosque into a church and establishing a

1212: 31: 17: 15603: 9769:

Les Benou Ghânya: derniers représentants de l'empire Almoravide et leur lutte contre l'empire Almohade

8167: 7951:(in French). Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans, Éditions du CNRS. 7839: 6359: 1768:, previously one of the most powerful city-states in al-Andalus. Soon after, he also began a siege of 1338: 1254: 15383: 14531: 14095: 13937: 13922: 13827: 13583: 13007: 12952: 12886: 12705: 12468: 12395: 12361: 12290: 11707: 5740: 5363: 5033: 4299: 3403: 3291: 2557: 1821:, cutting off eastern al-Andalus from the other Muslim kingdoms. Meanwhile, Ibn Rashiq, the ruler of 1314: 1260: 1077: 713: 225: 2039: 1182: 15341: 15316: 15166: 14825: 14820: 13947: 13606: 13313: 12896: 12784: 12443: 9966: 7497:

Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1992).

7306:

P. F. de Moraes Farias, "The Almoravids: Some Questions Concerning the Character of the Movement",

5148: 3210: 3142: 2484: 2203:

number of victories over Christian forces and reconquered some towns. The most significant was the

1719: 1559: 1547: 1326: 1290: 1278: 8478:

Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)

7473:

Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)

3007:

garden (an interior garden symmetrically divided into four parts). In 1960 other excavations near

1900: 15408: 15289: 14830: 14783: 14726: 14425: 14369: 14117: 13967: 13339: 12962: 12569: 12524: 12378: 12269: 12041: 7838:

Levtzion, Nehemia (2019). "'Abd Allah b. Yasin and the Almoravids". In Willis, John Ralph (ed.).

7361: 7129: 6903:

En outre, bien que les Almoravides aient parlé le berbère, l'arabe restait la langue officielle.

6620: 6516: 6342: 6330: 6105: 6017: 6013: 5681: 5664: 5488: 5060: 3106: 2938: 2734: 2725: 2616: 2497: 2446:, rejected what they perceived as decadence and a lack of piety among the Iberian Muslims of the 2142: 1344: 1332: 1218: 827: 787: 13709: 11741:

The Garden of Pages in the Chronicles of the Kings of Morocco and the History of the City of Fes

6041: 5326: 2866: 1712:

in the early 11th century, al-Andalus had split into small kingdoms or city-states known as the

1709: 1574:

and by the gold that came from Ghana in the south, but in practice it remained dependent on the

1558:

that still held out against him. In return for a promise to help him, Ibn Tashfin demanded that

931: 15430: 15331: 15326: 15014: 14962: 14882: 14815: 14719: 14704: 14597: 14364: 14318: 14159: 14046: 13912: 13370: 13318: 12977: 12383: 12245: 9975: 8857:"Listening for Silences in Almoravid History: Another Reading of 'The Conquest That Never Was'" 8646: 6916: 6536: 6410: 6337: 5424: 4915: 2852: 1350: 1146: 1016: 426: 11848:

Mones, H. (1992) . "The conquest of North Africa and Berber resistance". In Elfasi, M. (ed.).

11828: 11721:تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر 11658: 10251:

Partearroyo, Cristina (1992). "Almoravid and Almohad Textiles". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).

7870: 6867: 6840: 6813: 6680: 2407: 1946: 15361: 15321: 15134: 15009: 14073: 14063: 14022: 13993: 13856: 13354: 13290: 13257: 13173: 13047: 12509: 12458: 12453: 12390: 12225: 11865: 8476: 7913: 6786: 6759: 6732: 6711: 6267: 5958: 5493: 5076: 4894: 2858: 2762: 2264: 2263:

staged a major revolt in southwestern Iberia in 1144 under the leadership of the Sufi mystic

1782: 1617: 1451: 1320: 1296: 15249: 13704: 11637: 11600: 7172: 7039: 2457:

from the late Almoravid period indicate that the empire had changed its attitude with time.

2103: 15454: 15284: 15254: 15129: 15060: 15031: 14950: 14284: 14122: 14112: 13649: 13362: 13334: 13242: 12972: 12917: 12577: 12278: 12230: 12101: 6385: 6076: 5225: 2862: 2175: 2051: 1737:

kings were unwilling or unable to unite to counter this threat, and even the most powerful

1514:

In 1079, Ibn Tashfin sent an army 20,000 strong from Marrakesh to push towards what is now

1487: 1266: 1176: 1170: 1134: 15234: 13727: 8942:

P. Semonin (1964) "The Almoravid Movement in the Western Sudan: A review of the evidence"

1620:

visited Baghdad between 1096 and 1098, possibly as part of an Almoravid embassy to Caliph

389: 8: 15146: 15026: 14992: 14894: 14714: 14709: 14521: 14240: 14176: 14051: 14036: 13902: 13883: 13832: 13823: 13777: 13739: 13715: 13349: 13326: 13262: 13052: 12848: 12731: 12549: 12534: 12329: 7598: 6284: 6065: 6033: 5659: 5498: 5476: 5459: 5230: 4790: 3443: 3198: 3028: 3004: 3000: 2907: 2750: 2383:

The Almoravid movement started as a conservative Islamic reform movement inspired by the

2332:

Thus, the Almoravids adopted all the symbols of the Abbasids, including the color black (

2275: 2179: 2155: 1954: 1681: 1555: 1194: 1164: 958: 878: 438: 348: 14862: 14852: 11926:

Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055–1269

11078:

Early Arabic Printed Books-BL: Literature, Grammar, Language, Catalogues and Periodicals

9351:

North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean World: From the Almoravids to the Algerian War

8325:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

5429: 2214:

The greatest challenge to Almoravid authority came from the Maghreb, in the form of the

1841: 1789:, where they agreed to send an embassy to Ibn Tashfin to appeal for his assistance. The 1158: 869: 15259: 15239: 15222: 15173: 15038: 14847: 14798: 14731: 14649: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14536: 14506: 14398: 14296: 14164: 14139: 13927: 13878: 13841: 13836: 13798: 13786: 13745: 13661: 13637: 13473: 13308: 13191: 13168: 13145: 13140: 12997: 12922: 12776: 12752: 12739: 12723: 12642: 12497: 12473: 12463: 12421: 12341: 12305: 12076: 10804: 10726: 10057: 9970: 9884:] (in Arabic). جامعة تونس الأولى، كلية العلوم الانسانية و الاجتماعية،. p. 49. 8884: 8876: 8833: 8767: 8759: 6589: 6497: 6480: 6296: 6252: 5927: 5866: 5693: 5419: 5127: 4870: 3390: 3358: 3170: 3090: 2963: 2919: 2428: 2300: 2235: 1807: 1753: 1471: 1439: 1140: 1040: 954: 918:(Aoudaghost) in the southern Sahara according to contemporary Arab chroniclers such as 717: 552:

After a short apogee, Almoravid power in al-Andalus began to decline after the loss of

529: 156: 13781: 13384: 11935:

La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc

7931:

splendeur éphémère, car depuis la fin du XIIe siècle son nom disparaît des chroniques.

7552: 7105:

L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698–1518)

2043: 1757: 1644:

According to Arab tradition, the Almoravids under Abu Bakr's leadership conquered the

15578: 15528: 15368: 15264: 15200: 15195: 15124: 15021: 14736: 14664: 14501: 14430: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14203: 14154: 13869: 13846: 13791: 13733: 13699: 13666: 13620: 13557: 13509: 13479: 13247: 12942: 12891: 12833: 12616: 12514: 12448: 12158: 11938: 11898: 11871: 11834: 11813: 11778: 11664: 11643: 11606: 11563: 11556:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis, eds. (2012). "Ishaq ibn 'Ali".

11533: 11506: 11479: 11449: 11422: 11397: 11370: 11342: 11310: 11283: 11181: 11090: 11057: 11012: 10937: 10767: 10730: 10718: 10650: 10463: 10423: 10360: 10328: 10258: 10206: 10164: 10138: 10049: 9984: 9912: 9885: 9837: 9790: 8909: 8888: 8837: 8771: 8652: 8559: 8482: 8452: 8412: 7982: 7952: 7919: 7890: 7845: 7684: 7632: 7585: 7558: 7531: 7504: 7477: 7447: 7343:

Ibn Abi Zar's account is translated in N. Levtzion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds (2000),

7205: 7178: 7109: 7079: 7056: 7046: 6928: 6873: 6846: 6819: 6792: 6765: 6738: 6686: 6291: 6208: 6120: 6049: 5931: 5483: 5383: 5331: 5265: 4982: 4286: 4253: 3420: 3409: 3397: 3206: 3192: 3162: 3158: 3157:

The Almoravid movement has its intellectual origins in the writings and teachings of

2577: 2561: 2396: 2388: 2312: 2247: 2163: 2078: 2066: 1941: 1543: 1416: 1364: 1302: 1248: 1230: 1023: 997: 977: 662: 542: 521: 514: 510: 464: 375: 94: 11102: 10309:"The Interpretation of a Passage on Scales (Maw Āzin) in an Andalusian Hisba Manual" 10011: 2768: 2620: 2465: 15573: 15558: 15548: 15217: 15004: 14999: 14955: 14942: 14872: 14840: 14835: 14699: 14694: 14676: 14637: 14570: 14553: 14494: 14484: 14479: 14420: 14376: 14346: 14306: 14289: 14272: 14235: 13986: 13865: 13819: 13802: 13551: 13533: 13521: 13491: 13467: 13449: 13437: 13431: 13344: 13298: 13085: 12912: 12873: 12744: 12658: 12599: 12592: 12554: 12544: 12539: 12519: 12483: 12250: 12240: 12235: 12168: 12132: 11173: 11098: 10845: 10835: 10796: 10710: 10679: 10320: 10130: 9980: 8868: 8825: 8751: 7882: 7620: 7290: 6489: 6232: 6144: 6086: 5983: 5735: 5730: 5718: 5586: 5395: 5279: 5208: 3214: 2996: 2984: 2223: 2135: 1786: 1778: 1742: 1531: 1397: 1272: 593: 148: 11757:

Book of the Amazing Story in the Chronicles of the Kings of al-Andalus and Morocco

10763:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800

7443:

History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco: From the Arab Conquest to 1830

6415: 3023:

featuring Kufic and cursive Arabic inscriptions as well as vegetal motifs such as

1817:

kings and forced them to send tribute payments again. He captured the fortress of

15593: 15588: 15533: 15518: 15435: 15403: 15276: 15244: 15227: 15183: 15178: 15156: 15151: 15109: 15102: 15077: 14937: 14932: 14773: 14654: 14548: 14543: 14511: 14336: 14326: 14220: 14213: 14208: 14193: 14149: 14031: 14017: 13907: 13873: 13539: 13527: 13455: 13163: 12967: 12927: 12878: 12863: 12843: 12800: 12760: 12713: 12611: 12604: 12587: 12529: 12433: 12351: 12209: 12178: 12163: 12148: 12122: 12025: 12007: 11894: 11886: 11557: 11500: 11443: 11391: 11208: 9833:

The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh

8903: 7579: 7269: 6896: 6565: 6405: 6364: 6352: 6279: 6272: 6216: 6152: 6128: 5910: 5698: 5643: 5405: 5388: 5296: 5178: 4935: 4702: 3437: 3347: 3051: 2950: 2923: 2911: 2869:

and instead prioritized a greater balance between proportions and ornamentation.

2709: 2693: 2672: 2549: 2268: 2204: 2195: 1994: 1865: 1638: 1598: 1435: 1284: 1085:(Almoravids)—set out on a campaign to bring their neighbors over to their cause. 417: 300: 183: 54: 14857: 11137:

Kharidat al-qasr wa-jaridat al-asr: Fi dhikr fudala ahl Isfahan (Miras-i maktub)

6737:(in French). Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman. 2902: 15598: 15378: 15373: 15336: 15311: 15294: 15205: 15190: 15161: 15119: 14967: 14927: 14922: 14877: 14803: 14763: 14753: 14743: 14558: 14437: 14331: 14198: 14080: 13942: 13515: 13211: 13201: 13178: 13057: 12987: 12904: 12663: 10840: 10823: 10698: 10394: 10392: 10118: 8829: 6869:

North African Mosaic: A Cultural Reappraisal of Ethnic and Religious Minorities

6842:États, sociétés et cultures du monde musulman médiéval : Xe–XVe siècle (1) 6347: 6304: 6224: 6025: 6004: 5902: 5811: 5797: 5671: 5173: 5050: 4940: 3324: 2980: 2971: 2708:

Eventually, Maghrebi Kufic gave rise to a distinctive cursive script known as "

2419: 2308: 2231: 2222:

in the 1120s and then continued after his death (c. 1130) under his successor,

2002: 1892: 1693: 1503: 1392: 1380: 1308: 950: 874: 757: 541:("Prince of the Muslims") while formally acknowledging the overlordship of the 520:

The Almoravids expanded their control to al-Andalus (the Muslim territories in

483: 11032: 10800: 10714: 10683: 10134: 9932: 9353:(History & Society in the Islamic World), p. 59 By Julia Ann Clancy-Smith 2600: 1813:

After Ibn Tashfin's departure, Alfonso VI quickly resumed his pressure on the

1722:

for military support. This support was secured through the regular payment of

1498:

Ibn Tashfin had in the meantime helped to bring the large area of what is now

980:, a chieftain of the Gudala (and brother-in-law of the late Tarsina), went on 873:

Possible depiction of Abu Bakr ibn Umar (labelled "Rex Bubecar"), in the 1413

794:

before him in the 12th century, note that Waggag's learning center was called

731:

It is uncertain exactly when or why the Almoravids acquired that appellation.

15618: 15472: 15459: 15346: 15141: 15114: 15087: 15065: 15043: 14810: 14793: 14778: 14622: 14575: 14563: 14489: 14381: 14255: 14250: 14225: 14107: 13545: 13503: 13485: 13232: 13130: 12853: 12838: 12356: 12194: 12173: 12117: 11965: 11960: 11165: 10722: 10353:

Khemir, Sabiha (1992). "The Arts of the Book". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).

10332: 10142: 10053: 7894: 7060: 6932: 6845:(in French). Presses universitaires de France (réédition numérique Feni XX). 6475: 6184: 5550: 5503: 5400: 5284: 5272: 4711: 4553: 3449: 3431: 3201:

flourished in the Almoravid period. The political unification of Morocco and

2976: 2827: 2815: 2649: 2581: 2526: 2279: 2110:. Muhammad ibn al-Hajj continued to be active in the east. His expedition to 1973: 1958: 1856: 1765: 1689: 1625: 1571: 1434:, a Berber tribal confederation who followed an Islamic "heresy" preached by 1012: 961:

route. After the collapse of the Sanhaja union, Awdaghust passed over to the

943: 903: 753: 721: 565: 495: 237: 14887: 14867: 11978:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 717–718. 11177: 10974: 10389: 7944: 7886: 2541:, testament to the reach of Almoravid influence into the African continent. 2046:, died in the battle. In the aftermath, the Castilians abandoned Cuenca and 1092: 15563: 15351: 15092: 15082: 15048: 14977: 14972: 14899: 14689: 14671: 14632: 14627: 14607: 14602: 14474: 14467: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14341: 14279: 14260: 14245: 14181: 13575: 12768: 10441: 10439: 10324: 9962: 6376: 5213: 4920: 3188: 3086: 2967: 2946: 2412: 2363: 2258: 2199: 2047: 1818: 1658: 1645: 1621: 1583: 1384: 1072:

Ibn Yasin, however, found a more favorable reception among the neighboring

1001: 962: 935: 659: 178: 11850:

General History of Africa, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century

11794:

General History of Africa, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century

8816:

Lange, Dierk (1996). "The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana".

5877: 2886: 2627:), the shroud of San Pedro de Osma, and a fragment found at the church of 884:

The Almoravids, sometimes called "al-mulathamun" ("the veiled ones", from

739:, but does not clarify the reasons for it. Writing three centuries later, 498:

rivers. During their expansion into the Maghreb, they founded the city of

15070: 15055: 14904: 14617: 14526: 14516: 14442: 14090: 14085: 13765: 13443: 11732: 11716: 9818:

Morocco and Andalusia in the Almoravids era: society, mentalities, saints

6437: 6427: 6136: 5676: 4930: 2992: 2906:

In their North African constructions, the Almoravids explored the use of

2893:, while also introducing new ornamental techniques from the east such as 2790: 2432: 2320: 2141:

Ali ibn Yusuf made his third crossing into al-Andalus in 1117 to lead an

2107: 2081:, was a capable ruler but faced conflicting pressures. Like the previous 1981:

any of the lands lost to the Christian kingdoms in the previous century.

1685: 1649: 1467: 1463: 1412: 1005: 779: 740: 705: 525: 491: 171: 10850: 10476: 10436: 10061: 10037: 8481:. Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib. Brill. p. 50. 2999:). This palace was later abandoned and its function was replaced by the 2011: 15568: 15507: 15097: 14914: 14788: 14748: 14681: 13686: 13461: 12127: 12096: 11748: 11660:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque

10808: 10308: 8880: 8856: 8763: 7383: 5996: 5338: 5291: 5220: 5161: 4866: 3337: 3304: 3277: 3233: 3225: 3202: 2878: 2795: 2573: 2447: 2355: 2351: 2219: 2062: 2006: 1539: 1507: 1475: 1431: 1423: 1020: 939: 927: 919: 907: 841: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 791: 761: 725: 561: 487: 479: 460: 362: 11705:

Hrbek, I. and J. Devisse (1988), "The Almoravids", in M. Elfasi, ed.,

8327:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. p. 51. 7347:, University of Ghana, pp. 239ff. For tentative identification of the 2548:

in later monuments in Fes. One is incorporated into the window of the

2505: 2493: 2454: 1832: 14987: 14758: 14642: 14612: 14393: 14267: 14058: 13632: 13563: 9747: 7407:

La découverte de l'Afrique au Moyen Age, cartographes et explorateurs

6915:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).

6192: 6160: 5978: 5944: 5574: 5156: 3055: 3008: 2874: 2840: 2534: 2489: 2468:; marble basins and tombstones in Almería; fine textiles in Almería, 2460:

Artistic production under the Almoravids included finely constructed

2211:. Notably, Alfonso I El Batallor was wounded and died shortly after. 2119: 2091: 2042:. The result was made worse for Alfonso VI because his son and heir, 1966: 1927:

Meanwhile, also in 1094, the Almoravids seized control of the entire

1798: 1408: 1368: 970: 915: 534: 499: 122: 12674: 11335:

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Almoravids or al-Murabitun".

10787:

Tabbaa, Yasser (1985). "The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning".

8985: 8872: 8755: 2645: 2469: 1937: 816: 513:

and his descendants, and a southern one based in the Sahara, led by

15553: 14388: 14171: 14129: 14068: 12033: 11808:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).

11620: 8932:

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3: From c. 1050 to c. 1600

6176: 6168: 6091: 6081: 5638: 5633: 5510: 5348: 5055: 3365: 3281: 3263: 3229: 3166: 3024: 2895: 2890: 2632: 2612: 2604: 2544:

Two Almoravid-period marble columns have also been found reused as

2367: 2131: 2127: 2115: 2057: 1888: 1769: 1372: 993: 989: 966: 923: 732: 631: 553: 199: 11959:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

11338:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

11278:. In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.). 10119:"Sacred Topography: A Spatial Approach to the stelae of Gao-Saney" 7293:, "Abd Allah b. Yasin and the Almoravids", in: John Ralph Willis, 2760:

More sophisticated illumination is already evident in a copy of a

2035: 1653: 910:

in the north. The first and main Almoravid founding tribe was the

15538: 15503: 14301: 14230: 14186: 14041: 13419: 12064: 12015: 11990: 11008:ذخائر مخطوطات الخزانة الملكية بالمغرب: (Bibliothèque al-Hassania) 10699:"Islam and the West: The Early Use of the Pointed Arch Revisited" 7841:

Studies in West African Islamic History: The Cultivators of Islam

6901:(in French). Wyd. Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. 1964. p. 202. 5988: 5894: 5579: 5343: 5166: 4945: 3150: 2927: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2641: 2473: 2424: 2392: 2343: 2339: 2316: 2215: 1998: 1602: 1575: 1563: 1524: 1515: 1499: 1450:

Towards 1068, Abu Bakr married a noble and wealthy Berber woman,

1401: 1073: 911: 899: 709: 557: 546: 471: 456: 452: 448: 189: 109: 14102: 10288: 7581:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936. A–Bābā Beg

6839:

Garcin, Jean-Claude; Balivet, Michel; Bianquis, Thierry (1995).

14134: 14009: 13656: 12582: 10100: 10098: 5949: 5939: 3378: 3336:

In the European portion of the Almoravid domain, poets such as

3218: 3146: 3020: 3012: 2835: 2781: 2713: 2624: 2545: 2530: 2509: 2461: 2439: 2384: 2227: 2178:

asserted his independent authority and effectively created the

2114:

in 1112 was the last time that Muslim forces operated near the

2111: 1822: 1761: 1724: 1444: 1427: 1376: 1065: 1061: 1047: 1028: 1008: 902:

nomadic tribes, dwelling in an area that stretches between the

888: 783: 701: 577: 475: 334: 152: 138: 114: 88: 10257:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 105–113. 10012:"The Art of the Almoravid and Almohad Periods (ca. 1062–1269)" 9392: 9390: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9255: 9253: 4838: 3389:

Sanhaja tribal leaders recognizing the spiritual authority of

2635:. Some of these pieces are characterized by the appearance of 2512:

marble, which was quarried locally, and carved with extensive

2061:

The Almoravid empire at its height stretched from the city of

1457: 14768: 13644: 9813:المغرب والأندلس في عصر المرابطين: المجتمع، الذهنيات، الأولياء 9322: 9320: 9318: 8192: 8190: 7869:

Ould Cheikh, Abdel Wedoud; Saison, Bernard (1 January 1987).

7557:. Internet Archive. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. 7137: 6432: 3423:(1061–1106, initially as Abu Bakr's lieutenant in the north) 3342: 3032: 2702: 2689: 2653: 2636: 2628: 2538: 2518: 2513: 2450: 2319:, regarded as the supreme religious and secular authority of 2208: 1887:

The capture of Murcia brought the Almoravids within reach of

1870: 1797:

As a condition for his assistance, Ibn Tashfin demanded that

1714: 1551: 1546:) were requesting Ibn Tashfin's help against the encroaching 1520: 1057: 1052: 985: 965:; and the trans-Saharan routes were taken over by the Zenata 749: 735:, writing in 1068, before their apex, already calls them the 647: 444: 166: 11775:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

11076:. Edited by سليمان بن علي حرائري‬ , مطبعة بولاق , . 10950: 10649:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 75–83. 10520: 10095: 9735: 9706: 9542: 9499: 9152: 8554:. In Fitz, Francisco García; Monteiro, João Gouveia (eds.). 8237: 8235: 8207: 8205: 7424:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Livros Horizonte. p. 339. 7011: 3120:

Detail of the Almoravid-era bronze overlays on the doors of

1379:

Berber confederation, while Awdaghust was controlled by the

1069:

of his protector, Yahya ibn Ibrahim, sometime in the 1040s.

10499: 10497: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10073: 10071: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9670: 9622: 9511: 9487: 9417: 9387: 9303: 9265: 9250: 9204: 9128: 9079: 9043: 8973: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8390: 8388: 8358: 7750: 7748: 7733: 2785: 2443: 2347: 2254: 1909: 1662: 1631: 1036: 981: 895: 658:, a North African frontier monastery-fortress, through the 478:, and Massufa, nomadic Berber tribes living in what is now 455:. It established an empire that stretched over the western 206: 13978: 11804:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000 edition. 9588: 9586: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9407: 9405: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9315: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9169: 9167: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9055: 9033: 9031: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 8692: 8690: 8531: 8336: 8334: 8187: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8051: 8049: 7409:(in French). Cairo: Sociéte royale de géographie d'Égypte. 2679: 2438:

At first, the Almoravids, subscribing to the conservative

2242:

In 1138, the Almoravids suffered a defeat at the hands of

1597:

At some point, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin moved to acknowledge the

463:, starting in the 1050s and lasting until its fall to the 11529:'Abd al-Mu'min: Mahdism and Caliphate in the Islamic West 11080:, tinyurl.gale.com/tinyurl/DrMjD3. Accessed 31 Oct. 2021. 10824:"The Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Dome of its Maqsura" 8797: 8601: 8599: 8584: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8252: 8250: 8232: 8222: 8220: 8202: 8121: 8119: 8036: 8034: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7242: 7230: 7154: 7152: 3031:. The structures also featured painted decoration in red 11807: 10980: 10863: 10861: 10609: 10488: 10482: 10445: 10398: 10282: 10219: 10177: 10083: 10068: 9718: 8495: 8385: 8274: 8161: 8061: 8019: 8007: 7760: 7745: 3173:

to organize for jihad and start the Almoravid movement.

1949:, which El Cid then captured after a three-month siege. 1868:) in Al-Andalus, who extolled the Almoravid devotion to 451:

Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day

13414: 11802:

Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History

11576: 11252: 11210:

Un eclipse de la poesía en Sevilla: la época almorávide

11207:

Gómez, Emilio García; Palencia, Ángel González (1945).

10986: 10880: 10878: 10876: 9882:

The city and the desert in Africa during the Hafsid era

9694: 9682: 9658: 9646: 9634: 9610: 9598: 9583: 9566: 9554: 9523: 9462: 9450: 9429: 9402: 9356: 9332: 9284: 9233: 9216: 9179: 9164: 9140: 9116: 9091: 9067: 9028: 9009: 8997: 8949: 8687: 8331: 8073: 8046: 7820:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 583–591. 7709: 7345:

Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History

7218: 3240:

all lived in the Almoravid period. Ibn Bassam authored

720:

to preach Malikite Islam to the Sanhaja Berbers of the

10962: 10599: 10597: 8961: 8785: 8708:

Ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. and transl.

8596: 8572: 8512: 8286: 8247: 8217: 8116: 8104: 8031: 7772: 7721: 7697: 7631:(2nd. ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 7149: 2949:

are important examples of Almoravid architecture. The

2767:(at the end of Ali ibn Yusuf's reign) and produced in 2552:(timekeeper's house) overlooking the courtyard of the 11867:

North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present

11555: 11135:

Imad al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad Katib al-Isfahani,

11124:

Muhammad Messenger of Allah: ash-Shifa' of Qadi ʿIyad

10858: 9979:. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: 8425: 8346: 8262: 8092: 6838: 2415:, believed to have originated in 11th century Iberia. 748:(monastery-fortress) on an offshore island (possibly 10873: 3426:

Ibrahim ibn Abu Bakr (ruler of Sijilmasa, 1070–1075)

2910:

to make arches more decorative, as seen here in the

2333: 1859: 1826: 1607: 431: 10594: 10203:

Fès mérinide: Une capitale pour les arts, 1276–1465

8307: 7662:, Oxford: Blackwell, p. 100. Revealingly, the 36th 7388:ترتيب المدارك وتنوير المسالك لمعرفة أعلام مذهب مالك 7313: 2427:rulers as patrons of art. Bennison also challenges 1661:, a neighboring people of the Sudan. Traditions in 1493: 1011:school. At this time, Ifriqiya was in ferment. The 560:-led Almohad rebellion initiated in the Maghreb by 556:in 1118. The final cause of their downfall was the 11810:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 11737:روض القرطاس في أخبار ملوك المغرب و تاريخ مدينة فاس 11166:"Andalusī Heterodoxy and Colloquial Arabic Poetry" 10161:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 7607:, pp. 308–309 or pp. 160–161 in 1988 edition. 7038: 30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 27:1040–1147 Berber dynasty in west Africa and Iberia 11712:, UNESCO. 1992 edition, Ch. 13, pp. 336–366. 11710:, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 10745:A Practical Guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 10555:"Qantara – the minbar of the al-Qarawīyīn Mosque" 10285:, pp. 71–98, Au coeur des trésors chrétiens. 8316: 7975:Sabatier, Diane Himpan; Himpan, Brigitte (2019). 7868: 15616: 11657:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). 10931: 10747:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Baraka Press. p. 14 10462:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 566–569. 9820:] (in Arabic). دار الطليعة،. pp. 80–81. 8379:Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI 6914: 2881:, such as the complex interlacing arches of the 2496:during the Almoravid period. Now located at the 898:".) trace their origins back to several Saharan 11800:Levtzion, N. and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds (1981), 11302: 9904: 8944:Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 8406: 7625:"The early states of the Western Sudan to 1500" 7500:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 6716:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 14. 6679:Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoglu, Gulru (2017). 3276:In the Almoravid period two writers stand out: 2794:pieces. The most luxurious form was iridescent 2660:that are ringed by images of small men holding 2525:s (similar to the ones found in the much later 2453:kingdoms. However, monuments and textiles from 1984: 470:The Almoravids emerged from a coalition of the 15502: 11766:The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa 11602:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 11475:Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711-1492 11416: 10896: 10627: 9836:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2010. p. 311. 7974: 7815: 7404: 7073: 6972: 6872:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 160. 6678: 3141:A plaque at the burial place of the Poet King 1550:to the north. Ibn Tashfin made the capture of 524:) and were crucial in temporarily halting the 15675:States and territories disestablished in 1147 15488: 13994: 13591: 13400: 12690: 12049: 11701:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 11242: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11217: 11206: 8734: 7674: 7672: 7360: 6917:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 6865: 6642: 5833: 5094: 5000: 2328:and helper of the Commander of the Faithful). 1976:, to be publicly recognized as his heir. The 1882: 1530:The Almoravids subsequently clashed with the 1400:. His stronghold there was a fortress called 1122: 1108: 1019:, was openly contemplating breaking with his 700:The name "Almoravid" was tied to a school of 624: 616: 15451:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 13605: 11306:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set 10932:Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). 10422:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 10359:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 8735:Masonen, Pekka; Fisher, Humphrey J. (1996). 7683:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88. 3019:. These fragments are made of deeply-carved 2303:(1899 illustration by Alfredo Roque Gameiro) 1891:, which was officially under the control of 1703: 1391:regions along the Atlantic coast. Historian 886: 688: 682: 672: 666: 653: 645: 638: 609: 602: 587: 581: 46: 13763: 10250: 9789:. Cambridge University Press. p. 218. 8901: 8322: 8001: 7678: 7170: 6682:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture 1745:, was unable to resist Christian advances. 1458:Founding of Marrakesh and internal division 292:1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi) 79:The Almoravid empire at its greatest extent 15670:States and territories established in 1040 15495: 15481: 14001: 13987: 13598: 13584: 13407: 13393: 12697: 12683: 12056: 12042: 11656: 11229: 11004: 10897:Allain, Charles; Deverdun, Gaston (1957). 10294: 9877:المدينة و البادية بإفريقية في العهد الحفصي 8854: 8446: 8173: 7995: 7669: 6649: 6635: 5840: 5826: 5101: 5087: 5007: 4993: 3400:(also referred to as al-Jawhar ibn Sakkum) 3287:Kitāb al-Shifāʾ bī Taʾrif Ḥuqūq al-Muṣṭafá 2918:After taking control of Al-Andalus in the 2688:An illuminated Quran manuscript in florid 2580:, is recorded as having criticized Sultan 1115: 1101: 73: 15665:12th-century disestablishments in Morocco 13684: 11605:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11598: 11369:. Vol. 11. Brill. pp. 355–356. 11360: 11358: 10849: 10839: 8340: 8196: 8145: 8086: 7918:(in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines. 7550: 7224: 6791:(in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines. 6761:Le Sahara: Histoire, guerres et conquêtes 3187:noted that there were 104 paper mills in 2387:school of jurisprudence. The writings of 857:Learn how and when to remove this message 11964: 11884: 11830:The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad 11768:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11696: 11635: 11562:. Oxford University Press. p. 164. 11505:. Oxford University Press. p. 508. 11448:. Oxford University Press. p. 174. 11421:. Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 389–390. 11334: 11282:. Oxford University Press. p. 124. 11273: 11172:, New York: Routledge, pp. 86–107, 10992: 10956: 10867: 10615: 10581: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10538: 10503: 10225: 10188: 10154: 10152: 10104: 10089: 10077: 10035: 9809: 9782: 9753: 9741: 9729: 9676: 9652: 9577: 9444: 9381: 9326: 9173: 9134: 9122: 9061: 9037: 9003: 8979: 8696: 8679:. Vol. 7. Brill. pp. 583–591. 8632: 8605: 8590: 8578: 8549: 8442: 8440: 8364: 8303: 8301: 8292: 8256: 8241: 8226: 8211: 8181: 8157: 8137: 8125: 8110: 8055: 8040: 7942: 7837: 7783: 7739: 7727: 7715: 7703: 7619: 7419: 7248: 7236: 7158: 7143: 7074:Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (2014). 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7017: 3353: 3136: 2901: 2899:("stalactite" or "honeycomb" carvings). 2805: 2683: 2586: 2483: 2406: 2294: 2056: 1988: 1940:). El Cid confronted them and called on 1632:Southern Almoravids and the Ghana Empire 868: 564:in the 1120s. The last Almoravid ruler, 15275: 11932: 11826: 11791: 11772: 11733:Ibn Abi Zar al-Fassi, Ali Abu al-Hassan 11582: 11389: 11258: 11170:The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Poetry 11159: 11157: 11033:"دعوة الحق – المعتمد بن عباد في المغرب" 10968: 10884: 10821: 10628:Basset, Henri; Terrasse, Henri (1932). 10585: 10534: 10532: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10158: 10006: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9950: 9856: 9712: 9700: 9688: 9664: 9640: 9628: 9616: 9604: 9592: 9560: 9548: 9536: 9517: 9505: 9493: 9481: 9456: 9423: 9411: 9396: 9369: 9338: 9309: 9297: 9278: 9259: 9244: 9227: 9210: 9198: 9158: 9146: 9110: 9085: 9073: 9049: 9022: 8991: 8967: 8955: 8850: 8848: 8617: 8537: 8525: 8506: 8431: 8394: 8352: 8280: 8268: 8153: 8141: 8098: 8067: 8025: 8013: 7798: 7766: 7754: 7604: 7319: 7295:Studies in West African Islamic History 7197: 7101: 7036: 6977:. Vol. 7. Brill. pp. 583–591. 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6866:Boudraa, Nabil; Krause, Joseph (2009). 3217:, into exile in Tangier and ultimately 2824:minbar of the Grand Mosque of Marrakesh 2818:1137 for his great mosque in Marrakesh. 2680:Calligraphy and manuscript illumination 1419:, to command the garrison of the city. 486:, traversing the territory between the 14: 15617: 11923: 11863: 11763: 11753:البيان المغرب في أخبار الأندلس والمغرب 11551: 11549: 11525: 11467: 11465: 11441: 11419:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 11410: 11367:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 11364: 11355: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11269: 11267: 11163: 10981:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 10786: 10755: 10753: 10696: 10669: 10603: 10483:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 10446:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 10399:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 10352: 10306: 10283:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 10200: 9956: 8927: 8925: 8791: 8677:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8674: 8644: 8628: 8626: 8556:War in the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1600 8310:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8177: 8162:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 8149: 7911: 7833: 7831: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7615: 7613: 7523: 7496: 7465: 7463: 7439: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7392:Biographies of Eminent Maliki Scholars 7382: 7131:Encyclopedia Universalis on Almoravids 6975:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6811: 6784: 6757: 6730: 6685:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 302. 2521:or of long horizontal prisms known as 2350:when wrapped around the head, and for 2346:would adopt the black color for their 2218:movement. The movement was founded by 2009:would set the standard of the Iberian 946:are believed to be their descendants. 778:of Waggag ibn Zallu in the village of 15655:11th-century establishments in Africa 15476: 13982: 13618: 13579: 13388: 12704: 12678: 12037: 11885:Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar (2006). 11860:, series B, 29:3–4, pp. 794–878. 11847: 11812:(in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. 11677:from the original on 30 November 2015 11471: 11213:(in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 10759: 10642: 10572: 10457: 10451: 10415: 10149: 10116: 8815: 8803: 8474: 8470: 8468: 8437: 8400: 8376: 8298: 7794: 7792: 7577: 7469: 7023: 6709: 5604:Revolution of the King and the People 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4710: 4708: 4701: 4673: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4621: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4552: 4474: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3284:. Ayyad is known for having authored 2816:Ali Bin Yusuf Bin Tashfin al-Murabiti 1538:By the 1080s, local Muslim rulers in 1096: 704:called "Dar al-Murabitin" founded in 12063: 11631:]. دار الكتاب الإسلامي, القاهرة. 11498: 11154: 11074:قلائد العقيان للفتح بن خاقان‬ 10925: 10890: 10780: 10646:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 10630:Sanctuaires et forteresses almohades 10590:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 10529: 10523:The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque 10509: 10419:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 10404: 10356:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 10339: 10254:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 10231: 9997: 9873: 9863:(in French). E. Leroux. p. 168. 9810:Būtshīsh, Ibrāhīm al-Qādirī (1993). 9772:(in French). E. Leroux. p. 131. 8845: 8781:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7310:, series B, 29: 3–4 (794–878), 1967. 6947: 6815:La Mauritanie contre vents et marées 2323:. Historian Tayeb El-Hibri writes: 2267:, who later passed to the Almohads. 2106:and securing the frontier along the 1794:up as subjects of a Christian king. 839:adding citations to reliable sources 810: 576:The term "Almoravid" comes from the 15680:Historical transcontinental empires 13186:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Zidan) 11546: 11462: 11323: 11264: 11072:ابن خاقان, الفتح بن محمد‬ . 10899:"Les portes anciennes de Marrakech" 10750: 10636: 10588:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 9933:"Almoravids | Berber confederation" 9765: 8922: 8725:(New York, 1973), pp. 51–52, 58–60. 8623: 7945:"La Mauritanie jusqu'au XXe siècle" 7828: 7804: 7610: 7460: 7428: 6614:List of people on stamps of Algeria 2560:, a structure which was rebuilt by 2282:, but their reigns were short. The 1772:. These dramatic events forced the 683: 667: 654: 588: 421: 47: 24: 13657:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania 13158:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik al-Ghazi) 11911:from the original on 1 August 2020 11689:Brett, M. and E. Fentress (1996), 11629:Book of the Roads and the Kingdoms 11122:ʿA'isha Bint ʿAbdurrahman Bewley, 11011:(in French). www.acr-edition.com. 10543:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. 8465: 8370: 7789: 2822:The Almoravid minbars—such as the 2399:and the early Almoravid movement. 1677:high degree of political control. 1088: 25: 15696: 13700:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate 11833:. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118. 11639:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires 10934:Moorish architecture in Andalusia 10416:Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). 10385:. مطابع سلا،. 1989. p. 6740. 9905:Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (2021). 9783:El-Hibri, Tayeb (22 April 2021). 7658:M. Brett and E. Fentress (1996), 7370:Looking to know the men of Sufism 7201:Caliphate: The History of an Idea 6921:Journal of World-systems Research 5198:(8th century BC – 7th century AD) 4865:Sources recount his death in 450 3384: 3243:Dhakhīra fī mahāsin ahl al-Jazīra 2834:(1144)—expressed the Almoravids' 2492:believed to have been created in 2226:. They established their base at 774:The name might be related to the 537:and instead took on the title of 526:advance of the Christian kingdoms 13038:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir) 13023:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir) 12560:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 12268: 11952: 11891:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 11519: 11492: 11435: 11383: 11296: 11200: 11141: 11129: 11116: 11083: 11066: 11050: 11025: 10998: 10815: 10737: 10690: 10663: 10621: 10547: 10373: 10307:Latham, J. D. (1 October 1978). 10300: 10194: 10110: 10029: 9925: 9898: 9867: 9860:Études sur le moyen âge espagnol 9850: 9824: 9803: 9786:The Abbasid Caliphate: A History 9776: 9759: 9344: 8936: 8895: 8809: 8728: 8715: 8702: 8668: 8638: 7405:de la Roncière, Charles (1925). 6818:(in French). Karthala Editions. 5876: 5805: 5791: 5516:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 5137: 5070: 4976: 4904: 4859: 3113: 3098: 3079: 3063: 3043: 2733: 2724: 1684:wrote that the Almoravids ended 1494:Further conquests in the Maghreb 1004:and a jurist and scholar of the 930:. According to French historian 914:. It occupied the region around 815: 394: 380: 355: 341: 327: 15645:Political history of Mauritania 13928:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia 12958:Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq 11591: 11559:Dictionary of African Biography 11502:Dictionary of African Biography 11445:Dictionary of African Biography 11393:Dictionary of African Biography 11280:Dictionary of African Biography 11149:La Grande Encyclopédie du Maroc 11103:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_0151 8611: 8543: 7968: 7936: 7905: 7862: 7652: 7571: 7544: 7517: 7503:. J. Currey. pp. 176–181. 7490: 7413: 7398: 7376: 7354: 7337: 7325: 7300: 7284: 7254: 7191: 7164: 7122: 7095: 7067: 6998: 6981: 6908: 2846: 2244:Alfonso VII of León and Castile 2021: 1720:Christian kingdoms of the north 1652:, who cited Shaykh Uthman, the 1572:taxes allowed under Islamic law 988:. On his return, he stopped by 826:needs additional citations for 13076:Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey 13033:Muhammad ibn Ahmad (al-Wathiq) 11749:Ibn Idhari al-Murakushi, Ahmad 11727:]. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. 11699:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 11642:. Edinburgh University Press. 11341:. Edinburgh University Press. 11126:(Granada: Madinah Press, 1992) 10117:Leube, Georg (12 April 2016). 9908:A Companion to Islamic Granada 8855:Burkhalter, Sheryl L. (1992). 7844:. Routledge. pp. 99–100. 7440:Julien, Charles André (1970). 7006:The place of Berber in Morocco 6889: 6859: 6832: 6805: 6778: 6751: 6724: 6703: 6672: 6601:List of wars involving Algeria 5599:Opposition to European control 4869:, and modern authors give the 3523:Turgut ibn Wartasin al-Lamtuni 3456: 3346:strophic poetry in vernacular 2830:(1137), or the minbar for the 2712:", the only cursive script of 2479: 2274:Tashfin's two successors were 1594:, likely of European origin). 689: 673: 639: 610: 582: 13: 1: 13197:Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir 13106:Ali ibn Muhammad (Abu Hassun) 11870:. University of Texas Press. 8558:. Routledge. pp. 12–13. 7981:. Vernon Press. p. 114. 7943:Vanacker, Christiane (1979). 7530:. Routledge. pp. 88–90. 7422:Os Descobrimentos portugueses 7266:Lexico Dictionaries | English 7041:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 6812:Daddah, Mokhtar Ould (2003). 6661: 5465:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 3132: 3017:Archeological Museum of Rabat 2931: 2234:. On Ali ibn Yusuf's orders, 1470:, to 1078 (470 AH), given by 765: 716:. Ibn Zallu sent his student 503: 13321:(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman) 13018:Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz 11715: 11147:cited in: Mohammed Berrada, 11005:Sijelmassi, Mohamed (1987). 9756:, pp. 91, 270, 342–344. 8994:, pp. 145–153, 166–170. 8902:Gómez-Rivas, Camilo (2014). 7949:Introduction à la Mauritanie 7551:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1971). 7366:التشوف إلى معرفة رجال التصوف 7171:Gómez-Rivas, Camilo (2014). 7108:(in French). La Découverte. 6734:Introduction à la Mauritanie 6666: 4873:date as either 1058 or 1059. 3398:Yahya Ibn Ibrahim al-Jaddali 3271:(Book of Roads and Kingdoms) 3169:. Ibn Ibrahim then inspired 2299:Black banners raised in the 2118:. In 1114, he campaigned in 2085:rulers, he continued to pay 1985:Early reign of Ali ibn Yusuf 600:. The transformation of the 7: 15640:Medieval history of Algeria 14008: 12983:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman 11864:Naylor, Phillip C. (2009). 11852:. UNESCO. pp. 224–246. 11827:Messier, Ronald A. (2010). 11796:. UNESCO. pp. 276–313. 11663:. Oxford University Press. 11636:Bennison, Amira K. (2016). 11396:. Oxford University Press. 10760:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 10205:. Lienart. pp. 29–30. 8323:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 7915:Le Dossier de la Mauritanie 7679:Shillington, Kevin (2005). 7524:Willis, John Ralph (2012). 7351:, see Moraes Farias (1967). 6788:Le Dossier de la Mauritanie 6595:Military history of Algeria 5651:Coup d'état attempt in 1971 5449:(beginning 19th century AD) 5368:(beginning 11th century AD) 5194:Classical to Late Antiquity 4833: 2832:University of al-Qarawiyyin 2774: 2567: 2395:Maliki scholar, influenced 2378: 2334: 2307:The Almoravids adopted the 2271:by the Portuguese in 1147. 1860: 1827: 1608: 887: 646: 603: 432: 10: 15701: 15635:12th century in al-Andalus 15630:11th century in al-Andalus 13340:Abd al-Hafid ibn al-Hassan 12787:(Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar) 11747: 11743:]. Uppsala University. 11619: 11478:. McFarland. p. 202. 11472:Flood, Timothy M. (2018). 11246: 11223: 10841:10.3989/alqantara.2015.007 10313:Journal of Semitic Studies 10163:. Paris: Louvre éditions. 8830:10.1515/islm.1996.73.2.313 6710:Nyrop, Richard F. (1972). 5592:Tangier International Zone 5521:French conquest of Morocco 3372: 3213:, former poet king of the 2850: 2801: 2755:Uppsala University Library 2640:stating "this was made in 2373: 2148: 1920:king. El Cid began a long 1883:Campaigns against Valencia 1590:) and 500 white soldiers ( 1474:. The year 1070, given by 1422:In 1058, they crossed the 1035:of Waggag ibn Zelu in the 806: 801: 32:Murabitun (disambiguation) 29: 15650:History of Western Sahara 15514: 15444: 15396: 14913: 14317: 14016: 13898: 13828:Principality of Catalonia 13773: 13762: 13758: 13695: 13683: 13679: 13628: 13617: 13613: 13427: 13335:Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hassan 13231: 13223:Muhammad al-Haj ad-Dila'i 13210: 13129: 13084: 13066: 12953:Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq 12941: 12907:(Abd al-Wahid al-Makhluʿ) 12862: 12822: 12712: 12636: 12568: 12505: 12496: 12429: 12420: 12337: 12328: 12301:Prefectures and provinces 12286: 12277: 12266: 12218: 12187: 12141: 12110: 12084: 12075: 12022: 12012: 12004: 11986: 11933:Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). 11731: 11708:General History of Africa 11697:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 11599:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 11274:El Hamel, Chouki (2012). 11164:Monroe, James T. (2023), 10822:Almagro, Antonio (2015). 10801:10.1163/22118993-90000196 10766:. Yale University Press. 10715:10.1017/s0066622x00003701 10684:10.1163/22118993_02501006 10586:Marçais, Georges (1954). 10458:Blair, Sheila S. (2006). 10135:10.1163/21540993-00701005 8550:Albarrán, Javier (2018). 7331: 7262:"Definition of Almoravid" 7102:Meynier, Gilbert (2010). 7078:. Routledge. p. 31. 6764:(in French). Tallandier. 6713:Area Handbook for Algeria 6608:Postal history of Algeria 6547:Insurgency in the Maghreb 6370:Sétif and Guelma massacre 5312:Territorial fragmentation 5077:Western Sahara portal 4781: 4779: 4749: 4747: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4635: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4502: 4500: 4492: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4442: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4388: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4358: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4300:Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni 4240: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4168: 4166: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4122: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4096: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3917: 3915: 3901: 3899: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3446:(1145, dethroned quickly) 3404:Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni 3297: 3292:Seven Saints of Marrakesh 2558:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 2290: 1704:Expansion into al-Andalus 1375:, a part of the northern 1130: 1124:Battles of the Almoravids 1078:Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni 1050:" (the title of the 36th 528:in this region, with the 306: 296: 288: 283: 279: 269: 259: 255: 247: 243: 231: 219: 215: 205: 195: 162: 144: 134: 102: 84: 72: 67: 41: 15685:Former empires in Africa 13607:Spain in the Middle Ages 13373:(Muhammad ibn al-Hassan) 13329:(Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad) 13314:Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham 13286:Zin al-Abidin ibn Ismail 11759:]. جامعة الملك سعود. 11526:Fierro, Maribel (2021). 11309:. Routledge. p. 1. 10909:: 85–126. Archived from 10539:Terrasse, Henri (1968). 10036:Balafrej, Lamia (2012). 9857:Dollfus, Lucien (1894). 8651:. Longman. p. 243. 7912:Gaudio, Attilio (1978). 7627:. In Ajayi, A.J. (ed.). 7554:A history of the Maghrib 7420:Cortesão, Jaime (1975). 7394:]. pp. 839–840. 7076:Atlas of Islamic History 6785:Gaudio, Attilio (1978). 6758:Nantet, Bernard (2013). 5413:other political entities 4852: 3269:al-Masālik wa ’l-Mamālik 3165:of the Guddala tribe in 13766:Feudal Christian realms 13293:(Muhammad ibn Abdallah) 13258:Abd al-Malik ibn Ismail 12963:Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr 12813:(al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim) 12806:Abu'l-Aysh ibn al-Qasim 12795:(al-Hasan ibn Muhammad) 11975:Encyclopædia Britannica 11924:Salmon, Xavier (2018). 11717:Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman 11276:"Ibn Yasin, 'Abd Allah" 11178:10.4324/9781003096955-4 10201:Salmon, Xavier (2021). 9937:Encyclopedia Britannica 8475:Baadj, Amar S. (2015). 8451:(2nd ed.). Brill. 8411:(2nd ed.). Brill. 7887:10.1163/157005887X00342 7470:Baadj, Amar S. (2015). 7446:. Praeger. p. 77. 6621:History of North Africa 6421:Independence referendum 6360:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 5682:Western Sahara conflict 5061:Western Sahara conflict 3176:The Moroccan historian 3107:Great Mosque of Tlemcen 2939:Great Mosque of Tlemcen 2883:Great Mosque in Córdoba 2826:commissioned by Sultan 2498:National Museum of Mali 2476:; and luxury ceramics. 2156:Alfonso I El Batallador 1614:Évariste Lévi-Provençal 788:Ibn al-Zayyat al-Tadili 571: 135:Official languages 15660:1147 disestablishments 13913:Monarchs of al-Andalus 13281:Al-Mustadi' ibn Ismail 13151:Muhammad al-Mutawakkil 13058:Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman 12993:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II 12128:Barghawata Confederacy 11937:. Paris: L'Harmattan. 11773:Kennedy, Hugh (1996). 11625:كتاب المسالك و الممالك 11532:. Simon and Schuster. 11095:Encyclopaedia Islamica 10697:Draper, Peter (2005). 10295:Bloom & Blair 2009 9976:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9911:. Brill. p. 120. 8723:Ancient Ghana and Mali 8645:Norris, H. T. (1986). 8449:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8409:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8381:. Fayard. p. 110. 8377:Rivet, Daniel (2012). 8174:Bloom & Blair 2009 7818:Encyclopaedia of Islam 7629:History of West Africa 7584:. Brill. p. 318. 7198:Kennedy, Hugh (2016). 5903:Iberomaurusian Culture 5425:Principality of Debdou 5316:(10th–11th century AD) 4563:Dawud Tamin ibn A'isha 3464:Almoravid family tree 3154: 3093:constructed circa 1126 3089:, one of the original 3039:Almoravid architecture 2945:(expanded in 1135) in 2915: 2853:Almoravid architecture 2819: 2697: 2592: 2501: 2416: 2402: 2330: 2304: 2070: 2016: 1874:while criticizing the 1624:, he claimed that the 881: 625: 617: 597: 363:Barghawata Confederacy 271:• Disestablished 93:Nominal vassal of the 15421:Medieval great powers 13365:(Hassan ibn Muhammad) 13309:Suleiman ibn Muhammad 13299:Al-Yazid ibn Muhammad 13275:(Muhammad ibn Ismail) 13174:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 13101:Muhammad ibn Muhammad 13043:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad 12408:Western Sahara status 12188:European protectorate 12097:Kingdom of Mauretania 11091:"Abū ʿUbayd al-Bakrī" 10703:Architectural History 8908:. Brill. p. 13. 7578:Brill, E. J. (1993). 7476:. Brill. p. 13. 7146:, pp. 43–46, 61. 6989:Is the Caliph a Pope? 6731:Arnaud, Jean (2013). 6527:High Council of State 6307:(19th–20th centuries) 6268:Emirate of Beni Abbas 6255:(16th–19th centuries) 5959:Archeology of Algeria 5292:Barghwata confederacy 5250:(8th–10th century AD) 4983:Mauritania portal 3354:Military organization 3294:were men of letters. 3211:al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad 3195:in the 11th century. 3161:, who first inspired 3143:Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad 3140: 2905: 2809: 2687: 2590: 2487: 2444:Islamic jurisprudence 2410: 2325: 2298: 2284:conquest of Marrakesh 2060: 1992: 1901:Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar 1783:Abdallah ibn Buluggin 1618:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 1560:al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad 1452:Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah 906:in the south and the 872: 712:, by a scholar named 517:and his descendants. 145:Common languages 15431:European colonialism 15416:Ancient great powers 13963:Monarchs of Valencia 13923:Monarchs of Asturias 13710:Caliphate of Córdoba 13650:Kingdom of the Suebi 13357:(Muhammad ibn Yusuf) 12973:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman 12899:(Yusuf al-Mustansir) 12801:Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim 12779:(Yahya ibn al-Qasim) 12755:(Yahya ibn Muhammad) 12726:(Idris ibn Abdallah) 12316:World Heritage Sites 12205:Spanish Protectorate 12102:Mauretania Tingitana 11693:. Oxford: Blackwell. 11224:al-Bakri, pp. 169–72 10325:10.1093/jss/23.2.283 9959:"Abū ʿImrān al-Fāsī" 9957:Pellat, Ch. (2004). 9766:Bel, Alfred (1903). 9715:, pp. 184, 187. 9551:, pp. 173, 181. 9508:, pp. 172, 174. 9161:, pp. 153, 165. 8182:Park & Boum 2006 7978:Nomads of Mauritania 7177:. Brill. p. 3. 7020:, pp. 336, 341. 6077:Early African Church 6058:Prefecture of Africa 6042:Kingdom of the Aurès 5563:Spanish protectorate 5470:Hispano-Moroccan War 5327:Caliphate of Córdoba 5285:Emirate of Sijilmasa 5226:Mauretania Tingitana 4279:Abu Bakr ibn Tashfin 2867:Caliphate of Córdoba 2863:Moorish architecture 2429:Robert Hillenbrand's 2354:in their battles in 2269:Lisbon was conquered 2176:Afonso I of Portugal 1710:Caliphate of Córdoba 1680:The Arab geographer 1519:away as the city of 1488:Mazdali ibn Tilankan 953:" (pagan peoples of 932:Charles-André Julien 835:improve this article 443:'those from the 390:Second Taifas period 221:• c. 1050–1057 15426:Modern great powers 13958:Monarchs of Navarre 13953:Monarchs of Majorca 13943:Monarchs of Granada 13938:Monarchs of Galicia 13933:Monarchs of Castile 13903:Visigothic monarchs 13884:Kingdom of Valencia 13852:Kingdom of Artajona 13833:Kingdom of Pamplona 13824:County of Barcelona 13778:Kingdom of Asturias 13345:Yusuf ibn al-Hassan 13304:Hisham ibn Muhammad 13263:Abdallah ibn Ismail 13013:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali 12978:Abu Sa'id Uthman II 12849:Ibrahim ibn Tashfin 12200:French Protectorate 11097:. 16 October 2015. 10983:, pp. 219–223. 10959:, pp. 299–300. 10913:on 28 February 2021 10743:Parker, R. (1981). 10559:www.qantara-med.org 10460:Islamic Calligraphy 10401:, pp. 195–197. 10107:, pp. 300–305. 10038:"Saracen or Pisan?" 9874:محمد, حسن، (1999). 9744:, pp. 61, 342. 9631:, pp. 186–187. 9520:, pp. 179–180. 9496:, pp. 135–136. 9426:, pp. 172–173. 9399:, pp. 121–122. 9312:, pp. 171–172. 9281:, pp. 117–118. 9262:, pp. 116–117. 9213:, pp. 114–115. 9088:, pp. 163–164. 9052:, pp. 162–163. 8806:, pp. 122–159. 8540:, pp. 160–161. 8367:, pp. 39, 337. 7742:, pp. 30, 336. 6285:Barbary Slave Trade 6066:Exarchate of Africa 6034:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 5660:Moulay Bouazza plot 5558:French protectorate 5499:Treaty of Algeciras 5460:Franco-Moroccan War 5231:Exarchate of Africa 4791:Ibrahim ibn Tashfin 4560:Muhammad ibn A'isha 3444:Ibrahim ibn Tashfin 3416:Subsequent rulers: 3393:(d. 1058 or 1059): 3377:After the death of 3199:Moroccan literature 3145:, interred 1095 in 2751:first Taifas period 2366:in the Maghreb and 2276:Ibrahim ibn Tashfin 2180:Kingdom of Portugal 1955:Battle of Consuegra 1682:Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri 1556:Strait of Gibraltar 1017:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 959:trans-Saharan trade 879:Mecia de Viladestes 349:First Taifas period 261:• Established 200:Hereditary monarchy 13918:Monarchs of Aragon 13879:Kingdom of Majorca 13842:Kingdom of Viguera 13837:Kingdom of Navarre 13799:Kingdom of Castile 13787:Kingdom of Galicia 13746:Emirate of Granada 13705:Emirate of Córdoba 13662:Duchy of Cantabria 13638:Visigothic Kingdom 13350:Muhammad ibn Arafa 13192:Al-Walid ibn Zidan 13169:Abu Faris Abdallah 13146:Abdallah al-Ghalib 13141:Mohammed al-Shaykh 13121:Ahmad ibn Muhammad 13116:Muhammad ibn Ahmad 13111:Ahmad ibn Muhammad 13096:Muhammad ibn Yahya 13048:Abdallah ibn Ahmad 12998:Abu Bakr ibn Faris 12747:(Ali ibn Muhammad) 12740:Muhammad ibn Idris 12479:Telecommunications 11858:Bulletin de l’IFAN 11764:Insoll, T (2003). 9969:; van Donzel, E.; 9679:, pp. 56, 59. 9137:, pp. 45, 47. 8982:, pp. 40, 42. 8721:Nehemia Levtzion, 8160:, p. 22, 34; 7372:]. p. 89. 7332:Ibn Abi Zar, p. 81 7308:Bulletin de l'IFAN 7272:on 16 October 2019 6590:Outline of Algeria 6498:Algerian Civil War 6297:Second Barbary War 6253:Regency of Algiers 5812:History portal 5798:Morocco portal 5694:Hirak Rif Movement 5689:2011–2012 protests 3391:Abdallah ibn Yasin 3359:Abdallah ibn Yasin 3260:Qala'idu l-'Iqyan, 3256:Al-Fath ibn Khaqan 3238:al-Fath ibn Khaqan 3178:Muhammad al-Manuni 3171:Abdallah ibn Yasin 3155: 3091:gates of Marrakesh 2920:Battle of Sagrajas 2916: 2820: 2814:, commissioned by 2698: 2617:San Juan de Ortega 2615:, the Chasuble of 2593: 2502: 2417: 2305: 2301:Battle of Sagrajas 2077:king of Zaragoza, 2071: 2017: 1844:, to pressure the 1808:Battle of Sagrajas 1582:), including 5000 1548:Christian kingdoms 1472:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1440:Abdullah ibn Yasin 1062:Orthodox tradition 1041:Abdallah ibn Yasin 955:sub-Saharan Africa 882: 782:(near present-day 718:Abdallah ibn Yasin 530:Battle of Sagrajas 15625:Almoravid dynasty 15612: 15611: 15470: 15469: 15392: 15391: 15357:Polish–Lithuanian 14532:Gurjara-Pratihara 13976: 13975: 13894: 13893: 13870:Kingdom of Aragon 13847:Kingdom of Najera 13813:Kingdom of Toledo 13792:County of Castile 13754: 13753: 13734:Almohad Caliphate 13722:Almoravid Emirate 13675: 13674: 13667:Duchy of Vasconia 13621:Early Middle Ages 13573: 13572: 13416:Islamic dynasties 13382: 13381: 13243:Al-Rashid ibn Ali 13089:(1471–1549, 1554) 13067:Idrisid interlude 12918:Yahya al-Mu'tasim 12913:Abdallah al-ʿAdil 12892:Muhammad al-Nasir 12881:(Abu Yaqub Yusuf) 12834:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 12824:Almoravid dynasty 12763:(Yahya ibn Yahya) 12734:(Idris ibn Idris) 12706:Rulers of Morocco 12672: 12671: 12632: 12631: 12492: 12491: 12416: 12415: 12347:Foreign relations 12324: 12323: 12264: 12263: 12032: 12031: 12023:Succeeded by 11998:Almoravid dynasty 11928:. Paris: LienArt. 11904:978-0-8108-6511-2 11877:978-0-292-71922-4 11840:978-0-313-38590-2 11670:978-0-19-530991-1 11569:978-0-19-538207-5 11539:978-0-86154-192-8 11512:978-0-19-538207-5 11485:978-1-4766-3372-5 11455:978-0-19-538207-5 11403:978-0-19-538207-5 11316:978-1-135-45670-2 11289:978-0-19-538207-5 11187:978-1-003-09695-5 11018:978-2-86770-025-5 10016:www.metmuseum.org 9965:; Bianquis, Th.; 9918:978-90-04-42581-1 9891:978-9973-922-48-9 9843:978-0-7546-6951-7 9796:978-1-107-18324-7 9384:, pp. 57–58. 9329:, pp. 54–55. 9064:, pp. 43–44. 8915:978-90-04-27984-1 8861:History in Africa 8744:History in Africa 8658:978-0-582-75643-4 8593:, pp. 49–50. 8565:978-1-351-77886-2 8509:, pp. 66–67. 8488:978-90-04-29857-6 8397:, pp. 65–66. 8283:, pp. 43–49. 8244:, pp. 35–36. 8214:, pp. 34–35. 8199:, pp. 81–82. 8140:, p. 59–63; 8070:, pp. 37–38. 8028:, pp. 17–19. 8016:, pp. 17–18. 7988:978-1-62273-582-2 7958:978-2-271-08123-0 7925:978-2-7233-0035-3 7851:978-1-315-29732-3 7769:, pp. 16–17. 7757:, pp. 14–15. 7690:978-0-333-59957-0 7681:History of Africa 7638:978-0-231-04103-4 7621:Levtzion, Nehemia 7591:978-90-04-09787-2 7564:978-0-521-07981-5 7537:978-1-136-25160-3 7510:978-0-85255-093-9 7483:978-90-04-29857-6 7453:978-0-7100-6614-5 7251:, pp. 58–61. 7239:, pp. 55–56. 7211:978-0-465-09438-7 7184:978-90-04-27984-1 7115:978-2-7071-5231-2 7085:978-1-138-82128-6 6993:The Muslim World, 6898:Africana Bulletin 6879:978-1-4438-0768-5 6852:978-2-13-067300-2 6825:978-2-8111-3765-6 6798:978-2-7233-0035-3 6771:979-10-210-0172-5 6744:978-2-271-08123-0 6692:978-1-119-06857-0 6659: 6658: 6571:COVID-19 pandemic 6292:First Barbary War 6261:Ottoman governors 6121:Umayyad Caliphate 6050:Kingdom of Altava 5850: 5849: 5484:Treaty of Wad Ras 5415: 5332:Fatimid Caliphate 5266:Umayyad Caliphate 5111: 5110: 5046:Almoravid dynasty 5017: 5016: 4926:Almoravid dynasty 4831: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4287:Abu Bakr ibn Umar 4254:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 3421:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 3410:Abu Bakr ibn Umar 3406:(d. 1055 or 1056) 3340:produced popular 3311:Kharidat al Qasar 3207:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 3193:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 3163:Yahya Ibn Ibrahim 3159:Abu Imran al-Fasi 2964:full set of walls 2619:in the church of 2562:Ismail Ibn Sharif 2554:Qarawiyyin Mosque 2488:A stele found at 2397:Yahya Ibn Ibrahim 2389:Abu Imran al-Fasi 2313:Abbasid Caliphate 2248:Battle of Ourique 2172:Hulul al-Mawshiya 2164:Battle of Cutanda 2143:attack on Coimbra 2005:); the Almoravid 1922:siege of the city 1544:Iberian Peninsula 1417:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 1365:Abu Bakr Ibn Umar 1360: 1359: 1191: (1109–1110) 1153:Almodóvar del Río 998:Abu Imran al-Fasi 978:Yahya ibn Ibrahim 867: 866: 859: 630:is an example of 515:Abu Bakr ibn Umar 511:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 442: 430: 414:Almoravid dynasty 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 376:Almohad Caliphate 368: 367: 233:• 1146–1147 95:Abbasid Caliphate 43:Almoravid dynasty 16:(Redirected from 15692: 15497: 15490: 15483: 15474: 15473: 15273: 15272: 14938:Austro-Hungarian 14638:Chagatai Khanate 14003: 13996: 13989: 13980: 13979: 13948:Monarchs of León 13866:County of Aragon 13860: 13820:Catalan counties 13803:Crown of Castile 13760: 13759: 13681: 13680: 13615: 13614: 13600: 13593: 13586: 13577: 13576: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13386: 13385: 13374: 13366: 13358: 13330: 13322: 13294: 13276: 13253:Ahmad ibn Ismail 13187: 13184:Abd al-Malik II 13159: 13086:Wattasid dynasty 13053:Uthman ibn Ahmad 12933:Said al-Muʿtadid 12908: 12900: 12882: 12814: 12796: 12788: 12780: 12772: 12764: 12756: 12748: 12735: 12727: 12699: 12692: 12685: 12676: 12675: 12652: 12645: 12593:Hassaniya Arabic 12503: 12502: 12427: 12426: 12369:Sûreté Nationale 12335: 12334: 12284: 12283: 12272: 12256:2011–12 protests 12133:Kingdom of Nekor 12082: 12081: 12058: 12051: 12044: 12035: 12034: 12014:Ruling house of 12005:Preceded by 11984: 11983: 11979: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11948: 11929: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11893:(2nd ed.). 11881: 11853: 11844: 11823: 11797: 11788: 11769: 11760: 11744: 11728: 11702: 11686: 11684: 11682: 11653: 11632: 11616: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11553: 11544: 11543: 11523: 11517: 11516: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11469: 11460: 11459: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11362: 11353: 11352: 11332: 11321: 11320: 11300: 11294: 11293: 11271: 11262: 11256: 11250: 11247:al-Bakri, p. 166 11244: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11214: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11161: 11152: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11109: 11087: 11081: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11002: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10960: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10871: 10865: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10843: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10757: 10748: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10667: 10661: 10660: 10640: 10634: 10633: 10632:. 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Archived from 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7044: 7034: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7004:Sadiqi, Fatima, 7002: 6996: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6970: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6676: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6616: 6603: 6554:2010s to present 6469:1965 coup d'état 6453:Contemporary era 6319:French governors 6237: 6229: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6165: 6157: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6125: 6117: 6087:Fossatum Africae 6070: 6062: 6054: 6046: 6038: 6030: 6022: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5984:Ancient Carthage 5915: 5907: 5899: 5880: 5870: 5852: 5851: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5748:History by topic 5625: 5624: 5587:Tangier Protocol 5542: 5541: 5489:Treaty of Madrid 5451: 5450: 5430:Republic of Salé 5412: 5370: 5369: 5318: 5317: 5280:Emirate of Nekor 5252: 5251: 5200: 5199: 5141: 5131: 5113: 5112: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5037: 5019: 5018: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4908: 4898: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4863: 4581:Yahya ibn A'isha 3470: 3469: 3461: 3460: 3321: 3253: 3215:Taifa of Seville 3186: 3117: 3105:Interior of the 3102: 3083: 3067: 3047: 2997:Kutubiyya Mosque 2936: 2933: 2887:Aljaferia palace 2812:Almoravid minbar 2737: 2728: 2701:in 10th century 2578:Almohad movement 2576:, leader of the 2337: 2025: 2024: 1106–1143 2023: 1863: 1830: 1611: 1609:amīr al-muslimīn 1599:Abbasids caliphs 1207:Balearic Islands 1125: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1094: 1093: 892: 862: 855: 851: 848: 842: 819: 811: 796:Dar al-Murabitin 770: 767: 714:Waggag ibn Zallu 692: 691: 686: 685: 679:to tie, to unite 676: 675: 670: 669: 657: 656: 651: 642: 641: 628: 620: 613: 612: 606: 591: 590: 585: 584: 539:Amir al-Muslimīn 508: 505: 437: 435: 425: 423: 398: 397: 384: 383: 372: 371: 359: 358: 345: 344: 331: 330: 324: 323: 308: 307: 187: 175: 149:Berber languages 127: 119: 77: 58: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 15700: 15699: 15695: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15690: 15689: 15615: 15614: 15613: 15608: 15510: 15501: 15471: 15466: 15455:American Empire 15440: 15436:African empires 15388: 15271: 14963:Central African 14909: 14727:Romano-Germanic 14313: 14047:Middle Assyrian 14020: 14012: 14007: 13977: 13972: 13968:Military orders 13908:Suebic monarchs 13890: 13874:Crown of Aragon 13854: 13782:Kingdom of León 13769: 13750: 13691: 13671: 13624: 13609: 13604: 13574: 13569: 13423: 13413: 13383: 13378: 13372: 13364: 13356: 13328: 13320: 13292: 13274: 13235: 13227: 13215: 13206: 13185: 13164:Ahmad al-Mansur 13157: 13156:Abd al-Malik I 13133: 13125: 13088: 13080: 13068: 13062: 13008:Tashfin ibn Ali 13003:Ibrahim ibn Ali 12968:Abu Thabit Amir 12945: 12943:Marinid dynasty 12937: 12928:Abd al-Wahid II 12923:Idris al-Ma'mun 12906: 12905:Abd al-Wahid I 12898: 12887:Yaqub al-Mansur 12880: 12866: 12864:Almohad dynasty 12858: 12844:Tashfin ibn Ali 12826: 12818: 12812: 12794: 12786: 12778: 12770: 12762: 12754: 12746: 12733: 12725: 12716: 12714:Idrisid dynasty 12708: 12703: 12673: 12668: 12655: 12648: 12641: 12628: 12612:Moroccan people 12588:Moroccan Arabic 12564: 12488: 12434:Bank Al-Maghrib 12412: 12320: 12273: 12260: 12214: 12210:Operation Torch 12183: 12137: 12123:Idrisid dynasty 12106: 12071: 12062: 12028: 12026:Almohad dynasty 12019: 12010: 12008:Idrisid dynasty 12000: 11995: 11982: 11968:, ed. (1911). " 11953: 11951: 11945: 11914: 11912: 11905: 11895:Scarecrow Press 11878: 11841: 11820: 11785: 11680: 11678: 11671: 11650: 11613: 11594: 11589: 11581: 11577: 11570: 11554: 11547: 11540: 11524: 11520: 11513: 11497: 11493: 11486: 11470: 11463: 11456: 11440: 11436: 11429: 11415: 11411: 11404: 11388: 11384: 11377: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11333: 11324: 11317: 11301: 11297: 11290: 11272: 11265: 11257: 11253: 11245: 11230: 11222: 11218: 11205: 11201: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11162: 11155: 11146: 11142: 11134: 11130: 11121: 11117: 11107: 11105: 11089: 11088: 11084: 11071: 11067: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11041: 11039: 11031: 11030: 11026: 11019: 11003: 10999: 10991: 10987: 10979: 10975: 10967: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10944: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10895: 10891: 10883: 10874: 10866: 10859: 10820: 10816: 10785: 10781: 10774: 10758: 10751: 10742: 10738: 10695: 10691: 10668: 10664: 10657: 10641: 10637: 10626: 10622: 10614: 10610: 10602: 10595: 10584: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10537: 10530: 10519: 10510: 10502: 10489: 10481: 10477: 10470: 10456: 10452: 10444: 10437: 10430: 10414: 10405: 10397: 10390: 10379: 10378: 10374: 10367: 10351: 10340: 10305: 10301: 10293: 10289: 10281: 10272: 10265: 10249: 10232: 10224: 10220: 10213: 10199: 10195: 10187: 10178: 10171: 10157: 10150: 10115: 10111: 10103: 10096: 10088: 10084: 10076: 10069: 10034: 10030: 10020: 10018: 10010: 10009: 9998: 9991: 9971:Heinrichs, W.P. 9955: 9951: 9941: 9939: 9931: 9930: 9926: 9919: 9903: 9899: 9892: 9872: 9868: 9855: 9851: 9844: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9808: 9804: 9797: 9781: 9777: 9764: 9760: 9752: 9748: 9740: 9736: 9728: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9675: 9671: 9663: 9659: 9651: 9647: 9639: 9635: 9627: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9603: 9599: 9591: 9584: 9576: 9567: 9559: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9535: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9488: 9480: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9368: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9337: 9333: 9325: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9296: 9285: 9277: 9266: 9258: 9251: 9243: 9234: 9226: 9217: 9209: 9205: 9197: 9180: 9172: 9165: 9157: 9153: 9145: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9121: 9117: 9109: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9060: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9036: 9029: 9021: 9010: 9002: 8998: 8990: 8986: 8978: 8974: 8966: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8941: 8937: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8900: 8896: 8873:10.2307/3171996 8853: 8846: 8824:(73): 122–159. 8814: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8790: 8786: 8778: 8756:10.2307/3171941 8739: 8733: 8729: 8720: 8716: 8707: 8703: 8695: 8688: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8643: 8639: 8631: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8548: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8513: 8505: 8496: 8489: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8445: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8386: 8375: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8339: 8332: 8321: 8317: 8306: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8263: 8255: 8248: 8240: 8233: 8225: 8218: 8210: 8203: 8195: 8188: 8176:, "Marrakesh"; 8172: 8168: 8156:, p. 208; 8144:, p. 180; 8136: 8132: 8124: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8085: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7959: 7941: 7937: 7926: 7910: 7906: 7867: 7863: 7852: 7836: 7829: 7814: 7805: 7797: 7790: 7782: 7773: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7677: 7670: 7657: 7653: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7618: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7438: 7429: 7418: 7414: 7403: 7399: 7381: 7377: 7359: 7355: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7305: 7301: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7204:. Basic Books. 7196: 7192: 7185: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7072: 7068: 7053: 7035: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7003: 6999: 6986: 6982: 6971: 6948: 6937: 6935: 6913: 6909: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6756: 6752: 6745: 6729: 6725: 6708: 6704: 6693: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6655: 6626: 6625: 6612: 6610: 6599: 6597: 6585: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6551: 6485: 6455: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6365:Operation Torch 6353:Cheikh Bouamama 6338:Emir Abdelkader 6314:French conquest 6301: 6280:Barbary pirates 6273:Emirate of Kuku 6249: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6147: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6115: 6108: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6068: 6060: 6052: 6044: 6036: 6028: 6021:(146 BC–590 AD) 6020: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5974: 5964: 5963: 5954: 5913: 5911:Capsian culture 5905: 5897: 5895:Aterian Culture 5890: 5868: 5861: 5846: 5817: 5806: 5804: 5792: 5790: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5775:Imperial cities 5720: 5713: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5699:Abraham Accords 5644:Moroccanization 5628: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5570:French Conquest 5545: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5420:Zawiya Dila'iya 5414: 5408: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5297:Idrisid dynasty 5261:Muslim conquest 5255: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5151: 5129: 5122: 5107: 5071: 5069: 5035: 5028: 5013: 4977: 4975: 4936:Saadi Sultanate 4916:Precolonial era 4896: 4889: 4878: 4877: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4836: 4793: 4714: 4705: 4703:Tashfin ibn Ali 4556: 4302: 4289: 4256: 3747: 3459: 3438:Tashfin ibn Ali 3387: 3375: 3356: 3348:Andalusi Arabic 3315: 3300: 3247: 3224:The historians 3180: 3135: 3128: 3122:al-Qarawiyyin's 3118: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3084: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3052:Almoravid Qubba 3048: 3029:acanthus leaves 2951:Almoravid Qubba 2934: 2912:Almoravid Qubba 2855: 2849: 2804: 2777: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2694:Maghrebi script 2682: 2631:in the eastern 2570: 2550:Dar al-Muwaqqit 2537:in the African 2482: 2405: 2381: 2376: 2293: 2236:defensive walls 2205:Battle of Fraga 2196:Tashfin ibn Ali 2160:Gaston de Béarn 2151: 2073:Meanwhile, the 2040:Battle of Uclés 2020: 2019:Ali Ibn Yusuf ( 1995:Almoravid dinar 1987: 1885: 1866:Islamic jurists 1706: 1634: 1562:, the ruler of 1496: 1460: 1436:Salih ibn Tarif 1361: 1356: 1245: (1125–26) 1239: (1122-23) 1209: (1113-15) 1126: 1123: 1121: 1091: 1089:Early conquests 996:, where he met 863: 852: 846: 843: 832: 820: 809: 804: 768: 752:island, in the 592:), through the 574: 543:Abbasid Caliphs 506: 395: 381: 356: 342: 335:Zenata kingdoms 328: 301:Almoravid dinar 272: 262: 234: 222: 181: 176: 169: 130: 125: 117: 80: 63: 59: 52: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15698: 15688: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15610: 15609: 15607: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15500: 15499: 15492: 15485: 15477: 15468: 15467: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15462: 15457: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15441: 15439: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15400: 15398: 15394: 15393: 15390: 15389: 15387: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15365: 15364: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15302: 15292: 15287: 15281: 15279: 15270: 15269: 15268: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15237: 15232: 15231: 15230: 15220: 15215: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15193: 15188: 15187: 15186: 15181: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15132: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15106: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15075: 15074: 15073: 15068: 15058: 15053: 15052: 15051: 15046: 15036: 15035: 15034: 15029: 15019: 15018: 15017: 15012: 15002: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14965: 14960: 14959: 14958: 14953: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14919: 14917: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14891: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14850: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14808: 14807: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14734: 14724: 14723: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14668: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14594: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14568: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14541: 14540: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14498: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14477: 14472: 14471: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14435: 14434: 14433: 14428: 14418: 14417: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14391: 14386: 14385: 14384: 14374: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14323: 14321: 14319:Post-classical 14315: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14310: 14309: 14299: 14294: 14293: 14292: 14287: 14277: 14276: 14275: 14265: 14264: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14217: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14184: 14174: 14169: 14168: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14126: 14125: 14120: 14118:Middle Kingdom 14115: 14105: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14078: 14077: 14076: 14074:Neo-Babylonian 14071: 14066: 14064:Old Babylonian 14056: 14055: 14054: 14049: 14039: 14034: 14028: 14026: 14014: 14013: 14006: 14005: 13998: 13991: 13983: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13899: 13896: 13895: 13892: 13891: 13889: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13881: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13849: 13844: 13830: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13756: 13755: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13748: 13743: 13736: 13731: 13724: 13719: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13677: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13653: 13652: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13611: 13610: 13603: 13602: 13595: 13588: 13580: 13571: 13570: 13568: 13567: 13561: 13555: 13549: 13548:(1666–present) 13543: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13519: 13513: 13507: 13501: 13495: 13489: 13483: 13477: 13471: 13465: 13459: 13453: 13447: 13441: 13435: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13412: 13411: 13404: 13397: 13389: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13376: 13368: 13360: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13324: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13270: 13268:Ali ibn Ismail 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13248:Ismail ibn Ali 13245: 13239: 13237: 13236:(1666–present) 13229: 13228: 13226: 13225: 13219: 13217: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13204: 13202:Ahmad al-Abbas 13199: 13194: 13189: 13181: 13179:Zidan al-Nasir 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13137: 13135: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13092: 13090: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13072: 13070: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13028:Musa ibn Faris 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12988:Abu Inan Faris 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12949: 12947: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12902: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12876: 12870: 12868: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12830: 12828: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12816: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12790: 12782: 12774: 12771:(Ali ibn Umar) 12766: 12758: 12750: 12742: 12737: 12729: 12720: 12718: 12710: 12709: 12702: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12679: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12654: 12653: 12646: 12638: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12626: 12624:Western Sahara 12621: 12620: 12619: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12596: 12595: 12590: 12574: 12572: 12566: 12565: 12563: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12506: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12489: 12487: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12469:Western Sahara 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12396:Prime Minister 12393: 12388: 12387: 12386: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12349: 12344: 12338: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12311:Western Sahara 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12287: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12191: 12189: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12145: 12143: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12114: 12112: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12088: 12086: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12061: 12060: 12053: 12046: 12038: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12021: 12011: 12006: 12002: 12001: 11996: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11966:Chisholm, Hugh 11949: 11943: 11930: 11921: 11903: 11882: 11876: 11861: 11854: 11845: 11839: 11824: 11819:978-2350314907 11818: 11805: 11798: 11789: 11784:978-1317870418 11783: 11770: 11761: 11745: 11729: 11713: 11703: 11694: 11687: 11669: 11654: 11649:978-0748646821 11648: 11633: 11617: 11611: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11585:, p. 318. 11575: 11568: 11545: 11538: 11518: 11511: 11491: 11484: 11461: 11454: 11434: 11427: 11409: 11402: 11382: 11375: 11354: 11347: 11322: 11315: 11295: 11288: 11263: 11261:, p. 118. 11251: 11228: 11216: 11199: 11186: 11153: 11140: 11128: 11115: 11082: 11065: 11049: 11024: 11017: 10997: 10985: 10973: 10961: 10949: 10942: 10924: 10889: 10872: 10857: 10834:(1): 199–257. 10814: 10779: 10773:978-0300218701 10772: 10749: 10736: 10689: 10662: 10655: 10635: 10620: 10618:, p. 276. 10608: 10593: 10571: 10546: 10528: 10508: 10506:, p. 304. 10487: 10485:, p. 225. 10475: 10469:978-0748635405 10468: 10450: 10448:, p. 224. 10435: 10428: 10403: 10388: 10372: 10365: 10338: 10319:(2): 283–290. 10299: 10287: 10270: 10263: 10230: 10228:, p. 303. 10218: 10212:978-2359063356 10211: 10193: 10191:, p. 302. 10176: 10170:978-2350314907 10169: 10148: 10123:Islamic Africa 10109: 10094: 10092:, p. 277. 10082: 10080:, p. 278. 10067: 10042:Ars Orientalis 10028: 9996: 9989: 9983:. p. 27. 9967:Bosworth, C.E. 9949: 9924: 9917: 9897: 9890: 9866: 9849: 9842: 9823: 9802: 9795: 9775: 9758: 9746: 9734: 9732:, p. 718. 9717: 9705: 9703:, p. 184. 9693: 9691:, p. 224. 9681: 9669: 9667:, p. 183. 9657: 9645: 9643:, p. 187. 9633: 9621: 9619:, p. 186. 9609: 9607:, p. 185. 9597: 9595:, p. 182. 9582: 9565: 9563:, p. 180. 9553: 9541: 9539:, p. 181. 9522: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9484:, p. 174. 9461: 9459:, p. 135. 9449: 9428: 9416: 9414:, p. 172. 9401: 9386: 9374: 9372:, p. 173. 9355: 9343: 9341:, p. 121. 9331: 9314: 9302: 9300:, p. 166. 9283: 9264: 9249: 9247:, p. 116. 9232: 9230:, p. 115. 9215: 9203: 9201:, p. 165. 9178: 9163: 9151: 9149:, p. 112. 9139: 9127: 9115: 9113:, p. 164. 9090: 9078: 9076:, p. 163. 9066: 9054: 9042: 9027: 9025:, p. 162. 9008: 8996: 8984: 8972: 8960: 8958:, p. 209. 8948: 8935: 8921: 8914: 8894: 8844: 8808: 8796: 8794:, p. 230. 8784: 8727: 8714: 8701: 8686: 8667: 8657: 8637: 8622: 8610: 8595: 8583: 8571: 8564: 8542: 8530: 8528:, p. 161. 8511: 8494: 8487: 8464: 8458:978-9004161214 8457: 8436: 8424: 8418:978-9004161214 8417: 8399: 8384: 8369: 8357: 8345: 8341:Abun-Nasr 1987 8330: 8315: 8297: 8285: 8273: 8261: 8246: 8231: 8216: 8201: 8197:Abun-Nasr 1987 8186: 8184:, p. 238. 8180:, p. 90; 8166: 8164:, p. 565. 8152:, p. 33; 8148:, p. 83; 8146:Abun-Nasr 1987 8130: 8115: 8103: 8091: 8087:Abun-Nasr 1987 8072: 8060: 8058:, p. 717. 8045: 8030: 8018: 8006: 7994: 7987: 7967: 7957: 7935: 7924: 7904: 7861: 7850: 7827: 7803: 7788: 7771: 7759: 7744: 7732: 7720: 7718:, p. 336. 7708: 7696: 7689: 7668: 7651: 7637: 7609: 7597: 7590: 7570: 7563: 7543: 7536: 7516: 7509: 7489: 7482: 7459: 7452: 7427: 7412: 7397: 7375: 7353: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7299: 7283: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7225:Abun-Nasr 1987 7217: 7210: 7190: 7183: 7163: 7148: 7136: 7121: 7114: 7094: 7084: 7066: 7052:978-9004181304 7051: 7022: 7010: 6997: 6980: 6946: 6907: 6888: 6878: 6858: 6851: 6831: 6824: 6804: 6797: 6777: 6770: 6750: 6743: 6723: 6702: 6691: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6605: 6592: 6586: 6584:Related topics 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6566:Hirak Movement 6563: 6557: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6494: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6348:Mokrani Revolt 6345: 6343:Fatma N'Soumer 6340: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6305:French Algeria 6300: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6257: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236:(1235–1556 AD) 6230: 6228:(1229–1574 AD) 6222: 6220:(1215–1465 AD) 6214: 6212:(1121–1269 AD) 6206: 6204:(1040–1147 AD) 6198: 6196:(1014–1152 AD) 6190: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6126: 6118: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6063: 6055: 6047: 6039: 6031: 6026:Vandal Kingdom 6023: 6010: 6005:Jugurthine War 6002: 5994: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5916: 5908: 5900: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5872: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5801: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5719:Morocco in the 5715: 5714: 5712:Related topics 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5672:Madrid Accords 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5623:(1956–present) 5617: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5494:Tangier Crisis 5491: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477:Protégé system 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5174:Iberomaurusian 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5134: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5051:Spanish Sahara 5048: 5040: 5039: 5036:Western Sahara 5030: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4941:Songhai Empire 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4910: 4909: 4901: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4875: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3386: 3385:List of rulers 3383: 3374: 3371: 3355: 3352: 3331:Mu'jam as-Sifr 3325:Rawd al-Qirtas 3299: 3296: 3290:. Many of the 3134: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3119: 3112: 3110: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3085: 3078: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3060: 3049: 3042: 3040: 3001:Almohad Kasbah 2851:Main article: 2848: 2845: 2810:Detail of the 2803: 2800: 2776: 2773: 2742: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2681: 2678: 2621:Quintanaortuña 2572:The fact that 2569: 2566: 2481: 2478: 2420:Amira Bennison 2404: 2401: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2309:Black standard 2292: 2289: 2150: 2147: 2003:British Museum 1986: 1983: 1884: 1881: 1705: 1702: 1633: 1630: 1626:Friday prayers 1504:Western Sahara 1495: 1492: 1459: 1456: 1426:and conquered 1393:Amira Bennison 1358: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1189:Central Iberia 1186: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1105: 1097: 1090: 1087: 1000:, a native of 894:, Arabic for " 875:portolan chart 865: 864: 847:September 2021 823: 821: 814: 808: 805: 803: 800: 573: 570: 502:as a capital, 484:Western Sahara 408: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 392: 386: 385: 378: 369: 366: 365: 360: 352: 351: 346: 338: 337: 332: 320: 319: 314: 304: 303: 298: 294: 293: 290: 286: 285: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 232: 229: 228: 226:Yahya ibn Umar 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 184:Roman Catholic 164: 160: 159: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 129: 128: 126:(c. 1070–1147) 120: 118:(1058–c. 1070) 112: 106: 104: 100: 99: 98: 97: 86: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 65: 64: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15697: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15516: 15513: 15509: 15505: 15498: 15493: 15491: 15486: 15484: 15479: 15478: 15475: 15461: 15460:Soviet empire 15458: 15456: 15453: 15452: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15445:Miscellaneous 15443: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15410: 15407: 15406: 15405: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15395: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15363: 15360: 15359: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15297: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15278: 15274: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15242: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15176: 15175: 15172: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15144: 15143: 15140: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15127: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15079: 15076: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15063: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15044:German Empire 15042: 15041: 15040: 15037: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15024: 15023: 15020: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15007: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14970: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14948: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14916: 14912: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14855: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14813: 14812: 14809: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14786: 14785: 14784:Turco-Persian 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14728: 14725: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14692: 14691: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14652: 14651: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14573: 14572: 14569: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14542: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14436: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14422: 14419: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14378: 14375: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14282: 14281: 14278: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14269: 14266: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14233: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14192: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14083: 14082: 14079: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14060: 14057: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14004: 13999: 13997: 13992: 13990: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13897: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13864: 13858: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13818: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13804: 13800: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13772: 13768: 13767: 13761: 13757: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13741: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13729: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13717: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13694: 13689: 13688: 13682: 13678: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13646: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13627: 13623: 13622: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13601: 13596: 13594: 13589: 13587: 13582: 13581: 13578: 13565: 13562: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13550: 13547: 13544: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13532: 13529: 13526: 13523: 13520: 13517: 13514: 13511: 13508: 13505: 13502: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13490: 13487: 13484: 13481: 13478: 13475: 13472: 13469: 13466: 13463: 13460: 13457: 13454: 13451: 13448: 13445: 13442: 13439: 13436: 13433: 13430: 13429: 13426: 13421: 13417: 13410: 13405: 13403: 13398: 13396: 13391: 13390: 13387: 13375: 13369: 13367: 13361: 13359: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13325: 13323: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13291:Muhammad III 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13234: 13233:Alawi dynasty 13230: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13213: 13209: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13132: 13131:Saadi dynasty 13128: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13087: 13083: 13077: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13065: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12903: 12901: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12877: 12875: 12874:Abd al-Mu'min 12872: 12871: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12855: 12854:Ishaq ibn Ali 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12839:Ali ibn Yusuf 12837: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12815: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12791: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12775: 12773: 12767: 12765: 12759: 12757: 12751: 12749: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12730: 12728: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12700: 12695: 12693: 12688: 12686: 12681: 12680: 12677: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12651: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12639: 12635: 12625: 12622: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12613: 12610: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12567: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12419: 12409: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12385: 12382: 12381: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12357:Alawi dynasty 12355: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12327: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12271: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12217: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12195:Treaty of Fez 12193: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12118:Berber Revolt 12116: 12115: 12113: 12111:Early Islamic 12109: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12059: 12054: 12052: 12047: 12045: 12040: 12039: 12036: 12027: 12018: 12017: 12009: 12003: 11999: 11994: 11992: 11985: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11967: 11962: 11961:public domain 11950: 11946: 11940: 11936: 11931: 11927: 11922: 11910: 11906: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11883: 11879: 11873: 11869: 11868: 11862: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11846: 11842: 11836: 11832: 11831: 11825: 11821: 11815: 11811: 11806: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11790: 11786: 11780: 11777:. Routledge. 11776: 11771: 11767: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11704: 11700: 11695: 11692: 11688: 11676: 11672: 11666: 11662: 11661: 11655: 11651: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11584: 11579: 11571: 11565: 11561: 11560: 11552: 11550: 11541: 11535: 11531: 11530: 11522: 11514: 11508: 11504: 11503: 11495: 11487: 11481: 11477: 11476: 11468: 11466: 11457: 11451: 11447: 11446: 11438: 11430: 11428:9789004161214 11424: 11420: 11413: 11405: 11399: 11395: 11394: 11386: 11378: 11376:9789004161214 11372: 11368: 11361: 11359: 11350: 11348:9780748696482 11344: 11340: 11339: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11318: 11312: 11308: 11307: 11299: 11291: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11270: 11268: 11260: 11255: 11248: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11225: 11220: 11212: 11211: 11203: 11189: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11160: 11158: 11151:, 1987, p. 41 11150: 11144: 11138: 11132: 11125: 11119: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11086: 11079: 11075: 11069: 11061: 11060: 11053: 11038: 11037:habous.gov.ma 11034: 11028: 11020: 11014: 11010: 11009: 11001: 10995:, p. 27. 10994: 10993:Bennison 2016 10989: 10982: 10977: 10971:, p. 71. 10970: 10965: 10958: 10957:Bennison 2016 10953: 10945: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10893: 10886: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10869: 10868:Deverdun 1959 10864: 10862: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10783: 10775: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10756: 10754: 10746: 10740: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10693: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10666: 10658: 10652: 10648: 10647: 10639: 10631: 10624: 10617: 10616:Bennison 2016 10612: 10605: 10600: 10598: 10589: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10542: 10535: 10533: 10524: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10505: 10504:Bennison 2016 10500: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10484: 10479: 10471: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10447: 10442: 10440: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10420: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10400: 10395: 10393: 10384: 10383: 10376: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10357: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10291: 10284: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10266: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10227: 10226:Bennison 2016 10222: 10214: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10189:Bennison 2016 10185: 10183: 10181: 10172: 10166: 10162: 10155: 10153: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10105:Bennison 2016 10101: 10099: 10091: 10090:Bennison 2016 10086: 10079: 10078:Bennison 2016 10074: 10072: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10032: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9992: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9953: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9920: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9901: 9893: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9870: 9862: 9861: 9853: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9827: 9819: 9815: 9814: 9806: 9798: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9779: 9771: 9770: 9762: 9755: 9754:Bennison 2016 9750: 9743: 9742:Bennison 2016 9738: 9731: 9730:Chisholm 1911 9726: 9724: 9722: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9697: 9690: 9685: 9678: 9677:Bennison 2016 9673: 9666: 9661: 9655:, p. 58. 9654: 9653:Bennison 2016 9649: 9642: 9637: 9630: 9625: 9618: 9613: 9606: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9587: 9580:, p. 57. 9579: 9578:Bennison 2016 9574: 9572: 9570: 9562: 9557: 9550: 9545: 9538: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9519: 9514: 9507: 9502: 9495: 9490: 9483: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9458: 9453: 9447:, p. 56. 9446: 9445:Bennison 2016 9441: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9425: 9420: 9413: 9408: 9406: 9398: 9393: 9391: 9383: 9382:Bennison 2016 9378: 9371: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9352: 9347: 9340: 9335: 9328: 9327:Bennison 2016 9323: 9321: 9319: 9311: 9306: 9299: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9280: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9261: 9256: 9254: 9246: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9229: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9212: 9207: 9200: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9176:, p. 46. 9175: 9174:Bennison 2016 9170: 9168: 9160: 9155: 9148: 9143: 9136: 9135:Bennison 2016 9131: 9125:, p. 45. 9124: 9123:Bennison 2016 9119: 9112: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9087: 9082: 9075: 9070: 9063: 9062:Bennison 2016 9058: 9051: 9046: 9040:, p. 43. 9039: 9038:Bennison 2016 9034: 9032: 9024: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9006:, p. 41. 9005: 9004:Bennison 2016 9000: 8993: 8988: 8981: 8980:Bennison 2016 8976: 8970:, p. 86. 8969: 8964: 8957: 8952: 8946:, v. 7: p. 58 8945: 8939: 8933: 8928: 8926: 8917: 8911: 8907: 8906: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8851: 8849: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8800: 8793: 8788: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8718: 8711: 8705: 8699:, p. 37. 8698: 8697:Bennison 2016 8693: 8691: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8641: 8634: 8633:Bennison 2016 8629: 8627: 8619: 8614: 8608:, p. 50. 8607: 8606:Bennison 2016 8602: 8600: 8592: 8591:Bennison 2016 8587: 8581:, p. 49. 8580: 8579:Bennison 2016 8575: 8567: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8527: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8508: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8490: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8471: 8469: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8441: 8434:, p. 66. 8433: 8428: 8420: 8414: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8391: 8389: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8365:Bennison 2016 8361: 8355:, p. 49. 8354: 8349: 8343:, p. 82. 8342: 8337: 8335: 8326: 8319: 8311: 8304: 8302: 8295:, p. 39. 8294: 8293:Bennison 2016 8289: 8282: 8277: 8271:, p. 63. 8270: 8265: 8259:, p. 36. 8258: 8257:Bennison 2016 8253: 8251: 8243: 8242:Bennison 2016 8238: 8236: 8229:, p. 35. 8228: 8227:Bennison 2016 8223: 8221: 8213: 8212:Bennison 2016 8208: 8206: 8198: 8193: 8191: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8163: 8159: 8158:Bennison 2016 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8138:Deverdun 1959 8134: 8128:, p. 34. 8127: 8126:Bennison 2016 8122: 8120: 8113:, p. 61. 8112: 8111:Deverdun 1959 8107: 8101:, p. 39. 8100: 8095: 8089:, p. 81. 8088: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8056:Chisholm 1911 8052: 8050: 8043:, p. 32. 8042: 8041:Bennison 2016 8037: 8035: 8027: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7971: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7908: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7834: 7832: 7824: 7819: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7800: 7795: 7793: 7786:, p. 31. 7785: 7784:Bennison 2016 7780: 7778: 7776: 7768: 7763: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7741: 7740:Bennison 2016 7736: 7730:, p. 30. 7729: 7728:Bennison 2016 7724: 7717: 7716:Bennison 2016 7712: 7706:, p. 28. 7705: 7704:Bennison 2016 7700: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7675: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7640: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7574: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7547: 7539: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7493: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7466: 7464: 7455: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7362:Ibn al-Zayyat 7357: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7333: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7303: 7296: 7292: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7250: 7249:Bennison 2016 7245: 7238: 7237:Bennison 2016 7233: 7227:, p. 87. 7226: 7221: 7213: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7194: 7186: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7167: 7161:, p. 61. 7160: 7159:Bennison 2016 7155: 7153: 7145: 7144:Bennison 2016 7140: 7133: 7132: 7128:Extract from 7125: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7098: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7019: 7018:Bennison 2016 7014: 7007: 7001: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6976: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6862: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6781: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6754: 6746: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6706: 6699: 6698:themselves... 6694: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6652: 6647: 6645: 6640: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6542:Peace Charter 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532:Civil Concord 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476:Berber Spring 6474: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:FFS rebellion 6462: 6461: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6416:Évian Accords 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6223: 6218: 6215: 6210: 6207: 6202: 6199: 6194: 6191: 6188:(973–1152 AD) 6186: 6183: 6180:(970–1068 AD) 6178: 6175: 6172:(909–1171 AD) 6170: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6154: 6151: 6146: 6143: 6138: 6135: 6132:(742–1066 AD) 6130: 6127: 6122: 6119: 6114: 6113:Arab conquest 6111: 6110: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6067: 6064: 6059: 6056: 6051: 6048: 6043: 6040: 6035: 6032: 6027: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6003: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5909: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5709: 5708: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665:Years of lead 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5551:Treaty of Fez 5549: 5548: 5543: 5531: 5530: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5504:Agadir Crisis 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5440: 5439: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273:Berber Revolt 5271: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5246:Early Islamic 5241: 5240: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5189: 5188: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4881: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4824: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4744: 4742: 4713: 4712:Ishaq ibn Ali 4704: 4700: 4697: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4633: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4600:Abu Hafs Umar 4555: 4554:Ali ibn Yusuf 4551: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4376: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4301: 4288: 4255: 4245: 4242: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4200: 4198: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4154: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4142: 4120: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4094: 4080: 4078: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4049: 3962: 3959: 3945: 3943: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3865: 3851: 3849: 3837: 3835: 3810: 3808: 3750: 3710: 3707: 3693: 3691: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3629: 3585: 3583: 3567: 3565: 3528: 3526: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3451: 3450:Ishaq ibn Ali 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3432:Ali ibn Yusuf 3430: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3126: 3125:Bab al-Gna'iz 3123: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2977:bent entrance 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943:al-Qarawiyyin 2940: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914:in Marrakesh. 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2828:Ali ibn Yusuf 2825: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2772: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650:Ali ibn Yusuf 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2582:Ali ibn Yusuf 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:Saadian Tombs 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2297: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2280:Ishaq ibn Ali 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:Abd al-Mu'min 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069:in Al-Andalus 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1974:Ali ibn Yusuf 1970: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895:, the former 1894: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1491: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1385:king of Ghana 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976:Around 1040, 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 944:Tuareg people 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 904:Senegal River 901: 897: 893: 891: 890: 880: 876: 871: 861: 858: 850: 840: 836: 830: 829: 824:This section 822: 818: 813: 812: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 772: 763: 759: 755: 754:Bay of Arguin 751: 747: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 724:(present-day 723: 719: 715: 711: 708:, modern day 707: 703: 698: 696: 680: 664: 661: 652: 650: 649: 635: 633: 629: 627: 621: 619: 607: 605: 599: 595: 579: 569: 567: 566:Ishaq ibn Ali 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447:') was a 446: 440: 434: 428: 419: 415: 393: 391: 388: 387: 379: 377: 374: 373: 370: 364: 361: 354: 353: 350: 347: 340: 339: 336: 333: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 305: 302: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 278: 274: 268: 264: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239: 238:Ishaq ibn Ali 236: 230: 227: 224: 218: 214: 210: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 191: 185: 180: 173: 168: 165: 161: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 140: 137: 133: 124: 121: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 105: 101: 96: 92: 91: 90: 87: 83: 76: 71: 66: 62: 56: 40: 37: 33: 19: 15564:Banu Sumadih 15523: 15504:Royal houses 15211:Contemporary 15061:Indo-Persian 15049:Nazi Germany 14993:Contemporary 14895:Vijayanagara 14794:Great Seljuk 14705:Thessalonica 14659: 14633:Golden Horde 14273:Carthaginian 14052:Neo-Assyrian 14037:Neo-Sumerian 13807:Castile-León 13806: 13764: 13738: 13728:Second Taifa 13726: 13721: 13714: 13685: 13619: 13497: 13371:Muhammad VI 13319:Muhammad IV 13273:Muhammad II 12823: 12570:Demographics 12525:Coat of arms 12510:Architecture 12379:Human rights 12153: 12013: 11997: 11988: 11973: 11934: 11925: 11913:. 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Retrieved 10558: 10549: 10540: 10522: 10478: 10459: 10453: 10418: 10381: 10375: 10355: 10316: 10312: 10302: 10297:, Marrakesh. 10290: 10253: 10221: 10202: 10196: 10160: 10129:(1): 44–59. 10126: 10122: 10112: 10085: 10045: 10041: 10031: 10019:. Retrieved 10015: 9974: 9952: 9940:. 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Taschen. 10678:: 133–146. 10604:Salmon 2018 10564:21 February 9963:Bearman, P. 8867:: 103–131. 8792:Insoll 2003 8750:: 197–232. 8178:Naylor 2009 8150:Salmon 2018 7660:The Berbers 6927:: 222–223. 6561:Arab Spring 6438:Oujda Group 6428:Pieds-noirs 6411:1961 putsch 6406:1958 crisis 6386:Nationalism 6379:(1954–1962) 6137:Muhallabids 6106:Middle Ages 5992:(202–46 BC) 5914:(10,000 BC) 5906:(20,000 BC) 5898:(80,000 BC) 5867:History of 5677:Green March 5128:History of 5034:History of 4931:Mali Empire 4895:History of 3457:Family tree 3452:(1145–1147) 3440:(1143–1145) 3434:(1106–1143) 3316: [ 3248: [ 3181: [ 3070:Remains of 2993:archaeology 2941:(1136) and 2935: 1097 2885:and of the 2791:cuerda seca 2597:San Isidoro 2480:Marble work 2433:Islamic art 2352:war banners 2321:Sunni Islam 2108:Tagus River 2079:al-Musta'in 1907:led by the 1905:coup d'état 1842:Alvar Fañez 1686:Ibadi Islam 1650:Ibn Khaldun 1639:Africanists 1468:Ibn Khaldun 1464:Ibn Abi Zar 1413:Sous Valley 1303:1st Ourique 1029:Islamic law 769: 1054 758:Ibn 'Idhari 741:Ibn Abi Zar 706:Sus al-Aksa 507: 1070 312:Preceded by 15619:Categories 15579:Dhulnunids 15574:Banu Wazir 15569:Banu Tujib 15559:Banu Sabur 15508:Al-Andalus 15369:Portuguese 15250:Revival Le 15240:Vietnamese 14883:Later Tran 14853:Vietnamese 14749:Singhasari 14737:Holy Roman 14361:Bulgarian 14297:Satavahana 14268:Phoenician 14204:Achaemenid 14165:Indo-Greek 14145:Macedonian 14059:Babylonian 13690:(711-1492) 13687:Al-Andalus 13498:Almoravids 13488:(973–1148) 13464:(790–1066) 13434:(710–1019) 13363:Hassan II 12777:Yahya III 12535:Literature 12459:Casablanca 12454:Investment 12391:Parliament 12226:Mohammed V 12154:Almoravids 12092:Prehistory 12020:1040–1145 11944:2747523888 11612:0521337674 11108:1 November 11042:5 February 10943:3822876348 10828:Al-Qantara 10656:0870996371 10429:0870996371 10366:0870996371 10264:0870996371 10021:11 October 9990:9004139745 8804:Lange 1996 7384:Qadi Ayyad 7276:15 October 6662:References 6481:1988 riots 6326:Resistance 6201:Almoravids 6014:Mauretania 5997:Punic Wars 5888:Prehistory 5379:Almoravids 5221:Mauretania 5162:Mousterian 5149:Prehistory 4897:Mauritania 3338:Ibn Quzman 3305:muwashshah 3278:Qadi Ayyad 3234:Ibn Bassam 3226:Ibn Hayyan 3203:al-Andalus 3133:Literature 2966:, made of 2879:al-Andalus 2796:lustreware 2574:Ibn Tumart 2442:school of 2356:Al-Andalus 2220:Ibn Tumart 2063:Aoudaghost 2007:gold dinar 1997:coin from 1752:, king of 1750:Alfonso VI 1586:soldiers ( 1540:al-Andalus 1508:Mauritania 1476:Ibn Idhari 1432:Barghawata 1424:High Atlas 1351:2nd Lleida 1267:al-Buhayra 1237:1st Lleida 1171:Mollerussa 1135:Tabfarilla 982:pilgrimage 940:Mauritania 928:Ibn Hawqal 920:al-Ya'qubi 908:Draa river 792:Qadi Ayyad 726:Mauritania 640:al-Murabit 626:almorávide 611:al-Murabit 598:almorávide 583:al-Murabit 562:Ibn Tumart 494:, and the 480:Mauritania 461:Al-Andalus 196:Government 68:1050s–1147 18:Almoravids 15549:Banu Hayy 15524:Almoravid 15362:Couronian 15000:Ethiopian 14988:Manchukuo 14943:Brazilian 14789:Ghaznavid 14759:Srivijaya 14710:Trebizond 14695:Byzantine 14677:North Sea 14672:Norwegian 14660:Almoravid 14643:Ilkhanate 14613:Majapahit 14586:Muromachi 14495:Solomonic 14480:Ethiopian 14394:Caliphate 14327:Aragonese 14155:Ptolemaic 13633:Visigoths 13564:Senussids 13552:Husaynids 13534:Wattasids 13522:Zayyanids 13492:Hammadids 13482:(909–973) 13476:(814–922) 13470:(800–909) 13468:Aghlabids 13458:(788–985) 13452:(777–909) 13450:Rustamids 13446:(771–793) 13440:(757–976) 13438:Midrarids 13327:Hassan I 13214:interlude 12897:Yusuf II 12811:Hasan II 12785:Yahya IV 12761:Yahya II 12732:Idris II 12717:(788–974) 12578:Languages 12439:Companies 12279:Geography 12231:Hassan II 12169:Wattasids 11915:25 August 10795:: 61–74. 10731:194947480 10723:0066-622X 10333:0022-4480 10143:0803-0685 10054:0571-1371 10048:: 31–40. 8889:163154435 8838:162370098 8818:Der Islam 8772:162477947 8712:, p. 333. 7895:1570-0585 7297:, p. 54. 7061:1873-9830 7045:. Brill. 6933:1076-156X 6667:Citations 6508:Massacres 6458:1960s–80s 6233:Ziyyanids 6193:Hammadids 6177:Maghrawas 6161:Aghlabids 6145:Rustamids 5979:Phoenicia 5972:Antiquity 5957:Related: 5945:Madghacen 5575:Zaian War 5540:(1912–56) 5396:Wattasids 5349:Maghrawas 5157:Acheulean 4962:1978–1984 4957:1960–1978 4871:Gregorian 3751:Talagagin 3412:(d. 1087) 3266:authored 3258:authored 3056:Marrakesh 3025:palmettes 3009:Chichaoua 2981:Tasghîmût 2875:Marrakesh 2843:reliefs. 2841:arabesque 2535:Gao-Saney 2523:mqabriyya 2490:Gao-Saney 2246:. In the 2232:Tasghimut 2166:in 1120. 2120:Catalonia 2098:kingdom. 2092:Valtierra 2001:, 1116. ( 1967:bishopric 1799:Algeciras 1741:kingdom, 1532:Hammadids 1409:Taroudant 1369:Sijilmasa 1321:2nd Coria 1213:Martorell 1195:Vatalandi 1165:Consuegra 971:Sijilmasa 916:Awdaghust 695:to encamp 614:" to the 500:Marrakesh 467:in 1147. 427:romanized 422:المرابطون 289:1120 est. 163:Religion 157:Mozarabic 123:Marrakesh 48:المرابطون 15594:Muzaymid 15589:Mundirid 15554:Banu Hud 15342:Japanese 15305:Scottish 15285:American 15277:Colonial 15206:Imperial 15174:Moroccan 15110:Japanese 15088:Afsharid 14947:Burmese 14933:Austrian 14888:Later Le 14863:Early Le 14848:Venetian 14774:Tiwanaku 14687:Hellenic 14650:Moroccan 14581:Kamakura 14571:Japanese 14554:Saffarid 14507:Georgian 14421:Chalukya 14399:Rashidun 14389:Calakmul 14357:Bruneian 14236:Haryanka 14214:Sasanian 14209:Parthian 14160:Bactrian 14150:Seleucid 14130:Goguryeo 14108:Egyptian 14042:Assyrian 14032:Akkadian 14023:Colonies 13546:'Alawids 13528:Marinids 13510:Almohads 13480:Fatimids 13462:Ifranids 13456:Idrisids 13432:Salihids 12879:Yusuf I 12793:Hasan I 12753:Yahya I 12724:Idris I 12659:Category 12617:diaspora 12550:Religion 12374:Military 12330:Politics 12164:Marinids 12159:Almohads 12149:Idrisids 12069:articles 11909:Archived 11751:(1312). 11735:(1326). 11719:(1377). 11675:Archived 11623:(1068). 11621:al-Bakri 10917:24 March 10903:Hespéris 10789:Muqarnas 10672:Muqarnas 10062:43489762 9973:(eds.). 8776:Archived 8312:. Brill. 7623:(1976). 7364:(1220). 6938:1 August 6503:Timeline 6217:Marinids 6209:Almohads 6169:Fatimids 6153:Idrisids 6129:Ifranids 6092:Gemellae 6082:Partenia 5858:a series 5856:Part of 5765:Military 5760:Economic 5639:Sand War 5634:Ifni War 5511:Hafidiya 5389:Marinids 5384:Almohads 5344:Miknasas 5339:Ifranids 5119:a series 5117:Part of 5056:Ifni War 5025:a series 5023:Part of 4886:a series 4884:Part of 4834:Timeline 4821:Muhammad 4615:Abu Bakr 4612:Muhammad 4589:Muhammad 4568:Abu Bakr 4325:Muhammad 4046:Tilankan 3794:Muhammad 3746:Ibrahim 3366:Al-Bakri 3282:Avempace 3264:Al-Bakri 3230:Al-Bakri 3167:Kairouan 3072:Bab 'Ali 2985:Hammadid 2955:muqarnas 2896:muqarnas 2891:Zaragoza 2859:Moroccan 2775:Ceramics 2710:Maghrebi 2673:Sasanian 2666:peacocks 2662:griffins 2658:roundels 2633:Pyrenees 2613:Toulouse 2605:chasuble 2568:Textiles 2448:Andalusi 2393:Moroccan 2379:Religion 2335:al-aswad 2265:Ibn Qasi 2132:Catalans 2116:Pyrenees 2104:Santarém 2067:Zaragoza 2052:Talavera 2012:maravedí 1947:Almenara 1893:al-Qadir 1889:Valencia 1770:Zaragoza 1411:and the 1373:Maghrawa 1315:Trancoso 1261:Valencia 1225:Zaragoza 1201:Santarém 1177:Balaguer 1141:Sagrajas 994:Ifriqiya 990:Kairouan 967:Maghrawa 951:Sudanese 924:al-Bakri 733:Al-Bakri 632:betacism 554:Zaragoza 482:and the 465:Almohads 297:Currency 15584:Harunid 15544:Baktrid 15539:Amirids 15534:Abbadid 15529:Almohad 15519:Umayyad 15409:largest 15404:Empires 15384:Swedish 15379:Spanish 15374:Russian 15337:Italian 15312:Chinese 15300:English 15295:British 15290:Belgian 15265:Vietnam 15255:Tay son 15201:Tsarist 15196:Russian 15191:Ottoman 15157:Dzungar 15152:Khoshut 15125:Mexican 15120:Maratha 15103:Pahlavi 15083:Safavid 15078:Iranian 15005:Haitian 14968:Chinese 14928:Ashanti 14900:Wagadou 14826:Eastern 14821:Western 14804:Timurid 14764:Tibetan 14754:Songhai 14744:Serbian 14665:Almohad 14655:Idrisid 14559:Samanid 14549:Tahirid 14544:Iranian 14522:Kannauj 14502:Genoese 14438:Chinese 14431:Eastern 14426:Western 14414:Fatimid 14409:Abbasid 14404:Umayyad 14377:Burmese 14337:Ayyubid 14332:Angevin 14302:Xianbei 14290:Eastern 14285:Western 14231:Magadha 14194:Iranian 14187:Xiongnu 14172:Hittite 14081:Chinese 14069:Kassite 14018:Ancient 14010:Empires 13540:Sa'dids 13516:Hafsids 13420:Maghreb 12769:Ali II 12643:Outline 12520:Cuisine 12498:Culture 12474:Tourism 12464:Tangier 12422:Economy 12342:Cabinet 12306:Regions 12179:'Alawis 12085:Ancient 12077:History 12065:Morocco 12016:Morocco 11963:: 10809:1523084 8881:3171996 8764:3171941 7875:Arabica 6719:region. 6225:Hafsids 5989:Numidia 5932:Ahaggar 5928:Tassili 5869:Algeria 5655:in 1972 5580:Rif War 5445:Decline 5179:Capsian 5167:Aterian 5130:Morocco 4946:Sanhaja 4584:Ibrahim 4571:Ibrahim 4332:Mazdali 4270:Ibrahim 4035:al-Hajj 3986:Tashfin 3373:Legends 3313: 3245: 3151:Morocco 3013:hammams 2937:), the 2928:Algiers 2908:cusping 2802:Minbars 2769:Córdoba 2656:inside 2654:harpies 2642:Baghdad 2506:Almería 2494:Almería 2474:Seville 2466:Córdoba 2462:minbars 2455:Almería 2425:Sanhaja 2374:Culture 2344:Massufa 2340:Lamtuna 2317:Caliphs 2260:Muridun 2216:Almohad 2149:Decline 2128:Majorca 1999:Seville 1833:Almería 1787:Granada 1779:Badajoz 1754:Castile 1743:Seville 1603:Baghdad 1564:Seville 1525:Algiers 1516:Tlemcen 1500:Morocco 1381:Soninke 1345:Tortosa 1339:Almería 1327:Montiel 1279:Badajoz 1249:Corbins 1243:Granada 1231:Cutanda 1219:Coimbra 1074:Lamtuna 1066:Guddala 1056:of the 1024:Fatimid 1021:Shi'ite 1015:ruler, 942:." The 912:Lamtuna 900:Sanhaja 807:Origins 802:History 764:valley 710:Morocco 594:Spanish 589:المرابط 558:Masmuda 547:Baghdad 496:Senegal 472:Lamtuna 457:Maghreb 453:Morocco 441: 429:: 248:History 190:Judaism 110:Azougui 103:Capital 15599:Nasrid 15347:Mongol 15332:German 15327:French 15317:Danish 15260:Dainam 15235:Tongan 15223:Somali 15218:Sokoto 15184:'Alawi 15162:Kalmyk 15142:Mongol 15135:Second 15115:Korean 15066:Mughal 15056:Indian 15039:German 15032:Second 15022:French 15015:Second 14951:Second 14923:Afghan 14915:Modern 14841:Kyrgyz 14836:Uighur 14831:Second 14811:Turkic 14779:Toltec 14715:Epirus 14700:Nicaea 14623:Mongol 14576:Yamato 14512:Huetar 14370:Second 14307:Rouran 14256:Shunga 14251:Maurya 14226:Kushan 14199:Median 14177:Hunnic 14135:Harsha 13486:Zirids 13422:region 13212:Dila'i 12745:Ali I 12664:Portal 12605:French 12600:Berber 12583:Arabic 12515:Cinema 12449:Health 12444:Energy 12291:Cities 12219:Modern 12174:Saadis 12142:Empire 12067: 11957: 11941: 11901: 11874: 11837: 11816: 11781: 11667: 11646: 11609: 11566: 11536: 11509: 11482: 11452: 11425: 11400: 11373: 11345: 11313: 11286: 11184: 11059:dhfmaj 11015: 10940: 10807: 10770: 10729: 10721: 10709:: 12. 10653: 10466: 10426: 10363: 10331: 10261: 10209: 10167: 10141: 10060: 10052: 9987: 9942:8 June 9915: 9888: 9840: 9793: 8912: 8887: 8879: 8836: 8770: 8762: 8710:Corpus 8655: 8562: 8485: 8455: 8415: 7985: 7955: 7922: 7893: 7848: 7687: 7635: 7588: 7561: 7534: 7507: 7480: 7450: 7208: 7181: 7112: 7082: 7059: 7049: 6991:, in: 6931: 6876: 6849: 6822: 6795: 6768: 6741: 6689: 6488:1990s– 6433:Harkis 6185:Zirids 6018:Africa 6012:Roman 5950:Jedars 5940:Roknia 5924:Djelfa 5860:on the 5770:Postal 5755:Jewish 5619:Modern 5406:Alawis 5401:Saadis 5364:Empire 5121:on the 5027:on the 4888:on the 4734:Fatima 3379:El Cid 3298:Poetry 3236:, and 3219:Aghmat 3191:under 3147:Aghmat 3021:stucco 2972:medina 2836:Maliki 2782:bacini 2714:Arabic 2703:Qurans 2646:Málaga 2625:Burgos 2623:(near 2546:spolia 2531:France 2519:stelae 2510:Macael 2470:Málaga 2440:Maliki 2385:Maliki 2368:Hudids 2291:Emblem 2257:. The 2228:Tinmal 2136:Pisans 2112:Huesca 2087:parias 2044:Sancho 1959:Cuenca 1942:Aragon 1938:Xativa 1861:fuqahā 1857:Maliki 1823:Murcia 1766:Toledo 1762:Tarifa 1725:parias 1715:Taifas 1690:Tagant 1576:spoils 1506:, and 1445:Meknes 1428:Aghmat 1402:Azuggi 1377:Zenata 1291:Leiria 1255:Alcalá 1159:Bairén 1147:Toledo 1048:Ya-Sin 1009:Maliki 889:litham 790:, and 784:Tiznit 690:raabat 578:Arabic 535:caliph 522:Iberia 490:, the 476:Gudala 449:Berber 445:ribats 418:Arabic 251: 211: 153:Arabic 139:Arabic 115:Aghmat 89:Empire 85:Status 55:Arabic 51: 15604:Qasid 15397:Lists 15352:Omani 15322:Dutch 15228:Isaaq 15179:Saadi 15147:Oirat 15130:First 15098:Qajar 15027:First 15010:First 14983:China 14956:Third 14816:First 14769:Tikal 14720:Morea 14690:Roman 14608:Latin 14603:Khmer 14598:Kanem 14564:Buyid 14490:Zagwe 14485:Aksum 14475:Chola 14382:First 14365:First 14352:Bornu 14347:Benin 14342:Aztec 14280:Roman 14261:Gupta 14246:Nanda 14182:White 13859:] 13645:Suebi 12650:Index 12555:Sport 12545:Music 12540:Media 12484:Trade 12251:2000s 12241:1990s 12236:1970s 11755:[ 11739:[ 11723:[ 11627:[ 10805:JSTOR 10727:S2CID 10058:JSTOR 9961:. 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