376:
27:
122:
Wars between the taifas were common and rulers of Muslim taifas were known to ally with the
Iberian Christians (and the North African kingdoms) against European or Mediterranean Christian rulers from outside of al-Andalus. These alliances frequently included payments of large tributes in return for
291:
Reversing the trend of the
Umayyad period, when the Christian kingdoms of the north often had to pay tribute to the Caliph, the disintegration of the Caliphate left the rival Muslim kingdoms much weaker than their Christian counterparts, particularly the Castilian–Leonese monarchy, and many had to
232:, Eastern European former slaves. The most secure rulers were governors of frontier provinces, such as the “Farthest Frontier” of Zaragoza; since these regions had been ruled by families for generations prior to the fall of the caliphate, there was minor immediate impact when the caliphate fell.
250:
However, the political decline and chaos was not immediately followed by cultural decline. To the contrary, intense intellectual and literary activity grew in some of the larger taifas.
1631:
280:
Observers in al-Andalus in the 1080s did not see a decline as likely, much less imminent or probable. However, by the 1090s, popular revolt became a real possibility as the
1850:
1031:
1428:
239:
that had been conquered by
Muslims. By this time the caliphate of Cordova, among the richest and most powerful states in Europe, had suffered a civil war, known as the
1523:
392:
After the fall of the
Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031 about 33 independent taifas emerged out the civil war and conflict in al-Andalus. Many of the less tenable
2292:
1624:
347:
to fight neighbouring realms (both
Christian and Muslim). The most dynamic taifa, which conquered most of its neighbours before the Almoravid invasion, was
672:
1783:
716:
1706:
1617:
612:
266:(rulers) competed among themselves, not only militarily but also for cultural prestige. They tried to recruit the most famous poets and artisans.
990:
336:
dynasties in al-Andalus would join forces with
Christian powers as a last attempt to shift momentum back in their favor against the Almoravids.
183:
first applied the term to the regional rulers who appeared after the collapse of
Umayyad power in Spain, "whose condition was like that of the
179:. The negative portrayal of the Parthian period by Muslim historians may have been inherited from Sasanian propaganda. In the 11th century,
2434:
1251:
2038:
351:, which ironically was also the first of the major taifas to fall, followed (somewhat quickly) by Badajoz, Valencia and Zaragoza.
235:
During the late 11th century, the
Christian rulers of the northern Iberian peninsula set out to retake the lands of the former
1861:
1558:
1506:
1463:
1382:
1043:
2439:
2253:
163:
means "kings of the territorial divisions" or "party kings". Muslim historians originally used these terms to refer to the
2454:
2449:
2444:
983:
1544:
1449:
119:
courts were renowned centres of cultural excellence in which poets, scientists, and other scholars were able to thrive.
1327:
1591:(1993–2002) s.v. "Almoraviden §2. Verbreiding", "Almohaden §2. Machtsuitbreiding". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
1344:
1277:
1496:
1354:
1287:
172:
416:. The most notable taifa to conquer most of its weak neighbours was the Taifa of Seville under the Abbadid dynasty.
140:
1778:
462:
325:, which resulted in the defeat of the Christians. Nevertheless, the Almoravids and the Almohads did not help the
2031:
1758:
976:
710:
180:
891:
1773:
456:
743:
2393:
787:
2403:
2398:
2373:
2358:
849:
2378:
2363:
2268:
2024:
1531:
1436:
763:
592:
This region only includes the provinces of Huesca, Lleida, Teruel, Zaragoza and
Tarragona of Spain.
2388:
2047:
1866:
1055:
768:
2408:
812:
2150:
424:
This region includes the
Central and Lisbon region of Portugal and Extremadura region of Spain.
355:
was also very powerful and expansive, but inhibited by the neighbouring Christian states of the
305:
princes appealed for North African warriors to come fight Christian kings on two occasions. The
213:
81:
2353:
20:
1655:
596:
540:
260:
During the heyday of the taifas, in the 11th century and again in the mid 12th century, their
2297:
1320:
Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad
480:
This region includes the Madrid region and the provinces of Toledo and Guadalajara of Spain.
253:
There was a second period when taifas arose, toward the middle of the 12th century, when the
2145:
2090:
933:
396:
kingdoms had disappeared by the 1030s, having been taken over by more powerful neighboring
275:
1911:
1609:
1121:
8:
2343:
2324:
2273:
2264:
2218:
1125:
758:
240:
207:
168:
111:
kingdoms. Taifa kings were wary of calling themselves "kings", so they took the title of
1888:
1832:
1737:
1691:
1665:
1083:
1009:
656:
450:
2368:
2319:
2282:
2277:
2239:
2227:
2186:
2102:
2078:
1660:
1535:
1440:
1241:
913:
854:
504:
488:
322:
236:
212:
The origins of the taifas must be sought in the administrative division of the Umayyad
144:
2222:
1976:
1882:
1726:
1711:
1481:
The Rise and Fall of the Party-kings: Politics and Society in Islamic Spain, 1002–1086
1077:
552:
2310:
2287:
2232:
2174:
2162:
2140:
2107:
2061:
2004:
1999:
1937:
1906:
1816:
1810:
1671:
1554:
1502:
1459:
1378:
1350:
1323:
1283:
1226:
1220:
1155:
1109:
1097:
954:
876:
834:
807:
722:
704:
694:
666:
628:
606:
401:
310:
306:
254:
132:
100:
92:
62:
1747:
1604:
562:
2306:
2260:
2243:
1982:
1855:
1844:
1804:
1788:
1732:
1701:
1686:
1681:
1255:
1245:
1202:
1087:
1049:
1037:
1025:
684:
618:
580:
556:
546:
534:
524:
520:
508:
431:
1013–1022/1034–1094 (Aftasid Dynasty); 1027–1034 (to Seville): 1094 (to Almoravids)
428:
413:
409:
348:
136:
124:
1871:
1065:
2429:
2348:
2314:
1993:
1987:
1954:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1900:
1894:
1798:
1793:
1763:
1752:
1742:
1716:
1214:
1208:
1184:
1168:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1103:
1093:
1059:
802:
773:
700:
690:
640:
568:
484:
468:
434:
405:
314:
176:
164:
128:
78:
43:
400:. The strongest and largest taifas in this first period (11th century) were the
115:, presenting themselves as representatives for a temporarily absent caliph. The
2383:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1877:
1838:
1768:
1721:
1696:
1676:
1539:
1527:
1444:
1432:
1196:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1115:
1071:
1019:
928:
678:
662:
622:
574:
530:
514:
2423:
360:
198:"), by way of which the Arabic term has entered English (and French) usage.
84:
between 1009 and 1031. They were a recurring feature of al-Andalus history.
2016:
216:, as well in the ethnic division of the elite of this state, divided among
2206:
1398:
964:
959:
938:
329:
emirs but rather annexed their lands to their own North African empires.
148:
375:
2127:
736:
632:
600:
74:
1375:
The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon
2073:
344:
108:
367:
had previously been the border military districts of the Caliphate.
225:
1013:
636:
356:
352:
229:
66:
652:
This region includes the region of Valencia, Murcia and Baleares.
446:
This region includes the Alentejo and Algarve region of Portugal.
778:
500:
This region includes the autonomous region of Andalucia in Spain
364:
221:
2097:
726:
294:
58:
2085:
1605:
History of Spain: Disintegration of the Caliphate (1010–1260)
228:(indigenous Muslim converts, a significant majority) and the
217:
70:
1578:. Princeton: Princeton University press. pp. 40, 39–40.
1498:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
459:
1012/1013–1051/1053 (Bakrid Dynasty); 1051–1091 (to Seville)
437:
1022–1034 (Banu Sabur Dynasty); 1034–1093 (Aftasids Dynasty)
103:. The fall of the Almohads resulted in a flourishing of the
1639:
262:
26:
587:
143:. By the end of the 13th century, only one remained, the
187:
of the Persians". The phrase implied cultural decline.
57:, meaning "party, band, faction") were the independent
1372:
471:: 1027–1063 (Muzaymid Dynasty); 1063–1091 (to Seville)
107:, and this was the case despite constant warfare with
729:, nominally vassal of Castile but allied to Banu Hud)
419:
309:
was invited after the fall of Toledo (1085), and the
453:
1033–1044 (Tayfurid Dynasty); 1044–1091 (to Seville)
95:
in the late 11th century and, on its collapse, many
475:
465:
1018–1051 (Harunid Dynasty); 1051–1091 (to Seville)
247:, small rival emirates fighting among themselves".
149:
incorporated into the Christian states of the north
1377:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 84–85.
171:. That period was treated as an interlude between
2168:
1521:
1478:
863:
2421:
2180:
2156:
1322:. New York, NY, USA: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
900:
821:
77:, that emerged from the decline and fall of the
1373:O'Connell, Monique; Dursteler, Eric R. (2016).
1003:
1162:
621:: 1039–1060 (to Zaragoza); 1081/1082–1092 (to
441:
387:
2032:
1625:
984:
2046:
1429:"Mulūk al-Ṭawāʾif, 2. In Pre-Islamic Persia"
1223:: 1239/1240–1249/1250 (to Murcia or Castile)
1012:: 1145–1147 (briefly to Castile and then to
2204:
1068:: 1145–1159 (to Murcia); 1168 (to Almohads)
99:re-appeared only to be incorporated by the
2039:
2025:
1632:
1618:
1545:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1450:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
991:
977:
647:
2125:
1553:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 552–554.
1458:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 551–552.
1426:
1233:Additionally, but not usually considered
1183:: 1233–1236 (to Almohads), 1249–1305 (to
292:submit to them, paying tributes known as
167:and other regional rulers that succeeded
1422:
1420:
1418:
1146:: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
1112:: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
1046:: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
1040:: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
639:); 1046–1110 (to Almoravids; in 1118 to
374:
25:
1576:Europe and the Islamic World: A History
1494:
2422:
1524:"Mulūk al-Ṭawāʾif, 2. In Muslim Spain"
1399:"taifa | Spanish history | Britannica"
1342:
1317:
1275:
588:Al-Tagr al-A'la (Aragon and Catalonia)
2059:
2020:
1613:
1573:
1415:
190:The corresponding term in Spanish is
1472:
1368:
1366:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
276:Reconquista § Muslim infighting
123:security. Eventually, the taifas of
91:were eventually incorporated by the
2435:Former Islamic monarchies in Europe
1589:Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia
61:principalities and kingdoms of the
47:
13:
2098:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania
1515:
420:Al-Tagr al-Adna (Central Portugal)
332:In the 1100s, the remnants of the
14:
2466:
2141:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate
1643:Kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula
1598:
1363:
1296:
1279:The Companion to Hispanic Studies
495:
370:
476:Al-Tagr al-Awsat (Central Spain)
301:Due to their military weakness,
16:Independent states of al-Andalus
2369:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia
1582:
1567:
1488:
1391:
1343:Barton, Simon (30 June 2009).
1336:
1276:Davies, Catherine (May 2014).
1269:
243:. As a result, it "broke into
173:Alexander's conquest of Persia
1:
1262:
892:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
577:: 1039/1040–1065 (to Seville)
571:: 1023/1024–1091 (to Seville)
73:), referred to by Muslims as
1862:Constantina and Hornachuelos
1483:, Princeton University Press
1229:: 1228/1229–1238 (to Aragon)
1044:Constantina and Hornachuelos
1004:Second period (12th century)
559:); 1073–1090 (to Almoravids)
154:
7:
2440:Former monarchies of Europe
1163:Third period (13th century)
719:: 1065–1075 (to Almoravids)
713:: 1086–1092 (to Almoravids)
681:: 1051–1091 (to Almoravids)
659:: 1011–1091 (to Almoravids)
609:: 1009–1106 (to Almoravids)
583:: 1023–1091 (to Almoravids)
549:: 1013–1090 (to Almoravids)
442:Al-Garb (Southern Portugal)
388:First period (11th century)
10:
2471:
2455:13th century in al-Andalus
2450:12th century in al-Andalus
2445:11th century in al-Andalus
1522:D. J. Wasserstein (1993).
1501:. Routledge. p. 130.
1479:D. J. Wasserstein (1985),
1134:: 1147–? (destiny unknown)
1106:: 1145–1150? (to Almohads)
1100:); 1147–1172 (to Almohads)
675:: 11th century (to Toledo)
273:
269:
205:
18:
2339:
2269:Principality of Catalonia
2214:
2203:
2199:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2069:
2058:
2054:
1947:
1825:
1648:
1158:: 1145–1172 (to Almohads)
1152:: 1145–1150 (to Almohads)
1140:: 1144–1155 (to Almohads)
1080:: 1145–1153 (to Almohads)
1034:: 1144–1150 (to Almohads)
1028:: 1145–1150 (to Almohads)
687:: 1018–1203 (to Almohads)
288:kings gained popularity.
175:and the formation of the
2048:Spain in the Middle Ages
1217:: 1234–1262 (to Castile)
1211:: 1228–1266 (to Castile)
1199:: 1240–1265 (to Castile)
1177:: 1224–1226 (to Castile)
1171:: 1232–1244 (to Castile)
788:Umayyad state of Córdoba
565:: 1013–1066 (to Seville)
543:: 1031–1091 (to Seville)
517:: 1011–1068 (to Seville)
317:(1147). Warriors of the
2207:Feudal Christian realms
1205:: 1228–1287 (to Aragon)
1193:: 1224–1227 (to Aragon)
813:Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir
648:Al-Xarq (Eastern Spain)
615:: 1118–1130 (to Aragon)
201:
2354:Monarchs of al-Andalus
1779:Santa Maria do Algarve
1495:Kennedy, Hugh (2014).
1349:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1318:Catlos, Brian (2015).
1118:: 1145 (to Almoravids)
463:Santa Maria do Algarve
384:
35:
21:Taifa (disambiguation)
1759:Murviedro and Sagunto
737:History of Al-Andalus
725:: 1010/1011–1094 (to
711:Murviedro and Sagunto
703:: 1011/1012–1065 (to
665:: 1010/1012–1076 (to
555:: 1026–1057/1058 (to
487:: 1010/1031–1085 (to
378:
206:Further information:
29:
2404:Monarchs of Valencia
2364:Monarchs of Asturias
2151:Caliphate of Córdoba
2091:Kingdom of the Suebi
1574:Tolan, John (2013).
1074:: 1145 (to Almohads)
1052:: 1145 (to Almohads)
1022:: 1143 (to Almohads)
934:Battle of the Strait
284:accusations against
214:Caliphate of Córdoba
82:Caliphate of Córdoba
19:For other uses, see
2399:Monarchs of Navarre
2394:Monarchs of Majorca
2384:Monarchs of Granada
2379:Monarchs of Galicia
2374:Monarchs of Castile
2344:Visigothic monarchs
2325:Kingdom of Valencia
2293:Kingdom of Artajona
2274:Kingdom of Pamplona
2265:County of Barcelona
2219:Kingdom of Asturias
864:Second Taifa period
759:Battle of Guadalete
241:Fitna of al-Andalus
208:Fitna of al-Andalus
169:Alexander the Great
2359:Monarchs of Aragon
2320:Kingdom of Majorca
2283:Kingdom of Viguera
2278:Kingdom of Navarre
2240:Kingdom of Castile
2228:Kingdom of Galicia
2187:Emirate of Granada
2146:Emirate of Córdoba
2103:Duchy of Cantabria
2079:Visigothic Kingdom
1427:M. Morony (1993).
1403:www.britannica.com
1346:A History of Spain
1124:: ?–1147 (to
914:Emirate of Granada
901:Third Taifa period
855:Battle of Sagrajas
822:First Taifa period
769:Battle of Toulouse
693:: ?–1100 (to
385:
323:Battle of Sagrajas
237:Visigothic Kingdom
145:Emirate of Granada
36:
2417:
2416:
2335:
2334:
2311:Kingdom of Aragon
2288:Kingdom of Najera
2254:Kingdom of Toledo
2233:County of Castile
2195:
2194:
2175:Almohad Caliphate
2163:Almoravid Emirate
2116:
2115:
2108:Duchy of Vasconia
2062:Early Middle Ages
2014:
2013:
1774:Saltés and Huelva
1560:978-90-04-09419-2
1508:978-1-317-87041-8
1465:978-90-04-09419-2
1384:978-1-4214-1901-5
1001:
1000:
955:Iberian Peninsula
808:Abd al-Rahman III
457:Saltés and Huelva
402:Taifa of Zaragoza
321:took part in the
311:Almohad Caliphate
307:Almoravid dynasty
257:were in decline.
181:Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī
147:, the rest being
101:Almohad Caliphate
93:Almoravid dynasty
63:Iberian Peninsula
2462:
2389:Monarchs of León
2307:County of Aragon
2301:
2261:Catalan counties
2244:Crown of Castile
2201:
2200:
2122:
2121:
2056:
2055:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1536:Heinrichs, W. P.
1519:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1441:Heinrichs, W. P.
1424:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1315:
1294:
1293:
1273:
1254:: 1568–1571 (to
1244:: 1237–1492 (to
1086:: 1144–1145 (to
1058:: 1145–1151 (to
993:
986:
979:
947:Related articles
921:
920:
908:
907:
884:
883:
871:
870:
842:
841:
829:
828:
795:
794:
764:Siege of Córdoba
751:
750:
733:
732:
631:: 1018–1046 (to
599:: 1011–1104 (to
533:: 1061–1084 (to
523:: 1013–1091 (to
507:: 1035–1058 (to
414:Taifa of Seville
410:Taifa of Badajoz
343:hired Christian
255:Almoravid rulers
185:mulūk al-ṭawāʾif
161:mulūk al-ṭawāʾif
159:The Arabic term
139:paid tribute to
49:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:Military orders
2349:Suebic monarchs
2331:
2315:Crown of Aragon
2295:
2223:Kingdom of León
2210:
2191:
2132:
2112:
2065:
2050:
2045:
2015:
2010:
1943:
1867:Guadix and Baza
1821:
1644:
1638:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1528:Bosworth, C. E.
1520:
1516:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1433:Bosworth, C. E.
1425:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1316:
1297:
1290:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1165:
1056:Guadix and Baza
1006:
997:
918:
917:
916:
905:
904:
903:
881:
880:
879:
868:
867:
866:
839:
838:
837:
826:
825:
824:
803:Abd al-Rahman I
792:
791:
790:
774:Battle of Tours
748:
747:
746:
744:Muslim conquest
650:
590:
498:
478:
444:
422:
406:Taifa of Toledo
390:
373:
278:
272:
210:
204:
192:reyes de taifas
177:Sasanian Empire
165:Parthian Empire
157:
53:, plural طوائف
34:(green) in 1031
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2285:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
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1948:13th Century
1826:12th Century
1649:11th Century
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1406:. Retrieved
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877:Almohad rule
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359:. Zaragoza,
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2296: [
2181:Third Taifa
2157:First Taifa
1549:Volume VII:
1540:Pellat, Ch.
1454:Volume VII:
1445:Pellat, Ch.
1096:: 1145 (to
965:Convivencia
960:Reconquista
939:Granada War
919:(1232–1492)
906:(1232–1287)
882:(1147–1238)
869:(1140–1203)
840:(1085–1145)
827:(1009–1110)
345:mercenaries
194:("kings of
135:, and even
2424:Categories
2131:(711-1492)
2128:Al-Andalus
1897:(III / IV)
1891:(II / III)
1656:Albarracín
1408:2022-09-23
1263:References
793:(756–1031)
635:; then to
633:Banu Tujib
601:Almoravids
597:Albarracín
313:after the
274:See also:
141:Alfonso VI
75:al-Andalus
2074:Visigoths
1661:Algeciras
749:(711–732)
505:Algeciras
155:Etymology
109:Christian
2005:Valencia
2000:Orihuela
1938:Valencia
1912:Santarém
1907:Purchena
1874:(I / II)
1817:Zaragoza
1813:(I / II)
1811:Valencia
1807:(I / II)
1801:(I / II)
1755:(I / II)
1733:Mallorca
1729:(I / II)
1672:Alpuente
1668:(I / II)
1542:(eds.).
1447:(eds.).
1227:Valencia
1221:Orihuela
1185:Marinids
1156:Valencia
1126:Portugal
1122:Santarém
1110:Purchena
1098:Valencia
1014:Almohads
850:Conquest
723:Valencia
705:Valencia
667:Zaragoza
637:Banu Hud
629:Zaragoza
607:Alpuente
412:and the
357:Pyrenees
353:Zaragoza
339:Certain
230:Saqaliba
226:Muladíes
133:Zaragoza
67:Portugal
65:(modern
1983:Menorca
1889:Mértola
1856:Carmona
1845:Badajoz
1833:Almería
1805:Tortosa
1789:Seville
1784:Segorbe
1738:Mértola
1702:Granada
1692:Córdoba
1687:Carmona
1682:Badajoz
1666:Almería
1551:Mif–Naz
1456:Mif–Naz
1256:Castile
1246:Castile
1242:Granada
1237:, are:
1203:Menorca
1088:Badajoz
1084:Mértola
1050:Granada
1038:Carmona
1026:Badajoz
1010:Almería
779:Fihrids
717:Segorbe
685:Majorca
657:Almería
619:Tortosa
581:Seville
557:Granada
547:Granada
541:Córdoba
535:Granada
525:Seville
521:Carmona
509:Seville
489:Castile
451:Mértola
429:Badajoz
383:in 1080
365:Badajoz
349:Seville
270:Decline
222:Berbers
137:Sevilla
125:Badajoz
79:Umayyad
55:ṭawā'if
2430:Taifas
1994:Niebla
1988:Murcia
1977:Málaga
1955:Arjona
1933:Tejada
1928:Tavira
1922:Silves
1917:Segura
1901:Niebla
1895:Murcia
1883:Málaga
1799:Toledo
1794:Silves
1764:Niebla
1753:Murcia
1743:Molina
1727:Málaga
1717:Lisbon
1712:Lleida
1707:Jerica
1557:
1538:&
1505:
1462:
1443:&
1381:
1353:
1326:
1286:
1235:taifas
1215:Niebla
1209:Murcia
1169:Arjona
1150:Tejada
1144:Tavira
1138:Silves
1132:Segura
1104:Niebla
1094:Murcia
1078:Málaga
1060:Murcia
727:El Cid
701:Murcia
695:Aragon
691:Molina
673:Jérica
641:Aragon
569:Niebla
553:Málaga
485:Toledo
469:Silves
435:Lisbon
398:taifas
381:taifas
363:, and
361:Toledo
341:taifas
319:taifas
295:parias
245:taifas
196:taifas
129:Toledo
105:taifas
97:taifas
89:taifas
59:Muslim
51:ṭā'ifa
44:Arabic
42:(from
40:taifas
32:taifas
2300:]
2086:Suebi
1996:(III)
1971:Lorca
1965:Dénia
1960:Baeza
1940:(III)
1885:(III)
1878:Jerez
1839:Arcos
1835:(III)
1769:Ronda
1748:Morón
1722:Lorca
1697:Dénia
1677:Arcos
1641:Taifa
1526:. In
1431:. In
1197:Lorca
1191:Denia
1181:Ceuta
1175:Baeza
1116:Ronda
1072:Jerez
1020:Arcos
679:Lorca
663:Denia
623:Denia
613:Rueda
575:Ronda
563:Morón
531:Ceuta
515:Arcos
394:taifa
334:taifa
327:taifa
303:taifa
286:taifa
282:ulama
263:emirs
218:Arabs
117:taifa
113:hajib
71:Spain
48:طائفة
2267:) →
2007:(IV)
1979:(IV)
1973:(II)
1967:(II)
1924:(II)
1903:(II)
1872:Jaén
1858:(II)
1847:(II)
1841:(II)
1555:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1066:Jaén
379:The
202:Rise
87:The
69:and
38:The
30:The
1990:(V)
2426::
2313:→
2309:→
2298:eu
2276:→
2250:)
2242:→
2221:→
1547:.
1534:;
1530:;
1452:.
1439:;
1435:;
1417:^
1401:.
1365:^
1298:^
408:,
404:,
298:.
224:,
220:,
151:.
131:,
127:,
46::
2263:(
2246:(
2040:e
2033:t
2026:v
1633:e
1626:t
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1563:.
1511:.
1485:.
1468:.
1411:.
1387:.
1359:.
1332:.
1292:.
1258:)
1248:)
1187:)
1128:)
1090:)
1062:)
1016:)
992:e
985:t
978:v
707:)
697:)
669:)
643:)
625:)
603:)
537:)
527:)
511:)
491:)
23:.
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