Wars of Alexander the Great

1839:. The battle was a decisive Macedonian victory and it marked the beginning of the end of Persian power. It was the first time the Persian army had been defeated with the King present on the field. Darius left his wife and an enormous amount of treasure behind as his army fled. The greed of the Macedonians helped to persuade them to keep going, as did the large number of Persian concubines and prostitutes they picked up in the battle. Darius, now fearing for both his throne and his life, sent a letter to Alexander in which he promised to pay a substantial ransom in exchange for the prisoners of war, and agreeing to a treaty of alliance with and the forfeiture of half of his empire to Alexander. Darius received a response which began "King Alexander to Darius". In the letter, Alexander blamed Darius for his father's death and claimed Darius was but a vulgar usurper, who planned to take Macedonia. He agreed to return the prisoners without ransom, but told Darius that he and Alexander were not equals, and that Darius was to henceforth address Alexander as "King of all Asia". Darius was also curtly informed that, if he wanted to dispute Alexander's claim to the Achaemenid throne, that he would have to stand and fight, and that if he instead fled, Alexander would pursue and kill him. By this, Alexander revealed for the first time that his plan was to conquer the entire Persian Empire. 1848: 2117:

Alexander's troops now thought the war was over. Alexander was unsure how to deal with this, so he decided to scare them into submission. He gave a speech, arguing that their conquests were not secure, that the Persians did not want the Greeks to remain in their country, and that only the strength of Macedon could secure the country. The speech worked, and Alexander's troops agreed to remain with him. Alexander, now the Persian "King of Kings", adopted Persian dress and mannerisms, which, in time, the Greeks began to view as decadent and autocratic. They began to fear that Alexander, the king they had hero-worshiped, was turning into an eastern despot, although a young eunuch was eventually introduced to Alexander, and helped to keep his decadence in check.

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satrapies, which appeared to do nothing more than improve the efficiency of government. The true effect, however, was to separate the civil from the financial function of these satrapies, thus ensuring that these governments, while technically independent of him, never truly were. Otherwise, he allowed the inhabitants of these towns to continue as they always had, and made no attempt to impose Greek customs on them. Meanwhile, ambassadors from other Greek cities in Asia Minor came to Alexander, offering submission if he allowed their 'democracies' to continue. Alexander granted their wish, and allowed them to stop paying taxes to Persia, but only if they joined the League of Corinth. By doing so, they promised to provide monetary support to Alexander.

2090: 1626:, suggested crossing the river upstream and attacking at dawn the next day, but Alexander attacked immediately. He ordered a small group of cavalry and light infantry to attack from the Macedonian right to draw the Persians off the bank and into the river. Seeing that he had broken the Persian line, Alexander led his horse companions in oblique order further to the right in order to outflank the Persians and buy time for his infantry to cross the river. Several high-ranking Persian nobles were killed by Alexander himself or his bodyguards, although Alexander was stunned by an axe-blow from a Persian nobleman named Spithridates. Before the noble could deal a death-blow, however, he was killed by 1907:, which had heard of his victories and wished to join him. Alexander then sailed on Tyre and quickly blockaded both ports with his superior numbers. He had several of the slower galleys, and a few barges, refit with battering rams, the only known case of battering rams being used on ships. Alexander started testing the wall at various points with his rams, until he made a small breach in the south end of the island. He then coordinated an attack across the breach with a bombardment from all sides by his navy. Once his troops forced their way into the city, they easily overtook the garrison, and quickly captured the city. Those citizens that took shelter in the temple of 1734:

break through the city walls. Memnon, however, now deployed his catapults, and Alexander's army fell back. Memnon then deployed his infantry, and shortly before Alexander would have received his first (and only) defeat, his infantry managed to break through the city walls, surprising the Persian forces and killing Orontobates. Memnon, realizing the city was lost, set fire to it and withdrew with his army. A strong wind caused the fire to destroy much of the city. Alexander then committed the government of Caria to Ada; and she, in turn, formally adopted Alexander as her son, ensuring that the rule of Caria passed unconditionally to him upon her eventual death.

1661:, whom Alexander had left in charge of Macedon in his absence, had been given a free hand to install dictators and tyrants wherever he saw fit in order to minimize the risk of a rebellion. As he moved deeper into Persia, however, the threat of trouble seemed to grow. Many of these towns had been ruled for generations by heavy handed tyrants, so in these Persian towns, he did the opposite of what he did in Greece. Wanting to appear to be a liberator, he freed the population and allowed self-government. As he continued marching into Persia, he saw that his victory at Granicus had been lost on no one. Town after town seemed to surrender to him. The 1765:, and had believed that Memnon's scorched Earth strategy would work here. He did not realize that the different circumstances of the terrain made that strategy useless. Had he mounted a credible defence of the defile, Alexander would have been easily repulsed. He left only a small contingent to guard the defile, and took his entire army to destroy the plain that lay ahead of Alexander's army. The Persian contingent that was supposed to guard the defile soon abandoned it, and Alexander passed through without any problems. Alexander supposedly said after this incident that he had never been so lucky in his entire career. 5266: 1828:, and led a direct assault against Darius. The horses that were pulling Darius' chariot were injured, and began tossing at the yoke. Darius, about to fall off his chariot, instead jumped off. He threw his royal diadem away, mounted a horse, and fled the scene. The Persian troops, realizing they had lost, either surrendered or fled with their hapless king. The Macedonian cavalry pursued the fleeing Persians for as long as there was light. As with most ancient battles, significant carnage occurred after the battle as pursuing Macedonians slaughtered their crowded, disorganized foe. 2113:

the Macedonian soldier's hand, said that he was thankful that he would not die utterly alone and abandoned. Alexander, who may have felt genuinely saddened at Darius' death, buried Darius next to his Achaemenid predecessors in a full military funeral. Alexander claimed that, while dying, Darius had named Alexander as his successor to the Achaemenid throne and had asked Alexander to avenge his death, a striking irony since it was Alexander who had pursued him to his death. The Achaemenid Persian Empire is considered to have fallen with the death of Darius.

2442: 656: 638: 620: 604: 586: 570: 554: 536: 255: 42: 2323: 2057: 1347: 579: 563: 429: 1601: 1782: 8900: 1682: 2296:, and Alexander sent a herald to shout the news to the enemy's advanced posts that they might now surrender without further delay. The defenders were so surprised and demoralized by this that they surrendered. Alexander fell in love with Roxana, whom ancient historians call the "most beautiful woman in the world" (not an uncommon claim for an ancient queen), on sight and eventually married her. The story of the siege is told by the Roman historian 613: 5305: 8910: 2076:, and quickly rendered useless. Alexander, while leading the charge, formed his units into a giant wedge, which quickly smashed right into the weakened Persian center. Darius' charioteer was killed by a spear, and chaos rang out as everyone (incorrectly) thought it was Darius who had been killed. The Persian line then collapsed, and Darius fled. Darius escaped with a small core of his forces remaining intact, although the Bactrian cavalry and 8920: 520: 510: 500: 490: 480: 464: 454: 436: 420: 410: 400: 390: 380: 370: 358: 234: 2506:

crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.

1946: 1972:, the commander of the fortress of Gaza, refused to surrender to Alexander. Though a eunuch, Batis was physically imposing and ruthless. After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold was finally taken by force, but not before Alexander received a serious shoulder wound. When Gaza was taken, the male population was put to the sword and the women and children were sold into slavery. According to the Roman historian 1550: 1630:. The Macedonian cavalry opened a hole in the Persian line as the Macedonian infantry advanced, forcing the enemy back and eventually breaking their center. The Persian cavalry turned and fled the battlefield, and the Greek mercenary infantry they held in reserve were encircled by the Macedonians and slaughtered; only around two-thousand of which survived, and were sent back to Macedonia for labor. 2511: 2109:. There, Alexander found wealth that even he had never imagined possible. He paid his troops, and sent a sum of money six times the annual income of Athens to Greece, in order to put down a Spartan rebellion. Darius, meanwhile, dispatched letters to his eastern satrapies asking them to remain loyal. The satrapies, however, had other intentions, and quickly capitulated to Alexander. 2132: 1915:' defense and the loss of his men that he destroyed half the city. Alexander granted pardon to the king and his family, whilst 30,000 residents and foreigners taken were sold into slavery. There was a family, though, that Alexander gave a very high position in his government, but the only contact he ever had with them was when he spent the night with the wife of the household. 1577:. The various satraps of the Persian Empire gathered their forces at the town of Zelea and offered battle on the banks of the Granicus River. Alexander ultimately fought many of his battles on a river bank. By doing so, he was able to minimize the advantage the Persians had in numbers. In addition, the deadly Persian chariots were useless on a cramped, muddy river bank. 1886:

their bodies over the city wall. The dissent against Alexander's plans to take the city by force disappeared, and his engineers began to design the structure. Alexander began with an engineering feat that shows the true extent of his brilliance; as he could not attack the city from sea, he built a kilometer-long causeway stretching out to the island on a natural

2288:. When Alexander asked the defenders to surrender, they refused, telling him that he would need "men with wings" to capture it. Alexander asked for volunteers, whom he would reward if they could climb the cliffs under the fortress. There were some 300 men who from previous sieges had gained experience in rock-climbing. Using tent-pegs and strong 1266:. Alexander proceeded to solidify Macedonian rule by quashing a rebellion in the southern Greek city-states and staged a short but bloody excursion against the city-states to the north. He then proceeded east to carry out his plans to conquer the Achaemenid Empire. His campaign of conquests from Greece spanned across 2219:, Alexander appointed a general named Phrasaortes as successor of Ariobarzanes. Four months later, Alexander allowed the troops to loot Persepolis. A fire broke out and spread to the rest of the city. It is not clear if it had been a drunken accident, or a deliberate act of revenge for the burning of the 1988:, and Batis was dragged alive by chariot beneath the walls of the city. Alexander, who admired courage in his enemies and might have been inclined to show mercy to the brave Persian general, was infuriated at Batis's refusal to kneel and by the enemy commander's haughty silence and contemptuous manner. 2100:

After the battle, Parmenion rounded up the Persian baggage train while Alexander and his own bodyguard chased after Darius in hopes of catching up. Substantial amounts of loot were gained following the battle, with 4,000 talents captured, as well as the King's personal chariot and bow. Darius planned

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entrenched themselves in Halicarnassus. Alexander had sent spies to meet with dissidents inside the city, who had promised to open the gates and allow Alexander to enter. When his spies arrived, however, the dissidents were nowhere to be found. A small battle resulted, and Alexander's army managed to

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Bessus fatally stabbed Darius, before fleeing eastwards. Darius was found by one of Alexander's scouts, moaning in pain. Darius, dying and chained to a baggage train being pulled by an ox, was lying next to a lone dog and his royal robes were covered in blood. He asked for water, and then, clutching

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As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having done all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on

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that would allow his army to take the town by force. His engineers did not believe it would be possible to build such a massive structure, and so Alexander sent peace envoys once more to propose an alliance. The Tyrians believed this to be a sign of weakness, and so they killed the envoys and threw

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against the Persian left up against the hills, and cut up the enemy on the less encumbering terrain, thereby generating a quick rout. After achieving a breakthrough, Alexander demonstrated he could do the difficult thing and held the cavalry in check after it broke the Persian right. Alexander then

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valleys. A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander himself was wounded in the shoulder by a dart but eventually the Aspasioi lost the fight. Alexander then faced the Assakenoi, who fought bravely and offered stubborn resistance to Alexander in the strongholds of Massaga, Ora and

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rivers without any opposition. Darius was building up a massive army, drawing men from the far reaches of his empire, and planned to use sheer numbers to crush Alexander. Though Alexander had conquered part of the Persian empire, it was still vast in area and in manpower reserves, and Darius could

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This convinced Alexander that he would be unable to take Tyre without a navy. Fate would soon provide him with one. Presently, the Persian navy returned to find their home cities under Alexander's control. Since their allegiance was to their city, they were therefore Alexander's. He now had eighty

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While he was triumphantly campaigning north, the Thebans and Athenians rebelled once more. Alexander reacted immediately, but, while the other cities once again hesitated, Thebes decided to resist with the utmost vigor. This resistance was useless, however, as the city was razed to the ground amid

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Alexander, viewing himself as the legitimate Achaemenid successor to Darius, viewed Bessus as a usurper to the Achaemenid throne, and eventually found and executed this 'usurper'. The majority of the existing satraps were to give their loyalty to Alexander, and be allowed to keep their positions.

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launched their projectiles. Alexander's army initially suffered heavy casualties, losing entire platoons at a time. Ariobarzanes had hoped that defeating Alexander at the Persian Gates would allow the Persians more time to field another army, and possibly stop the Macedonian invasion altogether.

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strategy. He wanted the Persians to destroy the land in front of Alexander, which he hoped would force Alexander's army to starve, and then to turn back. The satraps in Anatolia rejected this advice, considering it their duty to defend their land. Eventually, with Alexander advancing deeper into

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As these satraps gave up, Alexander appointed new ones to replace them, and claimed to distrust the accumulation of absolute power into anyone's hands. There appeared to be little change from the old system. Alexander, however, appointed independent boards to collect tribute and taxes from the

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Ariobarzanes held the pass for a month, but Alexander succeeded in encircling the Persian army and broke through the Persian defenses. The defeat of Ariobarzanes's forces at the Persian Gate removed the last military obstacle between Alexander and Persepolis. Upon his arrival at the city of

1329:(his political rivals) abandoned these plans after he died; instead, within a few years of Alexander's death, the Diadochi began a series of military campaigns against each other and divided the territories of the Macedonian Empire among themselves, triggering 40 years of warfare during the 1722:. In return for his support, Ada gave Alexander gifts, and even sent him some of the best cooks in Asia Minor, realizing that Alexander had a sweet tooth. In the past, Alexander had referred to his biological father, Philip, as his "so-called" father, and preferred to think of the deity 2053:

recruit more men than Alexander could dream of. Also present in the Persian army, a sign that the Persians were still very powerful, were the feared war elephants. While Darius had a significant advantage in number of soldiers, most of his troops were not as organized as Alexander's.

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After the battle, Alexander buried the dead Greeks and Persians and sent the captured Greek mercenaries back to Greece to work in the mines as an abject lesson for any Greek who decided to fight for the Persians. He sent some of the spoils back to Greece, including three hundred

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no more than two meters deep. Alexander then constructed two towers 150 feet high and moved them to the end of the causeway. The Tyrians, however, quickly devised a counterattack. They used an old horse transport ship, filling it with dried branches, pitch, sulfur, and various

1773:, but none of his physicians would treat him, because they feared that, if he died, they would be held responsible. One physician named Philip, who had treated Alexander since he was a child, agreed to treat him. Although he soon fell into a coma, he eventually recovered. 1768:

After reaching Mount Taurus, Alexander's army found a stream that flowed from the mountain with water that was ice cold. Not thinking, Alexander jumped into the stream, suffered a cramp and then a convulsion, and was pulled out nearly dead. He quickly developed

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in 326 BC, but was so impressed by the demeanor with which the king carried himself that he allowed Porus to continue governing his own kingdom as a satrap. Although victorious, Battle of the Hydaspes was also the most costly battle fought by the Macedonians.

1866:, a strategic coastal base. Tyre was the site of the only remaining Persian port that did not capitulate to Alexander. Even by this point in the war, the Persian navy still posed a major threat to Alexander. Tyre, the largest and most important city-state of 2538:

pleaded with him to change his opinion and return, the men, he said, "longed to again see their parents, their wives and children, their homeland". Alexander, seeing the unwillingness of his men agreed and diverted. Along the way his army conquered the

2438:. Alexander followed close behind their heels and captured the strategic hill-fort after the fourth day of a bloody fight. This fight was the challenge Alexander was looking for, an army with huge elephants that were almost able to defeat Alexander. 1800:, Darius took personal charge of his army, gathered a large army from the depths of the empire, and maneuvered to cut the Greek line of supply, requiring Alexander to countermarch his forces, setting the stage for the battle near the mouth of the 1596:

in the middle, Macedonian cavalry led by Alexander on the right, and allied Thessalian cavalry led by Parmenion on the left. The Persians expected the main assault to come from Alexander's position and moved units from their center to that flank.

2430:, "Not only did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga, but also did he reduce its buildings to rubbles". A similar slaughter then followed at Ora, another stronghold of the Assakenoi. In the aftermath of Massaga and Ora, numerous 1693:

was undertaken in 334 BC. Alexander, who had a weak navy, was constantly being threatened by the Persian navy. It continuously attempted to provoke an engagement with Alexander, who would have none of it. Eventually, the Persian fleet sailed to

2068:. Darius placed himself in the center with his best infantry as was the tradition among Persian kings. The Macedonians were divided into two, with the right side of the army falling under the direct command of Alexander, and the left to 1870:, was located both on the Mediterranean coast as well as a nearby Island with two natural harbors on the landward side. At the time of the siege, the city held approximately 40,000 people, though the women and children were evacuated to 1541:

Persian territory, Darius ordered all five satraps of the Anatolian provinces to pool their military resources together and confront Alexander. This army was guided by Memnon, while absolute command was split among the five satraps.

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Despite his military accomplishments, Alexander did not provide any stable alternative to the rule of the Achaemenids, and his untimely death threw the vast territories he conquered into a series of civil wars commonly known as the

1421:, he had his men ride over Mount Ossa. When the Thessalians awoke, they found Alexander at their rear. The Thessalians quickly surrendered, and their cavalry was added to Alexander's force. He then proceeded south, towards the 2497:. According to the Greek sources, the Nanda army was five times larger than the Macedonian army. Fearing the prospects of facing the powerful Nanda Empire armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, his army mutinied at the 1591:

all mention the battle, with Arrian providing the most detail. The Persians placed their cavalry in front of their infantry, and drew up on the right (east) bank of the river. The Macedonian line was arrayed with the heavy

1881:. The Tyrians politely told Alexander that their town was neutral in the war, and that allowing him to offer sacrifices to Melqart would be tantamount to recognizing him as their king. Alexander considered building a 1470:, the Macedonian army attacked and defeated a Thracian garrison manning the heights. The Macedonians were then attacked in the rear by the Triballi, who were crushed in turn. Alexander then advanced on to the 2199:, took one half along the Royal Road, and Alexander himself took the route towards Persis. Passing into Persis required traversing the Persian Gates, a narrow mountain pass that lent itself easily to ambush. 2195:(the Persian Empire had several "capitals"), and was the natural venue for Alexander's continued campaign. After the conquest of Susa, Alexander split the Macedonian army into two parts. Alexander's general, 4420:

Curtius in McCrindle, Op cit, p 192, J. W. McCrindle; History of Punjab, Vol I, 1997, p 229, Punajbi University, Patiala, (Editors): Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 134, Kirpal

3708:. p.172: "In scope and extent his achievements ranked far above that of the Macedonian king, Alexander ("the Great") who was to demolish the empire in the 320s but failed to provide any stable alternative." 2080:

soon caught up with him. The remaining Persian resistance was quickly put down. In all, the Battle of Gaugamela was a disastrous defeat for the Persians, and possibly one of Alexander's finest victories.

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lines, they climbed the cliff face at night, losing about 30 of their number during the ascent. In accordance with Alexander's orders, they signaled their success to the troops below by waving bits of

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With Gaza taken, Alexander marched into Egypt. His entry was described as "closer to a triumphant procession than an invasion." They welcomed Alexander as their king, placed him on the throne of the

4222: 4434:"While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit." 1746:. He disrupted Alexander's supply routes by taking Aegean islands near the Hellespont and by fomenting rebellion in southern Greece. Meanwhile, Darius took the Persian army to intercept Alexander. 2206:' ambush. Once the Macedonian army had advanced sufficiently into the narrow pass, the Persians rained down boulders on them from the northern slopes. From the southern slope, Persian archers and 2256:

in 327 BC. He wanted to conquer the entire known world, which in Alexander's day, ended on the eastern end of India. Greeks of Alexander's day knew nothing of China, or any other lands east of

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Believing that, after his victory over the Uxians, he would not encounter any more enemy forces during his march, Alexander neglected to send scouts ahead of his vanguard, and thus walked into

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great bloodshed and its territory divided between the other Boeotian cities. The end of Thebes cowed Athens into submission, leaving all of Greece at least outwardly at peace with Alexander.

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called "The Gates". The defile was very narrow, and could have been easily defended. However, the Persian satrap of Cappadocia had an inflated view of his own abilities. He had been at the

1123: 923: 4971:, December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 46–55, 97 (Alexander the Great, his military, his strategy at the Battle of Gaugamela and his defeat of Darius making Alexander the King of Kings). 1458:

Before crossing to Asia, Alexander wanted to safeguard his northern borders and, in the spring of 335 BC, he advanced into Thrace to deal with the revolt, which was led by the

2072:. Alexander began by ordering his infantry to march in phalanx formation towards the center of the enemy line. Darius now launched his chariots, which were intercepted by the 1511: 5216: 1811:

Initially, Alexander chose what was apparently unfavorable ground. This surprised Darius who mistakenly elected to hold the wrong position while Alexander instructed his

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were in open revolt against Macedonian authority. Alexander defeated each in turn, forcing Cleitus and Glaukias to flee with their armies, leaving Alexander's northern

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of 3,000 men. Together, the army rode south towards Thessaly (Macedon's immediate neighbor to the south). When he found the Thessalian army blocking the pass between

986: 728: 1116: 916: 1808:. Darius was apparently unaware that, by deciding to stage the battle on a river bank, he was minimizing the numerical advantage his army had over Alexander's. 1366:. Philip's son, and previously designated heir, Alexander, was proclaimed king by the Macedonian noblemen and army. He also succeeded his father as head of the 4230: 1714:, surrendered the fortress to him. Alexander and Ada appear to have formed an emotional connection. He called her "mother", finding her more amicable than his 2623:). According to Plutarch, during the 60-day march through the desert, Alexander lost three-quarters of his army to the harsh desert conditions along the way. 2426:. The fort of Massaga could only be reduced after several days of bloody fighting in which Alexander himself was wounded seriously in the ankle. According to 979: 5232: 5197: 9336: 1710:

satrap of Caria, which included Halicarnassus in its jurisdiction. On the approach of Alexander in 334 BC, Ada, who was in possession of the fortress of

1109: 909: 4094: 2015:, and, though future tax revenues would be channeled to him, he left Egypt under the management of Egyptians, which helped to win him their support. 17: 5135: 6047: 2252:'s forces in battle of Gabai against Spitamenes, and Coenus (Koinos), one Alexander the Great's generals in 328 BC, he began a new campaign to 721: 5107: 9341: 1440:. Athens sued for peace and Alexander received the envoy and pardoned anyone involved with the uprising. At Corinth, he was given the title ' 3999: 8956: 6004: 2571:. Eudemus became ruler of a part of the Punjab after their death. Both rulers returned to the West in 316 BC with their armies. In 321 BC, 5254: 4493: 4196: 7647: 5121: 1405:

to the north of Macedon. When news of the revolt reached Alexander, he took quick action. Although his advisers recommended the use of

1899:, and ran it up onto the causeway. The fire spread quickly, engulfing both towers and other siege equipment that had been brought up. 5202: 714: 4335: 5096: 2101:

to head further east, and raise another army to face Alexander while he and the Macedonians headed to one of the Persian capitals,

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The battle began with the Persians already present at the battlefield. Darius had recruited the finest cavalry from his eastern

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In these early months, Darius still refused to take Alexander seriously or mount a serious challenge to Alexander's movements.

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Alexander sent an envoy to Tyre, proposing a peace treaty, and asked to visit their city and offer sacrifices to their God

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For the identification, see Henry Speck, "Alexander at the Persian Gates. A Study in Historiography and Topography" in:

2342:) to cement his relations with his new Central Asian satrapies, Alexander was finally free to turn his attention to the 2093:

Alexander's first victory over the Persian king Darius, depicted in medieval European style in the 15th century romance

7657: 7347: 7040: 6974: 5878: 5873: 5570: 4507: 1444:' of the Greek forces against the Persians. Whilst at Corinth, he heard the news of a Thracian uprising in the north. 1210:. After Alexander's chain of victories, he began a campaign against local chieftains and warlords that stretched from 947: 759: 145: 7045: 7020: 5289: 5055: 121: 8949: 8854: 7603: 7030: 7025: 5635: 5487: 2089: 1831:

The invading troops led by Alexander were outnumbered more than 2:1, yet they defeated the army personally led by

1529:(triple-banked galleys) to transport the entire Macedonian army, but the Persians decided to ignore the movement. 7497: 7357: 7352: 6629: 5247: 1227: 1295: 198: 8881: 7522: 6936: 6033: 5319: 4245:"The Location of the Battle of Gaugamela Discovered - The Kurdish Globe (Erbil, Iraq) | HighBeam Research" 2726: 2203: 1453: 933: 752: 4362:

N. G. L. Hammond (1992). "The Archaeological and Literary Evidence for the Burning of the Persepolis Palace",

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Prior to his death, Alexander had also made plans for a Macedonian military and mercantile expansion into the

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Shortly after the battle, Memnon died. His replacement was a Persian who had spent time in Macedonia called

9311: 8849: 7378: 6832: 5526: 4880: 4091: 2679: 2040:, and resulted in a decisive victory for the Macedonians. After the Siege of Gaza, Alexander advanced from 1762: 1726:

as his actual father. Thus, he had finally managed to divorce himself from both of his biological parents.

1223: 5132: 9221: 9191: 9092: 8942: 7904: 7512: 7388: 7050: 7004: 6959: 6735: 6424: 5664: 3693: 1379: 1246: 1199: 238: 8443: 2501:, refusing to march further east. This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. 93: 9331: 9326: 9176: 8565: 8438: 7571: 7566: 7542: 7452: 6969: 6067: 5781: 5423: 5240: 3244: 3198: 2140: 2126: 1065: 1059: 832: 826: 2284:, to take refuge in the fortress, as it was thought to be impregnable, and was provisioned for a long 1753:, where, for a stretch of nearly 150 km (93 mi), there was no water. As his army approached 9034: 8923: 8866: 7822: 7625: 7610: 7532: 7467: 6787: 6682: 6156: 6090: 5669: 2297: 2261: 1226:, Alexander ruled over most regions of Greece and the conquered Achaemenid Empire, including much of 493: 7434: 7414: 6612: 6270: 9151: 7620: 7583: 7517: 7183: 7070: 5716: 5552: 5398: 3790: 9044: 8996: 8903: 8027: 7827: 7812: 7615: 7598: 7578: 7547: 7447: 7383: 6999: 6984: 6954: 6915: 6792: 6644: 6146: 5767: 5675: 5593: 5362: 4861: 4661: 3616: 3606: 3106: 1929: 1047: 814: 471: 4538: 9269: 9251: 9226: 9085: 8861: 7864: 7635: 7593: 7527: 7492: 6944: 6928: 6624: 6565: 6414: 6409: 5988: 5760: 5746: 5732: 5284: 4571: 3729: 3524: 3056: 2968: 2874: 2548: 2478: 2450: 2317: 1859: 1797: 1690: 1558: 1287: 1183: 1159: 1041: 1029: 1017: 883: 808: 796: 784: 641: 153: 5019:

Alexander the Great, Killer of Men: History's Greatest Conqueror and the Macedonian Way of War

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In the winter of 327/326 BC, Alexander personally led a campaign against these clans; the

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in May 334 BC was fought in Northwestern Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), near the site of

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A Military History of the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto

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Alexander spoke to his army and tried to persuade them to march further into India but

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Die Eroberung des Perserreiches durch Alexander d. Gr. auf kartographischer Grundlage

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was built on a hill and was heavily fortified. The inhabitants of Gaza and their

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allies did not want to lose the lucrative trade which was controlled by Gaza.

1815:

to take up a defensive posture. Alexander personally led the more elite Greek

1669:, as well as his garrison, was among the first of many satraps to capitulate. 1482:, leaving their town to the Macedonian army. News then reached Alexander that 1478:

tribe on the opposite shore. The Getae army retreated after the first cavalry

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were pardoned by Alexander. It is said that Alexander was so enraged at the

1895:. They then lit it on fire, creating what we might call a primitive form of 1262:(Greek city-states) of mainland Greece (with Macedonian hegemony) under the 9241: 9231: 9074: 8688: 8640: 8506: 8360: 8230: 7869: 7705: 7211: 7173: 6872: 4711: 3380: 3304: 2600: 2555:, a position he would hold for the next ten years until 316 BC, and in the 2515: 2486: 2406: 2375: 2355: 2347: 1805: 1754: 1699: 1359: 1318: 1283: 1089: 856: 694: 545: 210: 105: 5198:

Alexander, The Great Mystery by T. Peter Limber in "Saudi Aramco Magazine"

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Campaigns and landmarks of Alexander's invasion of the Indian subcontinent

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ships. This coincided with the arrival of another hundred and twenty from

1796:

on November 333 BC. After Alexander's forces defeated the Persians at the

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https://issuu.com/sonjcemarceva/docs/alexander_the_great_-_historical_so

1781: 1643:(complete Persian suits of armor) back to Athens to be dedicated in the 9133: 9054: 8645: 8615: 8610: 8595: 8481: 8448: 8117: 8087: 7754: 7482: 7316: 7158: 7153: 7143: 7128: 7113: 7103: 7078: 6454: 6209: 6164: 5883: 5830: 5434: 5370: 4132: 3350: 2519: 2498: 2331: 2216: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2156: 2152: 2012: 1821: 1750: 1681: 1612: 1566: 1522: 1219: 1207: 850: 677: 540: 483: 51: 47: 1757:, they found only one route through which to pass, which was a narrow 8934: 8620: 8546: 8531: 8501: 8496: 8428: 8352: 8337: 8322: 8265: 8165: 7817: 7749: 7321: 7301: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7226: 7221: 7191: 7138: 7098: 6877: 6743: 6697: 6677: 6308: 6179: 5492: 5226: 4814: 4382:

Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey Across Asia

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by Joseph Roisman (editor). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003.

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News of Philip's death roused many states into revolt, including

1351: 659: 573: 305: 202: 97: 61: 8758: 8072: 4915:. Woodstock, NY; New York: The Overlook Press, 2004 (hardcover, 1549: 1245:

Alexander assumed kingship over ancient Macedonia following the

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Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War (General Military)

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Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War (General Military)

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with the inscription "Alexander, son of Philip and the Greeks,

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Murison, C. L. (1972). "Darius III and the Battle of Issus".

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Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia

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Brief collection of ancient accounts translated into English

8798: 8773: 8723: 8210: 8200: 5851: 5014:, Vol. 27, No. 1. (January 1932), pp. 70–75. 3214: 3168: 2757: 2612: 2592: 2547:). In the territory of the Indus, he nominated his officer 2289: 2180: 2172: 2148: 2106: 2044:

towards the heart of the Persian Empire, crossing both the

1723: 1611:

of Alexander dating from 2nd-1st century BC, possibly from

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Alexander the Great in his World (Blackwell Ancient Lives)

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The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins

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Alexander the Great: The Unique History of Quintus Curtius

4004:. p. 11.6. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3698:

The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World

1001: 5168: 5119:

Alexander the Great: An annotated list of primary sources

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Alexander of Macedon: 356–323 B.C. A Historical Biography

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Larsen, Jakob A. O. "Alexander at the Oracle of Ammon",

1202:

from 336 to 323 BC. They began with battles against the

1131: 931: 5035:. Chicago Ridge, IL: Ares Publishers, 2004 (paperback, 3839: 2473:, where he engaged in battle against the regional king 2004: 1569:, Alexander advanced up the road to the capital of the 3771: 4057: 4055: 1862:

occurred in 332 BC when Alexander set out to conquer

4965:

De Santis, Marc G. "At The Crossroads of Conquest".

5176:, entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith 5110:

Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus

4860:, edited by A.B. Bosworth, E.J. Baynham. New York: 4001:

Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus

736: 5186:Alexander The Great in the French museum Le Louvre 4806: 4665: 4052: 5065:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2006 (hardcover, 2563:in charge of the army, at the side of the satrap 2280:had sent his wife and daughters, one of whom was 9303: 4981:; New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988. 2449:depicting Alexander and Porus (Puru) during the 1976:, Batis was killed by Alexander in imitation of 1234:in its entirety according to his initial plan. 6261: 5182:, a comprehensive directory of some 1,000 sites 5099:Of the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander the Great 2457:After gaining control of the former Achaemenid 1544: 1432:, where he was recognized as the leader of the 1313:, after which he planned to turn his armies to 5203:Trace Alexander's conquests on an animated map 4445:The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XVIII 4199:. Leaders and Battles Database. Archived from 4148:"How geology came to help Alexander the Great" 2362:, to come to him and submit to his authority. 8950: 6041: 5248: 4476: 4424: 4405: 3797:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11 July 2023. 2120: 1685:Map of Halicarnassus at the time of the siege 1358:In 336 BC, Philip II was assassinated by the 1230:; he did not, however, manage to conquer the 1117: 987: 917: 722: 6005:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire 4913:Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past 4508:"Plutarch • Life of Alexander (Part 7 of 7)" 4454:The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XIX 3951: 2230: 1851:A naval action during the siege, Drawing by 1634:Alexander consolidates support in Asia Minor 4831: 4804: 4481:. Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 264. 4378: 2248:. After Alexander defeated the last of the 2240:In 329 BC, Alexander launched the Siege of 1553:Map of what would become Alexander's empire 9337:Wars involving Macedonia (ancient kingdom) 8957: 8943: 6927: 6048: 6034: 5255: 5241: 4923:); London: PanMacmillan, 2004 (hardcover, 2599:, and commissioned a fleet to explore the 2579:in India and overthrew the Greek satraps. 1124: 1110: 994: 980: 924: 910: 729: 715: 5033:The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great 4761: 4408:Alexander the Great: Greece and Rome – 12 4113:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 3852: 3777: 1676: 4903:Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great 4736: 4686: 4639: 4617: 4261: 4255: 4145: 3903: 2509: 2440: 2321: 2130: 2088: 2055: 1944: 1846: 1780: 1749:Alexander marched his army east through 1680: 1599: 1548: 1345: 5223:, photos of all sites Alexander visited 5169:Pothos.org: Alexander's Home on the Web 4858:Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction 4780: 4710: 4588: 4292: 4286: 4110: 3975: 3801: 3758:Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World 3652: 3612:Military tactics of Alexander the Great 2587:Alexander now sent much of his army to 1698:, in order to establish a new defense. 1336: 14: 9304: 8964: 7981: 5214:Alexander in the Punjab. A Photo Essay 5021:, New York, Carroll & Graf, 2004, 4946:. Oxford: Routledge, 2006 (hardcover, 4527: 2314:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great 2023: 1247:assassination of his father, Philip II 8938: 8838: 7980: 7409: 6913: 6260: 6080: 6029: 5236: 5156:A Bibliography of Alexander the Great 4660: 4559: 4197:"Leaders and Battles: Gaza, Siege of" 4170: 4168: 3913:Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy 3896:Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy 3858: 3717: 1706:. When he died, Darius had appointed 1105: 975: 905: 710: 66:Naples National Archaeological Museum 9342:Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire 9167:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 8449:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 6081: 4467:. Macdonald Phoebus Ltd, 1981, p. 66 3997: 3981: 2582: 2032:took place in 331 BC in what is now 1824:, took his place at the head of his 1525:into Asia. It took over one hundred 1374:of Greek states that were under the 1294:. He extended the boundaries of his 4329:American Journal of Ancient History 4247:. 24 September 2015. Archived from 4076: 4061: 4043: 4028: 2003:, and named him the incarnation of 46:Alexander, depicted with his horse 24: 18:Alexander's conquest of Persia 9147:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 7410: 6055: 5879:Persepolis Administrative Archives 4851: 4672:. University of California Press. 4595:. Osprey Publishing. p. 106. 4299:. Osprey Publishing. p. 106. 4165: 2370:, whose kingdom extended from the 2354:, in the north of what is now the 2307: 2183:with the more eastern capitals of 2095:The History of Alexander’s Battles 2011:. He set in motion plans to build 1776: 1447: 25: 9353: 5085: 5031:Pearson, Lionel Ignacius Cusack. 4764:The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 4646:. Little Brown & Co. Boston. 3968:The Nature of Alexander the Great 3944:The Nature of Alexander the Great 3920:The Nature of Alexander the Great 3882:The Nature of Alexander the Great 3825:The Nature of Alexander the Great 3760:, London: Constable and Co. Ltd, 2485:East of Porus' kingdom, near the 2477:, whom Alexander defeated in the 2413:valley, and the Assakenoi of the 2159:of the Persian forces. After the 1521:In 334 BC, Alexander crossed the 8918: 8908: 8899: 8898: 5303: 5264: 4834:Alexander the Great: Man and God 4589:Farrokh, Kaveh (24 April 2007). 4293:Farrokh, Kaveh (24 April 2007). 2672:Philip II's submission of Greece 2626: 2244:and fought against the Sakas in 2139:In the winter of 330 BC, at the 1923: 1874:, an ancient Phoenician colony. 1842: 654: 636: 618: 611: 602: 584: 577: 568: 561: 552: 534: 518: 508: 498: 488: 478: 462: 452: 434: 427: 418: 408: 398: 388: 378: 368: 356: 253: 232: 40: 27:Campaigns of Alexander the Great 8919: 4737:Robinson, Cyril Edward (1929). 4521: 4500: 4485: 4470: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4414: 4399: 4372: 4356: 4345: 4321: 4262:Robinson, Cyril Edward (1929). 4237: 4215: 4189: 4139: 4104: 4085: 4070: 4037: 4022: 3990: 3927: 3559:November 326 – February 325 BC 2390:(known in Indian texts also as 1622:Alexander's second-in-command, 1251: 5320:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton 5210:, a project by John J. Popovic 5208:Alexander the Great of Macedon 5180:Alexander the Great on the Web 5050:. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 4790:. W. W. Norton & Company. 3791:"Philip II: king of Macedonia" 3783: 3746: 3711: 3687: 3665: 3639: 2264:, a fortress located north of 2018: 1188:Πόλεμοι του Μεγάλου Αλεξάνδρου 13: 1: 6520: 6507: 6488: 6471: 5576:Scythian campaign of Darius I 5488:Xerxes I's inscription at Van 4931:); Vintage, 2005 (paperback, 4745:Methuen & Company Limited 4385:. Da Capo Press. p. 38. 4270:Methuen & Company Limited 4146:Stafford, Ned (14 May 2007). 3681: 1516: 1341: 7648:Funeral and burial practices 6833:Military of Mycenaean Greece 5566:Conquest of the Indus Valley 5527:Battle of the Persian Border 5144:fragmentary and lost sources 4881:University of Michigan Press 2346:. Alexander invited all the 2167:, Alexander had advanced to 1804:and south of the village of 1763:Battle of the Granicus River 1559:Battle of the Granicus River 1545:Battle of the Granicus River 298:In Western and Central Asia: 7: 9317:Wars of Alexander the Great 9116:Wars of Alexander the Great 5727:Wars of Alexander the Great 5131:Wiki Classical Dictionary, 3998:Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 3600: 2060:Alexander's decisive attack 1785:Alexander's decisive attack 1454:Alexander's Balkan campaign 1298:as far east as the city of 1214:to as far as the region of 1180:wars of Alexander the Great 35:Wars of Alexander the Great 10: 9358: 7572:Greek Revival architecture 6914: 5782:Battle of the Persian Gate 5424:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 4534:The Campaigns of Alexander 4477:Bongard-Levin, G. (1979). 3961:The Campaigns of Alexander 3937:The Campaigns of Alexander 3245:Battle of the Persian Gate 3199:Battle of the Uxian Defile 2469:, Alexander advanced into 2311: 2235: 2141:Battle of the Persian Gate 2127:Battle of the Persian Gate 2124: 2121:Battle of the Persian Gate 1995:, giving him the crown of 1980:' treatment of the fallen 1927: 1820:mounted his beloved horse 1509: 1451: 1325:in the west. However, the 1187: 339:Indian tribes and kingdoms 84:336–323 BC (13 years) 9288: 9124: 9035:Wars of the Delian League 9015: 8972: 8894: 8845: 8839: 8834: 8679: 8556: 8545: 8472: 8394: 8351: 8298: 8156: 8008: 7999: 7995: 7976: 7925: 7840: 7778: 7740: 7733: 7683: 7643: 7634: 7556: 7433: 7429: 7405: 7371: 7340: 7182: 7069: 7013: 6980:Attalid kings of Pergamon 6935: 6926: 6922: 6909: 6788:Antigonid Macedonian army 6761: 6734: 6706: 6663: 6620: 6611: 6453: 6392: 6289: 6285: 6256: 6155: 6104: 6100: 6076: 6063: 5997: 5915: 5819: 5793: 5670:Wars of the Delian League 5506: 5460: 5361: 5312: 5301: 5277: 5227:Alexander the Great Coins 4832:Worthington, Ian (2004). 4805:Worthington, Ian (2003). 4762:Strudwick, Helen (2013). 4014:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3555: 3509: 3463: 3411: 3381:Siege of the Sogdian Rock 3367: 3321: 3275: 3231: 3185: 3139: 3093: 3043: 2999: 2955: 2907: 2861: 2817: 2771: 2719: 2664: 2350:of the former satrapy of 2262:Siege of the Sogdian Rock 2231:Siege of the Sogdian Rock 2084: 1505: 1360:captain of his bodyguards 1206:, then under the rule of 1143: 1013: 943: 748: 347: 225: 76: 39: 34: 9060:Second Peloponnesian War 5722:Second conquest of Egypt 5553:Siege of Sardis (547 BC) 5399:Palace of Darius in Susa 5219:13 February 2009 at the 5191:17 December 2018 at the 4995:(2004) published by the 4864:(USA), 2002 (Paperback, 4643:The Search for Alexander 4640:Lane Fox, Robin (1980). 4331:n.s. 1.1 (2002) 15-234; 4176:"Siege of Tyre and Gaza" 3889:The Search For Alexander 3832:The Search For Alexander 3632: 2656: 2648: 2633: 2603:shore under his admiral 2465:, including the city of 2434:fled to the fortress of 2225:Second Greco-Persian War 1918: 1737: 1718:snake-worshiping mother 1436:before heading south to 50:, fighting Persian king 9045:First Peloponnesian War 5874:Districts of the Empire 5676:Battle of the Eurymedon 5594:Siege of Naxos (499 BC) 5571:First conquest of Egypt 5174:Alexander III the Great 5124:4 December 2016 at the 5046:Seibert, Jakob (1985). 4862:Oxford University Press 4766:. London: Amber Books. 4716:The Nature of Alexander 4364:The Classical Quarterly 3617:Wars of Cyrus the Great 3607:Ancient Macedonian army 3415:May 327 – March 326 BC 2734:Battle of Mount Haemus 2694:and other Greek cities 2530:'s Empire and neighbors 2304:(section 4.18.4–19.6). 2135:Map of the Persian Gate 2105:, and then to another, 1930:Siege of Gaza (332 BCE) 1792:took place in southern 1486:, King of Illyria, and 1382:in order to combat the 9252:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 9177:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 9111:Expansion of Macedonia 7014:Artists & scholars 6929:List of ancient Greeks 6566:Second Athenian League 6415:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 6240:Ancient Greek colonies 5989:Seven Achaemenid clans 5761:Siege of Tyre (332 BC) 5747:Siege of Halicarnassus 5733:Battle of the Granicus 5162:7 October 2009 at the 4465:Greece and Rome at War 4436: 4406:Narain, A. K. (1965). 3525:Battle of the Hydaspes 2969:Siege of Halicarnassus 2875:Battle of the Granicus 2611:(now part of southern 2531: 2508: 2479:Battle of the Hydaspes 2454: 2451:Battle of the Hydaspes 2409:, the Guraeans of the 2398:), refused to submit. 2327: 2318:Battle of the Hydaspes 2272:, occurred in 327 BC. 2136: 2097: 2061: 1966: 1855: 1798:Battle of the Granicus 1786: 1691:Siege of Halicarnassus 1686: 1677:Siege of Halicarnassus 1619: 1554: 1355: 348:Commanders and leaders 8133:Sybaris on the Traeis 6858:Sacred Band of Thebes 6598:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 6112:Cycladic civilization 5717:Great Satraps' Revolt 5636:Destruction of Athens 5622:Battle of Thermopylae 5473:Old Persian cuneiform 4991:Gergel, Tania Editor 4512:penelope.uchicago.edu 4432: 4352:Quintus Curtius Rufus 4338:18 April 2009 at the 4251:on 24 September 2015. 2543:clans (in modern-day 2513: 2503: 2444: 2325: 2151:, the Persian satrap 2143:northeast of today's 2134: 2092: 2059: 1974:Quintus Curtius Rufus 1948: 1850: 1784: 1684: 1603: 1565:. After crossing the 1552: 1428:Alexander stopped at 1349: 9152:Seleucid–Mauryan war 8992:Second Messenian War 7658:mythological figures 7379:Ancient Greek tribes 6504:Peloponnesian League 6015:Cappadocian calendar 5629:Battle of Artemisium 5534:Lydian-Persian Wars 5483:Behistun Inscription 5295:History of democracy 5138:29 July 2013 at the 4891:); 2004 (paperback, 4875:Baynham, Elizabeth. 4565:The Greek Experience 4539:Aubrey de Sélincourt 4379:John Prevas (2005). 4227:www.kurdishglobe.net 4097:8 March 2021 at the 3875:The Age of Alexander 3818:The Age of Alexander 3723:The Greek Experience 3700:. Allen Lane, 1999. 3047:January–July 332 BC 2514:Asia in 323 BC, the 2334:and his marriage to 1615:, Egypt, now at the 1364:Pausanias of Orestis 1337:Historical campaigns 1240:Wars of the Diadochi 9312:Alexander the Great 9040:Third Messenian War 8997:Lydian–Milesian War 8982:First Messenian War 7770:Tunnel of Eupalinos 7765:Theatre of Dionysus 7389:Ancient Macedonians 7005:Tyrants of Syracuse 6517:Amphictyonic League 6117:Minoan civilization 5811:Peace of Antalcidas 5775:Battle of Gaugamela 5384:Gate of All Nations 5158:by Waldemar Heckel 5012:Classical Philology 4993:Alexander the Great 4883:, 1998 (hardcover, 4809:Alexander the Great 4787:Alexander the Great 4740:A History of Greece 4623:Alexander the Great 4410:. pp. 155–165. 4265:A History of Greece 3868:Alexander the Great 3811:Alexander the Great 3673:Alexander the Great 3660:Alexander the Great 3647:Alexander the Great 3153:Battle of Gaugamela 2680:Battle of Chaeronea 2595:) with his general 2573:Chandragupta Maurya 2489:, was the powerful 2344:Indian subcontinent 2330:After the death of 2298:Arrian of Nicomedia 2221:Acropolis of Athens 2161:Battle of Gaugamela 2030:Battle of Gaugamela 2024:Battle of Gaugamela 1790:The Battle of Issus 1474:, encountering the 1232:Indian subcontinent 1196:Alexander the Great 1190:) were a series of 865:Indian subcontinent 741:Alexander the Great 173:Macedonian victory 9227:Roman–Seleucid War 9086:Theban–Spartan War 9025:Greco-Persian Wars 8966:Ancient Greek wars 8444:Menestheus's Limin 8098:Pandosia (Lucania) 7986:Greek colonisation 7348:Athenian statesmen 7109:Diogenes of Sinope 6970:Kings of Macedonia 6960:Kings of Commagene 6828:Macedonian phalanx 6808:Hellenistic armies 6556:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 6420:Indo-Greek Kingdom 6142:Hellenistic Greece 5665:Babylonian revolts 5615:Battle of Marathon 5581:Greco-Persian Wars 5330:Achaemenid coinage 4696:. Modern Library. 4479:A History of India 4203:on 22 October 2006 4079:Masters of Command 4064:Masters of Command 4046:Masters of Command 4031:Masters of Command 3627:Roman-Persian wars 3335:Battle of Jaxartes 3289:Siege of Cyropolis 3003:5 November 333 BC 2532: 2455: 2328: 2246:Battle of Jaxartes 2137: 2098: 2062: 1967: 1934:The stronghold at 1893:other combustibles 1856: 1787: 1687: 1620: 1555: 1411:Macedonian cavalry 1356: 1331:Hellenistic period 185:Hellenistic period 9332:Invasions of Iran 9327:Macedonian Empire 9299: 9298: 9237:War against Nabis 9050:Second Sacred War 8932: 8931: 8890: 8889: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8396:Iberian Peninsula 8328:Lipara/Meligounis 8294: 8293: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7945:Cypriot syllabary 7836: 7835: 7745:Athenian Treasury 7729: 7728: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7396: 6990:Ptolemaic dynasty 6950:Archons of Athens 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6776:Athenian military 6757: 6756: 6590:League of Corinth 6572:Thessalian League 6548:Chalcidian League 6530:Acarnanian League 6440:Ptolemaic Kingdom 6252: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6023: 6022: 5690:Battle of Cyzicus 5684:Peloponnesian War 5650:Battle of Plataea 5643:Battle of Salamis 5546:Battle of Thymbra 5419:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht 5271:Achaemenid Empire 5079:978-0-631-23246-9 5071:978-0-631-23245-2 5061:Thomas, Carol G. 5041:978-0-89005-590-8 5027:978-0-7867-1429-2 5017:Lonsdale, David. 5005:978-0-14-200140-0 4987:978-0-306-80304-8 4968:Military Heritage 4960:978-0-415-39452-9 4952:978-0-415-39451-2 4942:Dahmen, Karsten. 4937:978-1-4000-7919-3 4929:978-1-4050-3292-6 4921:978-1-58567-565-4 4897:978-0-472-03081-1 4889:978-0-472-10858-9 4870:978-0-19-925275-6 4843:978-1-4058-0162-1 4824:978-0-415-29187-3 4797:978-0-393-00381-9 4773:978-1-4351-4654-9 4754:978-1-84603-108-3 4729:978-0-394-73825-3 4703:978-0-8129-7133-0 4693:Life of Alexander 4679:978-0-520-07166-7 4653:978-0-316-29108-8 4632:978-0-86007-707-7 4612:978-1-84603-108-3 4602:978-1-84603-108-3 4581:978-1-85799-122-2 4561:Bowra, C. Maurice 4552:978-0-14-044253-3 4392:978-0-306-81442-6 4316:978-1-84603-108-3 4306:978-1-84603-108-3 4279:978-1-84603-108-3 4233:on 13 April 2014. 4081:. pp. 51–53. 3766:978-0-09-475270-2 3739:978-1-85799-122-2 3719:Bowra, C. Maurice 3706:978-0-7139-9224-3 3598: 3597: 3374:Persian Campaign 3328:Persian Campaign 3282:Persian Campaign 3253:Achaemenid Empire 3238:Persian Campaign 3192:Persian Campaign 3161:Achaemenid Empire 3146:Persian Campaign 3143:1 October 331 BC 3115:Achaemenid Empire 3100:Persian Campaign 3065:Achaemenid Empire 3050:Persian Campaign 3021:Achaemenid Empire 3006:Persian Campaign 2977:Achaemenid Empire 2962:Persian Campaign 2929:Achaemenid Empire 2914:Persian Campaign 2883:Achaemenid Empire 2868:Persian Campaign 2591:(modern southern 2583:Return from India 2520:Gangaridai Empire 2250:Achaemenid Empire 1960:House of the Faun 1837:Achaemenid Persia 1826:Companion cavalry 1817:Companion cavalry 1628:Cleitus the Black 1401:, as well as the 1384:Achaemenid Empire 1368:League of Corinth 1323:Iberian Peninsula 1311:Arabian Peninsula 1296:Macedonian Empire 1264:League of Corinth 1254: 359–336 BC 1204:Achaemenid Empire 1175: 1174: 1099: 1098: 1006:Persian campaigns 969: 968: 899: 898: 705: 704: 288:Greek city-states 260:Achaemenid Empire 239:Macedonian Empire 221: 220: 199:Macedonian Empire 183:Beginning of the 179:Achaemenid Empire 16:(Redirected from 9349: 9292:Military history 9262:Mithridatic Wars 9247:Maccabean Revolt 9195: 9172:Chremonidean War 9101:Third Sacred War 9096: 9002:First Sacred War 8959: 8952: 8945: 8936: 8935: 8922: 8921: 8912: 8902: 8901: 8836: 8835: 8554: 8553: 8053:Heraclea Lucania 8006: 8005: 7997: 7996: 7978: 7977: 7738: 7737: 7670:Twelve Olympians 7641: 7640: 7431: 7430: 7407: 7406: 6995:Seleucid dynasty 6975:Kings of Paionia 6924: 6923: 6911: 6910: 6781:Scythian archers 6688:Graphe paranomon 6618: 6617: 6525: 6522: 6512: 6509: 6493: 6490: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6287: 6286: 6258: 6257: 6137:Classical Greece 6122:Mycenaean Greece 6102: 6101: 6078: 6077: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6010:Xanthian Obelisk 5983: 5969: 5955: 5941: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5868: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5806:Peace of Callias 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5740:Siege of Miletus 5735: 5711: 5709:Battle of Cnidus 5698:Battle of Cunaxa 5692: 5678: 5659: 5657:Battle of Mycale 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5608:Siege of Eretria 5603: 5596: 5589: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5539:Battle of Pteria 5529: 5522: 5468:Achaemenid music 5451: 5444: 5437: 5429:Tombs at Xanthos 5393: 5386: 5379: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5307: 5269: 5268: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5115: 5104: 4847: 4828: 4812: 4801: 4777: 4758: 4733: 4707: 4683: 4671: 4657: 4636: 4606: 4585: 4556: 4516: 4515: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4463:Peter Connolly. 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4430:Fuller, p. 198: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4376: 4370: 4369:(2), p. 358-364. 4360: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4325: 4319: 4310: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4229:. Archived from 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4108: 4102: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4077:Strauss, Barry. 4074: 4068: 4067: 4062:Strauss, Barry. 4059: 4050: 4049: 4044:Strauss, Barry. 4041: 4035: 4034: 4029:Strauss, Barry. 4026: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4005: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3955: 3949: 3931: 3925: 3907: 3901: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3837: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3715: 3709: 3694:Freeman, Charles 3691: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3593: 3577: 3569: 3558: 3547: 3531: 3523: 3512: 3501: 3485: 3477: 3466: 3455: 3433: 3425: 3414: 3403: 3387: 3379: 3370: 3359: 3341: 3333: 3324: 3313: 3295: 3287: 3278: 3267: 3251: 3243: 3234: 3223: 3205: 3197: 3189:December 331 BC 3188: 3177: 3159: 3151: 3142: 3131: 3113: 3105: 3096: 3085: 3063: 3055: 3046: 3035: 3019: 3011: 3002: 2991: 2975: 2967: 2958: 2947: 2927: 2921:Siege of Miletus 2919: 2910: 2899: 2881: 2873: 2864: 2853: 2837: 2831:Battle of Thebes 2829: 2824:Balkan Campaign 2820: 2809: 2791: 2783: 2778:Balkan Campaign 2774: 2763: 2739: 2733: 2722: 2711: 2686: 2678: 2668:2 August 338 BC 2667: 2631: 2630: 2609:Gedrosian Desert 2386:sections of the 2036:, possibly near 1951:Alexander Mosaic 1731:Memnon of Rhodes 1729:Orontobates and 1534:Memnon of Rhodes 1255: 1253: 1228:Achaemenid Egypt 1189: 1166:Mallian Campaign 1138: 1126: 1119: 1112: 1103: 1102: 1008: 996: 989: 982: 973: 972: 938: 926: 919: 912: 903: 902: 890:Mallian campaign 743: 731: 724: 717: 708: 707: 686: 673: 658: 657: 650: 640: 639: 632: 622: 621: 615: 606: 605: 598: 588: 587: 581: 572: 571: 565: 556: 555: 538: 537: 522: 521: 512: 511: 502: 501: 492: 491: 482: 481: 466: 465: 456: 455: 448: 438: 437: 431: 422: 421: 412: 411: 402: 401: 392: 391: 382: 381: 372: 371: 360: 359: 327: 299: 271: 257: 256: 236: 235: 78: 77: 57:Alexander Mosaic 44: 32: 31: 21: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9346: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9284: 9200:Macedonian Wars 9193: 9120: 9094: 9081:Theban hegemony 9011: 8968: 8963: 8933: 8928: 8886: 8841: 8818: 8681: 8675: 8558: 8549: 8541: 8512:Melaina Korkyra 8468: 8390: 8347: 8300:Aeolian Islands 8290: 8152: 8010: 7991: 7990: 7964: 7921: 7832: 7774: 7725: 7679: 7630: 7552: 7543:Wedding customs 7425: 7424: 7393: 7384:Thracian Greeks 7367: 7358:Olympic victors 7336: 7178: 7065: 7009: 7000:Kings of Sparta 6985:Kings of Pontus 6955:Kings of Athens 6931: 6918: 6897: 6793:Army of Macedon 6753: 6730: 6702: 6659: 6607: 6580:(370–c. 230 BC) 6578:Arcadian League 6562:(c. 400–188 BC) 6560:Aetolian League 6554:Boeotian League 6536:Hellenic League 6523: 6510: 6500:(c. 650–404 BC) 6491: 6485:Italiote League 6478: 6474: 6468:Doric Hexapolis 6458: 6449: 6445:Seleucid Empire 6388: 6281: 6280: 6244: 6151: 6127:Greek Dark Ages 6096: 6095: 6072: 6059: 6054: 6024: 6019: 5993: 5979: 5965: 5951: 5937: 5911: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5864: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5815: 5801:Earth and water 5789: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5754:Battle of Issus 5752: 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2807: 2789: 2785:Siege of Pelium 2781: 2772: 2761: 2737: 2731: 2727:Balkan Campaign 2720: 2709: 2684: 2676: 2665: 2653: 2629: 2585: 2526:in relation to 2447:Charles Le Brun 2320: 2312:Main articles: 2310: 2308:Indian campaign 2238: 2233: 2165:Iraqi Kurdistan 2163:in present-day 2129: 2123: 2087: 2034:Iraqi Kurdistan 2026: 2021: 1986:Achilles tendon 1956:Battle of Issus 1932: 1926: 1921: 1853:André Castaigne 1845: 1779: 1777:Battle of Issus 1740: 1679: 1636: 1547: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1456: 1450: 1448:Balkan campaign 1403:Thracian tribes 1350:The Kingdom of 1344: 1339: 1250: 1194:carried out by 1176: 1171: 1139: 1136:Indian campaign 1135: 1132: 1130: 1100: 1095: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1000: 970: 965: 939: 936:Balkan campaign 935: 932: 930: 900: 895: 744: 740: 737: 735: 701: 682: 669: 655: 646: 637: 628: 619: 603: 594: 585: 569: 553: 535: 528: 519: 509: 499: 489: 479: 463: 453: 444: 435: 419: 409: 399: 389: 379: 369: 357: 343: 330: 329: 325: 320: 302: 301: 297: 292: 274: 273: 269: 264: 254: 246:Hellenic League 233: 209:in the west to 201:spans from the 194: 164: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9355: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9297: 9296: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9197: 9189: 9184: 9182:Cleomenean War 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9136: 9130: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9077: 9072: 9070:Corinthian War 9067: 9065:Phyle Campaign 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9021: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8978: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8962: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8916: 8906: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8562: 8560: 8551: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8246:Megara Hyblaea 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8226:Hybla Gereatis 8223: 8218: 8216:Heraclea Minoa 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8003: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7982: 7974: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7960:Attic numerals 7957: 7955:Greek numerals 7952: 7950:Greek alphabet 7947: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7604:Musical system 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7563: 7561: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7036:Mathematicians 7033: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6945:Kings of Argos 6941: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6920: 6919: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6803:Cretan archers 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6773: 6767: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6602:Achaean League 6599: 6596:Euboean League 6593: 6587: 6584:Epirote League 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6532:(c. 500–31 BC) 6527: 6514: 6501: 6495: 6482: 6464: 6462: 6460:Confederations 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6384:Lissus (Crete) 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6132:Archaic Greece 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6057:Ancient Greece 6053: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5823: 5821: 5820:Administration 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5703:Corinthian War 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5601:Battle of Lade 5597: 5590: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5561:Battle of Opis 5558: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5514:Persian Revolt 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5498:Cyrus Cylinder 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449:Tomb of Payava 5445: 5438: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5414:Naqsh-e Rostam 5411: 5409:Persian column 5406: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5367: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5260: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5211: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5166: 5147: 5146: 5133:extant sources 5129: 5116: 5105: 5087: 5086:External links 5084: 5083: 5082: 5059: 5044: 5029: 5015: 5008: 4989: 4975:Fuller, J.F. C 4972: 4963: 4940: 4906: 4900: 4873: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4829: 4823: 4802: 4796: 4778: 4772: 4759: 4753: 4734: 4728: 4720:Pantheon Books 4708: 4702: 4684: 4678: 4658: 4652: 4637: 4631: 4625:. Allen Lane. 4615: 4601: 4586: 4580: 4557: 4551: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4499: 4484: 4469: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4423: 4413: 4398: 4391: 4371: 4355: 4344: 4320: 4305: 4285: 4278: 4254: 4236: 4214: 4188: 4164: 4138: 4119:(3): 399–423. 4103: 4101:, see page 72 4084: 4069: 4051: 4036: 4021: 3989: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3857: 3853:Strudwick 2013 3838: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3800: 3782: 3778:Strudwick 2013 3770: 3745: 3738: 3710: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3664: 3651: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3527: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3481: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3440: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3337: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3291: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3247: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3201: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3155: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3109: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3059: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3015: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2923: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2877: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2833: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2787: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2735: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2682: 2674: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2654:(present day) 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2584: 2581: 2499:Hyphasis River 2445:A painting by 2309: 2306: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2125:Main article: 2122: 2119: 2086: 2083: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 1928:Main article: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1844: 1841: 1778: 1775: 1739: 1736: 1716:megalomaniacal 1678: 1675: 1649:Lacedaemonians 1635: 1632: 1617:British Museum 1546: 1543: 1538:scorched earth 1518: 1515: 1507: 1504: 1452:Main article: 1449: 1446: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1302:in modern-day 1222:. By the time 1173: 1172: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1106: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1021: 1014: 1011: 1010: 999: 998: 991: 984: 976: 967: 966: 964: 963: 957: 951: 944: 941: 940: 929: 928: 921: 914: 906: 897: 896: 894: 893: 887: 881: 875: 868: 867: 861: 860: 854: 848: 842: 836: 830: 824: 818: 812: 806: 800: 794: 788: 781: 780: 776: 775: 769: 763: 756: 755: 749: 746: 745: 734: 733: 726: 719: 711: 703: 702: 700: 699: 688: 675: 662: 652: 634: 616: 600: 582: 566: 550: 531: 529: 527: 526: 516: 506: 496: 486: 476: 460: 450: 432: 416: 406: 396: 386: 376: 366: 353: 350: 349: 345: 344: 342: 341: 336: 323: 322: 321: 319: 318: 313: 308: 295: 294: 293: 291: 290: 285: 280: 267: 266: 265: 250: 249: 248: 228: 227: 223: 222: 219: 218: 196: 190: 189: 188: 187: 181: 170: 166: 165: 92: 90: 86: 85: 82: 74: 73: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9354: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9294: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9280:War of Actium 9278: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9030:Aeginetan War 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9014: 9008: 9007:Sicilian Wars 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987:Lelantine War 8985: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8955: 8953: 8948: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8937: 8925: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8905: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8837: 8833: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8424:Hemeroscopion 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8004: 8002: 8001:Magna Graecia 7998: 7994: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7875:Arcadocypriot 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7829: 7828:Zeus, Olympia 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7813:Hera, Olympia 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7716:Mount Olympus 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684:Sacred places 7682: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7508:Olympic Games 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498:Homosexuality 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6868:Seleucid army 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6542:Delian League 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6518: 6515: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6498:Ionian League 6496: 6486: 6483: 6479: 560 BC 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6220:Magna Graecia 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890:Chapar Khaneh 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5768:Siege of Gaza 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5587:Ionian Revolt 5584: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404:Tomb of Cyrus 5402: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5336:Apadana hoard 5333: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Oxus Treasure 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5080: 5076: 5073:; paperback, 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056:3-88226-246-X 5053: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4997:Penguin Group 4994: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954:; paperback, 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4879:. Ann Arbor: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4712:Renault, Mary 4709: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4574:. p. 9. 4573: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4543:Penguin Books 4540: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4496:. p. 62. 4495: 4488: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4417: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4375: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4080: 4073: 4066:. p. 51. 4065: 4058: 4056: 4048:. p. 48. 4047: 4040: 4033:. p. 50. 4032: 4025: 4017: 4011: 4003: 4002: 3993: 3986:. p. 17. 3985: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3855:, p. 96. 3854: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3780:, p. 97. 3779: 3774: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3732:. p. 9. 3731: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3674: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3482: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467:April 326 BC 3460: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3202: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3107:Siege of Gaza 3102: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3057:Siege of Tyre 3052: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2966:Halicarnassus 2964: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2834: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2788: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2627:Battle record 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2577:Maurya Empire 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2524:Ancient India 2521: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338:(Roshanak in 2337: 2333: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2128: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2091: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1924:Siege of Gaza 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:Siege of Tyre 1854: 1849: 1843:Siege of Tyre 1840: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1802:Pinarus River 1799: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1774: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696:Halicarnassus 1692: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1513: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488:King Glaukias 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:Sacred League 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:Mount Olympus 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:confederation 1369: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1348: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1184:Ancient Greek 1181: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1030:Halicarnassus 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1007: 997: 992: 990: 985: 983: 978: 977: 974: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 945: 942: 937: 927: 922: 920: 915: 913: 908: 907: 904: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 869: 866: 863: 862: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 797:Halicarnassus 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 782: 778: 777: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 757: 754: 751: 750: 747: 742: 732: 727: 725: 720: 718: 713: 712: 709: 698: 697: 692: 689: 687: 685: 679: 676: 674: 672: 666: 663: 661: 653: 651: 649: 643: 635: 633: 631: 625: 617: 614: 609: 601: 599: 597: 591: 583: 580: 575: 567: 564: 559: 551: 549: 548: 543: 542: 533: 532: 530: 525: 517: 515: 507: 505: 497: 495: 487: 485: 477: 475: 474: 469: 461: 459: 451: 449: 447: 441: 433: 430: 425: 417: 415: 407: 405: 397: 395: 387: 385: 377: 375: 367: 365: 364: 363:Alexander III 355: 354: 352: 351: 346: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 328: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 300: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 272: 263: 262: 261: 251: 247: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 230: 229: 224: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 197: 192: 191: 186: 182: 180: 176: 175: 174: 171: 168: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 87: 83: 80: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58: 53: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 9290: 9242:Galatian War 9232:Aetolian War 9194:(220–217 BC) 9140: 9139:Wars of the 9115: 9095:(357–355 BC) 9079:Wars of the 9075:Boeotian War 8719:Dionysopolis 8689:Abonoteichos 8641:Pantikapaion 8231:Hybla Heraea 7567:Architecture 7523:Prostitution 7212:Aristophanes 7071:Philosophers 7041:Philosophers 6873:Spartan army 6604:(280–146 BC) 6592:(338–322 BC) 6586:(370–168 BC) 6574:(374–196 BC) 6568:(378–355 BC) 6550:(430–348 BC) 6544:(478–404 BC) 6538:(499–449 BC) 6225:Peloponnesus 6147:Roman Greece 5726: 5363:Architecture 5149: 5148: 5114:(in English) 5109: 5103:(in English) 5098: 5090: 5089: 5062: 5047: 5032: 5018: 5011: 4992: 4978: 4966: 4943: 4912: 4902: 4876: 4857: 4833: 4808: 4786: 4763: 4739: 4715: 4692: 4667: 4662:Green, Peter 4642: 4622: 4591: 4564: 4533: 4522:Bibliography 4511: 4502: 4487: 4478: 4472: 4464: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4433: 4426: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4347: 4328: 4323: 4295: 4288: 4264: 4257: 4249:the original 4239: 4231:the original 4226: 4217: 4205:. Retrieved 4201:the original 4191: 4179:. Retrieved 4155:. 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Pearson. 4494:"Alexander" 3963:, p. 50–54. 3946:, p. 73–74. 3939:, p. 44–48. 3813:, p. 30-31. 3513:May 326 BC 3443:Afghanistan 3439:Expedition 3396:Uzbekistan 2865:May 334 BC 2646:Opponent/s 2432:Assakenians 2366:, ruler of 2223:during the 2019:Mesopotamia 2001:Lower Egypt 1958:, from the 1888:land bridge 1744:Pharnabazus 1708:Orontobates 1605:Hellenistic 1430:Thermopylae 1423:Peloponnese 1288:Afghanistan 1280:Mesopotamia 404:Hephaestion 270:In Balkans: 217:in the east 193:Territorial 150:Afghanistan 142:Mesopotamia 54:, from the 9322:Darius III 9306:Categories 9222:Cretan War 9134:Lamian War 9055:Samian War 8769:Polemonion 8646:Phanagoria 8616:Kimmerikon 8611:Kerkinitis 8596:Hermonassa 8586:Dioscurias 8482:Aspalathos 8429:Kalathousa 8404:Akra Leuke 8333:Phoenicusa 8118:Scylletium 8103:Poseidonia 8023:Brentesion 7910:Pamphylian 7905:Macedonian 7823:Samothrace 7808:Hephaestus 7755:Long Walls 7734:Structures 7675:Underworld 7621:Technology 7584:Literature 7518:Philosophy 7483:Euergetism 7372:By culture 7317:Thucydides 7159:Pythagoras 7154:Protagoras 7144:Parmenides 7129:Heraclitus 7114:Empedocles 7104:Democritus 7089:Anaximenes 7079:Anaxagoras 7031:Historians 6524: 595 6511: 550 6492: 800 6477: – c. 6405:Cappadocia 6210:Ionian Sea 6200:Hellespont 6165:Aegean Sea 5953:Cappadocia 5947:Ariarathid 5923:Achaemenid 5884:Royal Road 5831:Pasargadae 5435:Harpy Tomb 5371:Persepolis 5097:Plutarch, 4567:. London: 4491:Plutarch, 4207:18 January 4181:19 January 4152:Nature.com 3982:Plutarch. 3873:Plutarch, 3827:, p. 61-62 3816:Plutarch, 3795:Britannica 3725:. London: 3682:References 3645:Killed by 3351:Uzbekistan 2392:Ashvayanas 2348:chieftains 2332:Spitamenes 2217:Persepolis 2189:Pasargadae 2185:Persepolis 2179:connected 2177:Royal Road 2157:last stand 2074:Agrianians 2013:Alexandria 1954:, showing 1833:Darius III 1822:Bucephalus 1751:Cappadocia 1613:Alexandria 1567:Hellespont 1523:Hellespont 1517:Asia Minor 1510:See also: 1419:Mount Ossa 1342:Background 1321:, and the 1220:South Asia 1208:Darius III 678:Spitamenes 541:Darius III 484:Lysimachus 52:Darius III 48:Bucephalus 9017:Classical 8855:in Epirus 8804:Trapezous 8749:Mesambria 8734:Eupatoria 8704:Apollonia 8699:Anchialos 8661:Theodosia 8631:Nymphaion 8621:Myrmekion 8591:Gorgippia 8547:Black Sea 8532:Tragurion 8517:Nymphaion 8502:Epidauros 8497:Epidamnos 8487:Apollonia 8464:Zacynthos 8386:Ptolemais 8380:Apollonia 8353:Cyrenaica 8343:Therassía 8338:Strongyle 8318:Ereikousa 8241:Leontinoi 8181:Apollonia 8058:Hipponion 7855:Mycenaean 7818:Parthenon 7750:Lion Gate 7653:Mythology 7616:Sculpture 7579:Astronomy 7513:Pederasty 7488:Festivals 7473:Education 7353:Lawgivers 7322:Timocreon 7302:Sophocles 7297:Simonides 7272:Philocles 7267:Panyassis 7262:Mimnermus 7227:Herodotus 7222:Euripides 7192:Aeschylus 7139:Leucippus 7099:Aristotle 6878:Strategos 6744:Synedrion 6698:Ostracism 6678:Areopagus 6630:Free city 6425:Macedonia 6309:Byzantion 6215:Macedonia 6180:Cyrenaica 6157:Geography 6091:Geography 5928:Pharnacid 5916:Dynasties 5860:Satrapies 5826:Capitals 5794:Diplomacy 5493:Ganjnameh 4999:, London 4815:Routledge 4784:(1997) . 4563:(1994) . 4537:. trans. 4531:(1976) . 4125:0018-2311 4010:cite book 3966:Renault, 3942:Renault, 3918:Renault, 3880:Renault, 3866:McCarty, 3823:Renault, 3809:McCarty, 3721:(1994) . 3662:in 332 BC 3649:in 328 BC 3586:Pakistan 3540:Pakistan 3494:Pakistan 3435:Aspasians 3343:Scythians 3286:Cyropolis 3233:330-01-20 3150:Gaugamela 3141:331-10-01 3123:Palestine 3001:333-11-05 2933:Milesians 2793:Illyrians 2745:Thracians 2692:Athenians 2677:Chaeronea 2666:338-08-02 2528:Alexander 2384:Assakenoi 2242:Cyropolis 2208:catapults 2197:Parmenion 2070:Parmenion 2066:satrapies 2046:Euphrates 1940:Nabataean 1868:Phoenicia 1771:pneumonia 1724:Amon Zeus 1659:Antipater 1645:Parthenon 1641:panoplies 1624:Parmenion 1594:Phalanxes 1492:Taulantii 1460:Illyrians 1407:diplomacy 1380:Macedonia 1354:in 332 BC 1278:, Egypt, 1276:Phoenicia 1192:conquests 1072:Cyropolis 1054:Gaugamela 839:Cyropolis 821:Gaugamela 608:Azemilcus 514:Cassander 494:Antigonus 458:Perdiccas 384:Antipater 374:Parmenion 326:In India: 283:Thracians 278:Illyrians 126:Palestine 118:Phoenicia 9141:Diadochi 8904:Category 8882:Theatres 8809:Tripolis 8744:Kerasous 8739:Heraclea 8671:Tyritake 8626:Nikonion 8537:Thronion 8459:Salauris 8414:Emporion 8371:Berenice 8361:Balagrae 8313:Euonymos 8286:Tyndaris 8271:Syracuse 8266:Selinous 8236:Kamarina 8191:Casmenae 8176:Akrillai 8093:Neápolis 8028:Caulonia 8009:Mainland 7940:Linear B 7935:Linear A 7865:Dialects 7842:Language 7636:Religion 7594:Medicine 7528:Religion 7493:Folklore 7478:Emporium 7453:Clothing 7448:Calendar 7332:Xenophon 7327:Tyrtaeus 7312:Theognis 7287:Polybius 7282:Plutarch 7257:Menander 7237:Hipponax 7164:Socrates 7119:Epicurus 6965:Diadochi 6863:Sciritae 6823:Hetairoi 6798:Ballista 6763:Military 6726:Gerousia 6716:Ekklesia 6683:Ecclesia 6665:Athenian 6613:Politics 6526:–279 BC) 6513:–366 BC) 6494:–389 BC) 6430:Pergamon 6400:Bithynia 6393:Kingdoms 6334:Pergamon 6276:Military 6271:Politics 6068:Timeline 5961:Lygdamid 5897:Angarium 5838:Ecbatana 5290:Timeline 5217:Archived 5189:Archived 5160:Archived 5136:Archived 5122:Archived 5108:Justin, 4714:(1979). 4690:(2004). 4688:Plutarch 4664:(1992). 4621:(1973). 4336:Archived 4095:Archived 3970:, p. 77. 3959:Arrian, 3935:Arrian, 3915:, p. 96. 3891:, p. 104 3877:, p. 263 3870:, p. 31. 3768:, p. 16. 3622:Diadochi 3601:See also 3553:Victory 3522:Hydaspes 3507:Victory 3461:Victory 3447:Pakistan 3409:Victory 3389:Sogdians 3365:Victory 3332:Jaxartes 3319:Victory 3297:Sogdians 3273:Victory 3229:Victory 3183:Victory 3137:Victory 3091:Victory 3041:Victory 2997:Victory 2953:Victory 2905:Victory 2872:Granicus 2859:Victory 2815:Victory 2769:Victory 2753:Bulgaria 2717:Victory 2662:Victory 2634:Outcome 2621:Pakistan 2605:Nearchus 2597:Craterus 2589:Carmania 2559:he left 2463:Gandhara 2403:Aspasioi 2388:Kambojas 2380:Aspasioi 2376:Hydaspes 2360:Pakistan 2352:Gandhara 2340:Bactrian 2302:Anabasis 2274:Oxyartes 2270:Sogdiana 2048:and the 1993:Pharaohs 1978:Achilles 1909:Heracles 1883:causeway 1872:Carthage 1813:infantry 1794:Anatolia 1720:Olympias 1653:Spartans 1589:Plutarch 1585:Diodorus 1527:triremes 1498:secure. 1496:frontier 1480:skirmish 1464:Triballi 1399:Thessaly 1376:hegemony 1327:Diadochi 1315:Carthage 1304:Pakistan 1268:Anatolia 1168:(326 BC) 1162:(326 BC) 1160:Hydaspes 1156:(326 BC) 1150:(327 BC) 1092:(327 BC) 1086:(328 BC) 1080:(329 BC) 1078:Jaxartes 1074:(329 BC) 1068:(330 BC) 1062:(331 BC) 1056:(331 BC) 1050:(332 BC) 1044:(332 BC) 1038:(333 BC) 1032:(334 BC) 1026:(334 BC) 1020:(334 BC) 1018:Granicus 962:(335 BC) 956:(335 BC) 950:(335 BC) 892:(326 BC) 886:(326 BC) 884:Hydaspes 880:(326 BC) 874:(327 BC) 859:(327 BC) 853:(328 BC) 847:(329 BC) 845:Jaxartes 841:(329 BC) 835:(330 BC) 829:(331 BC) 823:(331 BC) 817:(332 BC) 811:(332 BC) 805:(333 BC) 799:(334 BC) 793:(334 BC) 787:(334 BC) 785:Granicus 774:(335 BC) 768:(335 BC) 762:(335 BC) 665:Agis III 524:Seleucus 504:Nearchus 424:Philotas 414:Craterus 334:Pauravas 110:Anatolia 89:Location 9264: ( 9202: ( 8974:Archaic 8924:Outline 8877:Temples 8814:Zaliche 8794:Thèrmae 8784:Sesamus 8754:Odessos 8729:Cytorus 8724:Cotyora 8474:Illyria 8439:Mainake 8434:Kypsela 8323:Hycesia 8281:Thermae 8261:Segesta 8251:Messana 8206:Helorus 8186:Calacte 8166:Akragas 8128:Sybaris 8113:Rhegion 8068:Krimisa 8018:Alision 7927:Writing 7900:Locrian 7890:Epirote 7860:Homeric 7793:Artemis 7780:Temples 7721:Olympia 7691:Eleusis 7626:Theatre 7611:Pottery 7538:Warfare 7533:Slavery 7468:Economy 7463:Cuisine 7458:Coinage 7435:Society 7420:Culture 7415:Society 7363:Tyrants 7202:Alcaeus 7184:Authors 7134:Hypatia 7124:Gorgias 7061:Writers 6883:Toxotai 6853:Sarissa 6843:Peltast 6838:Phalanx 6818:Hoplite 6813:Hippeis 6736:Macedon 6708:Spartan 6693:Heliaia 6640:Proxeny 6349:Larissa 6344:Kerkyra 6339:Eretria 6329:Miletus 6324:Ephesus 6319:Corinth 6314:Chalcis 6235:Taurica 6105:Periods 6086:History 5998:Related 5981:Armenia 5975:Orontid 5904:Angarum 5866:Armenia 5845:Babylon 5507:Warfare 5461:Culture 5391:Tachara 5377:Apadana 5278:History 4569:Phoenix 4333:more... 4133:4435274 3984:Phocion 3922:, p. 72 3898:, p. 95 3884:, p. 72 3834:, p. 72 3727:Phoenix 3537:Battle 3371:327 BC 3347:Battle 3279:329 BC 3257:Battle 3235:330 BC 3211:Battle 3165:Battle 3077:Lebanon 3069:Tyrians 3028:Turkey 3025:Battle 2984:Turkey 2959:334 BC 2940:Turkey 2918:Miletus 2911:334 BC 2887:Battle 2846:Greece 2843:Battle 2839:Thebans 2821:335 BC 2801:Albania 2775:335 BC 2749:Battle 2723:335 BC 2697:Battle 2688:Thebans 2652:Country 2643:Action 2569:Taxiles 2561:Eudemus 2549:Peithon 2495:Magadha 2459:satrapy 2428:Curtius 2411:Guraeus 2374:to the 2278:Bactria 2266:Bactria 2258:Bactria 2236:Bactria 2169:Babylon 2103:Babylon 1964:Pompeii 1913:Tyrians 1879:Melqart 1704:brother 1607:marble 1575:Phrygia 1571:Satrapy 1490:of the 1484:Cleitus 1442:Hegemon 1438:Corinth 1352:Macedon 1224:he died 1200:Macedon 1024:Miletus 791:Miletus 753:Balkans 684:† 671:† 660:Madates 648:† 630:† 596:† 574:Arsites 446:† 440:Cleitus 394:Ptolemy 316:Uxiians 306:Bactria 203:Balkans 195:changes 158:Bactria 98:Illyria 62:Pompeii 9270:Second 9216:Fourth 9208:Second 8914:Portal 8862:People 8850:Cities 8789:Sinope 8774:Rhizos 8764:Phasis 8714:Bathus 8709:Athina 8694:Amisos 8656:Tanais 8651:Pityus 8576:Charax 8527:Pharos 8522:Orikon 8419:Helike 8409:Alonis 8376:Cyrene 8308:Didyme 8221:Himera 8196:Catana 8158:Sicily 8148:Thurii 8143:Terina 8108:Pixous 8063:Hydrus 8038:Croton 7870:Aeolic 7788:Aphaea 7711:Dodona 7696:Delphi 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2536:Coenus 2471:Punjab 2467:Taxila 2436:Aornos 2424:Aornos 2368:Taxila 2364:Omphis 2336:Roxana 2290:flaxen 2282:Roxana 2260:. The 2254:Ariana 2193:Persis 2155:led a 2085:Persis 2078:Bessus 2050:Tigris 2009:Osiris 1982:Hector 1905:Cyprus 1897:napalm 1759:defile 1712:Alinda 1667:Sardis 1663:satrap 1587:, and 1581:Arrian 1506:Persia 1472:Danube 1395:Athens 1391:Thebes 1300:Taxila 1290:, and 1259:poleis 1216:Punjab 1212:Greece 1154:Aornos 1148:Cophen 960:Thebes 954:Pelium 878:Aornos 872:Cophen 779:Persia 772:Thebes 766:Pelium 693: 680: 667: 644: 626: 610: 592: 590:Memnon 576: 560: 558:Bessus 544: 470: 468:Coenus 442: 426: 311:Sogdia 169:Result 154:Sogdia 146:Persia 138:Cyrene 122:Israel 102:Thrace 94:Greece 9274:Third 9266:First 9212:Third 9204:First 8872:Stoae 8840:Lists 8759:Oinòe 8682:coast 8680:South 8666:Tyras 8636:Olbia 8606:Kepoi 8559:coast 8557:North 8550:basin 8492:Aulon 8454:Rhode 8366:Barca 8256:Naxos 8211:Henna 8171:Akrai 8138:Taras 8123:Siris 8083:Medma 8078:Locri 8043:Cumae 8033:Chone 8011:Italy 7917:Koine 7895:Ionic 7885:Doric 7880:Attic 7701:Delos 7599:Music 7242:Homer 7197:Aesop 7149:Plato 7051:Poets 6721:Ephor 6673:Agora 6650:Tagus 6625:Boule 6374:Samos 6299:Argos 6205:Ionia 6190:Doris 6175:Crete 5967:Caria 5350:Daric 5150:Other 4129:JSTOR 3887:Fox, 3830:Fox, 3633:Notes 3589:King 3579:Malli 3543:King 3533:Porus 3497:King 3451:King 3399:King 3355:King 3309:King 3263:King 3260:Iran 3219:King 3173:King 3127:King 3081:King 3031:King 3010:Issus 2987:King 2943:King 2895:King 2849:King 2805:King 2741:Getae 2657:Rank 2649:Type 2637:Date 2565:Porus 2551:as a 2541:Malli 2475:Porus 2419:Buner 2372:Indus 2300:, in 2294:linen 2286:siege 2145:Yasuj 2042:Syria 2038:Dohuk 1997:Upper 1970:Batis 1919:Egypt 1806:Issus 1738:Syria 1476:Getae 1466:. At 1292:India 1272:Syria 1084:Gabai 1036:Issus 851:Gabai 803:Issus 691:Porus 624:Batis 215:India 207:Egypt 162:India 134:Libya 130:Egypt 114:Syria 70:Italy 8799:Tium 8566:Akra 8507:Issa 8201:Gela 8073:Laüs 8048:Elea 7706:Dion 7558:Arts 7548:Wine 7174:Zeno 6771:Wars 5852:Susa 5142:and 5075:ISBN 5067:ISBN 5052:ISBN 5037:ISBN 5023:ISBN 5001:ISBN 4983:ISBN 4956:ISBN 4948:ISBN 4933:ISBN 4925:ISBN 4917:ISBN 4893:ISBN 4885:ISBN 4866:ISBN 4838:ISBN 4819:ISBN 4792:ISBN 4768:ISBN 4749:ISBN 4724:ISBN 4698:ISBN 4674:ISBN 4648:ISBN 4627:ISBN 4608:ISBN 4597:ISBN 4576:ISBN 4547:ISBN 4387:ISBN 4312:ISBN 4301:ISBN 4274:ISBN 4209:2007 4183:2007 4159:2007 4121:ISSN 4016:link 3996:cf. 3762:ISBN 3754:1995 3734:ISBN 3702:ISBN 3445:and 3215:Iran 3169:Iraq 3104:Tyre 3054:Tyre 2758:King 2640:War 2615:and 2613:Iran 2593:Iran 2567:and 2518:and 2417:and 2415:Swat 2394:and 2382:and 2316:and 2187:and 2181:Susa 2175:. 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Wars of Alexander the Great

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