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703:. The pipes No. 20 to 24 are smaller and almost equal in height and they seem to form an extension of the diatonic scale. The conical end of the pipes is inserted in a metal plate. At a point just before the narrowing part of every pipe there is an opening producing the turbulence of the pressurized air and the sound. The pipes are stabilized by two metal plates. The one facing outwards has decorative motifs. The instrument had one row of keys. The lower part of the organ, with the air-pressing system, was missing.
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530:(Annalie memorie de Tivoli, 1576) wrote: 'When somebody gives the order to play, at first one hears trumpets which play a while and then there is a consonance …. Countless gentlemen could not believe that this organ played by itself, according to the registers, with water, but they rather thought that there was somebody inside'. Besides automatically playing at least three pieces of music, it is now known that the organ was also provided with a keyboard.
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582:(1650), long thought to be a fanciful representation of a hypothetical possibility, has been found to be accurate in every detail when compared to the organ grotto at the Quirinale, except that it was reversed left to right. There are still traces of the instrument at the Villa d'Este but the mineral-rich water of the river which cascades through the organ grotto has caused accretions which have hidden most of the evidence from view.
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170:. The hydraulis has a reservoir of air which is inserted into a cistern of water. The air is pushed into the reservoir with hand pumps, and exits the reservoir as pressurized air to blow through the pipes. The reservoir is open on the bottom, allowing water to maintain the pressure on the air as the air supply fluctuates from either the pumps pushing more air in, or the pipes letting air out.
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an opening into which water flows. For the water organ, a small pipe is arranged so that one end is open to the air and the other extends into a larger pipe that contains flowing water supplied by a stream, pond or stabilizing reservoir. The longer the vertical drop of the water, the more forceful the suction will be and the greater the volume of air sucked in.
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Their mechanism was subsequently misunderstood until the Dutch engineer Van Dijk pointed out in 1954 that air was supplied to the water organ by aspiration, which was the same method used in forges and smelting works in the 16th and 17th centuries. Aspiration is the process by which air is drawn into
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is particularly informative. His book of 1615 includes a short treatise on making water organs, advice on tuning and registration, and many fine engravings showing the instruments, their mechanisms and scenes in which they were used. It also includes an example of suitable music for water organ, the
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By the end of the 17th century, however, interest in water organs had waned. As their upkeep was costly they were left to decay and were soon forgotten; by 1920 not one survived (the so-called water organ at
Hellbrunn Castle, Salzburg, is a pneumatic organ driven by hydraulically operated bellows).
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at the same rate as it enters. It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached. To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again.
372:(clepsydra) of Plato's time, they were not regarded as playthings but might have had a particular significance in Greek philosophy, which made use of models and simulacra of this type. Hydraulically blown organ pipes were used to imitate birdsong, and musicologists
691:. This instrument consisted of 24 open pipes of different height with a conical lower ending. The first 19 pipes have a height from 89 to 22 cm (35 to 8 inches). Their inner diameter gradually decreases from 2 to 1.5 cm. These 19 pipes correspond to the "
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period, which is the main subject of the article on the pipe organ, the ancient hydraulis was played by hand, not automatically by the water-flow; the keys were balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by
288:(wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes. Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ prevent water spray from getting into the organ pipes.
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were often seen in Italy and the rest of
Western Europe. During the Renaissance, water organs again acquired magical and metaphysical connotations among followers of the hermetic and esoteric sciences. Organs were placed in gardens,
305:, the water flows from a hilltop spring (once abundant, now only sufficient to play the organ for about 30 minutes at a time), coursing through the palace itself into a stabilizing ‘room’ some 18 metres (59 feet) above the
475:– all operated by projections on the musical cylinder. Other types of water organ were played out of sight and were used to simulate musical instruments apparently being played by statues in mythological scenes such as '
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In 1995, a reconstruction project started, and by 1999 a working replica of hydraulis was made based on the archaeological finding and on ancient descriptions. The remains of the ancient hydraulis are exhibited at the
387:, with an inscription dating it to 228 CE. The leather and wood of the instrument had decomposed, but the surviving metal parts made it possible to reconstruct a working replica now in the Aquincum Museum in
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and conservatories of royal palaces and the mansions of rich patricians to delight onlookers not only with music but also with displays of automata – dancing figurines, wing-flapping birds and hammering
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177:, which has a pinned barrel that contains a specific song to be played. The hydraulis in ancient Greek is often imagined as an automatic organ, but there is no source evidence for it.
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Characteristics of the hydraulis have been inferred from mosaics, paintings, literary references, and partial remains. In 1931, the remains of a hydraulis were discovered in
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391:. The exact mechanism of wind production is debated, and almost nothing is known about the music played on the hydraulis, but the tone of the pipes can be studied. The
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After its invention by the Greeks, the hydraulis continued to be used through antiquity in the Roman world. In the Middle Ages, Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire,
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Typically, water is supplied from some height above the instrument through a pipe, and air is introduced into the water stream by aspiration (using the
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255:. The hydraulis was the world's first keyboard instrument and was the predecessor of the modern church organ. Unlike the instrument of the
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On the water organ, since the 15th century, the water is also used as a source of power to drive a mechanism similar to that of the
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Musical
Automata. Catalogue of Automatic Musical Instruments in the National Museum "From Musical Clock to Street Organ"
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458:; this individual's identity is unknown, but is sometimes suggested to be an Arabized version of the name Ctesibius.
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The hydraulic organ is often confused with the hydraulis. The hydraulis is the name of a Greek instrument created by
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of the
British Museum there are many miniatures representing interesting varieties of the portable organ of the
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which became famous for their beautiful and intricate waterworks. A water organ survives in the gardens at
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blown by air, where the power source pushing the air is derived by water from a natural source (e.g. by a
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and Muslim world further developed these instruments. A well-known instance of an early positive or
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in the organ grotto. This drop provides sufficient wind to power the restored six-stop instrument.
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853:. Cumming First United Methodist Church, Georgia. Archived from the original on January 22, 2008.
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450:. A long-distance hydraulic organ that could be heard from sixty miles away was described in
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The organ, from its invention in the
Hellenistic period to the end of the thirteenth century
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and Arthur W.J.G. Ord-Hume have suggested that it was used to create the sounds of the
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760:. Oxford: Oxford University Press – via Online Portal to Oxford Music Online.
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built several at
Richmond while in the service of Prince Henry. There was one in
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A modern reconstruction of the wind organ and wind wheel of Heron of
Alexandria
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The
Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria: The construction of a hydraulic organ.
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1104:"Macdonald D.M. (undated) Building a working model 1st-century Hydraulis"
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Reconstruction of a Roman hydraulis by Justus
Willberg and Martin Braun
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Many water organs had simple water-pressure regulating devices. At the
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Jeans, Susi and Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. "Water organ". L. Macy (Ed.),
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1135:"Lazos Ch. (1999) The ancient hydraulis of Dion (in Greek language)"
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In 1992, the remains of a 1st-century BCE pipe organ were found at
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Water organs were described in the numerous writings of the famous
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1274:(click "The Ancient Hydraulis" in the second paragraph to watch)
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A Bach piece being played on a hydraulophone pipe organ (video)
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In the early 17th century, water organs were built in
England;
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155:) or by a manual pump. Consequently, the water organ lacks a
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Hydraulis : The Ancient Hydraulis and its Reconstruction
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Stevens, Clare (September–October 2001). "Dion's Treasure".
956:"Constantinople, Hippodrome, Obelisk of Theodosius - Livius"
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The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the
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The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the
851:"New pipe organ at Cumming First United Methodist Church"
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that operated by converting the dynamic energy of water (
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texts and attributed to an ancient Greek figure called
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757:"Hydraulis."Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians
695:" of the ancient Greek music which consisted of one
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568:(1620), one of the Royal Palaces at Naples (1746),
395:mentions the instrument as not appropriate for the
613:, who is thought to have built one at his home in
1077:. William Reeves Bookseller Ltd. p. 127-128.
944:. William Reeves Bookseller Ltd. p. 114-116.
807:(subscription required). Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
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533:Other Italian gardens with water organs were at
266:magna levi detrudens murmura tactu . . . intonet
1059:. William Reeves Bookseller Ltd. p. 79-80.
264:(late 4th century), who uses this very phrase (
1228:ACM Multimedia 2005 paper on the hydraulophone
1075:The Organ of the Ancients from Eastern Sources
1057:The Organ of the Ancients from Eastern Sources
942:The Organ of the Ancients from Eastern Sources
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1018:"The Obelisk of Theodosius in Constantinople"
438:was a hydraulic organ sent as a gift to the
914:"THE MUSIC OF THE BIBLE by J Stainer: Ch.6"
820:Ludwigsburg, Muiskwissenschaftliche Verlag.
621:, de Caus laid out for them the gardens at
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1191:Musica Romana: Ensemble for ancient music
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91:Learn how and when to remove this message
993:10.5949/liverpool/9781904675518.003.0014
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221:) into air pressure to drive the pipes (
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54:This article includes a list of general
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1223:Curious facts from the organ's history
27:Pipe organ using water as power source
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645:constructed waterworks and organs at
135:) (early types are sometimes called
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1250:. London: Oxford University Press.
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619:Elector Palatine Prince Friedrich V
426:on his death in 395 CE. Among the
111:and a water organ, detail from the
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679:, an ancient Macedonian city near
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2133:Ancient Roman musical instruments
2128:Ancient Greek musical instruments
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878:Pettigrew, Richard (March 2002).
609:(1644–1703), the designer of the
418:of the 4th century occurs on the
406:Reconstruction of hydraulic organ
251:, an engineer of the 3rd century
197:A hydraulis is an early type of
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1213:The Organ in Classic Literature
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434:used in European churches. The
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771:Haspels, Dr. Jan Jaap (1994),
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981:"From Rome to Constantinople"
880:"About the Ancient Hydraulis"
709:Archaeological Museum of Dion
601:, London, the summer home of
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191:Archaeological Museum of Dion
818:The Roman Organ of Aquincum,
775:, Utrecht: National Museum,
589:built one for King James I (
316:writers on the water organ,
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239:
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189:Hydraulis, 1st century BCE,
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7:
979:Sorek, Susan (2010-03-05).
840:". Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
754:McKinnon, James W. (2016).
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687:, during excavations under
506:. Built about 1569–1572 by
491:' and 'Apollo and the nine
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1161:"Ctesibius of Alexandria"
882:. The Archaeology Channel
863:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
560:in 1598, restored 1990),
422:erected to the memory of
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526:and many other things'.
483:', 'The contest between
30:Not to be confused with
2143:Hellenistic engineering
1016:Crkvenjakov, Vladimir.
428:illuminated manuscripts
270:Paneg. Manlio Theodoro,
249:Ctesibius of Alexandria
168:Ctesibius of Alexandria
75:more precise citations.
1033:Cite journal requires
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357:(3rd century BCE) and
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323:Chi farà fed' al cielo
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116:
1246:Perrot, Jean (1971).
985:The Emperors' Needles
689:Dimitrios Pandermalis
665:The hydraulis of Dion
647:Saint Germain-en-Laye
554:Palazzo del Quirinale
436:Pippin's organ of 757
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303:Palazzo del Quirinale
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106:
1163:. HellenicaWorld.com
987:. pp. 107–114.
611:Eddystone Lighthouse
579:Musurgia universalis
570:Villa Doria Pamphili
522:in 1575 as playing '
2024:Trompette militaire
1895:Combination action
1071:Henry George Farmer
1053:Henry George Farmer
938:Henry George Farmer
576:'s illustration in
353:(3rd century BCE),
327:Alessandro Striggio
2158:Ancient inventions
2077:Historical Society
1206:2007-09-27 at the
1159:Lahanas, Michael.
836:2007-12-31 at the
829:Zoltán, Horváth. "
802:2008-05-16 at the
797:Grove Music Online
562:Villa Aldobrandini
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463:hydraulic automata
440:Carolingian empire
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671:Hydraulis of Dion
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605:(1650–1687), and
587:Cornelius Drebbel
556:, Rome (built by
537:, near Florence (
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693:perfect system
669:Main article:
666:
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615:Saffron Walden
508:Lucha Clericho
416:portable organ
368:CE). Like the
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2029:Voix céleste
2019:Registration
1989:Tibia Clausa
1836:Construction
1781:Greek dances
1638:Askomandoura
1465:
1247:
1165:. Retrieved
1154:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1129:
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1111:the original
1098:
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500:Villa d'Este
497:
479:playing the
460:
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424:Theodosius I
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378:Vocal Memnon
370:water clocks
348:
322:
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175:barrel organ
172:
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120:
118:
87:
81:October 2016
78:
59:
2039:Zimbelstern
1823:Pipe organs
1531:Pontic lyra
1526:Cretan lyra
1466:Water organ
1167:December 9,
902:Erchin, 10B
886:December 9,
637:gardens in
631:Württemberg
542: 1575
528:G. M. Zappi
432:Middle Ages
314:Renaissance
257:Renaissance
245:Hellenistic
121:water organ
73:introducing
2153:Pipe organ
2122:Categories
2092:Repertoire
2062:Fairground
2034:Vox humana
2009:Ophicleide
1929:En chamade
1715:Idiophones
1696:Tambourine
1682:Percussion
1448:Percussion
1179:References
1145:2011-01-22
1120:2011-01-22
965:2022-11-10
923:2022-11-10
651:Versailles
603:Nell Gwynn
591:Harstoffer
558:Luca Biagi
374:Susi Jeans
247:scientist
199:pipe organ
161:compressor
149:pipe organ
56:references
2082:Portative
2014:Plein-jeu
1886:Swell box
1881:Tremulant
1776:Nisiotika
1722:Koudounia
1701:Toubeleki
1648:Tsampouna
1597:Tambouras
1433:Pan flute
1391:Epigonion
1281:Dead link
1201:Hydraulus
697:chromatic
627:Heilbronn
535:Pratolino
524:madrigals
444:Byzantine
366: 62
351:Ctesibius
321:madrigal
276:Mechanics
272:320–22).
234:romanized
212:romanized
181:Hydraulis
153:waterfall
141:hydraulus
137:hydraulos
36:Sea organ
18:Hydraulis
2087:Positive
1844:Builders
1754:See also
1673:Souravli
1658:Karamuza
1653:Floghera
1618:Santouri
1602:Thaboura
1592:Psaltery
1582:Mandolin
1562:Bouzouki
1484:Medieval
1461:Crotalum
1456:Cochilia
1406:Trigonon
1373:Phorminx
1358:Barbiton
1204:Archived
1073:(1931).
1055:(1931).
940:(1931).
859:cite web
834:Archived
800:Archived
731:Muristus
721:Calliope
715:See also
699:and one
643:Francini
566:Frascati
473:cyclopes
468:grottoes
456:Muristus
446:emperor
389:Budapest
262:Claudian
193:, Greece
145:hydraula
133:ὕδραυλις
2102:Theatre
2004:Mixture
1999:Gedackt
1979:Bourdon
1944:Voicing
1939:Scaling
1891:Tracker
1849:Console
1732:Trigono
1706:Tympano
1668:Mantura
1663:Lalitsa
1577:Mandola
1555:Plucked
1496:Organon
1471:Sistrum
1438:Salpinx
1401:Sambuca
1396:Magadis
1368:Kithara
1340:Pandura
1324:Ancient
574:Kircher
550:Ferrara
489:Marsyas
477:Orpheus
442:by the
420:obelisk
385:Hungary
337:History
236::
214::
157:bellows
69:improve
2072:German
2067:French
2052:Barrel
1994:Cornet
1956:Tuning
1864:Pedals
1859:Manual
1727:Stamna
1611:Struck
1587:Oudola
1572:Laouto
1567:Guitar
1512:String
1505:Modern
1363:Chelys
1332:String
1254:
999:
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685:Greece
639:Kassel
504:Tivoli
485:Apollo
452:Arabic
393:Talmud
312:Among
109:cornua
58:, but
2163:Water
2107:Water
2097:Shoes
2057:Crawl
1984:Tibia
1966:Stops
1921:Pipes
1737:Zilia
1643:Gaida
1519:Bowed
1428:Aulos
1114:(PDF)
1107:(PDF)
1092:: 56.
742:Notes
493:Muses
240:aulós
228:αὐλός
218:húdōr
129:Greek
1970:List
1951:Reed
1934:Flue
1909:Stop
1827:list
1631:Wind
1420:Wind
1383:Harp
1350:Lyre
1252:ISBN
1169:2016
1039:help
997:ISBN
888:2016
865:link
777:ISBN
677:Dion
649:and
487:and
481:viol
207:ὕδωρ
119:The
989:doi
544:),
502:in
495:'.
325:by
253:BCE
143:or
123:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
