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keyboard layout, the response ("key action") is different. Pianos tend to respond to velocity (how quickly a key is struck), whereas organs tend to respond to displacement (whether or not a key is pressed down). Hydraulophones tend to respond to the time-integral of displacement (total water flow), as well as to displacement, velocity, and to some degree jerk and jounce
429:. Braille has the added advantage that the one-to-one correspondence between letters and numbers is the same as the standard A-minor hydraulophone, i.e. jet 1 is A, jet 2 is B, jet 3 is C, etc.. The skill (intricate sense of tactility) needed to play a hydraulophone well is also similar to the skill needed to read Braille.
550:
As public art installations, hydraulophones can be made in various themes and designs. An example of a theme-specific hydraulophone is the
Aquatune located at the main entrance to the Legoland waterpark in Carlsbad California. This hydraulophone, which Legoland describes as "a musical water stand",
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mechanism for the mouth of the player, along with several finger holes that share the one fipple mechanism, the hydraulophone has a separate mouth/mouthpiece for each finger hole. A typical park hydraulophone for installation in public spaces has 12 mouths, whereas a concert hydraulophone typically
326:
On a concert hydraulophone, the finger holes are arranged like the keys on a piano, i.e. there is a row of uniformly spaced holes close to the player, and a row of holes that are in groups of 2, 3, 2, 3, ..., a little further from the player. Whereas the piano and organ both have a similar kind of
826:
Mann, Steve, Ryan Janzen, Jason Huang, Matthew Kelly, Lei Jimmy Ba, and
Alexander Chen. "User-interfaces based on the water-hammer effect: water-hammer piano as an interactive percussion surface." In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction,
277:
is controlled by way of the instrument's mouth, not the player's mouth such that the player can sing along with the hydraulophone (i.e. a player can sing and play the instrument at the same time). Moreover, the instrument provides the unique capability of polyphonic embouchure, where a player can
249:
Blocking water from coming out of a given hole produces a given note, which, in some embodiments, is electrically amplified by a hydrophone. In one embodiment, there is a further processing of each hydrophone signal. Embodiments with various kinds of acoustic or optical pickups are also disclosed.
225:
The term may be applied based on the interface used to play the instrument, in which a player blocks the flow of water through a particular hole in order to sound a particular note, or based on a hydraulic sound production mechanism. Hydraulophones use water-flow sound-producing mechanisms. They
262:
The water must be "blown" into the hydraulophone by way of a pump which can be hand-operated, wind-operated, water-powered, or electric. Unlike woodwind instruments in which there is one mouthpiece at the entrance to the flute chamber, hydraulophones have mouthpieces at every exit port from the
396:
With change-valves, the diatonic hydraulophone is polyphonic in the same sense as a so-called "chromatic harmonica" – chords can be played, and all members of a chord can be moved down one semitone or up one semitone together, but the function of the valves is usually not separated to work on a
253:
Some hydraulophones include an underwater hydrophone pickup to allow the sounds produced by the water to be electrically amplified. Electric amplification allows effects to be added (as with an electric guitar) as well as making the hydraulophone a hyper-acoustic instrument (that is, using
192:
190:
187:
303:, but it runs on incompressible (or less compressible) fluid rather than a compressible gas-like air. In this context, hydraulophones are sometimes called "woodwater" instruments regardless of whether or not they are made of wood (as woodwind instruments are often not made of wood).
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dynamically "sculpt" each note by the shape and position of each finger inserted into each of the mouths. For example, the sound is different when fingering the center of a water jet than when fingering the water jet near the periphery of the circular mouth's opening.
551:
is the centerpiece of the entranceway, and is flanked on either side by educational installation exhibits, such as water tables where participants can build water dams from lego blocks, and learn about laminar and turbulent flows through various flow channels.
189:
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Blocking flow through a finger hole directs the water instead to one or more of the above-described sound-production mechanisms, or resulting changes in flow or pressure affect a separate sounding mechanism associated with each finger hole.
571:(e.g. water) heated by way of standard pumping and heating equipment. In this kind of hydraulophone (e.g. balnaphone, from the Greek "balnea" meaning "bath") the hydraulist is immersed in the hydraulic fluid used by the instrument.
397:
per-note basis, so for example, one can play an A-minor chord, and flex the entire chord down to A-flat minor, but one cannot easily play an A major chord without the use of polyphonic embouchure to bend only the middle note to a C
935:
Mann, S., Janzen, R., & Lo, R. (2008, June). Hyperacoustic instruments: Computer-controlled instruments that are not electrophones. In 2008 IEEE International
Conference on Multimedia and Expo (pp. 89-92).
220:
Waterflute (reedless) hydraulophone with 45 finger-embouchure holes, allowing an intricate but polyphonic embouchure-like control by inserting one finger into each of several of the instrument's 45 mouths at
836:
Mann, Steve, and Ryan Janzen. Polyphonic embouchure on an intricately expressive musical keyboard formed by an array of water jets. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan
Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2009.
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in 2005, and patented in 2011. Typically, sound is produced by the same hydraulic fluid in contact with the player's fingers. It has been used as a sensory exploration device for low-vision individuals.
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The Grove
Dictionary of Musical Instrument. Publisher: Oxford University Press. Print Publication Date: 2016. The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments Vol. 2, Pg. 738, Edited by Laurence Libin Print
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markings above finger holes on a classroom hydraulophone used for teaching visually impaired students. The letter "L" denotes jet number 12 (rightmost in the sequence of 12 water jets).
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Left, the extended notes come from closing key change valves or flexing key change levers, for sharpener, and flattener. To play a low G, one must be playing in C minor (with A
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Because the water-spray from hydraulophones obscures vision (or because hydraulophones are played underwater where visibility is poor), finger holes are sometimes encoded in
403:(which requires more skill than the average hydraulist has). Thus the "diatonic" hydraulophone is called "diatonic" conservatively to "under promise and over-deliver".
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Finally, on the right, the additional extended range comes from the two octave-change valves (all notes can be shifted as many as two octaves down, or one octave up).
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hydraulophones are built with 12 water jets, one for each of the instrument's 12 notes. The standard compass starts on A, extending up an octave and a half to E.
64:
773:"Fluid Melodies: The hydraulophones of Professor Steve Mann" In WaterShapes, Volume 10, Number 2, Pp 36–44, New York, NY, USA. Volume 10, No 2, 2008 February
870:
Nolan, J.; Mann, S.; Bakan, D. (2012). "First
Splashes in the Frolic Lab: Exploring Play-based Learning, Water and Sound with Nessie the Hydraulophone".
968:"User-interfaces based on the water-hammer effect", ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) conference on Tangible Embedded and Embodied Interaction.
691:
Splashtones Music in
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, builds hydraulophones and related instruments for waterparks, attractions, musicians, and music therapy.
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Aquatune
Hydraulophone at the main entrance to the Legoland waterpark in Carlsbad California. This hydraulophone is in the shape of giant lego blocks.
59:
234:. A single disk, shaft, or valve assembly can have rings or passages with different numbers of holes for different notes. Some hydraulophones have
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Most hydraulophones sound continuously for as long as a finger hole is blocked. However, the WaterHammer hydraulophone produces sound from impact (
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Hydraulophones may be built into hot tubs for use in cold weather. This solves the problem of keeping the hydraulist warm, as well as keeping the
1032:
926:"The Electric Hydraulophone: An acoustic hyperinstrument with feedback", International Computer Music Conference, Pp. 162, Copenhagen, Denmark.
860:
Mann, S. "flUId
Streams: Fountains that are keyboards with nozzle spray as keys...", Proceedings of ACM Multimedia 2005, Pp. 181–190, Singapore.
1109:
1005:
617:, one of Canada's landmark architecture sites. It is also Toronto's only freely accessible aquatic play facility that runs 24 hours a day.
583:) that dies down after being initially struck, thus sounding more like a piano than the more typical "underwater pipe organ" hydraulophone.
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792:"Hydraulophone design considerations: absement, displacement, and velocity-sensitive music keyboard in which each key is a water jet"
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This form of hydraulophone is similar to an organ, but has water flowing through the pipes instead of air flowing through the pipes.
527:, plus an additional A-flat below the lowest A. The playing compass (45 water jets) is the same as the sounding range (45 notes).
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393:) and close the flattener valve simultaneously. When playing on the high E jet, closing the sharpener valve produces an F.
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Whereas park and pool hydraulophones are usually 12-jet diatonic, concert-hydraulophones are usually 45-jet chromatic.
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This hydraulophone is showcased at
Stanford University's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA).
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use water jets striking perforated spinning disks, shafts, or valves, to create a pulsating water flow, similar to a
52:
384:, some additional range is possible on certain hydraulophones, indicated here by small cue notes at the end-points.
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Many hydraulophones include a separate water-filled pipe for each note, and have sound-production means similar to
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The hydraulophone uses liquid, typically water. It is thus related to the pagophone, an instrument that uses ice.
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Ontario Science Centre website for Teluscape and its main centerpiece, the circular hydraulophone sculpture.
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Mann, Steve. "Acoustic, hyperacoustic, or electrically amplified hydraulophones or multimedia interfaces."
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on any or all diatonic notes at the same time, is shown on the left side of the diagram. When playing only
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played by direct physical contact with water (sometimes other fluids) where sound is generated or affected
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The WaterHammer Hydraulophone uses the water hammer principle for hard-hitting percussive musical notes.
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12-jet hydraulophones are installed in public spaces, but there is a 45-jet south hydraulophone at the
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have a user interface, which is blocking water jets to produce sound. Those described in Mann's paper,
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A young musician plays the hydraulophone by pressing on jets of water laid out to a musical scale.
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801:. Santa Barbara, CA, USA: International Multimedia Conference archive: 519–528. Archived from
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997:– Site devoted to world's largest hydraulophone, including opening day celebrations, etc..
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Acoustic, hyperacoustic, or electrically amplified hydraulophones or multimedia interfaces
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Presently the world's largest hydraulophone is located in the outdoor plaza of the
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computation to change the acoustic sound of the water into some other instrument).
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The standard A to E range, in which it is possible to play with
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This hydraulophone is not put on display during winter months.
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Basic range of a diatonic hydraulophone with 12 water jets:
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959:US Patent 8,017,858
827:pp. 1-8. ACM, 2011.
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53:Classification
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15:
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1689:Hydraulophone
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1600:
1597:
1595:
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1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:Hydraulophone
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:installations
1554:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:Leon Theremin
1502:
1498:
1497:Luigi Russolo
1494:
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1228:
1227:Friction drum
1225:
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1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:Hydraulophone
1076:
1072:
1071:Membranophone
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
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1022:
1017:
1016:
1013:
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849:
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823:
808:on 2011-09-28
804:
800:
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764:
763:9780199743391
760:
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749:
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739:
738:
730:
727:
725:
724:Jacques Dudon
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639:
638:
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624:Installations
621:
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288:
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255:
251:
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229:
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210:
203:
199:
178:
175:
171:
170:hydraulically
167:
163:
159:
158:hydraulophone
148:
143:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
122:
119:
115:
107:
100:
97:
96:Playing range
93:
87:
85:
81:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
35:
30:
27:Hydraulophone
22:
1714:
1703:
1698:Tide organs
1688:
1610:
1603:
1591:
1587:Musical road
1581:Kendall Band
1579:
1574:
1567:
1509:Thomas Truax
1493:Hans Reichel
1489:Harry Partch
1481:Yuri Landman
1430:
1372:Quintephones
1345:Plasmaphones
1300:
1288:
1280:
1174:Home Swinger
1141:Chordophones
1077:
964:
955:
945:
941:
931:
922:
912:, retrieved
910:, 2009-06-06
906:
900:
875:
871:
865:
856:
841:
832:
822:
817:Oct 27, 2006
810:. Retrieved
803:the original
798:
769:
752:
635:
619:
612:
585:
581:water hammer
578:
566:
555:Cold weather
549:
529:
512:
509:
493:
431:
424:
405:
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386:
372:
353:
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325:
317:
310:
298:
273:
265:
261:
252:
248:
244:
227:
224:
157:
155:
1501:Adolphe Sax
1477:Bart Hopkin
1473:Ivor Darreg
1336:Whirly tube
1321:Folgerphone
1232:Lion's roar
1189:Moodswinger
1085:Quintephone
1082:Plasmaphone
1061:Chordophone
729:Water organ
670:(Waco, USA)
313:pipe organs
198:Huron Carol
150:Splashtones
75:Double-reed
70:Single-reed
1765:Public art
1744:Categories
1729:Waterphone
1724:Water drum
1716:Wave Organ
1702:Blackpool
1694:Jal tarang
1623:Wind organ
1618:Wind chime
1612:Wave Organ
1465:Ken Butler
1443:Floppotron
1410:Swarmatron
1357:Rijke tube
1326:Klaxophone
1313:Aerophones
1302:Wave Organ
1267:Waterphone
1244:Idiophones
1194:Sound icon
1179:Kaisatsuko
1133:Gaiaphones
1057:Gaiaphone
914:2018-03-23
812:2011-07-02
742:hydrophone
735:References
719:Water drum
714:Waterphone
378:embouchure
375:polyphonic
307:Pipe organ
275:Embouchure
258:Embouchure
232:siren disk
174:Steve Mann
137:Pipe organ
1780:Fountains
1710:Sea organ
1599:Sea organ
1400:Mellotron
1395:Kraakdoos
1352:Pyrophone
1296:Sea organ
1262:Daxophone
1169:Gravikord
1066:Idiophone
1053:Aerophone
790:Mann, S.
525:chromatic
263:chamber.
196:song is "
164:acoustic
65:Woodwater
1679:Calliope
1415:Theremin
1331:Tromboon
1159:Fotdella
1154:Bazantar
1149:Aquavina
696:See also
647:Thinkery
410:Markings
400:♯
390:♭
367:diatonic
356:diatonic
295:Woodwind
145:Builders
1485:Moondog
1204:Tritare
604:Toronto
518:⁄
427:Braille
419:Braille
972:
890:
761:
608:Canada
538:Themed
268:fipple
240:fipple
1424:Other
936:IEEE.
888:JSTOR
806:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
709:Flute
354:Many
322:Piano
236:reeds
162:tonal
160:is a
127:Flute
60:Water
1555:and
970:ISBN
759:ISBN
221:once
200:"; "
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880:doi
602:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
