450:
341:
422:
406:
438:
276:
28:
305:
20:
241:
293:
796:
363:. They could also be hydraulically powered, with a turbine or waterwheel arrangement giving the mechanical force to turn the barrel and pump the bellows. The last barrel organs were electrically powered, or converted to electrical power. Eventually, many large barrel organs had their barrel actions removed and were converted to play a different format of music, such as
337:. With a few exceptions, organ grinders used one of the smaller, more portable versions of the barrel organ, containing perhaps one (or just a few) rank(s) of pipes and only 7 to 9 tunes. Use of these organs was limited by their weight. Most weighed 25 to 50 pounds but some were as heavy as 100 pounds.
320:
To allow different tunes to be played from one barrel, the barrel can be moved laterally to bring a different set of pins and staples under the keys. Street barrel organs usually play 7 to 9 tunes, although small organs (usually the older ones) can play up to 15 tunes. Less commonly (and usually
283:
A set of levers called keys is positioned just above the surface of the barrel. Each key corresponds to one pitch. A rod is connected to the rear of each key. The other end of the rod is a metal pin which operates a valve within the wind chest. When the instrument is played (by turning the crank),
379:
Especially in churches, some large barrel organs were built as "barrel and finger" organs. Such instruments are furnished with a normal organ keyboard, in addition to the automatic mechanism, making it possible to play them by hand when a human organist is available. The barrels were often out of
252:
The pieces of music (or tunes) are encoded onto the barrel using metal pins and staples. Pins are used for short notes, and staples of varying lengths for longer notes. Each barrel usually carried several different tunes. Pinning such barrels was something of an art form, and the quality of the
266:
Since the music is hard-coded onto the barrel, the only way for a barrel organ to play a different set of tunes is to replace the barrel with another one. While not a difficult operation, barrels are unwieldy and expensive, so many organ grinders have only one barrel for their instrument.
288:
on the crank shaft causes the barrel to rotate slowly and its pins and staples lift the fronts of the keys. This causes the other end of the key to press down on the end of the rod which, in turn, activates the valve and allows air from the bellows to pass into the corresponding pipe.
63:, but rather than being played by an organist, the barrel organ is activated either by a person turning a crank, or by clockwork driven by weights or springs. The pieces of music are encoded onto wooden barrels (or cylinders), which are
218:-covered wheel rotated against tuned strings. Another key difference is that the hurdy-gurdy player is free to play any tune he or she desires, while the barrel organist is generally confined to pre-programmed tunes.
325:) the pinning will form one continuous spiral and the barrel will be gradually moved as it rotates so that the pins remain lined up with the keys. In this case, each barrel plays only one long tune.
263:
The size of the barrel will depend on the number of notes in the organ and the length of the tune to be played. The more notes, the longer the barrel. The longer the tune, the greater the diameter.
359:, and other large establishments such as sports arenas and theaters. The large barrel organs were often powered by very heavy weights and springs, like a more powerful version of a
1328:
214:(street musicians), but the two terms should not be confused. Although the hurdy-gurdy is also powered by a crank and often used by street performers, it produces sound with a
428:
412:
995:
260:
and have to endure significant mechanical strain. Damage to the barrel, such as warpage, would have a direct (and usually detrimental) effect on the music produced.
905:
421:
1562:
405:
1520:
1321:
1504:
179:
instead of by pins on a barrel. While many of these terms refer to the physical operation of the crank, some refer to an exotic origin. The French name
747:
1314:
556:
284:
offsets on the crank shaft cause bellows to open and close to produce pressurized air. A reservoir/regulator maintains a constant pressure. A
1476:
1578:
1494:
1471:
1683:
1443:
1373:
930:
1583:
1466:
1719:
1337:
1002:
704:
632:
569:
437:
740:
1729:
668:
449:
256:
The organ barrels must be sturdy to maintain precise alignment over time, since they play the same programming role as
674:
71:
of the traditional pipe organ. A person (or in some cases, a trained animal) who plays a barrel organ is known as an
935:
662:
210:
is sometimes mistakenly applied to a small, portable barrel organ that was frequently played by organ grinders and
733:
59:
housed in a case, usually of wood, and often highly decorated. The basic principle is the same as a traditional
1734:
957:
719:
1714:
1032:
551:
463:
1724:
340:
586:
1265:
1158:
1092:
1087:
1383:
1197:
1127:
810:
344:
599:
1378:
1260:
1207:
1192:
1167:
1132:
988:
561:
334:
8:
1709:
1643:
1368:
1306:
1255:
1212:
1182:
1015:
1172:
1097:
176:
253:
music produced by a barrel organ is largely a function of the quality of its pinning.
1557:
1144:
628:
565:
1678:
1648:
1608:
1280:
1250:
1062:
1042:
785:
762:
484:
469:
384:
352:
222:
168:
68:
679:
399:
rather than barrels. This allows a much greater variety of melodies to be played.
1653:
1270:
1057:
879:
725:
232:, particularly those played in the streets, are frequently called barrel organs.
196:
1217:
1404:
1275:
1079:
1052:
1047:
1024:
830:
546:
Langwill, Lyndesay G. & Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. (2001). "Barrel organ". In
360:
226:
98:
27:
383:
At the beginning of the 20th century, large barrel organs intended for use as
1703:
1290:
1037:
962:
889:
547:
499:
489:
275:
60:
1668:
1547:
1177:
884:
856:
851:
835:
514:
474:
388:
229:
102:
73:
304:
1663:
1414:
1295:
1285:
1245:
1227:
969:
952:
780:
479:
322:
309:
207:
1222:
1154:
1117:
1109:
1011:
947:
915:
861:
815:
775:
708:
504:
396:
392:
368:
364:
356:
257:
240:
172:
56:
19:
1688:
1673:
1638:
1618:
1202:
1139:
1122:
1074:
1069:
980:
925:
920:
910:
509:
494:
297:
285:
184:
1461:
313:
31:
A barrel organ player in Warnemünde, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
1633:
1628:
940:
825:
245:
203:, Giovanni Barberi, or that of the English inventor John Burberry.
684:
374:
292:
1623:
1388:
1363:
1187:
820:
211:
64:
52:
347:, fictitious patroness of Organ Grinders, Prague, Czech Republic
1588:
1499:
1358:
200:
48:
625:
Barrel Organ: The Story of the
Mechanical Organ and Its Repair
187:, has been explained as a corruption of, variously, the terms
1409:
795:
215:
716:
with categories about "Mechanical" Music and "Musical Boxes"
1613:
1552:
1336:
713:
722:
685:
Project about mechanical music machines in Czech
Republic
199:, the surname of an early barrel-organ manufacturer from
152:(from Bayern-Austrian "Kinterne"); Italian names include
690:
Association of Barrel organ players in Czech
Republic
689:
527:
351:
There were many larger versions located in churches,
671:
680:
An Open Source
Virtual Barrel Organ Player Software
333:The barrel organ was the traditional instrument of
85:There are many names for the barrel organ, such as
755:
167:However, several of these names include types of
1701:
545:
557:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
375:Combined barrel and manually played instruments
391:were often converted, or newly built, to play
1322:
996:
741:
221:Some also confuse the barrel organ with the
136:("cylinder organ"); Hungarian names include
51:mechanical musical instrument consisting of
296:A barrel organ player, with pet monkey, in
1329:
1315:
1003:
989:
748:
734:
675:A 1790 John Langshaw Chamber Barrel Organ
443:Organ grinder playing a new barrel organ.
622:
533:
339:
303:
291:
274:
239:
124:("Barbary organ"); German names include
26:
23:A barrel organ player in Vienna, Austria
18:
1702:
1338:Traditional French musical instruments
1010:
696:Recordings of historical barrel organs
1310:
984:
729:
641:Reblitz, Arthur A., Q. David Bowers.
600:Mais, où se trouve la Barbarie ?
160:("German organ"); the Polish name is
279:Detail of inner part of barrel organ
13:
623:Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (1978).
171:for which the music is encoded as
14:
1746:
656:
652:New York: Drake Publishers, 1975.
645:New York: The Vestal Press, 1981.
794:
619:. New York: Facts on File, 1976.
617:Musical Instruments of the World
448:
436:
420:
404:
663:Argentinian Barrel Organ Museum
587:Histoire des orgues de Barbarie
1720:Mechanical musical instruments
756:Mechanical musical instruments
643:Treasures of Mechanical Music.
592:
579:
539:
80:
1:
702:The Magic of the Barrel Organ
669:Museum of Musical Instruments
627:. London: Allen & Unwin.
609:
415:, Hønefoss, Norway, in 1854.
97:(though that can also mean a
16:Mechanical musical instrument
431:, Hønefoss, Norway, in 1877.
270:
7:
464:Barrel Organ Museum Haarlem
457:
10:
1751:
1730:French musical instruments
650:History of Music Machines.
1601:
1571:
1540:
1533:
1513:
1485:
1452:
1434:
1427:
1397:
1351:
1344:
1236:
1153:
1108:
1023:
898:
872:
844:
803:
792:
761:
648:Smithsonian Institution.
429:Anders Gulbrandsen Gomnæs
413:Anders Gulbrandsen Gomnæs
308:A barrel organ player in
244:A barrel organ player in
235:
55:and one or more ranks of
602:." at musicameccanica.it
585:Jean-Christian Michel. "
560:(2nd ed.). London:
520:
328:
116:In French names include
811:American Piano Company
348:
317:
301:
280:
249:
148:("whistle chest") and
140:(from Austrian-German
32:
24:
1735:Culture in Strasbourg
427:Barrel organ made by
411:Barrel organ made by
343:
307:
295:
278:
243:
225:or calliope. In the
154:organetto a manovella
30:
22:
589:." Official website.
562:Macmillan Publishers
156:("crank organ") and
120:("crank organ") and
1644:Cornemuse du Centre
1369:Epinette des Vosges
1213:Trompette militaire
1084:Combination action
345:Saint Flashinetalia
132:("brace box"), and
111:Low Countries organ
1715:Street performance
1384:Tambourin à cordes
1266:Historical Society
665:- Official website
349:
318:
302:
281:
250:
177:punched paper tape
33:
25:
1725:French inventions
1697:
1696:
1659:Orgue de barbarie
1597:
1596:
1529:
1528:
1423:
1422:
1304:
1303:
1093:Tubular-pneumatic
1088:Electro-pneumatic
978:
977:
958:Berry-Wood A.O.W.
634:978-0-04-789005-5
571:978-1-56159-239-5
385:fairground organs
181:orgue de Barbarie
175:or by holes on a
169:mechanical organs
128:("crank organ"),
122:orgue de Barbarie
118:orgue à manivelle
1742:
1538:
1537:
1432:
1431:
1405:Basse de Flandre
1349:
1348:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1063:Expression pedal
1043:Eight-foot pitch
1005:
998:
991:
982:
981:
798:
786:Fairground organ
750:
743:
736:
727:
726:
720:Mechanical Music
638:
603:
596:
590:
583:
577:
575:
543:
537:
531:
485:Fairground organ
470:Calliope (music)
452:
440:
424:
408:
195:("wine") in the
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1619:Boîte à musique
1593:
1567:
1525:
1509:
1487:
1481:
1454:
1448:
1436:
1419:
1393:
1340:
1335:
1305:
1300:
1232:
1149:
1104:
1058:Crescendo pedal
1019:
1009:
979:
974:
894:
880:Automaton clock
868:
840:
799:
790:
757:
754:
659:
635:
615:Diagram Group.
612:
607:
606:
597:
593:
584:
580:
572:
544:
540:
532:
528:
523:
460:
453:
444:
441:
432:
425:
416:
409:
377:
365:cardboard books
331:
273:
238:
197:Breton language
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:Orgue de danse
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1008:
1007:
1000:
993:
985:
976:
975:
973:
972:
967:
966:
965:
960:
950:
945:
944:
943:
938:
933:
931:CPE Bach works
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
900:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
882:
876:
874:
870:
869:
867:
866:
865:
864:
854:
848:
846:
842:
841:
839:
838:
833:
831:Regina Company
828:
823:
818:
813:
807:
805:
801:
800:
793:
791:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
767:
765:
759:
758:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
724:
723:
717:
711:
698:
697:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
666:
658:
657:External links
655:
654:
653:
646:
639:
633:
620:
611:
608:
605:
604:
598:Gianni Gili, "
591:
578:
570:
548:Sadie, Stanley
538:
525:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
459:
456:
455:
454:
447:
445:
442:
435:
433:
426:
419:
417:
410:
403:
376:
373:
361:longcase clock
335:organ grinders
330:
327:
272:
269:
237:
234:
227:United Kingdom
191:("bread") and
158:organo tedesco
99:positive organ
91:cylinder organ
82:
79:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1747:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1415:Vielle à roue
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
987:
986:
983:
971:
968:
964:
963:Panharmonicon
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
897:
891:
890:Musical clock
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
871:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
843:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
802:
797:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
766:
764:
760:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
731:
728:
721:
718:
715:
712:
710:
706:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
613:
601:
595:
588:
582:
573:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
552:Tyrrell, John
549:
542:
536:, p. 52.
535:
534:Ord-Hume 1978
530:
526:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Organ grinder
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:Musical clock
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:(Netherlands)
465:
462:
461:
451:
446:
439:
434:
430:
423:
418:
414:
407:
402:
401:
400:
398:
394:
390:
389:street organs
386:
381:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
342:
338:
336:
326:
324:
316:or main plaza
315:
312:just off the
311:
306:
299:
294:
290:
287:
277:
268:
264:
261:
259:
254:
247:
242:
233:
231:
230:barrel pianos
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:, suggesting
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
107:grinder organ
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
76:
75:
74:organ grinder
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:(also called
38:
29:
21:
1669:Orgue de rue
1658:
1240:
1218:Voix céleste
1208:Registration
1178:Tibia Clausa
1025:Construction
885:Cuckoo clock
857:Player piano
852:Barrel piano
836:Welte-Mignon
771:Barrel organ
770:
701:
649:
642:
624:
616:
594:
581:
555:
541:
529:
515:Street organ
475:Player piano
382:
378:
350:
332:
323:orchestrions
319:
282:
265:
262:
255:
251:
220:
205:
192:
188:
180:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:
110:
106:
103:street organ
94:
90:
86:
84:
72:
44:
41:roller organ
40:
37:barrel organ
36:
34:
1679:Ralé-poussé
1437:instruments
1228:Zimbelstern
1012:Pipe organs
970:Photoplayer
953:Orchestrion
781:Dance organ
480:Dance organ
393:music rolls
369:paper rolls
357:music halls
353:fairgrounds
310:Mexico City
258:music rolls
223:steam organ
208:hurdy-gurdy
134:Walzenorgel
130:Leierkasten
81:Terminology
45:crank organ
1710:Pipe organ
1704:Categories
1579:Sunaglieri
1572:Idiophones
1534:Percussion
1495:Cialamedda
1453:Flutes and
1281:Repertoire
1251:Fairground
1223:Vox humana
1198:Ophicleide
1118:En chamade
948:Music roll
916:Book music
862:Piano roll
816:Disklavier
776:Book music
709:B000005EB5
610:References
505:Pipe organ
397:book music
321:for large
185:barbarians
173:book music
87:hand organ
61:pipe organ
1689:Serinette
1684:Riberbula
1674:Pyrophone
1649:Limonaire
1639:Chabrette
1486:Free-reed
1444:Urganettu
1435:Free-reed
1374:Mandulina
1271:Portative
1203:Plein-jeu
1075:Swell box
1070:Tremulant
926:Music box
921:Componium
911:Belloneon
510:Serinette
495:Music box
300:, England
298:Liverpool
286:worm gear
271:Operation
206:The term
162:katarynka
126:Drehorgel
95:box organ
65:analogous
1634:Caramusa
1629:Cabrette
1276:Positive
1033:Builders
941:Polyphon
826:Polyphon
554:(eds.).
458:See also
248:, Poland
246:Katowice
150:kintorna
69:keyboard
1624:Bousine
1584:Timpanu
1563:Rouleur
1472:Pu'akau
1467:Pu toka
1389:Ukulele
1379:Mandore
1364:Cythara
1352:Plucked
1291:Theatre
1193:Mixture
1188:Gedackt
1168:Bourdon
1133:Voicing
1128:Scaling
1080:Tracker
1038:Console
821:Duo-Art
714:SAYDISC
380:sight.
212:buskers
146:sípláda
67:to the
53:bellows
47:) is a
1609:Bodega
1602:Others
1589:Kayamb
1521:Pifana
1500:Pirula
1477:Pūʻili
1462:Graïle
1359:Cetera
1345:String
1261:German
1256:French
1241:Barrel
1183:Cornet
1145:Tuning
1053:Pedals
1048:Manual
873:Clocks
845:Pianos
804:Brands
763:Organs
707:
631:
568:
550:&
314:Zócalo
236:Barrel
201:Modena
138:verkli
109:, and
49:French
1654:Loure
1548:Gumbe
1541:Drums
1514:Horns
1488:pipes
1455:oboes
1410:Bobre
1398:Bowed
1296:Water
1286:Shoes
1246:Crawl
1173:Tibia
1155:Stops
1110:Pipes
906:AMICA
899:Other
521:Notes
329:Usage
216:rosin
142:Werkl
57:pipes
1614:Boha
1558:Pate
1553:Pahu
1505:Vivo
1428:Wind
1159:List
1140:Reed
1123:Flue
1098:Stop
1016:list
936:MBSI
705:ASIN
629:ISBN
566:ISBN
193:gwen
189:bara
395:or
387:or
367:or
164:.
144:),
113:.
101:),
43:or
1706::
564:.
371:.
355:,
105:,
93:,
89:,
77:.
35:A
1330:e
1323:t
1316:v
1161:)
1157:(
1018:)
1014:(
1004:e
997:t
990:v
749:e
742:t
735:v
637:.
576:
574:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.JPG)
