Cement - Knowledge

48: 2527:) as a primary phase. They are used in expansive cements, in ultra-high early strength cements, and in "low-energy" cements. Hydration produces ettringite, and specialized physical properties (such as expansion or rapid reaction) are obtained by adjustment of the availability of calcium and sulfate ions. Their use as a low-energy alternative to Portland cement has been pioneered in China, where several million tonnes per year are produced. Energy requirements are lower because of the lower kiln temperatures required for reaction, and the lower amount of limestone (which must be endothermically decarbonated) in the mix. In addition, the lower limestone content and lower fuel consumption leads to a CO 3128:-emissions are lower than with fossil fuels, waste can be co-processed in an efficient and sustainable manner and the demand for certain virgin materials can be reduced. Yet there are large differences in the share of alternative fuels used between the European Union (EU) member states. The societal benefits could be improved if more member states increase their alternative fuels share. The Ecofys study assessed the barriers and opportunities for further uptake of alternative fuels in 14 EU member states. The Ecofys study found that local factors constrain the market potential to a much larger extent than the technical and economic feasibility of the cement industry itself. 2850: 1599: 1813: 2710: 2337:, and must not be used in concrete. They are usually complex proprietary formulations containing Portland clinker and a number of other ingredients that may include limestone, hydrated lime, air entrainers, retarders, waterproofers, and coloring agents. They are formulated to yield workable mortars that allow rapid and consistent masonry work. Subtle variations of masonry cement in North America are plastic cements and stucco cements. These are designed to produce a controlled bond with masonry blocks. 2622:

drying out — proper curing requires maintaining the appropriate moisture content necessary for the hydration reactions during the setting and the hardening processes. If hydraulic cements dry out during the curing phase, the resulting product can be insufficiently hydrated and significantly weakened. A minimum temperature of 5 °C is recommended, and no more than 30 °C. The concrete at young age must be protected against water evaporation due to direct insolation, elevated temperature, low

2718: 3116:, and limestone. Because some materials have both useful mineral content and recoverable calorific value, the distinction between alternative fuels and raw materials is not always clear. For example, sewage sludge has a low but significant calorific value, and burns to give ash containing minerals useful in the clinker matrix. Scrap automobile and truck tires are useful in cement manufacturing as they have high calorific value and the iron embedded in tires is useful as a feed stock. 40: 12703: 9070: 8393: 851: 8417: 12727: 8405: 2811:"For the past 18 years, China consistently has produced more cement than any other country in the world. (However,) China's cement export peaked in 1994 with 11 million tonnes shipped out and has been in steady decline ever since. Only 5.18 million tonnes were exported out of China in 2002. Offered at $ 34 a ton, Chinese cement is pricing itself out of the market as Thailand is asking as little as $ 20 for the same quality." 242: 12715: 2837:, and damage to countryside from quarrying. Equipment to reduce dust emissions during quarrying and manufacture of cement is widely used, and equipment to trap and separate exhaust gases are coming into increased use. Environmental protection also includes the re-integration of quarries into the countryside after they have been closed down by returning them to nature or re-cultivating them. 2940:

depends on many parameters, such as environmental conditions and surface area exposed to the atmosphere. Carbonation is particularly significant at the latter stages of the concrete life - after demolition and crushing of the debris. It was estimated that during the whole life-cycle of cement products, it can be reabsorbed nearly 30% of atmospheric CO2 generated by cement production.

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time). These characteristics of a clinker kiln offer numerous benefits and they ensure a complete destruction of organic compounds, a total neutralization of acid gases, sulphur oxides and hydrogen chloride. Furthermore, heavy metal traces are embedded in the clinker structure and no by-products, such as ash or residues, are produced.

1846:, was impressed with the durability of Rosendale cement, and came up with a blend of both Rosendale and Portland cements that had the good attributes of both. It was highly durable and had a much faster setting time. Wait convinced the New York Commissioner of Highways to construct an experimental section of highway near 2284:, with the rest Portland clinker and a little gypsum. All compositions produce high ultimate strength, but as slag content is increased, early strength is reduced, while sulfate resistance increases and heat evolution diminishes. Used as an economic alternative to Portland sulfate-resisting and low-heat cements. 2781:

Iran is now the 3rd largest cement producer in the world and has increased its output by over 10% from 2008 to 2011. Because of climbing energy costs in Pakistan and other major cement-producing countries, Iran is in a unique position as a trading partner, utilizing its own surplus petroleum to power

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China, representing an increasing share of world cement consumption, remains the main engine of global growth. By 2012, Chinese demand was recorded at 2160 Mt, representing 58% of world consumption. Annual growth rates, which reached 16% in 2010, appear to have softened, slowing to 5–6% over 2011 and

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cements are cement mixed with sand or with slag or other pozzolan type minerals that are extremely finely ground together. Such cements can have the same physical characteristics as normal cement but with 50% less cement, particularly because there is more surface area for the chemical reaction. Even

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The performance in North America and Europe over the 2010–12 period contrasted strikingly with that of China, as the global financial crisis evolved into a sovereign debt crisis for many economies in this region and recession. Cement consumption levels for this region fell by 1.9% in 2010 to 445 Mt,

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The performance in the rest of the world, which includes many emerging economies in Asia, Africa and Latin America and representing some 1020 Mt cement demand in 2010, was positive and more than offset the declines in North America and Europe. Annual consumption growth was recorded at 7.4% in 2010,

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is cement that is made up of fibrous materials like synthetic fibers, glass fibers, natural fibers, and steel fibers. This type of mesh is distributed evenly throughout the wet concrete. The purpose of fiber mesh is to reduce water loss from the concrete as well as enhance its structural integrity.

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Cementitious materials have been used as a nuclear waste immobilizing matrix for more than a half-century. Technologies of waste cementation have been developed and deployed at industrial scale in many countries. Cementitious wasteforms require a careful selection and design process adapted to each

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of the time. Manufacturing costs were therefore considerably higher, but the product set reasonably slowly and developed strength quickly, thus opening up a market for use in concrete. The use of concrete in construction grew rapidly from 1850 onward, and was soon the dominant use for cements. Thus

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The majority of carbon dioxide emissions in the manufacture of Portland cement (approximately 60%) are produced from the chemical decomposition of limestone to lime, an ingredient in Portland cement clinker. These emissions may be reduced by lowering the clinker content of cement. They can also be

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are emitted for every 1000 kg of Portland cement produced. In the European Union, the specific energy consumption for the production of cement clinker has been reduced by approximately 30% since the 1970s. This reduction in primary energy requirements is equivalent to approximately 11 million

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made it unpopular for constructing highways and bridges, and many states and construction firms turned to Portland cement. Because of the switch to Portland cement, by the end of the 1920s only one of the 15 Rosendale cement companies had survived. But in the early 1930s, builders discovered that,

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Cement materials can be classified into two distinct categories: hydraulic cements and non-hydraulic cements according to their respective setting and hardening mechanisms. Hydraulic cement setting and hardening involves hydration reactions and therefore requires water, while non-hydraulic cements

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Cement starts to set when mixed with water, which causes a series of hydration chemical reactions. The constituents slowly hydrate and the mineral hydrates solidify and harden. The interlocking of the hydrates gives cement its strength. Contrary to popular belief, hydraulic cement does not set by

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S), which is responsible for early strength in modern cements. The first cement to consistently contain alite was made by William Aspdin in the early 1840s: This was what we call today "modern" Portland cement. Because of the air of mystery with which William Aspdin surrounded his product, others

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Clinker is manufactured by heating raw materials inside the main burner of a kiln to a temperature of 1,450 °C. The flame reaches temperatures of 1,800 °C. The material remains at 1,200 °C for 12–15 seconds at 1,800 °C (and/ or?) for 5–8 seconds (also referred to as residence

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Carbonation process is considered as a mechanism of concrete degradation. It reduces pH of concrete that promotes reinforcement steel corrosion. However, as the product of Ca(OH)2 carbonation, CaCO3, occupies a greater volume, porosity of concrete reduces. This increases strength and hardness of

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cements contain, in addition to Portland clinker, expansive clinkers (usually sulfoaluminate clinkers), and are designed to offset the effects of drying shrinkage normally encountered in hydraulic cements. This cement can make concrete for floor slabs (up to 60 m square) without contraction

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Hydrated products of Portland cement, such as concrete and mortars, slowly reabsorb atmospheric CO2 gas, which has been released during calcination in a kiln. This natural process, reversed to calcination, is called carbonation. As it depends on CO2 diffusion into the bulk of concrete, its rate

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in the 1840s, a middle step in the development of Portland cement. William Aspdin's innovation was counterintuitive for manufacturers of "artificial cements", because they required more lime in the mix (a problem for his father), a much higher kiln temperature (and therefore more fuel), and the

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Growing environmental concerns and the increasing cost of fossil fuels have resulted, in many countries, in a sharp reduction of the resources needed to produce cement, as well as effluents (dust and exhaust gases). Reduced-footprint cement is a cementitious material that meets or exceeds the

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The EU cement industry already uses more than 40% fuels derived from waste and biomass in supplying the thermal energy to the grey clinker making process. Although the choice for this so-called alternative fuels (AF) is typically cost driven, other factors are becoming more important. Use of

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In 2006, it was estimated that China manufactured 1.235 billion tonnes of cement, which was 44% of the world total cement production. "Demand for cement in China is expected to advance 5.4% annually and exceed 1 billion tonnes in 2008, driven by slowing but healthy growth in construction

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Perhaps the earliest known occurrence of cement is from twelve million years ago. A deposit of cement was formed after an occurrence of oil shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned by natural causes. These ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s.

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in the first decade of the nineteenth century. Vicat went on to devise a method of combining chalk and clay into an intimate mixture, and, burning this, produced an "artificial cement" in 1817 considered the "principal forerunner" of Portland cement and "...Edgar Dobbs of

2399:—are not hydraulic on their own, but are "activated" by addition of alkalis, most economically using lime. They are similar to pozzolan lime cements in their properties. Only granulated slag (i.e., water-quenched, glassy slag) is effective as a cement component. 3099:

of fuel per tonne of clinker produced, depending on the raw materials and the process used. Most cement kilns today use coal and petroleum coke as primary fuels, and to a lesser extent natural gas and fuel oil. Selected waste and by-products with recoverable

2298:, so that ultimate strength is maintained. Because fly ash addition allows a lower concrete water content, early strength can also be maintained. Where good quality cheap fly ash is available, this can be an economic alternative to ordinary Portland cement. 2322:

can yield exceptionally high strengths, and cements containing 5–20% silica fume are occasionally produced, with 10% being the maximum allowed addition under EN 197–1. However, silica fume is more usually added to Portland cement at the concrete mixer.

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cements serve decorative purposes. Some standards allow the addition of pigments to produce colored Portland cement. Other standards (e.g., ASTM) do not allow pigments in Portland cement, and colored cements are sold as blended hydraulic cements.

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while Portland cement set faster, it was not as durable, especially for highways—to the point that some states stopped building highways and roads with cement. Bertrain H. Wait, an engineer whose company had helped construct the New York City's

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of carbon dioxide in the air is low (~ 0.4 millibar). The carbonation reaction requires that the dry cement be exposed to air, so the slaked lime is a non-hydraulic cement and cannot be used under water. This process is called the

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Xi, Fengming; Davis, Steven J.; Ciais, Philippe; Crawford-Brown, Douglas; Guan, Dabo; Pade, Claus; Shi, Tiemao; Syddall, Mark; Lv, Jie; Ji, Lanzhu; Bing, Longfei; Wang, Jiaoyue; Wei, Wei; Yang, Keun-Hyeok; Lagerblad, Björn (December 2016).

3141:, which incorporates recycled materials, thereby reducing consumption of raw materials, water, and energy. Another approach is to reduce or eliminate the production and release of damaging pollutants and greenhouse gasses, particularly CO 2974:

In some circumstances, mainly depending on the origin and the composition of the raw materials used, the high-temperature calcination process of limestone and clay minerals can release in the atmosphere gases and dust rich in volatile

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In Britain particularly, good quality building stone became ever more expensive during a period of rapid growth, and it became a common practice to construct prestige buildings from the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a

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where volcanic ash was extracted. In the absence of pozzolanic ash, the Romans used powdered brick or pottery as a substitute and they may have used crushed tiles for this purpose before discovering natural sources near Rome. The huge

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that are not very water-soluble. This allows setting in wet conditions or under water and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement was found by ancient Romans who used

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Glasser F. (2011). Application of inorganic cements to the conditioning and immobilisation of radioactive wastes. In: Ojovan M.I. (2011). Handbook of advanced radioactive waste conditioning technologies. Woodhead, Cambridge, 512

2226:, or quicklime, which then chemically combines with the other materials in the mix to form calcium silicates and other cementitious compounds. The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of 3015:(PbS), ...) present as secondary minerals in most of the raw materials. Environmental regulations exist in many countries to limit these emissions. As of 2011 in the United States, cement kilns are "legally allowed to pump more 47: 2832:

Cement manufacture causes environmental impacts at all stages of the process. These include emissions of airborne pollution in the form of dust, gases, noise and vibration when operating machinery and during blasting in

2549:(the low-early strength, high-late strength mineral in Portland cement) are formed without the formation of excessive amounts of free lime. As with any natural material, such cements have highly variable properties. 5608: 840: 174:, used to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a 3039:. The high pH prevailing in the cement porewater (12.5 < pH < 13.5) limits the mobility of many heavy metals by decreasing their solubility and increasing their sorption onto the cement mineral phases. 2793:

As at year-end 2012, the global cement industry consisted of 5673 cement production facilities, including both integrated and grinding, of which 3900 were located in China and 1773 in the rest of the world.

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Scalenghe, R.; Malucelli, F.; Ungaro, F.; Perazzone, L.; Filippi, N.; Edwards, A.C. (2011). "Influence of 150 years of land use on anthropogenic and natural carbon stocks in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy)".

1722:, Kent was a true alite-based cement. However, Aspdin's methods were "rule-of-thumb": Vicat is responsible for establishing the chemical basis of these cements, and Johnson established the importance of 2919:

To reduce the transport of heavier raw materials and to minimize the associated costs, it is more economical to build cement plants closer to the limestone quarries rather than to the consumer centers.

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When used in plasters, fiber mesh increases cohesiveness, tensile strength, impact resistance, and to reduce shrinkage; ultimately, the main purpose of these combined properties is to reduce cracking.

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near Mexico City, in Mexico. A detailed study of the composition of the aggregate and binder show that the aggregate was pumice and the binder was a pozzolanic cement made with volcanic ash and lime.

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are available (e.g., Italy, Chile, Mexico, the Philippines), these cements are often the most common form in use. The maximum replacement ratios are generally defined as for Portland-fly ash cement.

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were ground to a fine powder. This product, made into a mortar with sand, set in 5–15 minutes. The success of "Roman cement" led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial

1850:, using one sack of Rosendale to six sacks of Portland cement. It was a success, and for decades the Rosendale-Portland cement blend was used in concrete highway and concrete bridge construction. 1595:. A few years later in 1825, he published another book, which described various methods of making cement and concrete, and the benefits of cement in the construction of buildings and embankments. 682: 12396: 2270:

Portland cement blends are often available as inter-ground mixtures from cement producers, but similar formulations are often also mixed from the ground components at the concrete mixing plant.

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features occurs. This zone can be up to 35 micrometer wide. Other studies have shown that the width can be up to 50 micrometer. The average content of unreacted clinker phase decreases and

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For the world capacity to produce cement in 2010, the situation was similar with the top three states (China, India, and the US) accounting for just under half the world total capacity.

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minerals when water is added. Hydraulic cements (such as Portland cement) are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main mineral phases of the clinker, abbreviated in the

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in Rome. They develop strength slowly, but their ultimate strength can be very high. The hydration products that produce strength are essentially the same as those in Portland cement.

4832: 1293:. This substance when mixed with lime and rubble not only lends strength to buildings of other kinds but even when piers of it are constructed in the sea, they set hard underwater. 5576: 2486:

in CCN). Strength forms by hydration to calcium aluminate hydrates. They are well-adapted for use in refractory (high-temperature resistant) concretes, e.g., for furnace linings.

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The silicates are responsible for the cement's mechanical properties — the tricalcium aluminate and brownmillerite are essential for the formation of the liquid phase during the

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and did exhaustive market research on the available hydraulic limes, visiting their production sites, and noted that the "hydraulicity" of the lime was directly related to the

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can cause severe eye or respiratory irritation. Some trace elements, such as chromium, from impurities naturally present in the raw materials used to produce cement may cause

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were patented in 1908 in France by Jules Bied for better resistance to sulfates. Also in 1908, Thomas Edison experimented with pre-cast concrete in houses in Union, N.J.

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Cao, Zhi; Myers, Rupert J.; Lupton, Richard C.; Duan, Huabo; Sacchi, Romain; Zhou, Nan; Reed Miller, T.; Cullen, Jonathan M.; Ge, Quansheng; Liu, Gang (29 July 2020).

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Cao, Zhi; Myers, Rupert J.; Lupton, Richard C.; Duan, Huabo; Sacchi, Romain; Zhou, Nan; Reed Miller, T.; Cullen, Jonathan M.; Ge, Quansheng; Liu, Gang (29 July 2020).

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Vicat and Johnson) have claimed precedence in this invention, but recent analysis of both his concrete and raw cement have shown that William Aspdin's product made at

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expenditures. Cement consumed in China will amount to 44% of global demand, and China will remain the world's largest national consumer of cement by a large margin."

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also made extensive use of hydraulic cement. Roman concrete was rarely used on the outside of buildings. The normal technique was to use brick facing material as the

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Cement powder, supplied here in a bag, ready to be mixed with aggregates and water. Dispersing dry cement dust in the air should be avoided to prevent health issues.

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Scrivener, K.L., Crumbie, A.K., and Laugesen P. (2004). "The Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) between cement paste and aggregate in concrete." Interface Science,

3167:, can produce mortar blocks with a compressive strength 70% of that of concrete. An overview of climate-friendly methods for cement production can be found here. 3280: 1796:

S) is formed at the higher temperature it achieved (1450 °C), and more homogeneous. Because raw material is constantly fed into a rotary kiln, it allowed a

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to imitate stone. Hydraulic limes were favored for this, but the need for a fast set time encouraged the development of new cements. Most famous was Parker's "

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used in steelmaking, resulting in a slag-like material that is similar in mineralogy to Portland cement, eliminating most of the associated carbon emissions.

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Setting time and "early strength" are important characteristics of cements. Hydraulic limes, "natural" cements, and "artificial" cements all rely on their

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reduced by alternative fabrication methods such as the intergrinding cement with sand or with slag or other pozzolan type minerals to a very fine powder.

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World production of cement is about 4.4 billion tonnes per year (2021, estimation), of which about half is made in China, followed by India and Vietnam.

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stored in the calcium carbonate (calcination process). Its hydrated products, such as concrete, gradually reabsorb substantial amounts of atmospheric CO

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Abdel Rahman R.O., Rahimov R.Z., Rahimova N.R., Ojovan M.I. (2015). Cementitious materials for nuclear waste immobilization. Wiley, Chichester 232 pp.

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Portland cement, a form of hydraulic cement, is by far the most common type of cement in general use around the world. This cement is made by heating

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made from oyster shell lime, sand, and whole oyster shells to form a concrete. The Spanish introduced it to the Americas in the sixteenth century.

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in the 1780s, and finally patented in 1796. It was, in fact, nothing like material used by the Romans, but was a "natural cement" made by burning

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development. Belite develops strength slowly. Because they were burned at temperatures below 1,250 °C (2,280 °F), they contained no

12386: 1834: 4428: 4398: 5439: 4455: 3064: 10381: 3497: 2701:) into trivalent chromium (Cr), a less toxic chemical species. Cement users need also to wear appropriate gloves and protective clothing. 6119: 6021:

Ulm, Franz-Josef; Roland J.-M. Pellenq; Akihiro Kushima; Rouzbeh Shahsavari; Krystyn J. Van Vliet; Markus J. Buehler; Sidney Yip (2009).

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with intensive grinding they can use up to 50% less energy (and thus less carbon emissions) to fabricate than ordinary Portland cements.

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Carbon concentration in cement spans from ≈5% in cement structures to ≈8% in the case of roads in cement. Cement manufacturing releases

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Outside of China, worldwide consumption climbed by 4.4% to 1462 Mt in 2010, 5% to 1535 Mt in 2011, and finally 2.7% to 1576 Mt in 2012.

693: 9029: 5520: 4345:. Silica Fume Association and United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Technical Report FHWA-IF-05-016 3855:

G. Cabrera.; R. Rivera-Villarreal.; R. Sri Ravindrarajah (1997). "Properties and Durability of a Pre-Columbian Lightweight Concrete".

1652:, Dorset, England. However, Aspdins' cement was nothing like modern Portland cement but was a first step in its development, called a 8746: 8456: 4870: 4021: 2849: 2797:

Total cement capacity worldwide was recorded at 5245 Mt in 2012, with 2950 Mt located in China and 2295 Mt in the rest of the world.

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clinker plants. Now a top producer in the Middle-East, Iran is further increasing its dominant position in local markets and abroad.

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materials. While they are often significantly more expensive, they can give a water proof material that has useful tensile strength.

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produced what he called "British cement" in a similar manner around the same time, but did not obtain a patent until 1822. In 1824,

5014: 3368: 9223: 12406: 10321: 4790: 4770: 4623: 3622: 3533: 2417:, with strength growth similar to a slow Portland cement. They exhibit good resistance to aggressive agents, including sulfate. 5384: 4932: 10376: 8897: 3253: 2726: 5556: 4810: 12416: 10316: 6011: 5976: 5755: 5734: 5030: 4159: 3957: 3930: 3815:, Vol. IV, Curriculum Units by Fellows of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute 1978–2012, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 3583: 3233: 2350:

cements may be made using white clinker (containing little or no iron) and white supplementary materials such as high-purity

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van Oss, Hendrik G.; Padovani, Amy C. (2002). "Cement manufacture and the environment, Part I: Chemistry and Technology".

1472:. He needed a hydraulic mortar that would set and develop some strength in the twelve-hour period between successive high 593: 95:. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource. 9613: 8988: 4060: 3623:

Heracles to Alexander The Great: Treasures From The Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy

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The technical knowledge for making hydraulic cement was formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century.

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There is... a kind of powder which from natural causes produces astonishing results. It is found in the neighborhood of

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Zhang, Liang; Su, Muzhen; Wang, Yanmou (1999). "Development of the use of sulfo- and ferroaluminate cements in China".

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Over 2011 and 2012, global consumption continued to climb, rising to 3585 Mt in 2011 and 3736 Mt in 2012, while annual

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at moderate temperatures. The level of clay components in the limestone (around 30–35%) is such that large amounts of

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anions and the low pH (8.5–9.5) of its pore water) limited its use as reinforced concrete for building construction.

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cements are made from mixtures of water-soluble alkali metal silicates, and aluminosilicate mineral powders such as

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study from 2018 estimates that the 4 billion tonnes of cement produced annually account for 8% of worldwide CO

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In 2010, 3.3 billion tonnes of cement was consumed globally. Of this, China accounted for 1.8 billion tonnes.

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with 63.5 million tonnes for a total of over half the world total by the world's three most populated states.

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are examples of ancient structures made from these concretes, many of which still stand. The vast system of

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Bags of cement routinely have health and safety warnings printed on them because not only is cement highly

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specific type of waste to satisfy the strict waste acceptance criteria for long-term storage and disposal.

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made an important contribution to the development of cements while planning the construction of the third

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In the last step, calcium oxide, aluminium oxide, and ferric oxide react together to form brownmillerite.

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functional performance capabilities of Portland cement. Various techniques are under development. One is

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Concrete planet : the strange and fascinating story of the world's most common man-made material

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Blezard, Robert G. (12 November 2003). "The History of Calcareous Cements". In Hewlett, Peter (ed.).

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There are proposals to reduce carbon footprint of hydraulic cement by adopting non-hydraulic cement,

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continued to use hydraulic mortar throughout the Middle Ages, having local pozzolana deposits called

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Cement block construction examples from the Multiplex Manufacturing Company of Toledo, Ohio, in 1905

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Guidelines for the selection and use of fuels and raw materials in the cement manufacturing process

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of earlier Native American populations was used in house construction from the 1730s to the 1860s.

5601:"Engineers develop cement with 97 percent smaller carbon dioxide and energy footprint – DrexelNow" 5046: 12354: 12046: 11277: 11161: 10781: 10665: 10191: 9403: 8766: 8082: 8064: 8029: 7997: 7885: 7823: 7719: 6997: 6967: 6425: 4432: 4402: 3192: 3150: 2976: 2524: 2451: 1298: 265: 31: 8511: 5432: 4478: 4456:"Mechanism for performance of energetically modified cement versus corresponding blended cement" 2385:. These are the cements the Romans used, and are present in surviving Roman structures like the 2308:, but also includes cements made from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where 1189:

as the primary binding ingredient, but is far from the first material used for cementation. The

381: 365:. The chemistry of these reactions is not completely clear and is still the object of research. 12677: 12657: 12568: 12563: 11602: 11528: 11034: 11029: 10774: 10304: 9710: 9588: 9583: 8864: 8741: 8665: 8556: 8551: 8147: 8114: 8005: 6886: 5847: 5073: 5015:"The Cement Industry and Global Climate Change: Current and Potential Future Cement Industry CO 3501: 3338: 3155: 1660:

had left his father's company and in his cement manufacturing apparently accidentally produced

1496: 1364: 76: 10587: 10361: 9720: 6003: 4267: 4182: 3947: 2584:

is a hard, durable cement made by combining magnesium oxide and a magnesium chloride solution

2258:. The most common use for Portland cement is to make concrete. Portland cement may be grey or 1379:

Lightweight concrete was designed and used for the construction of structural elements by the

12513: 12428: 12162: 12039: 11758: 11736: 11687: 11237: 10995: 10859: 9633: 9456: 9270: 8947: 8690: 8408: 8201: 8119: 8104: 8087: 7868: 6691: 6484: 5825:"Cement manufacture and the environment, Part II: Environmental challenges and opportunities" 4951:"Striking a balance between profit and carbon dioxide emissions in the Saudi cement industry" 4379:

Gamble, William. "Cement, Mortar, and Concrete". In Baumeister; Avallone; Baumeister (eds.).

3515: 2876:, and also indirectly through the use of energy if its production involves the emission of CO 2634: 2542: 2413:

and a little Portland clinker or lime as an activator. They produce strength by formation of

2259: 2159: 2143:

Specific surface measurements for silica fume by nitrogen adsorption (BET) method, others by

1797: 1754: 1698: 1675: 1598: 1587:

created a new binder by mixing lime and clay. His results were published in 1822 in his book

1415:. A mixture of lime mortar and aggregate with brick or stone facing material was used in the 858: 75:

to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (

11324: 9827: 5995: 4339: 4149: 3978: 444:

The lime reacts with silicon dioxide to produce dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate.

12588: 12020: 11876: 11589: 11084: 10978: 10594: 10294: 10289: 9670: 9116: 8983: 8884: 8879: 8839: 8751: 8614: 8369: 8159: 8134: 7917: 7590: 7464: 6814: 6772: 6726: 6034: 5839: 5795: 5219: 5169: 4962: 4896: 3443: 3146: 2602: 2177:

Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbor works, etc., in contact with sea water

1812: 1524: 1492:

used to make it. Smeaton was a civil engineer by profession, and took the idea no further.

1461: 1416: 910: 307: 10388: 9438: 4866: 4083: 4017: 2541:

cements corresponding to certain cements of the pre-Portland era, are produced by burning

8: 12730: 12672: 12647: 12530: 12304: 12261: 12221: 12187: 11921: 11888: 11746: 11560: 11540: 11272: 11100: 11079: 10881: 10835: 10567: 9990: 9521: 9092: 8930: 8849: 8619: 8561: 8396: 8194: 7667: 7336: 7331: 6945: 6918: 2955:

during hardening, and has a lower energy requirement in production than Portland cement.

2188:

or Portland cement blends, but other cement blends are used in some industrial settings.

1847: 1742: 1420: 1274: 1270: 9935: 6038: 5843: 5799: 5223: 5208:"The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle" 5173: 4966: 4900: 3532:. Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 3447: 3432:"The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle" 3309: 12625: 12620: 12433: 12266: 11793: 11771: 11766: 11724: 11697: 11657: 11111: 11005: 10959: 10871: 10830: 10813: 10696: 10691: 10412: 10393: 10206: 10130: 9894: 9695: 9690: 9384: 8844: 8761: 8059: 7863: 7793: 7692: 7662: 7617: 7573: 7506: 7479: 7112: 7058: 6955: 6950: 6669: 6356: 6057: 6022: 5865: 5811: 5521:"Increasing the use of alternative fuels at cement plants: International best practice" 5260: 5207: 3890: 3878: 3474: 3431: 2772: 2294:

under ASTM standards (ASTM C595), or 35% under EN standards (EN 197–1). The fly ash is

1780:

The next development in the manufacture of Portland cement was the introduction of the

1469: 1348: 1323: 257: 64: 11931: 11166: 9413: 6083: 5778: 5765:

Aitcin, Pierre-Claude (2000). "Cements of yesterday and today: Concrete of tomorrow".

4631: 3529: 3079:

at trace concentration, it is sometimes reduced into trivalent Cr(III) by addition of

2980: 12764: 12493: 12309: 12283: 12271: 12256: 12167: 12015: 11842: 11741: 11672: 11354: 11349: 11289: 11282: 11247: 11010: 10825: 10733: 10481: 10434: 10311: 10171: 10161: 10126: 10116: 10084: 10027: 10022: 9925: 9213: 9171: 9073: 8829: 8824: 8799: 8781: 8695: 8675: 8496: 8420: 8416: 8354: 7942: 7828: 7687: 7321: 6982: 6856: 6738: 6062: 6007: 5982: 5972: 5941: 5923: 5907: 5897: 5751: 5730: 5638: 5331: 5304: 5300: 5265: 5247: 5185: 5137: 5026: 4929: 4912: 4499: 4273: 4248: 4240: 4155: 4132: 4111: 4087: 4000: 3953: 3926: 3882: 3868: 3780: 3646: 3579: 3479: 3461: 3248: 3218: 3138: 3036: 2988: 2865: 2623: 2382: 1843: 1770: 1750: 1682:(middle stage of development) and claimed he was the real father of Portland cement. 1536: 1443: 978: 894: 862: 169: 137: 60: 9428: 9297: 9248: 8952: 5996: 5869: 5815: 5665:"Would you live in a house made of sand and bacteria? It's a surprisingly good idea" 5133: 4474: 3854: 3663: 2681:

if not promptly washed off with water. Similarly, dry cement powder in contact with

12595: 12523: 12518: 12086: 12064: 12024: 12000: 11964: 11936: 11916: 11864: 11709: 11649: 11444: 11227: 11195: 11183: 11064: 10949: 10866: 10808: 10444: 10439: 10403: 10242: 9985: 9970: 9947: 9920: 9491: 9463: 9287: 9258: 9233: 9208: 9191: 8925: 8834: 8700: 8660: 8539: 8501: 8291: 8052: 7947: 7880: 7714: 7553: 7516: 7146: 7095: 7088: 6841: 6787: 6674: 6551: 6052: 6042: 5857: 5803: 5774: 5381: 5296: 5255: 5237: 5227: 5177: 5129: 4970: 4904: 4524: 4470: 4230: 3860: 3837: 3469: 3451: 3228: 3177: 2330: 2251: 2144: 1838: 1801: 1785: 1734: 1661: 1649: 1617: 1592: 1540: 1528: 1360: 1214: 1160: 1055:

Once the excess water is completely evaporated (this process is technically called

261: 245: 107: 80: 10572: 9770: 9638: 9418: 6097: 5285:"Effect of carbonation on the rebound number and compressive strength of concrete" 3841: 2609:

process. The recycled cement is intended to be used to replace part or all of the

12754: 12652: 12600: 12231: 12094: 11949: 11859: 11849: 11837: 11816: 11692: 11677: 11459: 11454: 11294: 11205: 11089: 11074: 11069: 10850: 10764: 10545: 10368: 10339: 10074: 9899: 9618: 9551: 9327: 9275: 9238: 8869: 8720: 8624: 8534: 8263: 8142: 7682: 7672: 7358: 7341: 7071: 7066: 6940: 6901: 6826: 6797: 6777: 6760: 6681: 6212: 5957: 5745: 5724: 5563: 5543: 5501: 5388: 5000: 4936: 4885: 4874: 4836: 4797: 4777: 4758: 4713: 4076: 4036: 3920: 3808: 3629: 3606: 3573: 3238: 3223: 3101: 3080: 2764: 2682: 2610: 2197: 2185: 1766: 1758: 1738: 1613: 1606: 1556: 1465: 1403:

and some military engineers actively used hydraulic cement in structures such as

1278: 129: 103: 10927: 9561: 9423: 4975: 4950: 4235: 4218: 1628:, was developed in England in the mid 19th century, and usually originates from 140:

between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral

12630: 12553: 12319: 12209: 12204: 12182: 11969: 11956: 11899: 11832: 11820: 11714: 11555: 11523: 11424: 11178: 11150: 11115: 11056: 10614: 10609: 10577: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10407: 10250: 10166: 9942: 9881: 9755: 9608: 9603: 9556: 9546: 9536: 9307: 9198: 9186: 9156: 8942: 8874: 8715: 8634: 8604: 8599: 8491: 8109: 8010: 7962: 7910: 7853: 7805: 7709: 7677: 7558: 7484: 7296: 7274: 7122: 7100: 7083: 6913: 6891: 6713: 6400: 6185: 6173: 5861: 5807: 5232: 5012: 3456: 3076: 2959: 2873: 2869: 2858: 2642: 2601:

cement is proposed to be made by recycling cement from demolition wastes in an

2386: 2378: 2219: 1670: 1657: 1645: 1602: 1544: 1500: 1439: 1352: 1344: 1290: 1254: 886: 330: 198:. In modern times, organic polymers are sometimes used as cements in concrete. 160: 68: 9740: 9347: 8591: 4528: 4056: 3031:

in the clinker arises both from the natural raw materials and from the use of

2280:

cement (ASTM C595 and EN 197-1 nomenclature respectively), contains up to 95%

1265:

for hydraulic cement. Nobody knows who first discovered that a combination of

889:, which is present in the air (~ 412 vol. ppm ≃ 0.04 vol. %). First 204:

The cement production process is responsible for nearly 8% (2018) of global CO

118:, depending on the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water (see 12748: 12667: 12177: 11812: 11622: 11439: 11434: 11299: 11136: 11120: 10988: 10974: 10855: 10818: 10749: 10681: 10675: 10660: 10555: 10540: 10448: 10099: 9952: 9915: 9889: 9730: 9675: 9526: 9511: 9337: 9181: 8915: 8814: 8804: 8710: 8169: 8124: 8039: 7783: 7768: 7746: 7729: 7568: 7524: 7457: 7316: 7308: 7279: 7249: 7207: 7163: 7141: 7117: 7046: 6686: 6646: 6607: 6575: 6457: 6163: 5911: 5642: 5335: 5308: 5251: 5189: 5141: 4930:

EIA – Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2006-Carbon Dioxide Emissions

4244: 4219:"Magnesia-based cements: A journey of 150 years, and cements for the future?" 3707: 3465: 3197: 3105: 2889: 2571:

cements are made from organic chemicals that polymerise. Producers often use

2493: 2223: 2167: 1637: 1532: 1380: 1210: 1202: 1186: 890: 878: 854: 373: 11309: 9745: 9541: 6047: 5986: 3857:

SP-170: Fourth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete

12610: 12545: 12498: 12194: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12059: 12054: 11719: 11577: 11304: 11259: 11129: 11125: 11093: 10983: 10905: 10876: 10801: 10796: 10786: 10686: 10604: 10535: 10490: 10221: 10201: 10186: 10150: 10145: 10121: 10037: 9930: 9807: 9628: 9598: 9516: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9468: 9379: 9280: 8819: 8705: 8680: 8473: 8281: 8276: 8097: 7905: 7900: 7778: 7622: 7534: 7501: 7489: 7264: 7151: 7129: 6731: 6696: 6491: 6417: 6334: 6329: 6224: 6066: 5691:"Top-Innovationen 2020: Zement lässt sich auch klimafreundlich produzieren" 5269: 5242: 5157: 4916: 4252: 3483: 3109: 3068: 3028: 2963: 2694: 2578: 2309: 1762: 1568: 1516: 1457: 1319: 146: 11314: 9837: 9832: 9822: 9785: 9775: 9715: 9648: 9161: 8629: 5283:

Kim, Jin-Keun; Kim, Chin-Yong; Yi, Seong-Tae; Lee, Yun (1 February 2009).

3949:

Impossible Engineering: Technology and Territoriality on the Canal Du Midi

2888:, of which 60% is from the chemical process, and 40% from burning fuel. A 1745:. Rosendale cement was extremely popular for the foundation of buildings ( 1644:, because the render made from it was in color similar to the prestigious 39: 12662: 12642: 12615: 12441: 12199: 12099: 11797: 11786: 11781: 11729: 11607: 11597: 11466: 10922: 10891: 10886: 10845: 10754: 10530: 10505: 10500: 10469: 10226: 10181: 10089: 10069: 9802: 9725: 9685: 9593: 9573: 9317: 9302: 9292: 9228: 9148: 8920: 8639: 8576: 8286: 8022: 7957: 7952: 7873: 7848: 7761: 7736: 7702: 7654: 7595: 7237: 7158: 7041: 7029: 6654: 6467: 6312: 6158: 4269:

Engineering Materials Science: Properties, Uses, Degradation, Remediation

3055:

may also directly arise as natural impurity from the raw materials or as

2948: 2709: 2606: 2319: 2215: 1781: 1727: 1572: 1396: 1266: 906: 882: 874: 377: 362: 209: 5324:"Response: Lime is a much greener option than cement, says Douglas Kent" 4706: 4675: 3124:

alternative fuels provides benefits for both society and the company: CO

2717: 909:

at temperatures above 825 °C (1,517 °F) for about 10 hours at

587:

The lime also reacts with aluminium oxide to form tricalcium aluminate.

358: 12605: 12535: 12505: 12488: 12466: 12276: 12146: 12141: 11854: 11802: 11627: 11550: 11449: 11344: 11022: 10932: 10917: 10900: 10896: 10653: 10422: 10156: 10052: 10032: 9963: 9797: 9578: 9447: 9443: 9332: 9176: 9024: 8809: 8789: 8581: 8331: 8316: 7798: 7773: 7642: 7578: 7546: 7494: 7452: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7222: 7019: 7014: 7009: 6928: 6896: 6619: 6612: 6597: 6563: 6435: 6405: 6378: 6361: 6307: 6236: 6128: 5013:

Mahasenan, Natesan; Smith, Steve; Humphreysm Kenneth; Kaya, Y. (2003).

3182: 3008: 2674: 2670: 2650: 2562: 2553: 2531:

emission around half that associated with Portland clinker. However, SO

2414: 2351: 2295: 1719: 850: 9817: 9780: 9322: 4908: 4544:"Concrete mesh: When to use fiber mesh or wire mesh | Port Aggregates" 3369:"Making Concrete Change: Innovation in Low-carbon Cement and Concrete" 3159:, a bacterium precipitating calcium carbonate, which, when mixed with 2904:

tonnes of coal per year with corresponding benefits in reduction of CO

12637: 12583: 12483: 12461: 12446: 12248: 11979: 11871: 11807: 11704: 11617: 11572: 11508: 11493: 11339: 11210: 11000: 10791: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10427: 10216: 10196: 10079: 10042: 9735: 9700: 9531: 9451: 9312: 9055: 8349: 8344: 8321: 8301: 7741: 7637: 7632: 7583: 7469: 7440: 7435: 7425: 7408: 7326: 7269: 7105: 7024: 6992: 6878: 6819: 6659: 6634: 6602: 6592: 6511: 6257: 5181: 3096: 3090: 2678: 2572: 2427: 2410: 2203: 1821: 1723: 1666: 1629: 1577: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1424: 1206: 1190: 898: 380:

reaction. This single chemical reaction is a major emitter of global

369: 354: 150: 99: 9243: 9166: 5577:"Alternative fuels in cement manufacture – CEMBUREAU brochure, 1997" 4665:

H. F. W. Taylor, Cement chemistry, 2nd ed. London: T. Telford, 1997.

4363: 3153:

has developed the 'DUPE' process based on the microbial activity of

2405:

cements contain about 80% ground granulated blast furnace slag, 15%

2116:

Values shown are approximate: those of a specific material may vary.

12578: 12288: 12216: 11904: 11632: 11612: 11533: 11369: 11267: 11200: 10969: 10728: 10599: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10269: 10140: 10064: 9812: 9765: 9396: 9371: 9359: 9084: 9039: 9034: 8670: 8465: 8306: 8296: 8271: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7895: 7815: 7756: 7751: 7430: 7400: 7353: 7188: 7175: 7134: 7036: 6933: 6846: 6804: 6755: 6580: 6546: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6452: 6344: 6322: 6241: 6180: 6168: 5932:

Javed I. Bhatty, F. MacGregor Miller, Steven H. Kosmatka; editors:

4205:

Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences

3802:"Aqueduct Architecture: Moving Water to the Masses in Ancient Rome" 3202: 3052: 2992: 2693:) are often added to cement to convert the carcinogenic hexavalent 2649:

decreases towards the aggregate surface. Similarly, the content of

2646: 2638: 2455: 2305: 2247: 2158:

Modern development of hydraulic cement began with the start of the

1817: 1774: 1412: 1384: 1356: 1331: 1262: 835:{\displaystyle {\ce {4CaO + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 -> 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3}}} 133: 92: 72: 5557:

Status and prospects of co-processing of waste in EU cement plants

5023:

Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies – 6th International Conference

4599:"Many Green Cement Roads Lead Through Electric Arc Steel Furnaces" 3864: 2927:

is about to be trialed, but its financial viability is uncertain.

1765:, or magnesia-based cement, was patented in 1867 by the Frenchman 1555:. Roman cement quickly became popular but was largely replaced by 241: 163:

in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting.

12473: 12456: 12236: 12104: 12034: 12010: 11909: 11545: 11471: 11106: 11046: 11039: 10954: 10912: 10759: 10738: 10719: 10701: 10643: 10582: 10550: 10495: 10211: 10135: 9995: 9975: 9904: 9566: 9473: 9391: 9354: 9342: 8998: 8566: 8017: 7474: 7390: 7385: 7286: 7259: 7217: 7195: 6923: 6765: 6703: 6664: 6624: 6556: 6541: 6385: 6229: 6192: 3213: 2996: 2984: 2908:

emissions. This accounts for approximately 5% of anthropogenic CO

2558: 2431: 2334: 2291: 1400: 1258: 1234: 1198: 1194: 141: 5100:"World's first zero-emission cement plant takes shape in Norway" 3498:"Cement's basic molecular structure finally decoded (MIT, 2009)" 12558: 11944: 11827: 11667: 11476: 11419: 11329: 10769: 10398: 10057: 10047: 10010: 10000: 9980: 9792: 9643: 8725: 8685: 8339: 8311: 8092: 7697: 7600: 7563: 7232: 6987: 6908: 6861: 6792: 6782: 6568: 6501: 6447: 6317: 6284: 6272: 6267: 6246: 6207: 4751: 4423: 4393: 3632:, Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford 3243: 3051:

are commonly found in cement in non-negligible concentrations.

3040: 3016: 3012: 3000: 2834: 2662: 2546: 2406: 2227: 2171: 1686: 1621: 1531:

that are found in certain clay deposits, and that contain both

1512: 1504: 1408: 1335: 1222: 292: 166:

The word "cement" can be traced back to the Ancient Roman term

88: 27:

Hydraulic binder used in the composition of mortar and concrete

2786:

recovered by 4.9% in 2011, then dipped again by 1.1% in 2012.

1273:), but such concrete was used by the Greeks, specifically the 372:(calcium carbonate) is burned to remove its carbon, producing 12478: 12451: 12005: 11776: 11639: 11503: 11411: 11017: 10634: 9263: 9253: 9218: 8644: 8546: 7890: 7843: 7788: 7627: 7612: 7529: 7254: 7242: 7212: 7200: 6972: 6836: 6831: 6809: 6750: 6743: 6585: 6472: 6430: 6339: 6277: 6262: 6202: 6082: 5466:"EPA Regulations Give Kilns Permission To Pollute : NPR" 4368:(14 ed.). Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois. 3164: 3113: 2255: 1789: 1702: 1625: 1552: 1428: 1404: 1368: 1315: 1286: 1250: 902: 277: 5526:. International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group. 2017. 4177: 4175: 3700: 3690:"How the Ancient Romans Made Better Concrete Than We Do Now" 3600:

Macedonians created cement three centuries before the Romans

2991:

are the most toxic. Heavy metals (Tl, Cd, Hg, ...) and also

2790:

moderating to 5.1% and 4.3% in 2011 and 2012, respectively.

12157: 11974: 11662: 11565: 11518: 10937: 10648: 10015: 10005: 9680: 9203: 8434: 7605: 7541: 7413: 7291: 7076: 7004: 6960: 6868: 6851: 6721: 6629: 6496: 6442: 6390: 6373: 6349: 6253: 6217: 6197: 4725: 4454:

Justnes, Harald; Elfgren, Lennart; Ronin, Vladimir (2005).

3274:"Draeger: Guide for selection and use of filtering devices" 3160: 3048: 3044: 2211: 2207: 1548: 1485: 1473: 1340: 1311: 1218: 1180: 84: 5969:

Properties of concrete. Fourth and final edition standards

5154: 4535: 3828:

Cowan, Henry J. (1975). "An Historical Note on Concrete".

1665:

resulting clinker was very hard and rapidly wore down the

1476:. He performed experiments with combinations of different 1395:

Any preservation of this knowledge in literature from the

11319: 10638: 10560: 9408: 7937: 7858: 7838: 7833: 7724: 7445: 7420: 6479: 6395: 6368: 6289: 5743: 4948: 4172: 4131:. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press. p. 16. 1371:, recycled chunks of concrete, or other building rubble. 1139: 1123: 1107: 1091: 1038: 1008: 956: 934: 828: 815: 799: 786: 760: 747: 731: 718: 670: 657: 631: 618: 570: 544: 501: 475: 427: 405: 220:(carbonation process) compensating near 30% of initial CO 5922:, Düsseldorf, Germany: Verlag Bau + Technik GmbH, 2006, 5158:"Substantial global carbon uptake by cement carbonation" 4750:

Edwards, P; McCaffrey, R. Global Cement Directory 2010.

3643:

A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times

1185:

Cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes

2951:, for certain applications. It reabsorbs some of the CO 2434:. The active ingredients are monocalcium aluminate CaAl 1269:

and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also:

1237:

of Paris, which often contained calcium carbonate (CaCO

1149:{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca(OH)2 + CO2 -> CaCO3 + H2O}}} 5118:"The CO2 uptake of concrete in a 100 year perspective" 4034: 3104:

can be used as fuels in a cement kiln (referred to as

3022: 2735:

In 2010, the world production of hydraulic cement was

1383:

builders who lived in a very advanced civilisation in

1289:

and in the country belonging to the towns round about

977:(slaked) by mixing it with water to make slaked lime ( 233:

only react with a gas and can directly set under air.

79:) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces 4855:

China's cement demand to top 1 billion tonnes in 2008

3019:

into the air than are hazardous-waste incinerators."

1571:

work, the same principle was identified by Frenchman

1068: 990: 922: 696: 677:{\displaystyle {\ce {3CaO + Al2O3 -> 3CaO.Al2O3}}} 596: 522: 453: 393: 208:

emissions, which includes heating raw materials in a

4383:(Eighth ed.). McGraw Hill. Section 6, page 177. 1865:

comparison of chemical and physical characteristics

6127: 5039: 4651:, 411–421. doi: 10.1023/B:INTS.0000042339.92990.4c. 4453: 3971: 3969: 3734:"Hydration of Cement: still a lot to be understood" 2969: 2880:. The cement industry produces about 10% of global 2304:cement includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a 1737:, a natural cement mined from a massive deposit of 577:{\displaystyle {\ce {3CaO + SiO2 -> 3CaO.SiO2}}} 508:{\displaystyle {\ce {2CaO + SiO2 -> 2CaO.SiO2}}} 5507:World Business Council for Sustainable Development 5205: 5116:Pade, Claus; Guimaraes, Maria (1 September 2007). 4676:"Construction Information Sheet No 26 (revision2)" 4624:"Using cement based products during winter months" 4075: 3813:Math in the Beauty and Realization of Architecture 3429: 3091:Use of alternative fuels and by-products materials 2995:are often found as trace elements in common metal 2206:(calcium carbonate) with other materials (such as 1733:In the US the first large-scale use of cement was 1148: 1044: 962: 834: 676: 576: 507: 433: 10944: 5631:"How to make low-carbon concrete from old cement" 5569: 4791:Pakistan loses Afghan cement market share to Iran 4364:Kosmatka, S.; Kerkhoff, B.; Panerese, W. (2002). 4210: 4189:. Bonnier Corporation. October 1941. p. 118. 4038:Egor Gerasimovich Chelidze, izobretatelʹ tsementa 3922:An Introduction to Science and Technology Studies 3400: 2633:(ITZ) is a region of the cement paste around the 1261:of Crete used crushed potsherds as an artificial 12746: 9009:International Federation for Structural Concrete 6023:"A realistic molecular model of cement hydrates" 5951:"Why cement emissions matter for climate change" 4728:"USGS Mineral Program Cement Report. (Jan 2011)" 4265: 3966: 3785:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2616: 1277:, and three centuries later on a large scale by 361:) process of clinker at high temperature in the 318:) (historically, and still occasionally, called 6027:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5403:"Revealed: The cement that eats carbon dioxide" 4955:International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 4561: 4127:Hahn, Thomas F. and Kemp, Emory Leland (1994). 3767:. Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 2958:A few other attempts to increase absorption of 2704: 2689:. Reducing agents such as ferrous sulfate (FeSO 2174:) for finishing brick buildings in wet climates 1045:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2}}} 5920:Cement : Principles of production and use 5823:van Oss, Hendrik G.; Padovani, Amy C. (2003). 5463: 4147: 4067: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3303: 3301: 1589:A Treatise on the Art to Prepare a Good Mortar 1318:as their pozzolan and the Romans used crushed 212:by fuel combustion and resulting release of CO 9100: 8450: 6113: 5662: 5115: 4266:McArthur, H.; Spalding, D. (1 January 2004). 4216: 3979:"Tabby Houses of the South Atlantic Seaboard" 3823: 3821: 3333: 3331: 1788:mixture that was both stronger, because more 1640:patented a similar material, which he called 1213:, stone blocks were cemented together with a 963:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2}}} 434:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2}}} 248:nodules produced by sintering at 1450 °C 5934:Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing 4830:emissions; USA in second position: more info 3396: 3394: 2535:emissions are usually significantly higher. 2492:cements are made from clinkers that include 1674:Portland cement began its predominant role. 5537:Cement, concrete & the circular economy 5282: 5111: 5109: 4819: 4771:List of countries by cement production 2011 4514: 4082:. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. p. 3952:. Princeton University Press. p. 121. 3914: 3912: 3688:Trendacosta, Katharine (18 December 2014). 3687: 3356: 3298: 3131: 2641:. In the zone, a gradual transition in the 2329:cements are used for preparing bricklaying 2162:(around 1800), driven by three main needs: 185: 179: 167: 9107: 9093: 8457: 8443: 6120: 6106: 5201: 5199: 4668: 4193: 3818: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3328: 2426:are hydraulic cements made primarily from 1741:discovered in the early 19th century near 1244: 6056: 6046: 5851: 5259: 5241: 5231: 4974: 4860: 4234: 4217:Walling, Sam A.; Provis, John L. (2016). 3473: 3455: 3391: 3149:is another approach. Also, a team at the 1833:In the US, after World War One, the long 1580:patented a cement of this kind in 1811." 769: 701: 640: 601: 553: 527: 484: 458: 252:By far the most common type of cement is 98:Cements used in construction are usually 5106: 4643: 4641: 4498:. 2nd Ed., Thomas Telford. pp. 206–208. 4381:Mark's Handbook for Mechanical Engineers 4154:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. Ch. 1. 4108:The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History 4073: 3997:The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History 3977:Taves, Loren Sickels (27 October 2015). 3918: 3909: 3725: 3708:"How Natural Pozzolans Improve Concrete" 3344:. United States Geological Survey (USGS) 2821: 2771:2012, as China's economy targets a more 2716: 2708: 2677:(pH = 13.5) and can easily cause severe 2265: 2210:) to 1,450 °C (2,640 °F) in a 1811: 1597: 1181:Alternatives to cement used in antiquity 865:at high temperature (above 825 °C). 849: 240: 120:hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime plaster 46: 38: 5196: 5025:. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 995–1000. 4661: 4659: 4657: 4596: 4541: 4447: 4366:Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures 4357: 4337: 4331: 3945: 3939: 3571: 3548: 3403:"The Global Cement Report 10th Edition" 3307: 3264: 3108:), replacing a portion of conventional 1605:is considered the inventor of "modern" 845: 14: 12747: 12128: 6141: 5747:Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete 5719: 4889:Environmental Science & Technology 4151:Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete 3750:from the original on 17 November 2015. 3575:Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete 3419:from the original on 26 November 2013. 3254:List of countries by cement production 2853:Global carbon emission by type to 2018 2767:eased to 8.3% and 4.2%, respectively. 2727:List of countries by cement production 2673:. As a result, wet cement is strongly 376:(calcium oxide) in what is known as a 110:-based, which can be characterized as 12342: 12127: 11397: 9861: 9860: 9127: 9088: 8438: 8251: 7985: 6140: 6101: 5611:from the original on 18 December 2015 5476:from the original on 17 November 2011 5102:. Euractiv.com Ltd. 13 December 2018. 5080:from the original on 22 February 2012 4638: 4168:from the original on 1 November 2015. 4063:from the original on 2 February 2014. 4045:from the original on 1 February 2014. 4024:from the original on 4 February 2013. 3976: 3919:Sismondo, Sergio (20 November 2009). 3859:. Vol. 170. pp. 1215–1230. 3827: 3536:from the original on 27 November 2012 3379:from the original on 19 December 2018 3234:Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar 2864:in the atmosphere both directly when 2086: 2066: 2044: 1899: 1869: 1816:The National Cement Share Company of 12714: 9114: 8572:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag 8252: 6093:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. 5896:. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. 5744:Peter Hewlett; Martin Liska (2019). 5445:from the original on 11 January 2012 5357:"Novacem's 'carbon negative cement'" 5321: 5074:"Report on cement industry in India" 4949:Matar, W.; Elshurafa, A. M. (2017). 4740:from the original on 8 October 2011. 4654: 4129:Cement mills along the Potomac River 3731: 2962:include cements based on magnesium ( 2753:with 1,800, India with 220, and the 2731:Cement industry in the United States 2397:ground granulated blast-furnace slag 2282:ground granulated blast furnace slag 881:mixed with water), which hardens by 8989:Institution of Structural Engineers 5464:Berkes, Howard (10 November 2011). 5400: 5071: 4857:, CementAmericas (1 November 2004). 4811:China's way forward paved in cement 4542:Munsell, Faith (31 December 2019). 4425:U.S. Federal Highway Administration 4395:U.S. Federal Highway Administration 3522: 3059:from the abrasion of hard chromium 3023:Heavy metals present in the clinker 2222:from the calcium carbonate to form 1159:This reaction is slow, because the 236: 224:emissions, as estimations suggest. 153:) with added lime (calcium oxide). 24: 11398: 9128: 5712: 5413:from the original on 6 August 2013 4716:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 May 2011. 4378: 3598:Brabant, Malcolm (12 April 2011). 3516:"EPA Overview of Greenhouse Gases" 3308:Rodgers, Lucy (17 December 2018). 2848: 2191: 1678:further refined the production of 1480:and additives including trass and 1367:of broken pieces of stone, brick, 1205:) to bind together burnt brick or 25: 12776: 8219:Social construction of technology 6075: 5671:from the original on 20 July 2014 5322:Kent, Douglas (22 October 2007). 4726:United States Geological Survey. 4035:Znachko-Iavorskii; I. L. (1969). 3985:. Active Interest Media, Inc.: 5. 2930: 1773:due to the presence of leachable 1249:Lime (calcium oxide) was used on 12725: 12713: 12702: 12701: 9069: 9068: 8415: 8403: 8392: 8391: 7986: 5940:, Skokie, Illinois, U.S., 2004, 5301:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.10.001 4688:from the original on 4 June 2011 4597:Barnard, Michael (30 May 2024). 3401:Hargreaves, David (March 2013). 3286:from the original on 22 May 2020 3075:) is toxic and may cause severe 2970:Heavy metal emissions in the air 2840: 2828:Environmental impact of concrete 2713:Global cement production in 2022 2656: 1798:continuous manufacturing process 1669:, which were the only available 1419:as well as in the West into the 869:A less common form of cement is 71:, hardens, and adheres to other 12726: 10261:Outdoors & sports equipment 8404: 8207:Timeline of historic inventions 5683: 5656: 5623: 5593: 5549: 5530: 5513: 5488: 5457: 5425: 5394: 5375: 5349: 5315: 5276: 5148: 5134:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.06.009 5092: 5065: 5006: 4983: 4942: 4923: 4879: 4848: 4803: 4783: 4764: 4744: 4719: 4700: 4616: 4590: 4508: 4488: 4475:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.022 4417: 4387: 4372: 4322: 4312: 4286: 4259: 4201:Sur un nouveau ciment magnésien 4141: 4121: 4100: 4049: 4028: 4010: 3989: 3848: 3794: 3754: 3681: 3656: 3635: 3616: 3592: 3314:emitter you may not know about" 3095:A cement plant consumes 3 to 6 3067:when the clinker is ground. As 2749:. The top three producers were 2377:cements are mixtures of ground 2180:Development of strong concretes 2137: 2128: 2119: 2110: 1807: 1562: 1449: 1434: 1305:, Chapter VI "Pozzolana" Sec. 1 8487:Roman architectural revolution 5555:de Beer, Jeroen et al. (2017) 5401:Jha, Alok (31 December 2008). 5289:Cement and Concrete Composites 4809:Yan, Li Yong (7 January 2004) 3762:"Pure natural pozzolan cement" 3732:Ridi, Francesca (April 2010). 3508: 3490: 3423: 3266: 2721:Global cement capacity in 2022 1390: 1374: 1110: 1081: 1075: 1028: 1022: 1014: 937: 763: 634: 547: 478: 408: 13: 1: 10265:Personal protective equipment 5894:Designing green cement plants 5832:Journal of Industrial Ecology 5788:Journal of Industrial Ecology 5779:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00365-3 5663:Monks, Kieron (22 May 2014). 4800:. Retrieved 19 November 2013. 4630:. 29 May 2018. Archived from 3842:10.1080/00038628.1975.9696342 3260: 3208:Energetically modified cement 2617:Setting, hardening and curing 2218:that liberates a molecule of 1257:. There is evidence that the 8464: 5767:Cement and Concrete Research 5361:The American Ceramic Society 5122:Cement and Concrete Research 4463:Cement and Concrete Research 4338:Holland, Terence C. (2005). 3830:Architectural Science Review 3741:La Chimica & l'Industria 3712:Natural Pozzolan Association 3668:www.understanding-cement.com 2705:Cement industry in the world 1503:relying on the oyster-shell 227: 178:, were later referred to as 7: 12343: 9004:Portland Cement Association 8979:American Concrete Institute 8231:Technology acceptance model 5938:Portland Cement Association 5391:. imperialinnovations.co.uk 4976:10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.03.031 4780:Retrieved 19 November 2013. 4517:Advances in Cement Research 4340:"Silica Fume User's Manual" 4236:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00463 4207:, volume 65, pages 102–104. 4183:"Natural Cement Comes Back" 4057:"Lafarge History of Cement" 3578:. Elsevier. pp. 1–24. 3410:International Cement Review 3170: 2631:interfacial transition zone 2274:Portland blast-furnace slag 1267:hydrated non-hydraulic lime 1059:), the carbonation starts: 67:used for construction that 10: 12781: 8482:Ancient Roman architecture 6002:. Academic Press. p. 5971:. Pearson, Prentice Hall. 5862:10.1162/108819803766729212 5808:10.1162/108819802320971650 5233:10.1038/s41467-020-17583-w 3645:, Routledge, p. 106, 3457:10.1038/s41467-020-17583-w 3145:. Recycling old cement in 2925:carbon capture and storage 2825: 2804: 2724: 2290:cement contains up to 40% 2195: 1800:to replace lower capacity 1761:) and lining water pipes. 1171: 973:The calcium oxide is then 29: 12696: 12544: 12427: 12353: 12349: 12338: 12297: 12247: 12140: 12136: 12123: 11990: 11930: 11887: 11757: 11648: 11588: 11492: 11410: 11406: 11393: 11258: 11149: 11055: 10712: 10480: 10280: 9880: 9873: 9869: 9856: 9663: 9484: 9370: 9147: 9140: 9136: 9123: 9064: 9048: 9017: 8994:Indian Concrete Institute 8971: 8908: 8780: 8734: 8653: 8590: 8510: 8472: 8386: 8365:Technological convergence 8330: 8262: 8258: 8247: 8224:Technological determinism 8180: 8165:Technological singularity 8133: 8075: 8038: 7996: 7992: 7981: 7814: 7653: 7515: 7399: 7307: 7174: 7057: 6877: 6712: 6645: 6510: 6416: 6300: 6151: 6147: 6136: 5892:Deolalkar, S. P. (2016). 5750:. Butterworth-Heinemann. 5500:10 September 2008 at the 4869:. World Coal Association 4796:22 September 2013 at the 4776:22 September 2013 at the 4569:"Plaster / Stucco Manual" 4529:10.1680/adcr.1999.11.1.15 4199:Stanislas Sorel (1867). " 4074:Courland, Robert (2011). 3946:Mukerji, Chandra (2009). 3530:"The History of Concrete" 3188:Calcium aluminate cements 2592:fiber reinforced concrete 2525:Cement chemist's notation 2254:, and most non-specialty 2184:Modern cements are often 2106: 2021: 2001: 1981: 1954: 1927: 1904: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1828:Calcium aluminate cements 1519:". This was developed by 1399:is unknown, but medieval 12574:Mergers and acquisitions 12315:Research and development 10680:Chemical & hormonal 10335:Communications equipment 8360:Research and development 8190:Diffusion of innovations 8155:Technological utopianism 8048:Environmental technology 5562:30 December 2020 at the 5542:12 November 2018 at the 5433:"Factsheet on: Thallium" 4939:US Department of Energy. 4294:"How Cement Mixers Work" 3279:. Draeger. 22 May 2020. 3132:Reduced-footprint cement 2899:Nearly 900 kg of CO 2807:Cement industry in China 2800: 2369: 2244:ordinary Portland cement 2242:) into a powder to make 2214:, in a process known as 2045:Specific surface (m/kg) 1857: 1837:of at least a month for 1347:in Rome and the massive 893:(lime) is produced from 382:carbon dioxide emissions 11365:Painting and decorating 10389:Medical imaging systems 10322:Parts & peripherals 8083:Government by algorithm 8065:Sustainable engineering 8030:Precautionary principle 7824:Artificial intelligence 6090:Encyclopædia Britannica 6048:10.1073/pnas.0902180106 5994:Taylor, H.F.W. (1990). 4999:14 October 2016 at the 4148:Hewlett, Peter (2003). 4110:, David & Charles. 4041:. Sabchota Sakartvelo. 4018:"Who Discovered Cement" 3999:, David & Charles. 3807:12 October 2008 at the 3628:17 January 2012 at the 3193:Cement chemist notation 3151:University of Edinburgh 3057:secondary contamination 2737:3,300 megatonnes (3,600 2543:argillaceous limestones 2452:cement chemist notation 1497:South Atlantic seaboard 1413:shipbuilding facilities 1299:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio 1245:Ancient Greece and Rome 266:cement chemist notation 32:Cement (disambiguation) 12678:State-owned enterprise 12658:Nonprofit organization 12569:Horizontal integration 10382:Scientific instruments 10345:Network infrastructure 8772:Alkali–silica reaction 8530:Energetically modified 8148:Technology forecasting 8115:Strategy of Technology 8006:Appropriate technology 6887:Agricultural machinery 5967:Neville, A.M. (1996). 4994:emissions: 2014 Report 4757:3 January 2014 at the 3156:Sporosarcina pasteurii 2854: 2722: 2714: 2490:Calcium sulfoaluminate 1901:Proportion by mass (%) 1863:Components of cement: 1824: 1656:. Joseph Aspdins' son 1610: 1567:Apparently unaware of 1499:of the United States, 1308: 1150: 1046: 964: 866: 836: 678: 578: 509: 435: 249: 186: 180: 168: 52: 44: 12021:Private investigation 8120:Technology assessment 8105:Persuasive technology 8088:Intellectual property 8076:Policy & politics 6692:Interchangeable parts 5956:21 March 2019 at the 5918:Friedrich W. Locher: 5387:3 August 2009 at the 5212:Nature Communications 4873:8 August 2011 at the 4826:China now no. 1 in CO 4106:Francis, A.J. (1977) 4020:. 12 September 2012. 3995:Francis, A.J. (1977) 3641:Hill, Donald (1984). 3436:Nature Communications 3147:electric arc furnaces 2868:is heated, producing 2852: 2826:Further information: 2822:Environmental impacts 2720: 2712: 2266:Portland cement blend 2160:Industrial Revolution 1815: 1676:Isaac Charles Johnson 1654:proto-Portland cement 1624:, and non-speciality 1601: 1283: 1151: 1047: 965: 859:thermal decomposition 853: 837: 679: 579: 510: 436: 244: 83:for masonry, or with 50: 42: 12589:Vertical integration 10595:Speciality chemicals 10435:Electrical equipment 10352:Consumer electronics 8757:Environmental impact 8615:Reversing drum mixer 8370:Technology lifecycle 8160:Technocracy movement 7918:Programming language 7591:Particle accelerator 7465:Laboratory glassware 6131:and related concepts 5879:on 22 September 2017 5607:. 20 February 2012. 3800:Russo, Ralph (2006) 3605:9 April 2019 at the 3504:on 21 February 2013. 3033:recycled by-products 2603:electric arc furnace 2318:cement. Addition of 2316:Portland silica fume 1680:meso-Portland cement 1462:Eddystone Lighthouse 1417:Eastern Roman Empire 1066: 988: 920: 911:atmospheric pressure 871:non-hydraulic cement 846:Non-hydraulic cement 694: 594: 520: 451: 391: 308:tricalcium aluminate 157:Non-hydraulic cement 30:For other uses, see 12673:Sole proprietorship 12648:Joint-stock company 11922:Veterinary medicine 11747:Property management 11541:Passenger transport 10568:Commodity chemicals 10394:Optical instruments 10362:Video game consoles 10255:Musical instruments 10096:Media reproduction 8195:Technology transfer 7886:Client–server model 7337:CRISPR gene editing 7332:Genetic engineering 6919:Internal combustion 6039:2009PNAS..10616102P 6033:(38): 16102–16107. 5844:2003JInEc...7...93O 5800:2002JInEc...6...89O 5721:Taylor, Harry F. W. 5224:2020NatCo..11.3777C 5174:2016NatGe...9..880X 4990:Trends in global CO 4967:2017IJGGC..61..111M 4935:23 May 2011 at the 4901:2011EnST...45.5112S 4835:3 July 2007 at the 4712:4 June 2011 at the 3664:"History of cement" 3518:. 23 December 2015. 3448:2020NatCo..11.3777C 2687:allergic dermatitis 2653:increases in ITZ. 2099:Cement replacement 2096:Cement replacement 2093:Cement replacement 1866: 1848:New Paltz, New York 1743:Rosendale, New York 1671:grinding technology 1324:aluminium silicates 1314:from the island of 1275:Ancient Macedonians 1271:Pozzolanic reaction 1141: 1125: 1109: 1093: 1040: 1010: 958: 936: 830: 817: 801: 788: 762: 749: 733: 720: 672: 659: 633: 620: 572: 546: 503: 477: 429: 407: 256:, which hardens by 114:or the less common 12760:Building materials 12621:Putting-out system 12130:Information sector 12051:Personal services 11658:Financial services 11130:offshore platforms 10979:advanced materials 10960:Ready-mix concrete 10413:Laser construction 10373:Clocks and watches 10207:Injection moulding 10178:Other fabrication 10131:household hardware 8860:Self-consolidating 8552:Water–cement ratio 8060:Sustainable design 7794:Integrated circuit 7618:Telecommunications 7574:Optical instrument 6670:Injection moulding 6357:Musical instrument 6142:Major technologies 5729:. Thomas Telford. 5589:on 2 October 2013. 5072:Chandak, Shobhit. 4761:. Epsom, UK, 2010. 4578:. 2003. p. 13 4494:Bye, G.C. (1999). 4435:on 22 January 2007 2855: 2773:sustainable growth 2723: 2715: 2363:Very finely ground 2278:, or blast furnace 2102:Property enhancer 1862: 1825: 1709:, abbreviated as C 1693:, abbreviated as C 1611: 1349:Baths of Caracalla 1221:and roughly burnt 1146: 1129: 1113: 1097: 1073: 1042: 1020: 998: 960: 946: 924: 867: 832: 818: 805: 789: 776: 750: 737: 721: 708: 674: 660: 647: 621: 608: 574: 560: 534: 505: 491: 465: 431: 417: 395: 250: 65:chemical substance 53: 45: 12742: 12741: 12692: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12519:Natural resources 12364:Production-based 12334: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12272:Vocational school 12119: 12118: 12115: 12114: 11389: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11350:Electrical wiring 11336:Specialty trades 11290:Civil engineering 11145: 11144: 10819:Vulcanized rubber 10615:Cleaning products 10455:Electric lighting 10172:Surface finishing 10162:Powder metallurgy 10117:Metal fabrication 9863:Industrial sector 9852: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9751:Rare-earth metals 9659: 9658: 9082: 9081: 9074:Category:Concrete 8855:Roller-compacting 8676:Climbing formwork 8525:Calcium aluminate 8497:Roman engineering 8432: 8431: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8355:Mature technology 8243: 8242: 8239: 8238: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7943:Graphics software 7322:Blood transfusion 6983:Epicyclic gearing 6815:Archimedes' screw 6013:978-0-12-683900-5 5978:978-0-582-23070-5 5757:978-0-08-100795-2 5736:978-0-7277-2592-9 5162:Nature Geoscience 5032:978-0-08-044276-1 4909:10.1021/es1039437 4895:(12): 5112–5117. 4300:. 26 January 2012 4161:978-0-08-053541-8 3983:Old-House Journal 3959:978-0-691-14032-2 3932:978-1-4443-1512-7 3585:978-0-08-053541-8 3249:Void (composites) 3219:Geopolymer cement 3139:geopolymer cement 3037:alternative fuels 3009:zinc blende (ZnS) 2866:calcium carbonate 2624:relative humidity 2422:Calcium aluminate 2302:Portland pozzolan 2156: 2155: 2134:ASTM C618 Class C 2125:ASTM C618 Class F 2067:Specific gravity 1844:Catskill Aqueduct 1771:pitting corrosion 1751:Statue of Liberty 1662:calcium silicates 1537:calcium carbonate 1464:(1755–59) in the 1444:building material 1359:for an infill of 1330:from the town of 1144: 1132: 1116: 1100: 1080: 1072: 1027: 1019: 1013: 1001: 994: 979:calcium hydroxide 949: 942: 927: 895:calcium carbonate 863:calcium carbonate 821: 808: 792: 779: 772: 753: 740: 724: 711: 704: 663: 650: 643: 624: 611: 604: 563: 556: 537: 530: 494: 487: 468: 461: 420: 413: 398: 170:opus caementicium 138:chemical reaction 132:) set and become 126:Hydraulic cements 16:(Redirected from 12772: 12729: 12728: 12717: 12716: 12705: 12704: 12601:Enforced breakup 12596:Decentralization 12524:Physical capital 12351: 12350: 12340: 12339: 12138: 12137: 12125: 12124: 12001:Customer service 11917:Residential care 11865:Public relations 11673:Financial advice 11650:Asset management 11445:Department store 11408: 11407: 11395: 11394: 11375:Site preparation 11223:Telecom networks 11191:Waste management 11167:Gas distribution 10851:Synthetic fibers 10578:Industrial gases 10317:Computer systems 10251:Medical supplies 9878: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9858: 9857: 9288:Animal husbandry 9259:Medicinal plants 9145: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9125: 9124: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9086: 9085: 9072: 9071: 8984:Concrete Society 8795:Fiber-reinforced 8610:Volumetric mixer 8502:Roman technology 8459: 8452: 8445: 8436: 8435: 8419: 8407: 8406: 8395: 8394: 8260: 8259: 8253:Related concepts 8249: 8248: 8053:Clean technology 7994: 7993: 7983: 7982: 7948:Operating system 7554:Magnetic storage 7517:Electromagnetism 7147:Air conditioning 7096:Geothermal power 6842:Block and tackle 6788:Four-bar linkage 6675:Lost-wax casting 6552:Horseback riding 6149: 6148: 6138: 6137: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6070: 6060: 6050: 6017: 6001: 5998:Cement chemistry 5990: 5915: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5872:. Archived from 5855: 5829: 5819: 5782: 5773:(9): 1349–1359. 5761: 5740: 5726:Cement Chemistry 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5582:. Archived from 5581: 5573: 5567: 5553: 5547: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5517: 5511: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5398: 5392: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5245: 5235: 5203: 5194: 5193: 5182:10.1038/ngeo2840 5152: 5146: 5145: 5128:(9): 1348–1356. 5113: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5047:"Blended Cement" 5043: 5037: 5036: 5010: 5004: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4946: 4940: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4883: 4877: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4823: 4817: 4807: 4801: 4787: 4781: 4768: 4762: 4752:PRo Publications 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4732: 4723: 4717: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4652: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4512: 4506: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4484:on 10 July 2011. 4483: 4477:. Archived from 4460: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4431:. Archived from 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4401:. Archived from 4391: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4238: 4229:(7): 4170–4204. 4223:Chemical Reviews 4214: 4208: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4145: 4139: 4125: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4081: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4014: 4008: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3886: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3825: 3816: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3784: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3766: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3738: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3660: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3620: 3614: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3569: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3500:. Archived from 3494: 3488: 3487: 3477: 3459: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3375:. 13 June 2018. 3365: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3229:Rosendale cement 3178:Asphalt concrete 3027:The presence of 2743: 2742: 2683:mucous membranes 2522: 2288:Portland-fly ash 2241: 2148: 2147:method (Blaine). 2145:air permeability 2141: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2087:General purpose 1867: 1861: 1839:Rosendale cement 1820:'s new plant in 1802:batch production 1784:. It produced a 1755:Capitol Building 1735:Rosendale cement 1650:Isle of Portland 1648:quarried on the 1310:The Greeks used 1306: 1161:partial pressure 1155: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1070: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1006: 999: 992: 969: 967: 966: 961: 959: 957: 954: 947: 940: 935: 932: 925: 885:in contact with 841: 839: 838: 833: 831: 829: 826: 819: 816: 813: 806: 800: 797: 790: 787: 784: 777: 770: 761: 758: 751: 748: 745: 738: 732: 729: 722: 719: 716: 709: 702: 683: 681: 680: 675: 673: 671: 668: 661: 658: 655: 648: 641: 632: 629: 622: 619: 616: 609: 602: 583: 581: 580: 575: 573: 571: 568: 561: 554: 545: 542: 535: 528: 514: 512: 511: 506: 504: 502: 499: 492: 485: 476: 473: 466: 459: 440: 438: 437: 432: 430: 428: 425: 418: 411: 406: 403: 396: 254:hydraulic cement 237:Hydraulic cement 189: 183: 176:hydraulic binder 173: 108:calcium silicate 21: 18:Hydraulic cement 12780: 12779: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12770: 12769: 12745: 12744: 12743: 12738: 12737: 12684: 12653:Nationalization 12540: 12510:Primary inputs 12431: 12423: 12356: 12355:Classification 12345: 12326: 12293: 12243: 12227:Social networks 12144: 12132: 12111: 12095:Business travel 11997:Administrative 11986: 11970:Amusement parks 11934: 11926: 11900:Dentist offices 11883: 11753: 11720:Pension funding 11693:Risk management 11678:Holding company 11644: 11584: 11496: 11488: 11460:Specialty store 11455:Online shopping 11402: 11381: 11254: 11141: 11051: 10708: 10666:Pharmaceuticals 10610:Aroma compounds 10546:Petroleum jelly 10476: 10465:Home appliances 10460:Electric motors 10408:spotting scopes 10369:Instrumentation 10282: 10276: 10258:Office supplies 9865: 9844: 9828:Dimension stone 9762:Other minerals 9707:Mining of ores 9655: 9480: 9366: 9313:Other livestock 9199:Permanent crops 9132: 9119: 9113: 9083: 9078: 9060: 9044: 9013: 8967: 8904: 8776: 8730: 8649: 8625:Flow table test 8586: 8506: 8468: 8463: 8433: 8428: 8427: 8374: 8326: 8264:Applied science 8254: 8235: 8176: 8143:Futures studies 8129: 8071: 8034: 7988: 7969: 7810: 7683:Electrical grid 7673:Circuit breaker 7649: 7511: 7395: 7359:Medical imaging 7342:Genetic testing 7303: 7170: 7053: 6941:Heavy equipment 6902:Washing machine 6873: 6798:Rack and pinion 6708: 6682:Mass production 6641: 6506: 6412: 6296: 6143: 6132: 6126: 6081: 6078: 6073: 6020: 6014: 5993: 5979: 5966: 5958:Wayback Machine 5904: 5891: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5853:10.1.1.469.2404 5827: 5822: 5785: 5764: 5758: 5737: 5715: 5713:Further reading 5710: 5700: 5698: 5695:www.spektrum.de 5689: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5566:. ECOFYS study. 5564:Wayback Machine 5554: 5550: 5544:Wayback Machine 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5502:Wayback Machine 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5399: 5395: 5389:Wayback Machine 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5320: 5316: 5281: 5277: 5204: 5197: 5168:(12): 880–883. 5153: 5149: 5114: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5001:Wayback Machine 4993: 4988: 4984: 4947: 4943: 4937:Wayback Machine 4928: 4924: 4884: 4880: 4875:Wayback Machine 4867:Coal and Cement 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845:(19 June 2007). 4837:Wayback Machine 4829: 4824: 4820: 4808: 4804: 4798:Wayback Machine 4788: 4784: 4778:Wayback Machine 4769: 4765: 4759:Wayback Machine 4749: 4745: 4737: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4714:Wayback Machine 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4639: 4634:on 29 May 2018. 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4548:Port Aggregates 4540: 4536: 4513: 4509: 4496:Portland Cement 4493: 4489: 4481: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4405:on 21 June 2007 4392: 4388: 4377: 4373: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4215: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4187:Popular Science 4181: 4180: 4173: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4072: 4068: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4033: 4029: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3994: 3990: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3917: 3910: 3898: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3875: 3853: 3849: 3826: 3819: 3809:Wayback Machine 3799: 3795: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3640: 3636: 3630:Wayback Machine 3621: 3617: 3607:Wayback Machine 3597: 3593: 3586: 3570: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3367: 3366: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3310:"The massive CO 3306: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3239:Sulfur concrete 3224:Portland cement 3173: 3144: 3134: 3127: 3102:calorific value 3093: 3086: 3081:ferrous sulfate 3074: 3025: 3006: 2972: 2954: 2937: 2934: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2885: 2879: 2862: 2847: 2844: 2830: 2824: 2809: 2803: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2667:setting process 2659: 2643:microstructural 2619: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2372: 2268: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2200: 2198:Portland cement 2194: 2192:Portland cement 2186:Portland cement 2152: 2151: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2090:Primary binder 2061: 2025: 1962: 1958: 1935: 1931: 1908: 1902: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1864: 1860: 1810: 1795: 1767:Stanislas Sorel 1759:Brooklyn Bridge 1726:the mix in the 1712: 1708: 1697:S) content for 1696: 1692: 1642:Portland cement 1614:Portland cement 1607:Portland cement 1565: 1557:Portland cement 1488:content of the 1470:Smeaton's Tower 1466:English Channel 1452: 1437: 1393: 1377: 1353:Roman aqueducts 1307: 1303:De Architectura 1297: 1279:Roman engineers 1247: 1240: 1232: 1228: 1183: 1174: 1138: 1133: 1122: 1117: 1106: 1101: 1090: 1085: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1037: 1032: 1021: 1007: 1002: 991: 989: 986: 985: 955: 950: 933: 928: 923: 921: 918: 917: 848: 827: 822: 814: 809: 798: 793: 785: 780: 759: 754: 746: 741: 730: 725: 717: 712: 697: 695: 692: 691: 669: 664: 656: 651: 630: 625: 617: 612: 597: 595: 592: 591: 569: 564: 543: 538: 523: 521: 518: 517: 500: 495: 474: 469: 454: 452: 449: 448: 426: 421: 404: 399: 394: 392: 389: 388: 348: 344: 340: 336: 328: 317: 313: 305: 298: 290: 283: 275: 239: 230: 223: 219: 215: 207: 130:Portland cement 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12778: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12740: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12723: 12711: 12698: 12697: 12694: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12635: 12634: 12633: 12631:Temporary work 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12554:Centralization 12550: 12548: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12508: 12503: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12476: 12471: 12470: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12438: 12436: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12370: 12361: 12359: 12347: 12346: 12336: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12322: 12320:Basic research 12312: 12307: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12274: 12264: 12259: 12253: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12214: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12192: 12191: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12151: 12149: 12134: 12133: 12121: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12089: 12084: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12049: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11994: 11992: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11984: 11983: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11959: 11954: 11953: 11952: 11941: 11939: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11893: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11852: 11850:Legal services 11847: 11846: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11821:system testing 11810: 11805: 11791: 11790: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11763: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11749: 11744: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11683:Money transfer 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11654: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11642: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11594: 11592: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11556:Passenger rail 11553: 11548: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11524:Moving company 11521: 11516: 11511: 11500: 11498: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11430:Consumer goods 11427: 11425:Car dealership 11416: 11414: 11404: 11403: 11400:Service sector 11391: 11390: 11387: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11287: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11264: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11220: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11188: 11187: 11186: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11155: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11139: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11123: 11118: 11103: 11098: 11097: 11096: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11061: 11059: 11057:Heavy industry 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11043: 11042: 11037: 11027: 11026: 11025: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10996:Metal refining 10993: 10992: 10991: 10989:Synthetic gems 10986: 10981: 10972: 10966:Other mineral 10964: 10963: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10942: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10856:Thermoplastics 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10736: 10731: 10716: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10682:contraceptives 10678: 10676:Blood products 10673: 10663: 10661:Fine chemicals 10658: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10541:Petrochemicals 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10486: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10442: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10401: 10391: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10359: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10324: 10319: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10305:Semiconductors 10302: 10300:Circuit boards 10297: 10286: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10248: 10245: 10240: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10167:Prefabrication 10164: 10159: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10124: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10100:Cassette tapes 10094: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9968: 9967: 9966: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9950: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9936:Vegetable oils 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9910: 9909:Dairy products 9907: 9902: 9897: 9886: 9884: 9882:Light industry 9875: 9867: 9866: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9760: 9759: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9571: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9464:Wild mushrooms 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9441: 9439:Natural rubber 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9406: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9376: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9224:Tropical fruit 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9157:Arable farming 9153: 9151: 9142: 9134: 9133: 9130:Natural sector 9121: 9120: 9112: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9089: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9021: 9019: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8943:Concrete block 8940: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8931:voided biaxial 8928: 8923: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8635:Concrete cover 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8605:Concrete mixer 8602: 8596: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8516: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8492:Roman concrete 8489: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8462: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8439: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8413: 8401: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8336: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8268: 8266: 8256: 8255: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8186: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8139: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8110:Science policy 8107: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8085: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8044: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8011:Low technology 8002: 8000: 7990: 7989: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7963:Word processor 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7920: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7911:World Wide Web 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7806:Superconductor 7803: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7710:Electric light 7707: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7659: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7615: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7606:Motion picture 7603: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7559:Microwave oven 7556: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7485:Chromatography 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7423: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7405: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7297:Spinning wheel 7294: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7180: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7101:Heat exchanger 7098: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7084:Energy storage 7081: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7063: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7007: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6914:Electric motor 6906: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6857:Potter's wheel 6854: 6849: 6844: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6807: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6714:Simple machine 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6516: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6422: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6401:Printing press 6398: 6393: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6186:Sewing machine 6178: 6177: 6176: 6174:Working animal 6171: 6166: 6155: 6153: 6145: 6144: 6134: 6133: 6125: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6084:"Cement" 6077: 6076:External links 6074: 6072: 6071: 6018: 6012: 5991: 5977: 5964: 5948: 5930: 5916: 5902: 5889: 5820: 5783: 5762: 5756: 5741: 5735: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5682: 5655: 5622: 5592: 5568: 5548: 5546:. cembureau.eu 5529: 5512: 5510:(1 June 2005). 5487: 5456: 5424: 5393: 5374: 5363:. 9 March 2011 5348: 5314: 5295:(2): 139–144. 5275: 5195: 5147: 5105: 5091: 5064: 5051:Science Direct 5038: 5031: 5016: 5005: 4991: 4982: 4941: 4922: 4878: 4859: 4847: 4827: 4818: 4802: 4789:ICR Newsroom. 4782: 4763: 4743: 4718: 4707:CIS26 – cement 4699: 4681:. hse.gov.uk. 4667: 4653: 4637: 4615: 4589: 4560: 4534: 4507: 4487: 4469:(2): 315–323. 4446: 4416: 4386: 4371: 4356: 4330: 4321: 4311: 4285: 4278: 4258: 4209: 4192: 4171: 4160: 4140: 4120: 4099: 4093:978-1616144814 4092: 4066: 4048: 4027: 4009: 3988: 3965: 3958: 3938: 3931: 3908: 3899:|journal= 3873: 3847: 3817: 3793: 3791:. chamorro.com 3753: 3743:(3): 110–117. 3724: 3699: 3680: 3655: 3634: 3615: 3591: 3584: 3547: 3521: 3507: 3489: 3422: 3390: 3355: 3327: 3311: 3297: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3142: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3077:skin allergies 3072: 3024: 3021: 3004: 2971: 2968: 2960:carbon dioxide 2952: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2893: 2883: 2877: 2874:carbon dioxide 2860: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2823: 2820: 2805:Main article: 2802: 2799: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2690: 2658: 2655: 2618: 2615: 2532: 2528: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:(12 CaO · 7 Al 2467: 2463: 2459: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2371: 2368: 2310:volcanic ashes 2267: 2264: 2237: 2233: 2220:carbon dioxide 2196:Main article: 2193: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1859: 1856: 1809: 1806: 1793: 1710: 1706: 1694: 1690: 1658:William Aspdin 1646:Portland stone 1603:William Aspdin 1593:St. Petersburg 1564: 1561: 1559:in the 1850s. 1545:hydraulic lime 1451: 1448: 1436: 1433: 1407:, fortresses, 1392: 1389: 1376: 1373: 1363:mixed with an 1295: 1291:Mount Vesuvius 1255:Ancient Greeks 1246: 1243: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1157: 1156: 1136: 1128: 1120: 1112: 1104: 1096: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1053: 1052: 1035: 1030: 1024: 1016: 1005: 997: 971: 970: 953: 945: 939: 931: 887:carbon dioxide 847: 844: 843: 842: 825: 812: 804: 796: 783: 775: 768: 765: 757: 744: 736: 728: 715: 707: 700: 685: 684: 667: 654: 646: 639: 636: 628: 615: 607: 600: 585: 584: 567: 559: 552: 549: 541: 533: 526: 515: 498: 490: 483: 480: 472: 464: 457: 442: 441: 424: 416: 410: 402: 351: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 331:brownmillerite 326: 323: 315: 311: 303: 300: 296: 288: 285: 281: 273: 238: 235: 229: 226: 221: 217: 213: 205: 161:carbon dioxide 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12777: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12734: 12733: 12724: 12722: 12721: 12712: 12710: 12709: 12700: 12699: 12695: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12668:Privatization 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12640: 12639: 12636: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12547: 12543: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12442:Externalities 12440: 12439: 12437: 12435: 12430: 12426: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12403:Market-based 12402: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12352: 12348: 12341: 12337: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12246: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12218: 12215: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12193: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12174:Audio-visual 12173: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12126: 12122: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11989: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11933: 11932:Entertainment 11929: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11890: 11886: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11830: 11829: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11688:Payment cards 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11647: 11641: 11638: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11623:Food delivery 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11603:Drink service 11601: 11600: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11497:& Storage 11495: 11491: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11468: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11440:Grocery store 11438: 11436: 11435:General store 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11396: 11392: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11138: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11121:Rail vehicles 11119: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11095: 11094:wind turbines 11091: 11088: 11086: 11085:Machine tools 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10976: 10975:Carbon fibers 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10783: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10692:Illegal drugs 10690: 10688: 10687:Generic drugs 10685: 10683: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10605:Agrochemicals 10603: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10588:Pure elements 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10556:Synthetic oil 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10418:Lens grinding 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10340:Mobile phones 10338: 10337: 10336: 10333: 10329: 10328:storage media 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10283:& optical 10279: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10260: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10110:Optical discs 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9969: 9965: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9953:Bottled water 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9874:Manufacturing 9872: 9868: 9864: 9859: 9855: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9634:Sea cucumbers 9632: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9483: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9298:Dairy farming 9296: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9204:Apples et al. 9202: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9105: 9103: 9098: 9096: 9091: 9090: 9087: 9075: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8972:Organizations 8970: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8937: 8936:slab on grade 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8865:Self-leveling 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8666:Cast-in-place 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8562:Reinforcement 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8455: 8453: 8448: 8446: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8246: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8171: 8170:Transhumanism 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8135:Progressivism 8132: 8126: 8125:Technorealism 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8040:Ecotechnology 8037: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7980: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7784:Semiconductor 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7769:Lightning rod 7767: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747:Circuit board 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7569:Optical fiber 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7525:Electromagnet 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7458:Haber process 7456: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7317:Birth control 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7309:Biotechnology 7306: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7280:Vulcanization 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7250:Nanomaterials 7248: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7208:Chipped stone 7206: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7164:Photovoltaics 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7142:Refrigeration 7140: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687:Assembly line 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6647:Manufacturing 6644: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608:Space station 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6576:Motor vehicle 6574: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Fortification 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6164:Domestication 6162: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6111: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6092: 6091: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:0-89312-234-3 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5929: 5928:3-7640-0420-7 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5903:9780128034354 5899: 5895: 5890: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5838:(1): 93–126. 5837: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5794:(1): 89–105. 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5635:The Economist 5632: 5626: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5533: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5441: 5434: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5378: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5243:10044/1/81385 5239: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5200: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5110: 5101: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5009: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4703: 4684: 4677: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4629: 4628:sovchem.co.uk 4625: 4619: 4604: 4603:CleanTechnica 4600: 4593: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4504:0-7277-2766-4 4501: 4497: 4491: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4429:"Silica Fume" 4426: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4360: 4341: 4334: 4325: 4315: 4299: 4298:HowStuffWorks 4295: 4289: 4281: 4279:9781782420491 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4138: 4137:9781885907004 4134: 4130: 4124: 4117: 4116:0-7153-7386-2 4113: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4006: 4005:0-7153-7386-2 4002: 3998: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3970: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3874:9780870316692 3870: 3866: 3865:10.14359/6874 3862: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3788: 3782: 3763: 3757: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3378: 3374: 3373:Chatham House 3370: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3315: 3304: 3302: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198:Cement render 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106:co-processing 3103: 3098: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2897: 2891: 2890:Chatham House 2887: 2882:human-made CO 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2851: 2838: 2836: 2829: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2755:United States 2752: 2748: 2746: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2711: 2702: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657:Safety issues 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2637:particles in 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2605:as part of a 2604: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2457: 2453: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403:Supersulfated 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375:Pozzolan-lime 2367: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:White blended 2345: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2229: 2225: 2224:calcium oxide 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2168:cement render 2165: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1898: 1868: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1704: 1700: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Joseph Aspdin 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1591:published in 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:clay minerals 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468:now known as 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1423:. The German 1422: 1421:Gothic period 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1381:pre-Columbian 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312:volcanic tuff 1304: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1242: 1236: 1233:O), which is 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:Ancient Egypt 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1178: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1134: 1126: 1118: 1102: 1094: 1086: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1033: 1003: 995: 984: 983: 982: 980: 976: 951: 943: 929: 916: 915: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 891:calcium oxide 888: 884: 880: 879:calcium oxide 876: 872: 864: 860: 856: 855:Calcium oxide 852: 823: 810: 802: 794: 781: 773: 766: 755: 742: 734: 726: 713: 705: 698: 690: 689: 688: 665: 652: 644: 637: 626: 613: 605: 598: 590: 589: 588: 565: 557: 550: 539: 531: 524: 516: 496: 488: 481: 470: 462: 455: 447: 446: 445: 422: 414: 400: 387: 386: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 332: 324: 321: 309: 301: 294: 286: 279: 271: 270: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 247: 243: 234: 225: 211: 202: 199: 197: 193: 188: 182: 177: 172: 171: 164: 162: 158: 154: 152: 148: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 121: 117: 116:non-hydraulic 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12731: 12719: 12707: 12626:Spinning-off 12611:Homesteading 12564:Conglomerate 12546:Organization 12499:Raw material 12494:Intermediate 12373: 12372: 12195:Broadcasting 12100:Cruise lines 12070:Maid service 12060:Dry cleaning 12031:Maintenance 11794:Architecture 11759:Professional 11578:Self storage 11482:Distribution 11260:Construction 11105:Other heavy 11030:Formed metal 10984:Mineral wool 10906:Safety glass 10877:Fused quartz 10872:Borosilicate 10536:Paraffin wax 10491:oil refining 10470:Transformers 10236:Other goods 10222:Stonemasonry 10202:Glassblowing 10187:Blow molding 10146:Locksmithing 10122:Boilermaking 9671:Fossil fuels 9469:Fungiculture 9424:Gutta-percha 9414:Frankincense 9409:Tree tapping 9380:Silviculture 9360:Fur trapping 9271:Horticulture 9219:Stone fruits 8948:Step barrier 8909:Applications 8820:Nanoconcrete 8706:Power trowel 8691:Power screed 8681:Slip forming 8654:Construction 8519: 8421: 8409: 8397: 8282:Construction 8277:Architecture 8098:Trade secret 7987:Perspectives 7906:Social media 7901:Peer-to-peer 7779:Oscilloscope 7720:Incandescent 7623:Mobile phone 7535:Optical disc 7502:Spectrometer 7490:Distillation 7265:Rammed earth 7183: 7152:Refrigerator 7130:Oil drilling 6978:Differential 6732:Ball bearing 6697:Machine tool 6492:Stonemasonry 6418:Construction 6335:Lock and key 6330:Cryptography 6225:Food storage 6088: 6030: 6026: 5997: 5968: 5961:Carbon Brief 5960: 5933: 5919: 5893: 5881:. 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Retrieved 3268: 3154: 3135: 3122: 3118: 3110:fossil fuels 3094: 3063:used in the 3061:steel alloys 3029:heavy metals 3026: 2977:heavy metals 2973: 2964:Sorel cement 2957: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2898: 2856: 2831: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2769: 2765:growth rates 2762: 2759: 2744: 2734: 2660: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2598: 2597: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2568: 2567: 2552: 2551: 2538: 2537: 2489: 2488: 2421: 2419: 2402: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2374: 2373: 2362: 2361: 2355: 2347: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2314: 2301: 2300: 2287: 2286: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2243: 2201: 2183: 2157: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 1852: 1832: 1826: 1808:20th century 1779: 1763:Sorel cement 1746: 1732: 1715: 1705:(3 CaO · SiO 1689:(2 CaO · SiO 1684: 1679: 1653: 1641: 1612: 1588: 1585:Egor Cheliev 1582: 1566: 1563:19th century 1539:. The burnt 1521:James Parker 1517:Roman cement 1509: 1494: 1458:John Smeaton 1456: 1453: 1450:18th century 1438: 1435:16th century 1394: 1378: 1327: 1320:volcanic ash 1309: 1302: 1301:, Liber II, 1284: 1248: 1201:(asphalt or 1184: 1175: 1165: 1158: 1056: 1054: 974: 972: 870: 868: 857:obtained by 686: 586: 443: 367: 352: 319: 253: 251: 231: 203: 200: 195: 191: 165: 156: 155: 147:volcanic ash 125: 124: 115: 111: 97: 56: 54: 36: 12663:Partnership 12643:Cooperative 12616:Outsourcing 12606:Freelancing 12484:Commodities 12188:Video games 12163:Periodicals 12040:Landscaping 11975:Fairgrounds 11877:Advertising 11798:engineering 11782:Bookkeeping 11737:Real estate 11730:Reinsurance 11628:Restaurants 11598:Foodservice 11590:Hospitality 11573:Warehousing 11561:Ridesharing 11551:Car rentals 11283:Residential 11218:Remediation 11101:Automobiles 10923:Earthenware 10892:Glass fiber 10887:Float glass 10697:Supplements 10671:Antibiotics 10573:Fertilizers 10531:Mineral oil 10506:Diesel fuel 10489:Coal & 10449:fiber optic 10423:Microscopes 10377:GPS devices 10357:Televisions 10290:Electronics 10281:Electrical 10227:Woodworking 10182:3D printing 10141:Gunsmithing 10105:Phonographs 10090:Typesetting 10070:Bookbinding 10033:Dressmaking 10028:Accessories 9960:Soft drinks 9895:Animal feed 9686:Natural gas 9574:Aquaculture 9557:Sea urchins 9429:Maple syrup 9303:Fur farming 9293:Beef cattle 9229:Viticulture 9177:Fiber crops 9149:Agriculture 8926:hollow-core 8885:Waste light 8880:Translucent 8840:Prestressed 8767:Segregation 8752:Degradation 8640:Cover meter 8577:Silica fume 8512:Composition 8287:Engineering 8023:Neo-Luddism 7958:Web browser 7953:Spreadsheet 7874:Touchscreen 7849:Motherboard 7762:Vacuum tube 7737:Electronics 7715:Fluorescent 7703:Transformer 7655:Electricity 7596:Photography 7238:Ironworking 7159:Solar power 7030:Vacuum pump 6998:Whippletree 6655:3D printing 6468:Scaffolding 6313:Calculation 6159:Agriculture 6152:Necessities 5701:28 December 5697:(in German) 5480:17 November 5218:(1): 3777. 4961:: 111–123. 4692:15 February 3673:17 December 3442:(1): 3777. 3383:17 December 3320:17 December 2949:lime mortar 2923:As of 2019 2896:emissions. 2747:short tons) 2607:steelmaking 2454:, CCN) and 2320:silica fume 2216:calcination 1883:Calcareous 1835:curing time 1804:processes. 1782:rotary kiln 1634:James Frost 1583:In Russia, 1573:Louis Vicat 1547:cements of 1397:Middle Ages 1391:Middle Ages 1375:Mesoamerica 1322:(activated 1253:and by the 1191:Babylonians 907:calcination 883:carbonation 875:slaked lime 378:calcination 368:First, the 210:cement kiln 91:, produces 12749:Categories 12536:Technology 12506:Innovation 12467:Well-being 12277:University 12210:Television 12147:Mass media 12142:Publishing 11980:Nightclubs 11889:Healthcare 11860:Consulting 11855:Management 11803:Inspection 11787:Tax advice 11767:Accounting 11698:Securities 11514:Intermodal 11450:Mail order 11345:Demolition 11278:Industrial 11273:Commercial 11196:Collection 11047:Cast metal 10933:Refractory 10901:fiberglass 10897:Glass wool 10860:thermosets 10836:Engineered 10765:Engineered 10760:Sawmilling 10654:Toiletries 10625:Explosives 10445:Electrical 10428:Telescopes 10295:Components 10053:Shoemaking 9771:Phosphorus 9664:Geological 9614:Microalgae 9457:Pine resin 9444:Palm sugar 9419:Gum arabic 9333:Beekeeping 9172:Vegetables 9117:industries 9025:Eurocode 2 8963:Structures 8850:Reinforced 8810:Lunarcrete 8790:AstroCrete 8747:Durability 8742:Properties 8620:Slump test 8592:Production 8582:Metakaolin 8332:Innovation 8317:Navigation 8214:Philosophy 7881:Networking 7799:Transistor 7774:Multimeter 7643:Television 7579:Microscope 7547:Eyeglasses 7495:Filtration 7480:Separation 7453:Fertilizer 7381:Prosthesis 7374:Antibiotic 7369:Anesthesia 7364:Medication 7223:Metallurgy 7020:Jackhammer 7015:Compressor 7010:Pneumatics 6946:Hydraulics 6929:Waterwheel 6897:Dishwasher 6620:Watercraft 6613:Space suit 6598:Spacecraft 6564:Jet engine 6463:Foundation 6436:Irrigation 6406:Typewriter 6379:Video game 6362:Phonograph 6308:Accounting 6237:Sanitation 6129:Technology 5883:24 October 5615:16 January 5409:. London. 5341:22 January 5076:. scribd. 5019:Emissions" 4815:Asia Times 4576:Cement.org 4439:24 January 4409:24 January 4349:31 October 3771:12 January 3651:0415152917 3316:. BBC News 3261:References 3183:BET theory 3065:ball mills 2944:concrete. 2935:absorption 2725:See also: 2679:skin burns 2671:exothermic 2665:, but the 2651:ettringite 2626:and wind. 2590:cement or 2588:Fiber mesh 2563:metakaolin 2554:Geopolymer 2494:ye'elimite 2415:ettringite 2352:metakaolin 2296:pozzolanic 2166:Hydraulic 1878:Siliceous 1720:Northfleet 1667:millstones 1482:pozzolanas 1478:limestones 1334:, west of 1209:slabs. In 1166:lime cycle 873:, such as 136:through a 12638:Ownership 12584:Monopsony 12462:Pollution 12447:Community 12357:standards 12262:Secondary 12249:Education 12232:Streaming 11905:Hospitals 11896:Medicine 11872:Marketing 11808:Surveying 11772:Assurance 11742:Brokerage 11705:Insurance 11633:Teahouses 11618:Fast food 11509:Air cargo 11494:Transport 11477:Brokerage 11467:Wholesale 11355:Elevators 11340:Cabinetry 11268:Buildings 11248:Telephone 11243:Satellite 11211:Recycling 11206:Hazardous 11172:Renewable 11151:Utilities 11112:Aerospace 11080:Hydraulic 11070:Conveyors 11065:Machinery 10970:Abrasives 10928:Porcelain 10882:Soda-lime 10841:Specialty 10831:Commodity 10792:Cardboard 10775:Composite 10713:Materials 10630:Fireworks 10620:Cosmetics 10600:Adhesives 10482:Chemicals 10440:Batteries 10312:Computers 10247:Jewellery 10233:Furniture 10217:Sintering 10197:Extrusion 10151:Machining 10127:Builders' 10080:Engraving 10075:Embossing 10058:Tailoring 10043:Hatmaking 9943:Beverages 9926:Preserved 9823:Limestone 9793:Quarrying 9766:Gemstones 9736:Palladium 9701:Tar sands 9696:Petroleum 9691:Oil shale 9537:Swordfish 9497:Anchovies 9338:Cochineal 9056:Hempcrete 9018:Standards 8845:Ready-mix 8762:Recycling 8557:Aggregate 8540:Rosendale 8350:Invention 8345:High tech 8322:Surveying 8302:Logistics 8292:Forensics 7998:Criticism 7742:Capacitor 7693:Generator 7638:Telephone 7633:Telegraph 7584:Telescope 7507:Synthesis 7470:Pesticide 7441:Gunpowder 7436:Fireworks 7426:Explosive 7409:Detergent 7327:Dentistry 7270:Recycling 7106:Heat pump 7025:Rivet gun 6993:Gyroscope 6968:Mechanism 6892:Appliance 6879:Machinery 6820:Propeller 6660:Carpentry 6635:Submarine 6603:Satellite 6593:Scuba set 6512:Transport 6258:Equipment 5936:, SP400, 5912:919920182 5848:CiteSeerX 5643:0013-0613 5605:DrexelNow 5336:0261-3077 5309:0958-9465 5252:2041-1723 5190:1752-0908 5142:0008-8846 4523:: 15–21. 4399:"Fly Ash" 4245:0009-2665 3925:. Wiley. 3901:ignored ( 3891:cite book 3883:138768044 3836:: 10–13. 3540:8 January 3466:2041-1723 2886:emissions 2845:emissions 2635:aggregate 2573:thermoset 2539:"Natural" 2450:or CA in 2442:(CaO · Al 2428:limestone 2411:anhydrite 2393:Slag-lime 2341:Expansive 2204:limestone 2062:– 30,000 1873:Portland 1870:Property 1822:Dire Dawa 1724:sintering 1630:limestone 1578:Southwark 1569:Smeaton's 1490:limestone 1425:Rhineland 1369:potsherds 1365:aggregate 1328:pozzolana 1207:alabaster 1195:Assyrians 1111:⟶ 1015:⟶ 938:⟶ 899:limestone 803:⋅ 774:⋅ 764:⟶ 645:⋅ 635:⟶ 558:⋅ 548:⟶ 489:⋅ 479:⟶ 409:⟶ 370:limestone 355:sintering 295:(2CaO·SiO 280:(3CaO·SiO 268:, being: 258:hydration 228:Chemistry 151:pozzolana 112:hydraulic 100:inorganic 77:aggregate 73:materials 12765:Concrete 12708:Category 12579:Monopoly 12531:Services 12310:Language 12305:Creative 12289:Tutoring 12267:Tertiary 12237:Websites 12217:Internet 12168:Software 12154:Written 12075:Pet care 12035:Janitors 12025:security 12016:Staffing 11945:Gambling 11838:Interior 11819:, & 11813:Physical 11725:Property 11613:Catering 11546:Airlines 11534:Trucking 11370:Plumbing 11325:Dredging 11300:Railways 11233:Internet 11228:Cable TV 11162:Electric 11107:vehicles 11006:Aluminum 10913:Ceramics 10826:Plastics 10739:Currying 10729:deliming 10702:Vaccines 10644:Perfumes 10583:Pigments 10526:Kerosene 10521:Jet fuel 10516:Gasoline 10511:Fuel oil 10243:Bicycles 10157:smithing 10065:Printing 10023:Clothing 9991:Spinning 9971:Textiles 9921:Prepared 9741:Platinum 9711:Aluminum 9639:Scallops 9552:Lobsters 9527:Mackerel 9507:Sardines 9474:Truffles 9450:, & 9397:Firewood 9372:Forestry 9182:Oilseeds 9049:See also 9040:EN 10080 9035:EN 206-1 9030:EN 197-1 8889:Aerated 8830:Polished 8825:Pervious 8800:Filigree 8696:Finisher 8671:Formwork 8535:Portland 8466:Concrete 8398:Category 8307:Medicine 8297:Forestry 8272:Agronomy 7933:Database 7928:Compiler 7923:Software 7896:Internet 7829:Hardware 7816:Computer 7757:Inductor 7752:Resistor 7431:Dynamite 7401:Chemical 7354:Hospital 7228:Aluminum 7189:Concrete 7176:Material 7135:Fracking 7072:Charcoal 7037:Robotics 6956:Manifold 6951:Cylinder 6934:Windmill 6847:Flywheel 6805:Pendulum 6756:Catapult 6581:Railroad 6547:Elevator 6535:Seaplane 6530:Airplane 6525:Aerostat 6520:Aircraft 6453:Building 6426:Aqueduct 6345:Banknote 6323:Calendar 6242:Plumbing 6181:Clothing 6169:Grafting 6067:19805265 5987:33837400 5954:Archived 5870:44083686 5816:96660377 5723:(1997). 5669:Archived 5648:27 April 5609:Archived 5560:Archived 5540:Archived 5498:Archived 5474:Archived 5440:Archived 5417:28 April 5411:Archived 5385:Archived 5270:32728073 5078:Archived 4997:Archived 4933:Archived 4917:21609007 4871:Archived 4833:Archived 4794:Archived 4774:Archived 4755:Archived 4735:Archived 4710:Archived 4683:Archived 4582:12 April 4253:27002788 4166:Archived 4118:, Ch. 5. 4061:Archived 4043:Archived 4022:Archived 4007:, Ch. 2. 3805:Archived 3781:cite web 3745:Archived 3626:Archived 3611:BBC News 3603:Archived 3534:Archived 3484:32728073 3414:Archived 3377:Archived 3339:"Cement" 3281:Archived 3203:Cenocell 3171:See also 3069:chromate 3053:Chromium 2997:sulfides 2993:selenium 2981:thallium 2835:quarries 2695:chromate 2663:alkaline 2647:porosity 2639:concrete 2599:Electric 2456:mayenite 2395:cements— 2387:Pantheon 2379:pozzolan 2344:joints. 2306:pozzolan 2248:concrete 2236:·2H 1885:fly ash 1880:fly ash 1818:Ethiopia 1775:chloride 1739:dolomite 1699:strength 1525:septaria 1385:El Tajin 1357:formwork 1345:Pantheon 1332:Pozzuoli 1296:— 1263:pozzolan 1217:made of 333:(4CaO·Al 310:(3CaO·Al 187:cimentum 181:cementum 142:hydrates 134:adhesive 102:, often 93:concrete 12732:Outline 12720:Commons 12474:Funding 12457:Culture 12434:outputs 12344:Related 12284:Testing 12257:Primary 12222:Hosting 12105:Tourism 12091:Travel 12087:Poverty 12065:Funeral 12047:Repairs 12011:Renting 12006:Leasing 11965:Arcades 11961:Venues 11937:leisure 11910:Nursing 11843:Product 11833:Fashion 11817:product 11663:Banking 11472:Auction 11330:Harbors 11310:Tunnels 11295:Bridges 11201:Dumping 11137:Weapons 10955:Plaster 10846:Pellets 10734:Tanning 10720:Leather 10551:Propane 10496:Bitumen 10399:Cameras 10239:Baggage 10212:Pottery 10192:Drawing 10136:Cutlery 10001:Carpets 9996:Weaving 9976:Carding 9905:Canning 9833:Granite 9756:Uranium 9746:Lithium 9619:Seaweed 9604:Oysters 9599:Mussels 9594:Abalone 9589:Tilapia 9584:Catfish 9567:Whaling 9522:Pollock 9517:Haddock 9502:Herring 9492:Fishing 9485:Aquatic 9392:Logging 9355:Hunting 9343:Shellac 9328:Poultry 9276:Flowers 9209:Berries 9192:Tobacco 9167:Legumes 9162:Cereals 8999:Nanocem 8958:Columns 8835:Polymer 8735:Science 8701:Grinder 8661:Precast 8567:Fly ash 8474:History 8410:Outline 8202:History 8182:Studies 8018:Luddite 7869:Storage 7663:Circuit 7475:Pigment 7391:Vaccine 7386:Surgery 7287:Textile 7260:Plastic 7218:Masonry 7196:Ceramic 7113:Nuclear 7089:Battery 6924:Turbine 6773:Linkage 6766:Shadoof 6727:Bearing 6704:Welding 6665:Casting 6625:Sailing 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