49:
57:
190:) content of these limestones can be as low as 80% by weight. During the calcination process that occurs in the production of clinker, limestone is broken into Lime (calcium oxide), which is incorporated into the final clinker product, and carbon dioxide which is typically released into the atmosphere.
436:
The first 28 days are the most critical for the hardening. The concrete does not dry but one says that it sets and hardens. The cement is a hydraulic binder whose hydration requires water. It can perfectly set under water. Water is essential to its hardening and water losses must be avoided at the
373:
Clinker, if stored in dry conditions, can be kept for several months without appreciable loss of quality. Because of this, and because it can be easily handled by ordinary mineral handling equipment, clinker is internationally traded in large quantities. Cement manufacturers purchasing clinker
369:
after its inventor, James Pulham (1820–1898). Other ingredients were
Portland cement and sand. Pulhamite can be extremely convincing and was popular in creating natural looking rock gardens in the nineteenth century.
574:
European cement standard EN 197-1 Cement – Part 1: "Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements" which defines 27 distinct common cement products and their constituents.
374:
usually grind it as an addition to their own clinker at their cement plants. Manufacturers also ship clinker to grinding plants in areas where cement-making raw materials are not available.
174:
The major raw material for the clinker-making is usually limestone mixed with a second material containing clay as a source of alumino-silicate. An impure limestone containing clay or
317:), the most reactive mineral phase (exothermic hydration reaction) in Portland clinker. It may also be combined with other active ingredients or cement additions to produce
71:
as an intermediary product. Clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter. It is produced by
441:(evaporation of unreacted water). Traditional methods for preventing desiccation involve covering the product with wet burlap or use of plastic sheeting..
231:
at high temperature. The products of the chemical reaction aggregate together at their sintering temperature, about 1,450 °C (2,640 °F).
382:
Gypsum is added to clinker primarily as an additive preventing the flash settings of the cement, but it is also very effective to facilitate the
584:
Sohoni, S.; R. Sridhar; G. Mandal (1991). "Effect of grinding aids on the fine grinding of limestone, quartz and portland cement clinker".
413:
Upon addition of water, clinker minerals react to form different types of hydrates and "set" (harden) as the hydrated cement paste becomes
444:
For larger projects, such as highways, the surface is sprayed with a solution of curing compound that leaves a water-impermeable coating.
429:
minerals) represent the main "glue" components of the concrete. After initial setting the concrete continues to harden and to develop its
397:(TEA) is commonly used at 0.1 wt. % and has proved to be very effective. Other additives are sometimes used, such as
336:
474:
17:
514:
500:
265:
The clinker and its hydration reactions are characterized and studied in detail by many techniques, including
197:
other than limestone) depend on the purity of the limestone. Some of the second raw materials used are: clay,
494:
278:
611:
Whiting, Nancy M.; Snyder, Mark B. (2003). "Effectiveness of
Portland Cement Concrete Curing Compounds".
383:
531:
Siegbert Sprung "Cement" in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
519:
Stone, an
Illustrated Magazine: Devoted to the Quarrying and Cutting of Stone for Architectural Uses
699:
418:
42:
282:
148:
548:
Ferrari, L. (2012). "Reaction of clinker surfaces investigated with atomic force microscopy".
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of clinker by preventing agglomeration and coating of the powder at the surface of balls and
244:
302:
270:
259:
132:
8:
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628:
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Organic compounds are also often added as grinding aids to avoid powder agglomeration.
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597:
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274:
240:
183:
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to a fine powder and used as the binder in many cement products. A small amount of
104:
536:
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young age to avoid the development of cracks. Young concrete is protected against
684:
469:
398:
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232:
224:
175:
84:
68:
31:
457:
35:
460:. Most of those emissions were produced in the clinker manufacturing process.
678:
613:
Transportation
Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
76:
521:. New York, New York, United States: Frank W. Hoyt: 55–56. December 1898.
438:
387:
354:
328:
CEM II: composite cements with a limited addition of limestone filler or
266:
228:
163:). These main mineral phases are produced by heating at high temperature
92:
243:
to reduce the sintering temperature and contribute little to the cement
402:
236:
227:
clinker is made by heating a homogeneous mixture of raw materials in a
366:
362:
343:
168:
80:
72:
624:
414:
301:(less than 5 wt.%) must be added to avoid the flash setting of the
206:
361:
Clinker is one of the ingredients of an artificial rock imitating
48:
350:
293:
Portland cement clinker (abbreviated k in the
European norms) is
214:
210:
103:
The
Portland clinker essentially consists of four minerals: two
56:
426:
298:
194:
120:
422:
198:
164:
108:
325:
CEM I: pure
Portland clinker (Ordinary Portland Cement, OPC)
218:
202:
88:
452:
As of 2018, cement production contributed about 8% of all
659:
583:
349:
CEM V: composite cements (with large additions of BFS,
496:
Calcium
Sulphate Retarders for Portland Cement Clinker
321:
including, following the
European EN 197-1 standard:
258:(SR) types, it is necessary to limit the amount of
67:is a solid material produced in the manufacture of
447:
75:(fusing together without melting to the point of
676:
98:
610:
408:
34:, which is also used in cement products like
515:"Apparatus for Burning and Grinding Cement"
193:The second raw material (materials in the
456:worldwide, contributing substantially to
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55:
47:
645:
568:
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14:
677:
492:
486:
550:Construction and Building Materials
24:
25:
711:
562:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.089
405:, and dodecyl-benzene sulfonate.
27:Main component of Portland cement
475:Environmental impact of concrete
652:emitter you may not know about"
501:U.S. Government Printing Office
639:
604:
577:
541:
525:
507:
448:Contribution to global warming
13:
1:
537:10.1002/14356007.a05_489.pub2
493:Berger, Ernest Elmer (1929).
480:
250:For special cements, such as
646:Rodgers, Lucy (2018-12-17).
598:10.1016/0032-5910(91)80109-V
279:scanning electron microscope
7:
463:
99:Composition and preparation
10:
716:
409:Clinker minerals hydration
40:
29:
419:calcium silicate hydrates
30:Not to be confused with
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283:atomic force microscopy
52:Typical clinker nodules
239:are present only as a
149:calcium aluminoferrite
61:
53:
421:(C-S-H) (hydrates of
378:Clinker grinding aids
339:blast furnace cements
319:other types of cement
59:
51:
303:tricalcium aluminate
260:tricalcium aluminate
133:tricalcium aluminate
41:For other uses, see
431:mechanical strength
182:) can be used. The
330:blast furnace slag
87:materials such as
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54:
586:Powder Technology
499:. United States:
275:X-ray diffraction
256:sulfate resistant
184:calcium carbonate
105:calcium silicates
16:(Redirected from
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18:Clinker (cement)
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700:Climate forcing
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470:Clinker (waste)
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399:ethylene glycol
395:Triethanolamine
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233:Aluminium oxide
225:Portland cement
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176:silicon dioxide
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85:aluminosilicate
69:portland cement
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32:Clinker (waste)
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5:
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592:(3): 277–286.
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458:global warming
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131:), along with
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65:Cement clinker
36:Clinker blocks
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663:. Retrieved
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102:
77:liquefaction
64:
63:
439:desiccation
365:and called
355:silica fume
267:calorimetry
229:rotary kiln
93:cement kiln
91:during the
60:Hot clinker
679:Categories
665:2018-12-17
481:References
403:oleic acid
344:pozzolanic
237:iron oxide
695:Limestone
633:110538072
619:: 59–68.
556:: 92–96.
367:pulhamite
363:limestone
351:fly ashes
335:CEM III:
254:(LH) and
169:limestone
81:limestone
73:sintering
690:Concrete
656:BBC News
464:See also
415:concrete
384:grinding
342:CEM IV:
271:strength
262:formed.
252:low heat
245:strength
207:iron ore
346:cements
337:BFS-OPC
215:fly ash
211:bauxite
155:(Al,Fe)
95:stage.
43:Clinker
685:Cement
631:
427:belite
417:. The
390:wall.
299:gypsum
295:ground
195:rawmix
147:) and
121:belite
119:) and
629:S2CID
423:alite
353:, or
332:(BFS)
199:shale
186:(CaCO
165:clays
109:alite
617:1834
425:and
388:mill
289:Uses
281:and
241:flux
235:and
219:slag
217:and
203:sand
178:(SiO
167:and
89:clay
83:and
660:BBC
621:doi
594:doi
558:doi
533:doi
433:.
305:(Ca
247:.
171:.
151:(Ca
135:(Ca
127:SiO
123:(Ca
115:SiO
111:(Ca
681::
658:.
654:.
627:.
615:.
590:67
588:.
554:35
552:.
517:.
401:,
309:Al
285:.
277:,
269:,
221:.
213:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
139:Al
107:,
79:)
668:.
650:2
635:.
623::
600:.
596::
564:.
560::
535::
357:)
315:6
313:O
311:2
307:3
188:3
180:2
161:5
159:O
157:2
153:2
145:6
143:O
141:2
137:3
129:4
125:2
117:5
113:3
45:.
38:.
20:)
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