216:
502:
888:
493:, and several Shubrian names have Hurrian origins. Hurrians formed part of the Shubrian population and may have been the predominant group. Some scholars have suggested that Shubria was the last remnant of Hurrian civilization, or even constituted the original homeland of the Hurrians. Karen Radner writes that Shubria "can certainly be described as (linguistically and culturally) Hurrian" state. According to Radner, a letter from the king of Shubria to an Assyrian magnate from the time of Sargon II was composed in the Hurrian language.
640:
632:
54:
2277:
1345:
A. Otto, "The Late Bronze Age
Pottery of the Weststadt of Tall Bazi (North Syria)", in: M. Luciani, A. Hausleitner (Eds.), Recent Trends in the Study of Late Bronze Age Ceramics in Syro-Mesopotamia and Neighbouring Regions. Proceedings of the International Workshop in Berlin, 2 – 5 November 2006, OrA
1250:
Pruzsinszky, Regine. "Emar and the
Transition from Hurrian to Hittite Power". Representations of Political Power: Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Near East, edited by Marlies Heinz and Marian H. Feldman, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021,
979:
and ending in the Roman period or later. The characteristic
Hurrian pottery, the Khabur ware, is helpful in determining the different strata of occupation within the mounds. The Hurrian settlements are usually identified from the Middle Bronze Age to the end of the Late Bronze Age, with Tell Mozan
974:
and Tell Brak. Recent excavations and surveys in progress are conducted by
American, Belgian, Danish, Dutch, French, German and Italian teams of archaeologists, with international participants, in cooperation with the Syrian Department of Antiquities. The tells, or city mounds, often reveal a long
953:
Hurrian settlements are distributed over three modern countries, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. The heart of the
Hurrian world is bisected by the modern border between Syria and Turkey. Several sites are situated within the border zone, making access for excavations problematic. A threat to the ancient
435:. Excavations at Yorgan Tepe, ancient Nuzi, proved this to be one of the most important sites for our knowledge about the Hurrians. Hurrian kings such as Ithi-Teshup and Ithiya ruled over Arrapha, yet by the mid-fifteenth century BC they had become vassals of the Great King of Mitanni.
517:(Boghazköy), the capital of the Hittites, whose civilization was greatly influenced by the Hurrians. Tablets from Nuzi, Alalakh, and other cities with Hurrian populations (as shown by personal names) reveal Hurrian cultural features even though they were written in Akkadian. Hurrian
536:
for two types of wheel-made pottery used by the
Hurrians. Khabur ware is characterized by reddish painted lines with a geometric triangular pattern and dots, while Nuzi ware has very distinctive forms, and are painted in brown or black. They were also skilled at glass working.
988:
The list includes some important ancient sites from the area dominated by the
Hurrians. Excavation reports and images are found at the websites linked. As noted above, important discoveries of Hurrian culture and history were also made at Alalakh, Amarna, Hattusa and Ugarit.
796:
often depict mythological creatures such as winged humans or animals, dragons and other monsters. The interpretation of these depictions of gods and demons remains uncertain. They may have been both protective and evil spirits. Some are reminiscent of the
Assyrian
1160:
Steinkeller P., "The historical background of Urkesh and the
Hurrian beginnings in northern Mesopotamia", In: Buccellati G, Kelly-Buccellati M, eds. Mozan 3: Urkesh and the Hurrians Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen. Malibu: Undena Publications, pp. 75–98,
489:, the name of a country located north of the upper Tigris River valley. Shubria was located between Urartu and Assyria and existed as an independent kingdom until its conquest by Assyria in 673–672 BC. The Shubrians worshipped the Hurrian deity
334:, southern Anatolia. Yamhad eventually weakened vis-a-vis the powerful Hittites, but this also opened Anatolia for Hurrian cultural influences. The Hittites were influenced by both the Hurrian cultures over the course of several centuries.
341:(Tell Billa) may have also played an important role at that time. Possible Hurrian occupation was identified at Tell Billa during the middle of the second millenium BC. In 2022 Tell Billa was proposed as the possible site of the city of
482:
was used in
Assyrian sources to refer to the remnants of the Mitanni in the upper Tigris valley. The Shubaru people revolted against the Assyrians multiple times in the last centuries of the second millennium BC. The term is related to
1513:
Paul Zimansky, "The Origin of Nuzi Ware: A Contribution From Tell Hamida", In: David I. Owen and Martha A. Morrison (Hrsg.): General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 9/1, Pennsylvania State University Press, Philadelphia, 1995 ISBN
467:
in the south, and controlled much of eastern Anatolia. Some scientists consider Urartu to be a re-consolidation of earlier Hurrian populations mainly due to linguistic factors, but this view is not universally held.
385:. Their sphere of influence is shown in spread Hurrian place names, personal names. Eventually, after an internal succession crisis, Mitanni fell to the Hittites, later to fall under the control of the Assyrians.
965:
The first major excavations of Hurrian sites in Iraq and Syria began in the 1920s and 1930s. They were led by the American archaeologist Edward Chiera at Yorghan Tepe (Nuzi), and the British archaeologist
230:"Of Nergal the lord of Hawalum, Atal-shen, the caring shepherd, the king of Urkesh and Nawar, the son of Sadar-mat the king, is the builder of the temple of Nergal, the one who overcomes opposition. Let
2070:
Greene, Joseph A., "‘Nuzi and the Hurrians: Fragments from a Forgotten Past’: A Slice of Mesopotamian Life in the Fourteenth Century BCE", Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 66–66, 1998
1241:, in Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts (eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume III: From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC, Oxford University Press, pp. 467, 469.
524:
The 2nd millennium Hurrians were masterful ceramists. Their pottery is commonly found in Mesopotamia and in the lands west of the Euphrates; it was highly valued in distant Egypt, by the time of the
1607:
Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle, "A Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit: The Discovery of Mesopotamian Music", Sources from the ancient near east, vol. 2, fasc. 2. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications, 1984.
1307:
Redford, Donald B. “A Gate Inscription from Karnak and Egyptian Involvement in Western Asia during the Early 18th Dynasty.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 99, no. 2, 1979, pp. 270–87
215:
2064:
Campbell, Dennis R. M., and Sebastian Fischer, "A HURRIAN RITUAL AGAINST TOOTHACHE: A REANALYSIS OF MARI 5", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 112, pp. 31–48, 2018
2633:
2628:
1298:"After 1600 BCE the area between Iran and Egypt was united into a dynamic regional system of empires, Mitanni covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq circa 1550-1340 BCE..."
1281:"...The Mitanni empire covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq (ca. 1600-1340 BCE) but succumbed to internal strife and the pressure of an expanding Assyrian empire..."
1748:
1677:
2073:
Güterbock, Hans Gustav, "The Hittite Version of the Hurrian Kumarbi Myths: Oriental Forerunners of Hesiod", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 123–34, 1948
408:
during the time of Pharaoh Akhenaten (1353–1336 BC). Domestically, Mitanni records have been found at a number of places in the region including several Hittite sites as well as
601:
The Hurrian culture made a great impact on the religion of the Hittites. From the Hurrian cult centre at Kummanni in Kizzuwatna, Hurrian religion spread to the Hittite people.
1115:
H. A. Hoffner, Jr., ed, "Perspectives on Hittite Civilization: Selected Writings of Hans G. Güterbock.", Assyriological Studies 26 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1997
556:
was borrowed from Hurrian, which would imply an early presence of the Hurrians way before their first historical mention in Akkadian sources. Copper was traded south to
1770:
505:
Incense burner. Hurrian period, 1300–1000 BC. From Tell Basmosian (also Tell Bazmusian), modern-day Lake Dukan, Iraq. Currently displayed in Erbil Civilization Museum.
1650:
Güterbock, Hans Gustav, "The Song of Ullikummi Revised Text of the Hittite Version of a Hurrian Myth", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 135–61, 1951
902:
The agglutinating and highly ergative Hurrian language is related to the Urartian language, the language of the ancient kingdom of Urartu. Together they form the
945:. It was the only long Hurrian text known until a multi-tablet collection of literature in Hurrian with a Hittite translation was discovered at Hattusa in 1983.
748:, who had a prominent temple in Urkesh in the earliest period of recorded Hurrian history. Possibly a stand-in for a god whose Hurrian name is presently unknown.
1260:
Devecchi, Elena. “Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–95
865:'s overthrow of Cronus and Cronus's regurgitation of the swallowed gods is like the Hurrian myth of Teshub and Kumarbi. It has been argued that the worship of
1504:
Oguchi, Hiromichi, "The Date of The Beginning of Khabur Ware Period 3: Evidence from the Palace of Qarni-Lim at Tell Leilan", Al-Rafidan 27, pp. 45–59, 2006
576:
inform us that it was acquired from Egypt. Not many examples of Hurrian metal work have survived, except from the later Urartu. Some small fine bronze lion
501:
2204:
2061:
Buccellati, Giorgio, and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati. “Urkesh: The First Hurrian Capital.” The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 60, no. 2, 1997, pp. 77–96
2047:
Dennis R. M. Campbell, "Mood and Modality in Hurrian", Disertation, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations University of Chicago, 2007
1224:
Edmonds, Alexander Johannes, and Petra M. Creamer, "More to Tell About Billa!", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, 2022
564:. The Khabur Valley had a central position in the metal trade, and copper, silver and even tin were accessible from the Hurrian-dominated countries
2195:
1641:
Görke, Susanne, "Hurrian and Luwian Elements in the Kizzuwatna Religious Texts", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 148-157, 2022
1523:
Vandiver, Pamela, "GLASS TECHNOLOGY AT THE MID-SECOND-MILLENNIUM B.C. HURRIAN SITE OF NUZI", Journal of Glass Studies, vol. 25, pp. 239–47, 1983
2183:
1582:
Muscarella, Oscar White, "Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern Artifacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art", Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988
962:
and Khabur valleys. Several rescue operations have already been undertaken when the construction of dams put entire river valleys under water.
243:
The Khabur River valley became the heart of the Hurrian lands for a millennium. The first known Hurrian kingdom emerged around the city of
587:, dating from c. 1400 BC. Among these fragments are found the names of four Hurrian composers, Tapšiẖuni, Puẖiya(na), Urẖiya, and Ammiya.
259:(c. 2254–2218 BC). A king of Urkesh with the Hurrian name Tupkish had a queen with the name Uqnitum, Akkadian for "girl of lapis lazuli".
1623:
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn, "The Cult Song with Music from Ancient Ugarit: Another Interpretation", Revue d'Assyriologie, 68, pp. 69–82, 1974
2175:
1745:
1674:
2165:
1133:
Gelb, Ignace J., "Hurrians and Subarians", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization No. 22. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944
1401:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire
2045:
1380:
Speiser, E. A., "Notes to Recently Published Nuzi Texts", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 432–43, 1935
2232:
521:
were carefully carved and often portrayed mythological motifs. They are a key to the understanding of Hurrian culture and history.
388:
The Hurrian entity of Mitanni, which first rose to power before 1550 BC, was first mentioned in the records of Egyptian pharaohs
1886:
1197:
1632:
West, M L, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", Music and Letters 75, no. 2, pp. 161–79, May 1994
1462:
1408:
1365:
1213:
1120:
2067:
Fournet, Arnaud, "About Eni, the Hurrian Word for ‘God.’", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 91–94, 2012
1389:
Benedict, Warren C., "Urartians and Hurrians", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 100–04, 1960
397:
2160:
Morning Concert: An Hurrian Cult Song from Ancient Ugarit - music and audio interview with Anne Draffkorn Kilmer - 1978
2085:
2034:
730:, the moon god and a guardian of oaths. Symbols of the sun and the crescent moon appear joined together in the Hurrian
2140:
1993:
1612:
1587:
1547:
1435:
1238:
1170:
Maiocchi, Massimo, "A Hurrian Administrative Tablet from Third Millennium Urkesh", vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 191-203, 2011
1131:
1452:
907:
2059:
1480:"Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Musasir, Kumme, Ukku and Šubria – the Buffer States between Assyria and Urartu"
369:
to the southeast, and later by the Assyrians to the east. At its maximum extent Mitanni ranged as far as west as
1923:
1904:
1866:
1847:
1802:
1699:
2101:. Berkeley: Bit Enki Publications, 1976. (booklet and LP record, Bit Enki Records BTNK 101, reissued with CD).
247:(modern Tell Mozan) during the third millennium BC. There is evidence that they were initially allied with the
911:
906:. The external connections of the Hurro-Urartian languages are disputed. There exist various proposals for a
2005:
Grekyan, Yervand, "Two Hurro-Urartian Lexical Parallels", Altorientalische Forschungen 49.1, pp. 48-52, 2022
1291:
306:
The Hurrians also migrated further west in this period. By 1725 BC they are found also in parts of northern
303:
to the south had subdued Urkesh and made it a vassal state. Urkesh later became a Mitanni religious center.
2225:
2125:. Studies in the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians. Bethesda: Capital Decisions, Ltd., 1999
1199:
Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn. "The Urkesh Mittani Horizon: Ceramic Evidence." talugaeš witteš (2020): 237-256
609:
became the counterpart of Teshub. The Hurrian religion, in different forms, influenced the entire ancient
887:
455:. During the 11th and 10th centuries BC, the kingdom eventually encompassed a region stretching from the
2192:
1294:, in: The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires, Oxford University Press,
2180:
1772:
A New Join to the Hurro Akkadian Version of the Weidner God List from Emar (Msk 74.108a + Msk 74.158k)
809:
1534:
295:
in the east. By this point, during the Old Babylonian period in the early second millennium BC, the
2261:
925:
for their own writing about 2000 BC. Texts in the Hurrian language in cuneiform have been found at
903:
882:
190:
in Anatolia included a large population of Hurrians, and there is significant Hurrian influence in
1316:
His memoir was published by L. Borchardt, "Altägyptische Zeitmessung" in E. von Basserman-Jordan,
696:
and a "father of gods" similar to Enlil; his home as described in mythology is the city of Urkesh.
2492:
2218:
892:
577:
160:
17:
2168:—Discusses the difficulties and disagreements faced by linguists working in this area, the term
1270:
1188:
Kupper, J.-R., "Lettres royales du temps de Zimri-Lim", Archives royales de Mari 28, Paris, 1998
820:
was at least later a religious centre for the moon god, and Shauskha had an important temple in
2638:
1046:
182:, where they built their first kingdom. Their largest and most influential Hurrian kingdom was
1598:
Güterbock, Hans Gustav, "Musical Notation in Ugarit", Revue d'Assyriologie 64, pp. 45–52, 1970
1454:
The Mechanics of Empire: The Northern Frontier of Assyria as a Case Study in Imperial Dynamics
365:
was a strong regional power limited by the Hittites to the north, Egyptians to the southwest,
287:
and other sites. They eventually occupied a broad arc of fertile farmland stretching from the
805:
673:
1330:
509:
Knowledge of Hurrian culture relies on archaeological excavations at sites such as Nuzi and
2537:
2111:
785:
628:
languages are related, there is little similarity between corresponding systems of belief.
525:
168:
835:
The Hurrian myth "The Songs of Ullikummi", preserved among the Hittites, is a parallel to
8:
2562:
1565:
350:
2312:
1275:
The Oxford Handbook of the Ancient State in the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean
846:
456:
400:
in that pharoahs 22 regnal year. Most of the time Egyptians referred to the kingdom as
288:
256:
2517:
1179:
Lawler, Andrew, "Who Were the Hurrians?", Archaeology, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 46–52, 2008
605:
merged the Old Hittite and Hurrian religions. Hurrian religion spread to Syria, where
151:; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri) were a people who inhabited the
58:
The approximate area of Hurrian settlement in the Middle Bronze Age is shown in purple
2623:
2136:
2081:
2030:
1989:
1608:
1583:
1543:
1458:
1431:
1404:
1361:
1209:
1116:
918:
625:
276:
191:
152:
2090:
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn. "The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music".
1892:
Diversity and Standardization. Perspectives on ancient Near Eastern cultural history
1746:
The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II
1675:
The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II
1566:"Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios"
1208:
Hamblin, William J., "Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC", Routledge, 2006
2484:
2266:
2256:
2128:
Wilhelm, G, "A Hurrian Letter from Tell Brak", Iraq, vol. 53, pp. 159–68, 1991
1073:
922:
896:
878:
621:
596:
292:
135:
108:
93:
81:
2199:
2187:
1752:
1681:
1052:
248:
2172:
being created especially for the Hurro-Urartian-Nakh-Avar languages as a family.
1502:
1320:, vol. I. (Berlin/Leipzig) 1930, pp 60ff, noted in Astour 1972:104, notes 25,26.
804:
The Hurrian gods do not appear to have had particular home temples, like in the
2078:
The First Great Civilizations: Life in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and Egypt
1331:"A Hurrian-Mitanni Temple in Müslümantepe in The Upper Tigris and New Findings"
1067:
934:
573:
476:
After the destruction of Mitanni by the Hittites around 1350-1325 BC, the term
405:
238:
destroy the seeds of whoever removes this tablet. Shaum-shen is the craftsman."
195:
187:
164:
2617:
2592:
2378:
2029:
William L. Moran, "The Amarna Letters", Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992
1097:
1030:
942:
793:
614:
518:
267:
Hurrian names occur sporadically in northwestern Mesopotamia and the area of
2542:
2166:"Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Indo-European, and Northern Caucasian"
2159:
767:
647:
gods Teshub and Hebat, chamber A, Yazilikaya, Hittite rock sanctuary, Turkey
631:
2474:
2444:
2398:
2358:
1484:
1092:
1062:
1035:
1000:
971:
967:
639:
584:
464:
448:
393:
346:
342:
323:
1971:(ed. Vergilius Ferm) (NY, Philosophical Library, 1950), pp. 88–89, 103–104
2532:
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2373:
2363:
2348:
2338:
1041:
1024:
1012:
731:
557:
529:
300:
252:
2469:
2434:
2414:
2393:
2383:
2353:
2307:
1427:
The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic
1225:
1018:
994:
829:
813:
745:
602:
565:
541:
389:
370:
331:
156:
812:. Some important cult centres were Kummanni in Kizzuwatna and Hittite
583:
Among the Hurrian texts from Ugarit are the oldest known instances of
572:
situated in the Anatolian highland. Gold was in short supply, and the
2597:
2582:
2388:
2368:
2343:
2328:
2169:
2099:
Sounds from Silence: Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music
1006:
976:
955:
938:
610:
533:
409:
338:
198:, the Hurrians had been assimilated with other peoples. The state of
69:
2577:
773:
713:
53:
2602:
2572:
2567:
2454:
1479:
1425:
1057:
841:
699:
644:
561:
444:
421:
382:
366:
319:
172:
2547:
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1143:
2552:
2429:
2424:
2302:
2297:
2280:
2097:
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn, Richard L. Crocker, and Robert R. Brown.
1360:. University of Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 11.
1087:
926:
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and accompanying stone tablet bearing the earliest known text in
858:
828:
was built in Urkesh in the late third millennium BC. The town of
779:
689:
679:
514:
510:
485:
478:
460:
432:
413:
401:
378:
362:
327:
311:
296:
231:
183:
1457:. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. pp. 230–231.
1430:. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man. p. 21.
1335:
Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, April 27, 2021.
2587:
2507:
2502:
2459:
2439:
2015:
Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Hurrian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).
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723:
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around 1600 BC. Hurrians also settled in the coastal region of
315:
284:
268:
244:
235:
221:
199:
179:
2276:
2114:. "La Musique suméro-accadienne: gamme et notation musicale".
1969:
Forgotten Religions: Including Some Living Primitive Religions
255:, indicating they had a firm hold on the area by the reign of
123:
117:
2557:
2527:
2497:
2449:
2333:
866:
798:
741:
665:
545:
431:
Another major center of Hurrian influence was the kingdom of
374:
307:
225:
443:
At the end of the second millennium BC the Urartians around
2634:
States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC
2629:
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
2522:
2419:
1887:
The Anatolian Fate-goddesses and their different traditions
1399:
Baker, H. D. (2009). "Subartu(m)". In Bryce, Trevor (ed.).
1292:"The Empires of Western Asia and the Assyrian World Empire"
862:
751:
606:
417:
396:(1479–1425 BC), the later most notably associated with the
280:
272:
120:
1890:
E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, J. Klinger, G. G. W. Müller (eds.),
2512:
2019:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–104.
854:
345:(possibly known as Asimānum during the Akkadian Empire).
2135:, 2. überarbeitete Aufl. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007.
1984:
22 July 2005 p 27, in her account of Philippe Borgeaud,
1231:
672:, his wife, the mother goddess, later equated with the
318:
is recorded as struggling for this area with the early
933:(Ras Shamra), as well as in one of the longest of the
2145:
Wulstan, David. "The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp",
2092:
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association
758:, the god of wisdom, who was also Sumerian in origin.
146:
126:
824:, when the city was under Hurrian rule. A temple of
404:. Later, Mitanni and Hanigailbat are mention in the
224:
by Hurrian king Atalshen, king of Urkish and Nawar,
114:
111:
1986:Mother of the Gods: from Cybele to the Virgin Mary
832:was a religious centre in the kingdom of Mitanni.
178:The Hurrians were first documented in the city of
2615:
2205:"The Hurrians and the Ancient Near East History"
513:as well as on cuneiform tablets, primarily from
1967:Güterbock, Hans Gustav: "Hittite Religion"; in
908:genetic relationship to other language families
2226:
914:), but none of these are generally accepted.
686:, their son, a mountain god of Syrian origin.
228:Bassin, circa 2000 BC. Louvre Museum AO 5678.
42:
1925:The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background
1906:The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background
1868:The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background
1849:The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background
1804:The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background
1701:The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background
651:The main gods in the Hurrian pantheon were:
1318:Die Geschichte der Zeitmessung und der Ühre
291:valley in the west to the foothills of the
2233:
2219:
1403:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 663–665.
1758:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
1687:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
1423:
1273:, in: P.F. Bang, and W. Scheidel (eds.),
710:, and a goddess of love, war and healing.
459:in the north, to the borders of northern
27:Historical ethnic group of Southwest Asia
2275:
886:
782:, a prominent god of uncertain function.
638:
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2014:
1956:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
1930:Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman
1911:Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman
1873:Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman
1854:Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman
1822:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
1809:Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman
1790:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
1732:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
1719:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
1706:Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman
1563:
1532:
1392:
954:sites are the many dam projects in the
314:. The mixed Amorite–Hurrian kingdom of
14:
2616:
1928:B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski, (eds.)
1909:B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski, (eds.)
1871:B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski (eds.),
1852:B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski (eds.),
1807:B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski (eds.),
1704:B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski (eds.),
1477:
1471:
1450:
853:may be derived from the castration of
496:
2214:
2176:The Indo-European Elements in Hurrian
2133:Einführung in die hurritische Sprache
1398:
1355:
451:rose in power forming the Kingdom of
220:Foundation tablet. Dedication to God
202:later covered some of the same area.
1226:https://doi.org/10.1515/za-2022-0011
262:
64:Regions with significant populations
2240:
2017:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor
1980:Suggested by Jane Lightfoot in the
1542:. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
1346:32, Rahden/Westf., pp. 85-117, 2014
980:(Urkesh) being the main exception.
210:
24:
2053:
1444:
1323:
983:
471:
356:
25:
2650:
2153:
1570:Cuneiform Digital Library Journal
540:The Hurrians had a reputation in
428:, and Müslümantepe among others.
279:. Their presence was attested at
2094:115, no. 2 (April 1971): 131–49.
163:, and lived throughout northern
107:
52:
2039:
2023:
2008:
1999:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1916:
1897:
1878:
1859:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1795:
1782:
1763:
1737:
1724:
1711:
1692:
1666:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1601:
1592:
1576:
1557:
1526:
1517:
1507:
1496:
1417:
1383:
1374:
1358:The Archive of the Wullu Family
1349:
1339:
1310:
1301:
1284:
1263:
1254:
1244:
1218:
528:. Archaeologists use the terms
1202:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1154:
1136:
1125:
1109:
948:
904:Hurro-Urartian language family
13:
1:
1103:
912:Northeast Caucasian languages
770:, a goddess of Syrian origin.
764:, goddess of the netherworld.
706:, the Hurrian counterpart of
1777:Altorientalische Forschungen
975:occupation beginning in the
692:, grain god, the father of
147:
7:
1451:Parker, Bradley J. (2001).
1290:Barjamovic, Gojko, (2020).
1277:, Oxford University Press,
1269:Barjamovic, Gojko, (2012).
1081:
872:
788:, fate and birth goddesses.
590:
580:were discovered at Urkesh.
10:
2655:
2193:A bibliography on Urartian
876:
617:and southern Mesopotamia.
594:
544:. It is proposed that the
381:in the east, and north to
205:
139:
43:
2483:
2407:
2321:
2290:
2273:
2249:
2181:A bibliography on Hurrian
1982:Times Literary Supplement
1424:Petrosyan, Armen (2002).
1356:Grosz, Katarzyna (1988).
1237:von Dassow, Eva, (2022).
937:(EA 27), written by King
917:The Hurrians adopted the
810:Ancient Egyptian religion
662:, the mighty weather god.
635:Hurrian incense container
438:
373:by the Taurus mountains,
349:was important during the
92:
87:
80:
75:
68:
63:
51:
40:
2262:Hurro-Urartian languages
1564:Kassian, Alexei (2014).
1533:Wilhelm, Gernot (1989).
1239:"Mittani and Its Empire"
883:Hurro-Urartian languages
186:. The population of the
2198:27 January 2009 at the
2186:27 January 2009 at the
2121:Wilhelm, Gernot (ed.).
2108:, New Haven, ASOR 1941.
2106:Introduction to Hurrian
1013:Shehna and Shubat-Enlil
548:term for "coppersmith"
2284:
2164:Vyacheslav V. Ivanov,
1751:5 January 2023 at the
1680:5 January 2023 at the
1478:Radner, Karen (2012).
1271:"Mesopotamian Empires"
1047:Tell Hammam et-Turkman
941:of Mitanni to Pharaoh
899:
869:drew on Hurrian myth.
648:
636:
560:from the highlands of
506:
240:
2279:
1988:, Johns Hopkins 2005
1070:(Sikkan, Washukanni?)
890:
642:
634:
504:
218:
2538:Hutena and Hutellura
2123:Nuzi at Seventy-five
1144:"Royal inscriptions"
845:; the castration of
786:Hutena and Hutellura
2563:Ninatta and Kulitta
2076:Hawkes, Jacquetta,
1329:Ay, Eyyüp, (2021).
497:Culture and society
392:(1506–1493 BC) and
37:
2313:Kingdom of Arrapha
2285:
2207:by Jeremiah Genest
2149:30 (1968): 215–28.
2118:14 (1982): 241–63.
2116:Ugarit-Forschungen
1792:, 2009, p. 122-123
1760:8(1), 2008, p. 5-6
900:
649:
637:
507:
457:Caucasus Mountains
330:in the country of
257:Naram-Sin of Akkad
241:
35:
2611:
2610:
1514:978-0-931464-37-9
1464:978-951-45-9052-8
1410:978-0-415-39485-7
1367:978-87-7289-040-1
1214:978-1-134-52062-6
1121:978-1-88-592304-2
398:Battle of Megiddo
277:Middle Bronze Age
263:Middle Bronze Age
192:Hittite mythology
171:and southeastern
169:upper Mesopotamia
159:. They spoke the
153:Ancient Near East
145:
99:
98:
16:(Redirected from
2646:
2267:Cuneiform script
2257:Hurrian language
2235:
2228:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2104:Speiser, E. A.,
2048:
2043:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1932:, 2013, p. 15-16
1920:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1857:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1767:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1696:
1690:
1689:8(1), 2008, p. 3
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1113:
1074:Tall Al-Hamidiya
923:Cuneiform script
879:Hurrian language
674:main sun goddess
597:Hurrian religion
293:Zagros Mountains
211:Early Bronze Age
161:Hurrian language
150:
144:romanized:
143:
141:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
94:Hurrian religion
56:
46:
45:
38:
34:
21:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2479:
2403:
2317:
2286:
2271:
2245:
2239:
2200:Wayback Machine
2188:Wayback Machine
2156:
2056:
2054:Further reading
2051:
2044:
2040:
2028:
2024:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1921:
1917:
1902:
1898:
1883:
1879:
1864:
1860:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1779:44, 2017, p. 86
1768:
1764:
1753:Wayback Machine
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1682:Wayback Machine
1671:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1581:
1577:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1289:
1285:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1084:
1079:
1053:Tell Sabi Abyad
986:
984:Important sites
951:
885:
877:Main articles:
875:
676:of the Hittites
599:
593:
578:foundation pegs
499:
474:
472:Shubaru/Shubria
441:
359:
357:Late Bronze Age
265:
249:Akkadian Empire
239:
229:
213:
208:
110:
106:
59:
47:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2173:
2162:
2155:
2154:External links
2152:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2131:Wegner, Ilse.
2129:
2126:
2119:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2086:978-0394461618
2080:, Knopf, 1973
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2035:978-0801842511
2022:
2007:
1998:
1973:
1960:
1958:, 2009, p. 109
1947:
1934:
1915:
1896:
1877:
1858:
1839:
1826:
1813:
1811:, 2013, p. 7-8
1794:
1781:
1762:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1691:
1665:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1600:
1591:
1575:
1556:
1548:
1525:
1516:
1506:
1495:
1470:
1463:
1443:
1436:
1416:
1409:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1348:
1338:
1322:
1309:
1300:
1283:
1262:
1253:
1243:
1230:
1217:
1201:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1153:
1135:
1124:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1068:Tell Fekheriye
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1003:(Yorghan Tepe)
998:
991:
985:
982:
950:
947:
935:Amarna letters
874:
871:
794:cylinder seals
790:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
749:
735:
721:
720:, the sun god.
711:
697:
687:
677:
663:
595:Main article:
592:
589:
574:Amarna letters
519:cylinder seals
498:
495:
473:
470:
440:
437:
406:Amarna Letters
377:in the south,
363:Mitanni Empire
358:
355:
353:(ca 2100 BC).
264:
261:
219:
212:
209:
207:
204:
196:Early Iron Age
188:Hittite Empire
97:
96:
90:
89:
85:
84:
78:
77:
73:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
41:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2651:
2640:
2639:Ancient Syria
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
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2556:
2554:
2551:
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2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
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2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
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2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Shuttarna III
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
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2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:, ca. 1400 BC
2282:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:3-447-05394-1
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:Vitale, Raoul
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1994:0-8018-7985-X
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1945:, 1989, p. 55
1944:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1913:, 2013, p. 16
1912:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1875:, 2013, p. 10
1874:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1837:, 1989, p. 11
1836:
1830:
1824:, 2009, p. 85
1823:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:D. Schwemer,
1740:
1734:, 2009, p. 94
1733:
1727:
1721:, 2009, p. 92
1720:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:D. Schwemer,
1669:
1663:, 1989, p. 41
1662:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1613:0-89003-158-4
1610:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1588:9780870995255
1585:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1549:0-85668-442-2
1545:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1491:
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1486:
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1474:
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1456:
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1439:
1437:9780941694810
1433:
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1412:
1406:
1402:
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1304:
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1227:
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1215:
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1205:
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1185:
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1167:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1098:Hurrian songs
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Tell Tuneinir
1029:
1027:(Tell Beydar)
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:(Tell Leilan)
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
990:
981:
978:
973:
969:
963:
961:
957:
946:
944:
943:Amenhotep III
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:language and
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
898:
894:
889:
884:
880:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
795:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
744:deity of the
743:
739:
736:
733:
729:
725:
722:
719:
715:
712:
709:
705:
701:
698:
695:
691:
688:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:
667:
664:
661:
657:
654:
653:
652:
646:
641:
633:
629:
627:
623:
618:
616:
615:ancient Egypt
612:
608:
604:
598:
588:
586:
585:written music
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
503:
494:
492:
488:
487:
481:
480:
469:
466:
463:and northern
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
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386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
352:
351:Ur III period
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
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260:
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254:
250:
246:
237:
233:
227:
223:
217:
203:
201:
197:
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189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
137:
131:
104:
95:
91:
86:
83:
79:
74:
71:
67:
62:
55:
50:
39:
30:
19:
2475:Chagar Bazar
2399:Shattuara II
2359:Shuttarna II
2241:
2146:
2132:
2122:
2115:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2077:
2041:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1954:P. Taracha,
1950:
1943:The Hurrians
1942:
1941:G. Wilhelm,
1937:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1894:, 2013, p. 4
1891:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1856:, 2013, p. 8
1853:
1848:
1842:
1835:The Hurrians
1834:
1833:G. Wilhelm,
1829:
1821:
1820:P. Taracha,
1816:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1788:P. Taracha,
1784:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1730:P. Taracha,
1726:
1718:
1717:P. Taracha,
1713:
1708:, 2013, p. 9
1705:
1700:
1694:
1686:
1673:
1668:
1661:The Hurrians
1660:
1659:G. Wilhelm,
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1603:
1594:
1578:
1569:
1559:
1536:The Hurrians
1535:
1528:
1519:
1509:
1498:
1489:
1485:Acta Iranica
1483:
1473:
1453:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1357:
1351:
1341:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1204:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1127:
1111:
1063:Chagar Bazar
1036:Umm el-Marra
1021:(Tell Barri)
997:(Tell Mozan)
987:
972:Chagar Bazar
968:Max Mallowan
964:
952:
916:
901:
840:
834:
806:Mesopotamian
803:
791:
776:, a war god.
755:
727:
717:
703:
683:
669:
659:
650:
619:
600:
582:
553:
549:
539:
523:
508:
484:
477:
475:
465:Ancient Iran
449:Mount Ararat
442:
430:
394:Thutmose III
387:
360:
337:The city of
336:
324:Hattusilis I
305:
289:Khabur River
266:
242:
177:
102:
100:
32:Ethnic group
29:
2465:Tell Leilan
2374:Artatama II
2364:Artashumara
2349:Shaushtatar
2339:Shuttarna I
1769:F. Simons,
1042:Tell Chuera
1009:(Tell Brak)
949:Archaeology
910:(e.g., the
893:Louvre lion
746:netherworld
732:iconography
558:Mesopotamia
530:Khabur ware
526:New Kingdom
299:kingdom of
253:Mesopotamia
155:during the
2618:Categories
2470:Tell Barri
2435:Carchemish
2415:Washukanni
2394:Wasashatta
2384:Shattiwaza
2354:Artatama I
2308:Kizzuwatna
1922:A. Archi,
1903:A. Archi,
1884:A. Archi,
1865:A. Archi,
1846:A. Archi,
1801:A. Archi,
1698:A. Archi,
1148:urkesh.org
1104:References
814:Yazilikaya
620:While the
603:Syncretism
566:Kizzuwatna
542:metallurgy
390:Thutmose I
371:Kizzuwatna
332:Kizzuwatna
310:, such as
271:in modern
157:Bronze Age
2598:Ullikummi
2583:Tashmishu
2389:Shattuara
2369:Tushratta
2344:Baratarna
2329:Tish-atal
2170:Alarodian
1251:pp. 21-38
977:Neolithic
956:Euphrates
939:Tushratta
613:, except
611:Near East
534:Nuzi ware
410:Tell Bazi
339:Shibaniba
194:. By the
76:Languages
70:Near East
2624:Hurrians
2603:Upelluri
2573:Shaushka
2568:Sharruma
2485:Religion
2455:Tikunani
2250:Language
2242:Hurrians
2196:Archived
2184:Archived
1749:Archived
1678:Archived
1554:Pp. 8–9.
1082:See also
1076:(Taidu?)
1058:Hamoukar
1049:(Zalpa?)
919:Akkadian
873:Language
861:, while
842:Theogony
792:Hurrian
742:Sumerian
700:Shaushka
626:Urartian
591:Religion
562:Anatolia
546:Sumerian
445:Lake Van
422:Mardaman
383:Lake Van
367:Kassites
173:Anatolia
148:Ḫu-ur-ri
103:Hurrians
88:Religion
36:Hurrians
2553:Kumarbi
2533:Ḫedammu
2518:Aranzah
2493:Deities
2430:Alalakh
2425:Arrapha
2303:Naharin
2298:Mitanni
2281:Mitanni
1279:p. 125:
1088:Horites
1038:(Tuba?)
927:Hattusa
897:Hurrian
859:Kumarbi
780:Nupatik
714:Shimegi
690:Kumarbi
684:Šarruma
680:Sarruma
645:Hittite
622:Hurrian
515:Hattusa
511:Alalakh
486:Shubria
479:Shubaru
461:Assyria
433:Arrapha
414:Alalakh
402:Naharin
379:Arraphe
347:Šimānum
343:Šimānum
328:Adaniya
320:Hittite
312:Alalakh
297:Amorite
275:by the
232:Shamash
206:History
184:Mitanni
136:Hurrian
82:Hurrian
18:Hurrian
2588:Teshub
2578:Šimige
2543:Išḫara
2508:Astabi
2503:Allani
2460:Urkesh
2440:Harran
2408:Cities
2291:Empire
2244:topics
2139:
2084:
2033:
1992:
1611:
1586:
1546:
1492:: 244.
1461:
1434:
1407:
1364:
1296:p. 76:
1212:
1119:
1025:Nabada
995:Urkesh
960:Tigris
931:Ugarit
851:Cronus
847:Uranus
837:Hesiod
826:Nergal
822:Nineve
818:Harran
774:Aštabi
768:Ishara
762:Allani
738:Nergal
724:Kushuh
718:Šimegi
708:Ishtar
704:Šauska
694:Teshub
660:Teshup
656:Teshub
570:Ishuwa
554:tibira
550:tabira
491:Teshub
453:Urartu
439:Urartu
426:Kemune
316:Yamhad
285:Urkesh
269:Kirkuk
245:Urkesh
236:Ishtar
222:Nergal
200:Urartu
180:Urkesh
140:𒄷𒌨𒊑
44:𒄷𒌨𒊑
2593:Tilla
2558:Kusuh
2548:Kiaše
2528:Hebat
2498:Alalu
2450:Taite
2445:Nagar
2334:Kirta
2322:Kings
1540:(PDF)
1333:, in
1093:Nairi
1019:Kahat
1007:Nagar
867:Attis
830:Kahat
799:shedu
756:Hayya
728:Kušuh
666:Hebat
375:Tunip
322:king
308:Syria
226:Habur
165:Syria
2523:Enki
2420:Nuzi
2147:Iraq
2137:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2031:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1572:(4).
1544:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1228:p.44
1210:ISBN
1161:1998
1117:ISBN
1001:Nuzi
891:The
881:and
863:Zeus
740:, a
670:Hepa
643:The
624:and
607:Baal
568:and
532:and
447:and
418:Nuzi
361:The
301:Mari
281:Nuzi
273:Iraq
234:and
101:The
2513:Anu
1775:,
970:at
857:by
855:Anu
849:by
839:'s
808:or
251:of
118:ʊər
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754:,
752:Ea
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702:,
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124:ən
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