287:
274:, to feed upon the goats' milk. As the children grew older, the goats came to know them, and became very tame; so that the infant sought the goat, and was suckled by it as he would have been by a human wet nurse. These children throve remarkably well." Donkeys were preferred in England; as one writer has put it, "nothing was more picturesque than the spectacle of babies, held under the bellies of the donkeys in the stable adjoining the infants' ward, sucking contentedly the teats of the docile donkeys." Ancient Greek and Roman physicians including Galen, Aretaeus, Hipposcrates, and Alexander of Tralles believed that donkey milk was a superior treatment for human illness and an antidote for poisons. In
247:
their baby should not breastfeed. In his experience, poor women who were paid to be wet nurses in
Germany were most likely to pass venereal disease and other illnesses on to the baby, who, when returned to the care of its parents, passed the disease on to them. Zwierlein insisted that for a human baby in such circumstances, a goat's milk was preferable to a woman's. Goats, he asserted, are clean, tame, playful, friendly, social, good-natured, not easily frightened, and not prone to anger. Zwierlein also spoke of several country towns he knew of where adults and infants used goat's milk exclusively, as it was easier than cow's milk to digest.
299:
categorized them in four ways: the most common situation in which women nursed animals was the affectionate breastfeeding of family pets. The second most common motivation for this practice was economic; for example, to save an animal who might otherwise die, and could be eaten or be useful to the family economy in some way. Ceremonial breastfeeding of animals was the third category, relating to rituals, sacrifice, cultural or religious customs. Nursing animals for the mother's sake, such as relieving pain from mastitis or engorged breasts, was found to be the least common motivation.
69:. Unless another lactating woman was available, a mother who lacked enough breast milk was likely to lose her child. To avert that possibility if a wet nurse was not available, an animal such as a donkey, cow, goat, sheep or dog could be employed. Suckling directly was preferable to milking an animal and giving the milk, as contamination by microbes during the milking process could lead to the infant contracting a deadly diarrheal disease. It was not until as late as the 1870s that stored animal milk became safe to drink due to the invention of
19:
202:
97:
89:
254:(abandoned babies) often kept large numbers of goats to feed the infants, as they were considered less problematic than lower-class wet nurses. In some institutions, nurses (nannies) carried the infants to the goats; elsewhere, the goats came to the infants. Alphonse Le Roy described how goats were used at the
218:, wrote of how he had seen "some peasants who have no other nurses but ewes, and these peasants were as strong and vigorous as others." In 1816, a German writer named Conrad A. Zweirlein overheard a conversation at a fashionable resort about the problems of wet nurses and responded by writing a book called
401:
recommended in 1825 that from the eighth month of pregnancy, expectant mothers should regularly use a puppy to harden the nipples, improve breast secretion and prevent inflammation of the breasts. The practice seems to have fallen out of favour by 1847, as Dewees suggested using a nurse or some other
192:
conferred great courage. Goats were thought to transmit a libidinous character and some preferred to employ donkeys as wet nurses instead, as they were thought to be more moral animals. In modern Egypt, though, donkeys were disfavoured as wet nurses as it was thought that a child suckled on donkeys'
49:
in 18th- and 19th-century Europe. Breastfeeding animals has also been practised, whether for perceived health reasons – such as to toughen the nipples and improve the flow of milk – or for religious and cultural purposes. A wide variety of animals have been used for this purpose, including
233:
were fed to nanny goats – if they refused to drink them, honey was recommended as a way of disguising the metallic taste – or were ingested into the goat's bloodstream via a deliberately inflicted wound on the animal's leg that was covered with an ointment containing mercury. The mercury
294:
The breastfeeding by humans of animals is a practice that is widely attested historically and continues to be practised today by some cultures. The reasons for this are varied: to feed young animals, to drain a woman's breasts, to promote lactation, to harden the nipples before a baby is born, to
392:
that was slowly poisoning her. Mary Cooley
Spencer, an American woman living in Colonia Dublan in 1911, breastfed a collie puppy while suffering from smallpox. She had a five month old daughter, who was cared for by a friend while she recovered. Nursing the puppy allowed her to maintain her milk
246:
Zwierlein's personal opinion was that women who are sick, dehydrated, depressed, or even in old age should not breastfeed their own babies because their milk could harm the child. He felt that even mothers who did not love their child and would rather spend time in pursuits other than tending to
213:
of southern Africa were reported to tie their babies to the bellies of female goats so that they could feed there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, goats were widely used in Europe as alternatives to human wet nurses, as they were easier to obtain, cheaper to use and safer, in that they were less
262:
in 1775: "The cribs are arranged in a large room in 2 ranks. Each goat which comes to feed enters bleating and goes to hunt the infant which has been given it, pushes back the covering with its horns and straddles the crib to give suck to the infant. Since that time they have raised very large
298:
Simoons and
Baldwin gathered and summarized global accounts of human-animal breastfeeding in their 1982 paper entitled, “Breast-Feeding of Animals by Women: Its Social-Cultural Context and Geographic Occurrence.” They studied the motivations of women world-wide for breast-feeding animals and
193:
milk would acquire the animal's stupidity and obstinacy. Human milk was thought to transmit character traits as well; in 19th century France a law was proposed to ban disreputable mothers from nursing their own children so that their immoral traits would not be transmitted via their milk.
222:, which popularised the use of the animals for many years. Zwierlein describes how a father living in a German village trained his goat to jump on a table, where he had laid his motherless child on a pillow. The goat would stand waiting until the baby drank its fill of her milk.
473:
wrote of its supposed dangers. How widely this idea was accepted is impossible to know, but it could have been an additional purpose for human-animal breastfeeding as women sought a means to discard colostrum while establishing a milk supply for their baby.
172:, found in northern Germany in 1724. His coarse, curly hair was attributed to his being (supposedly) suckled by a bear, based on the premise that characteristics of the animal foster mother had been transmitted to him via her milk. (It is now thought he had
396:
Animals have widely been used to toughen the nipples and maintain the mother's milk supply. In Persia and Turkey puppies were used for this purpose. The same method was practised in the United States in the early 19th century;
450:, eighteenth Century Native Americans reportedly fed human breast milk to bison calves, wolves and bears. In 1875, a British surgeon named John Nisbet reportedly observed a group of Burmese women breastfeeding a royal
387:
following the birth of her second daughter, the doctor ordered that puppies be applied to her breasts to draw off the milk, possibly with the intention of helping her womb to contract to expel the infected
238:
and was passed into the syphilitic babies when they suckled at the goats' teats. This method did have some effect of improving the infants' mortality rates, though the goats tended to die prematurely of
65:
indicate that children who were not being breastfed were receiving animal milk, probably from cows. It is possible that some infants directly sucked lactating animals, which served as alternatives to
33:
or suckling between humans and other species occurred in both directions: women sometimes breastfed young animals, and animals were used to suckle babies and children. Animals were used as substitute
168:
Stories of abandoned children being brought up by animal mothers such as she-wolves and bears were widespread in Europe from the Middle Ages and into modern times. One real-life case was that of
165:, has the title character growing up in isolation on a tropical island, fed and raised by an antelope. The story reached Europe in a Latin translation, and then in 1708 an English edition.
1187:
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women suckled young dogs to dislodge nodules from their breasts. An example of the practice being used for health reasons comes from late 18th century
England. When the writer
1522:
496:
member Agata
Dembiecka became the focus of controversy in 2010 when a calendar issued by an animal rescue charity featured a photograph of her suckling a puppy.
1502:
214:
prone to passing on diseases. This use of animals was already a well-established practice in rural France and Italy; Pierre
Brouzet, the personal physician of
152:. In reality, though, such stories probably owed more to myth-making about such prominent figures, as they were used as evidence of their future greatness.
800:
371:
English and German physicians between the 16th and 18th centuries recommended using puppies to "draw" the mother's breasts, and in 1799 the German
112:(the former founded Rome) were portrayed as having been raised by a she-wolf which suckled the infants, as depicted in the iconic image of the
1306:
995:
576:
482:
In the present day, the act of breastfeeding animals has been used as a sometimes controversial artistic statement. The album art for
469:, rather than allow their babies to drink it. The idea that colostrum was dangerous for a newborn further took hold in Europe when
278:, attempts were made around 1900 to employ sows as wet nurses but foundered due to opposition to the use of pigs for this purpose.
1246:
1221:
286:
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of Russia but in their case for economic reasons, to benefit from the meat when the bear was grown and to obtain highly prized
575:
Kukkonen, Taneli (November 2016). "Ibn Ṭufayl's (d. 1185) Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓan". In El-Rouayheb, Khaled; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.).
594:
1542:
1557:
1012:
783:
Simoons, Frederick J. (1982). "Breast-feeding of animals by women: its sociocultural context and geographic occurrence".
1562:
1517:
347:(1660–1727), an Italian nun and mystic, was known for taking a lamb to bed with her and suckling it as a symbol of the
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136:, was suckled by a deer. Several famous ancient historical figures were claimed to have been suckled by animals;
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The belief that animal characteristics could be transmitted via milk was widely held; the
Swedish scientist
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One important use of goats for suckling concerned the feeding and attempted cure of babies born with
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991:
1768:
1717:
1507:
1497:
1207:
1046:
Radbill, Samuel X. (1976). "The Role of
Animals in Infant Feeding". In Hand, Wayland D (ed.).
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includes a photograph of the singer breastfeeding a piglet. In
Ireland, 22-year-old model and
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1424:
1316:
1311:
173:
586:
438:. Native Canadians and Americans often breastfed young dogs; an observer commented that the
1638:
1567:
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Infant feeding and its influence on life: or, The causes and prevention of infant mortality
398:
290:
A woman breast feeding two puppies while two
Mexican peasants implore her to feed her baby.
121:
29:
has been practiced in some different cultures during various time periods. The practice of
446:"withdrew their breasts sooner from their own infants than from young dogs." According to
8:
1643:
1356:
1336:
1164:
Van Esterik, Penny (1995). "The Politics of Breastfeeding". In Stuart-Macadam, Patricia;
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105:
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increased the health risks of wet nursing. Goats and donkeys were widely used to feed
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18:
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American Folk Medicine : A symposium, "The role of animals in infant feeding"
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Tribal peoples around the world have breastfed many types of animal. Travelers in
1607:
1577:
1552:
1429:
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of Persia was said to have been suckled by a dog, while mares supposedly suckled
113:
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1188:"Model breastfeeding a puppy calendar has dog lovers feeling hot under collar"
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30:
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at which a captured bear, raised and suckled by the women, is sacrificed.
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1276:
928:
804:. Steven Lehrer. Lubbock, Tex.: Texas Tech University Press. p. 37.
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356:
348:
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156:
149:
80:
permits children to suckle animals if the child's welfare dictates it.
58:
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recommended that mothers rid their bodies of their first milk, called
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1366:
1361:
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observed native women breastfeeding a variety of animals, including
1439:
1341:
1024:
1013:"Peter the Wild Boy's condition revealed 200 years after his death"
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308:
275:
210:
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Goats have often been used to suckle human babies and infants. The
133:
129:
38:
1712:
1326:
443:
431:
419:
360:
271:
141:
137:
1199:
1029:
Omm Sety's Living Egypt: Surviving Folkways from Pharaonic Times
895:
In the Company of Animals: A Study of Human-Animal Relationships
343:
Religious and ceremonial reasons have also been a factor. Saint
88:
1371:
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1251:
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411:
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babies in hopes of keeping them alive long enough to sell to a
267:
77:
1628:
1186:
934:
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skilled person to carry out this task rather than an animal.
352:
125:
62:
319:
for use in traditional medicine. American animal trafficker
124:, portrayed variously as a goat who suckled the god or as a
104:
The suckling of infants by animals was a repeated theme in
1331:
627:
617:
615:
613:
541:
493:
435:
423:
189:
117:
1082:
Breast versus Bottle. A history of Infant feeding in Malta
229:
inherited from their mothers. Liquid compounds laced with
61:
feeding bottles surviving from the third millennium BC in
916:
675:
673:
505:
1084:. Association for the Study of Maltese Medical History.
826:
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703:
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558:
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517:
205:
Donkeys suckling children in a French institution, 1895
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who brought him up on the milk of her goat. Similarly,
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Nature's Body: Gender In The Making Of Modern Science
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53:
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338:
92:
Sculpture of Romulus, Remus and the Capitoline Wolf
1047:
801:Bring 'em back alive : the best of Frank Buck
220:The Goat as the Best and Most Agreeable Wet Nurse
196:
22:A Cuban woman using a goat to suckle a baby, 1903
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697:Die Ziege als beste und wohlfeilste Säugamme
37:for infants, particularly after the rise of
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1098:
973:Concise Encyclopedia of Foods and Nutrition
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511:
393:supply until she was no longer contagious.
1222:
1208:
1123:The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft
969:
578:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy
523:
266:In 19th-century Ireland, foundlings from
1023:
935:Belfast Telegraph & 30 December 2010
664:
574:
366:
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200:
176:, a condition unidentified until 1978.)
95:
87:
83:
17:
1247:Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk
1170:Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives
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50:puppies, kittens, piglets and monkeys.
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1307:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
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587:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.013.35
323:claimed that human mothers in remote
1543:History and culture of breastfeeding
797:
120:was said to have been brought up by
100:An abandoned child sucking on a bear
1558:Human milk banking in North America
1257:Areolar gland (gland of Montgomery)
1050:American Folk Medicine: A Symposium
907:
736:
302:
13:
1563:International Breastfeeding Symbol
1518:Breastfeeding in the United States
1054:. University of California Press.
727:
685:
282:Breastfeeding by humans of animals
54:Breastfeeding by animals of humans
14:
1790:
1573:International Breast Milk Project
1538:Diana West (lactation consultant)
1229:
478:Artistic and political statements
1146:Milk: A Local and Global History
1069:Routh, Charles Henry F. (1860).
339:Religious and ceremonial reasons
1743:Breastfeeding and mental health
1738:Breastfeeding contraindications
1649:List of breastfeeding activists
1480:Breastfeeding and mental health
1011:Kennedy, Maev (20 March 2011).
955:. Texas Tech University Press.
953:Napoleon and the Woman Question
901:
886:
838:
791:
776:
307:Bears were also suckled by the
295:prevent conception, and so on.
270:were "sent to the mountains of
108:. Most famously, twin brothers
1287:Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
1099:Schiebinger, Londa L. (1993).
568:
197:Use of goats and other animals
188:thought that being suckled by
1:
1733:Breastfeeding and medications
1282:Breastfeeding and medications
970:Ensminger, Audrey H. (1995).
943:
897:. Cambridge University Press.
406:Other or undetermined reasons
180:Perceived effect on character
27:Human to animal breastfeeding
1460:Nipple pain in breastfeeding
1103:. Rutgers University Press.
263:numbers in that hospital."
7:
1728:Breastfeeding and fertility
1692:Supplemental nursing system
1523:Breastfeeding organizations
1080:Savona-Ventura, C. (2004).
634:Kennedy & 20 March 2011
373:Friedrich Benjamin Osiander
10:
1795:
1548:Human-animal breastfeeding
1533:Child's Right to Nurse Act
1410:Breastfeeding difficulties
1302:Human milk oligosaccharide
461:In the late 16th Century,
155:A 12th century novel from
1700:
1662:
1621:
1488:
1465:Breastfeeding infertility
1395:
1237:
1149:. Yale University Press.
695:Zwierlein, Konrad Anton.
132:, the son of the demigod
1613:World Breastfeeding Week
1166:Dettwyler, Katherine Ann
992:Farley, Christopher John
951:Burton, June K. (2007).
923:Farley & 11 May 1998
499:
327:villages would nurse to
234:would accumulate in the
1528:Breastfeeding promotion
1513:Breastfeeding in public
893:Serpell, James (2008).
361:an annual bear festival
1718:Extended breastfeeding
1508:Breastfeeding in Islam
1498:Breastfeeding advocacy
359:are noted for holding
291:
206:
101:
93:
23:
1470:Breastfeeding and HIV
1425:Fissure of the nipple
1317:Lactation suppression
1006:on February 16, 2008.
739:Deeper in the Pyramid
367:For the mother's sake
289:
250:In France, homes for
204:
174:Pitt-Hopkins syndrome
99:
91:
84:Mythology and stories
21:
1639:Lactation consultant
1568:Jack Newman (doctor)
1503:Breastfeeding in art
850:www.familysearch.org
798:Buck, Frank (2000).
399:William Potts Dewees
1644:Lactation counselor
1357:Prolactin modulator
1337:Overactive let-down
1238:Anatomy, physiology
1194:. 30 December 2010.
996:"Tori, Tori, Tori!"
908:Radbill, Samuel X.
548:Savona-Ventura 2004
448:Sir John Richardson
381:Mary Wollstonecraft
313:Kamchatka Peninsula
227:congenital syphilis
106:classical mythology
73:and sterilisation.
47:foundling hospitals
1779:Animals and humans
1665:with breastfeeding
1415:Breast engorgement
1292:Frenulum of tongue
737:Jackson, Melanie.
351:. In far northern
292:
256:foundling hospital
216:Louis XV of France
207:
170:Peter the Wild Boy
102:
94:
24:
1751:
1750:
1455:Neonatal jaundice
1405:Blocked milk duct
1192:Belfast Telegraph
1075:. John Churchill.
835:, pp. 280–1.
712:, pp. 108–9.
596:978-0-19-991738-9
375:reported that in
345:Veronica Giuliani
241:mercury poisoning
110:Romulus and Remus
1786:
1723:Nipple confusion
1708:Baby-led weaning
1450:Nipple vasospasm
1398:and difficulties
1347:Passive immunity
1322:Lactiferous duct
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1183:
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1141:Valenze, Deborah
1136:
1114:
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1042:
1031:. Glyphdoctors.
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1007:
1002:. Archived from
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622:Schiebinger 1993
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512:Van Esterik 1995
509:
463:Konrad Heresbach
303:Economic reasons
162:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
116:. The Greek god
43:abandoned babies
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1608:Mary Rose Tully
1593:Mothers' rights
1578:La Leche League
1553:Human milk bank
1490:
1484:
1430:Inverted nipple
1420:Low milk supply
1397:
1391:
1382:Mammary alveoli
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1119:Tomalin, Claire
1111:
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994:(11 May 1998).
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385:puerperal fever
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333:wildlife trader
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260:Aix-en-Provence
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114:Capitoline Wolf
86:
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12:
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5:
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1774:Infant feeding
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1583:Lactation room
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1387:Mammary lobule
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1267:Breast anatomy
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1240:and immunology
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524:Ensminger 1995
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31:breastfeeding
28:
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1701:Other topics
1603:Amy Spangler
1475:Prolactinoma
1272:Breast crawl
1191:
1169:
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1017:The Guardian
1016:
1004:the original
999:
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881:Radbill 1976
876:
869:Radbill 1976
864:
853:. Retrieved
849:
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833:Tomalin 2004
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771:Radbill 1976
752:Radbill 1976
747:
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696:
680:Valenze 2011
667:, p. 2.
660:
653:Radbill 1976
629:
600:. Retrieved
577:
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1682:Nursing bra
1672:Breast pump
1489:Culture and
1445:Nipple bleb
1312:Latching on
1277:Breast milk
710:Burton 2007
440:Pima people
357:Ainu people
349:Lamb of God
236:goats' milk
76:The Jewish
1758:Categories
1598:Pat Shelly
1172:. Aldine.
944:References
855:2020-10-15
785:Anthropoid
722:Routh 1860
325:Indonesian
321:Frank Buck
252:foundlings
157:Al-Andaluz
150:Lysimachus
67:wet nurses
59:Terracotta
35:wet nurses
1654:Wet nurse
1634:Midwifery
1588:Lactivism
1396:Disorders
1367:Lactation
1362:Colostrum
1352:Prolactin
1297:Galactose
602:2 January
490:Tori Amos
467:colostrum
432:peccaries
377:Göttingen
329:orangutan
317:bear bile
190:lionesses
1764:Babycare
1440:Mastitis
1342:Oxytocin
1168:(eds.).
1143:(2011).
1121:(2004).
1027:(2008).
1025:Omm Sety
820:43207125
420:opossums
390:placenta
309:Itelmens
276:Brittany
211:Khoikhoi
134:Heracles
130:Telephus
122:Amalthea
39:syphilis
1713:Weaning
1491:support
1327:Lactose
454:in the
444:Arizona
428:agoutis
416:monkeys
311:of the
272:Wicklow
231:mercury
142:Croesus
138:Cyrus I
63:Sumeria
1372:Nipple
1262:Breast
1252:Areola
1176:
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787:: 435.
593:
412:Guyana
355:, the
268:Dublin
146:Xerxes
78:Talmud
1629:Doula
1622:Roles
500:Notes
424:pacas
353:Japan
126:nymph
1332:Milk
1174:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1000:TIME
978:ISBN
957:ISBN
816:OCLC
806:ISBN
604:2018
591:ISBN
494:PETA
436:deer
434:and
148:and
118:Zeus
583:doi
488:by
442:of
258:in
45:in
1760::
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585::
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