1580:
811:
673:—the latter, as Manat, was also popular in Mecca. On the basis of such slender evidence, it has been suggested that Hubal "may actually have been a Nabataean". There are also inscriptions in which the word Hubal appears to be part of personal names, translatable as "Son of Hubal" or "made by Hubal".
579:, where it was worshipped as one of the chief deities of the tribe. The date for Amr is disputed, with dates as late as the end of the fourth century AD suggested, but what is quite sure is that the Quraysh later became the protectors of the ancient holy place, supplanting the Khuza'a.
711:
assert that he was "a god of rain and a warrior god. Towards the end of the pre-Islamic era he emerged as an intertribal warrior god worshipped by the
Quraysh and the allied tribes of the Kinana and Tihama." The view that he was a warrior rain god is repeated by David Adams Leeming.
767:
Conversely, since monotheism does not mean the worship of the same one God, many, including evangelicals, have invoked Hubal by claiming that the worship of Allah as proclaimed by
Muhammad was not a restoration of Abrahamic monotheism, but an adaptation of the worship of Hubal.
731:
Islamists have invoked the figure of Hubal in the ideological struggles of the post-Cold War era. In Islam, Hubal has been used as a symbol of modern forms of "idol worship". According to Adnan A. Musallam, this can be traced to one of the founders of radical
Islamism,
701:(the planet Venus) envisaged as their son. More recent scholars have rejected this view, partly because it is speculation but also because they believe a Nabataean origin would have made the context of South Arabian beliefs irrelevant.
551:
pearl". Al-Azraqi also relates that it "had a vault for the sacrifice" and that the offering consisted of a hundred camels. Both authors speak of seven arrows, placed before the image, which were cast for
1249:
744:
called
America the modern Hubal. He referred to allies of America as "hypocrites" who "all stood behind the head of global unbelief, the Hubal of the modern age, America and its supporters".
697:, a view that was repeated by other scholars. This was derived from Ditlef Nielsen's theory that South Arabian mythology was based on a trinity of Moon-father, Sun-mother and the
507:, meaning "he is Baal". The relationship between Hubal and Baal is supported by some additional evidence, including that both were depicted with a missing or broken right hand.
609:, leader of the Quraysh army, is said to have called on Hubal for support to gain victory in their next battle, saying "Show your superiority, Hubal". When Muhammad conquered
455:
before the statue. The direction in which the arrows pointed answered questions asked of the idol. The specific powers and identity attributed to Hubal are equally unclear.
719:(2001) accepts the Nabataean origins of the god, but says there is little evidence of Hubal's mythological role, but that it is possible that he was closely linked to
527:, the sanctuary was dedicated to Hubal, who was worshipped as the greatest of the 360 idols the Kaaba contained, which probably represented the days of the year.
629:, and had combined it with that of Hubal, the idol of the Khuza'a. According to Al-Azraqi, the image was brought to Mecca "from the land of Hit in Mesopotamia" (
539:
describes the image as shaped like a human, with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand. According to Ibn Al-Kalbi, the image was made of red
792:
stated, "The struggle is whether Hubal, the Moon God of Mecca, known as Allah, is supreme, or whether the Judeo-Christian
Jehovah God of the Bible is Supreme."
398:
1256:
681:
The paucity of evidence concerning Hubal makes it difficult to characterise his role or identity in pagan
Arabian mythologies. The 19th century scholar
1014:
799:
sees these claims as an extension of longstanding
Christian evangelical beliefs that Islam is "pagan" and that Muhammad was an impostor and deceiver.
590:
vowing to sacrifice one of his ten children. He consulted the arrows of Hubal to find out which child he should choose. The arrows pointed to his son
784:"Allah Had No Son" and "The Little Bride", and has been widely circulated in evangelical and anti-Islamic literature in the United States. In 1996,
1333:
621:
There may be some foundation of truth in the story that Amr travelled in Syria and had brought back from there the cults of the goddesses
266:
776:
revives Hugo
Winckler's identification of Hubal as a moon god, and claims that worship of Allah evolved from that of Hubal, thus making
613:
in 630, he broke the statue of Hubal, along with the other 360 images at the Kaaba, and dedicated the structure to the
Abrahamic God.
476:
in 624 AD. After
Muhammad entered Mecca in 630, he destroyed the statue of Hubal from the Kaaba along with the idols of all the other
391:
954:
595:
1098:
Hugo Winckler, Arabisch, Semitisch, Orientalisch: Kulturgeschichtlich-Mythologische Untersuchung, 1901, W. Peiser: Berlin, p. 83.
641:
to an Aramaic word for spirit, suggests that the worship of Hubal was imported to Mecca from the north of Arabia, possibly from
723:
in some way. The one surviving inscription concerns a religious injunction to placate Hubal and others for violating a tomb.
384:
1846:
96:
1083:
1901:
89:
905:
1326:
594:, the future father of Muhammad. However, he was saved when 100 camels were sacrificed in his place. According to
1829:
1611:
1405:
1400:
477:
1896:
1616:
591:
795:
These views about Hubal as Allah have been called propaganda by Muslims, and dismissed by Islamic scholars.
1724:
1599:
949:
1626:
1319:
1000:
1579:
760:'s election to the presidency. The analogy may have been passed on to Bin Laden by one of his teachers,
151:
1646:
897:
1298:
171:
1621:
1987:
1639:
824:
777:
20:
1111:, 1968, op. cit., pp. 102-103; T. Fahd, "Une Pratique Cléromantique A La Kaʿba Preislamique",
1982:
1967:
1689:
1684:
1440:
769:
889:
649:. Hubal may have been the combination of Hu, meaning "spirit" or "god", and the Moabite god
1798:
1365:
1226:, Centre For Muslim-Christian Understanding, Georgetown University Occasional Papers, p. 8.
761:
708:
560:
326:
8:
1808:
890:
606:
530:
740:, seen as creating "idols" based on un-Islamic Western and Marxist ideologies. In 2001,
1342:
497:
428:
306:
875:
Female Divinity in the Qur'an In Conversation with the Bible and the Ancient Near East
1977:
1972:
1793:
1509:
1455:
901:
749:
682:
466:
1803:
1774:
1679:
1674:
1594:
1560:
1524:
1460:
1445:
1165:
1015:'Koranisches Göttermanagement III: Hubal – „alles eitel und ein Haschen nach Wind“?
788:
asserted that Muslims worship a moon god in syndicated radio broadcasts. In 2003
598:, Abdul Mutallib later also brought the infant Muhammad himself before the image.
1838:
1669:
1390:
1087:
844:
741:
634:
572:
524:
416:
313:
216:
211:
206:
1856:
1734:
834:
236:
1921:
1786:
1544:
1357:
796:
785:
602:
587:
473:
1961:
1879:
1634:
1195:
From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism
1080:
789:
704:
568:
535:
459:
176:
141:
1906:
1415:
816:
757:
693:. Hugo Winckler in the early twentieth century speculated that Hubal was a
201:
191:
186:
1916:
781:
733:
694:
646:
116:
1946:
1759:
1712:
1534:
1519:
553:
448:
444:
333:
301:
231:
251:
1911:
1764:
1694:
1529:
1504:
1311:
661:"vanity". Outside South Arabia, Hubal's name appears just once, in a
564:
548:
544:
452:
293:
226:
84:
969:
The Life Of Muhammad: A Translation Of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah
1926:
1729:
1717:
1707:
1604:
1565:
1539:
1435:
1423:
1180:
756:) in describing America during his November 2008 message following
745:
662:
583:
469:
368:
350:
246:
221:
1871:
839:
670:
626:
181:
72:
1861:
1781:
1769:
1702:
1450:
1395:
1197:, Praeger. 2005. Pp. xiii, 261. Reviewed by Bruce B. Lawrence in
720:
666:
622:
501:
432:
288:
281:
276:
156:
146:
131:
126:
111:
106:
1213:. Newport, Pennsylvania: Research and Education Foundation, 1994
1139:
Jealous gods and chosen people: the mythology of the Middle East
1851:
1813:
1754:
1514:
1488:
1478:
1428:
1375:
1370:
829:
737:
363:
345:
161:
121:
62:
630:
1483:
1470:
1385:
698:
686:
610:
576:
540:
520:
516:
463:
440:
436:
424:
256:
196:
136:
44:
1164:
Michael Burleigh (November 7, 2005). "A murderous message".
1380:
690:
650:
642:
493:
358:
337:
241:
1296:
1250:"Arab and Muslim Stereotyping in American Popular Culture"
665:
inscription; there Hubal is mentioned along with the gods
559:
According to Ibn Al-Kalbi, the image was first set up by
321:
1299:"Hubal in the Worship of Pre-Islamic Arab Consciousness"
1224:
Arab and Muslim Stereotyping in American Popular Culture
1152:
Messages to the world: the statements of Osama Bin Laden
1109:
Le Panthéon De L'Arabie Centrale A La Veille De L'Hégire
1211:
The moon-god Allah in the archeology of the Middle East
1179:"Transcript: English translation of Zawahiri message".
653:
meaning "master" or "lord" or as a rendition of Syriac
736:, who used the label to attack secular rulers such as
1237:
The folly of war: American foreign policy, 1898–2005
1054:, 1961, translated by Anne Carter, 1971, pp. 38-49.
863:
Hommel, First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 1. p. 380
806:
547:, an early Islamic commentator, described it as of "
1079:Wellhausen, 1926, p. 717, quoted in translation by
462:. Hubal's devotees fought against followers of the
1959:
1297:Mohd Elfie Nieshaem Juferi (December 29, 2006).
1281:Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans After 9/11
1163:
685:suggested that Hubal was regarded as the son of
500:. In particular, the name could derive from the
887:
447:was a human figure believed to control acts of
556:, in cases of death, virginity, and marriage.
519:, where an image of him was worshipped at the
1327:
774:Moon-god in the Archeology of the Middle East
392:
1068:The religion of the Nabataeans: a conspectus
971:, 2004 (18th Impression), op. cit., p. 386.
1334:
1320:
399:
385:
872:
601:After defeat by Muhammad's forces at the
492:may be ultimately derivative of the name
458:Access to the idol was controlled by the
881:
267:Arabian deities of other Semitic origins
1141:, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.121.
1062:
1060:
1960:
1341:
1283:, Temple University Press, 2010. p.46.
1037:, vol. II: 198; Jaussen and Savignac,
575:tribe, put an image of Hubal into the
1315:
955:The History of the Prophets and Kings
919:
917:
877:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 21–22.
563:, but another tradition, recorded by
1273:
1057:
896:. Random House Publishing. pp.
676:
582:A tale recorded by Ibn Al-Kalbi has
35:god of divination, the rain, and war
1128:, Volume 1, Macmillan, 1987, p.365.
616:
515:Hubal most prominently appeared at
420:
13:
914:
780:too. This view is repeated in the
90:Religions of the ancient Near East
14:
1999:
1290:
925:Muhammad and the origins of Islam
510:
1578:
809:
1242:
1229:
1216:
1204:
1187:
1172:
1157:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1101:
1092:
1073:
1044:
1039:Mission Archéologique en Arabie
1028:
1007:
992:
726:
983:
974:
961:
943:
930:
866:
857:
717:The Religion of the Nabataeans
1:
1126:The Encyclopedia of religion
1115:, 1958, op. cit., pp. 75-76.
950:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
483:
7:
1035:Corpus Inscriptiones Semit.
927:, SUNY Press, 1994, p. 109.
802:
97:Pre-Islamic Arabian deities
10:
2004:
1199:American Historical Review
1070:, BRILL, 2001, pp.127-132.
54:Gold-handed figure, arrows
18:
1939:
1889:
1837:
1828:
1747:
1662:
1655:
1647:Ancient South Arabian art
1587:
1576:
1553:
1497:
1469:
1414:
1356:
1349:
1201:, Vol 3, no 3, June 2006.
938:Muhammad The Holy Prophet
873:El-Badawi, Emran (2024).
451:, which was performed by
68:
58:
50:
40:
33:
28:
888:Karen Armstrong (2002).
850:
752:, repeated the phrase (
637:, who relates the name
16:Pre-Islamic Arabian god
1640:Nabataean architecture
1239:, Algora, 2005, p.347.
989:Maxime Rodinson, 1961.
892:Islam: A Short History
825:Allah as a lunar deity
411:In Arabian mythology,
21:Hubal (disambiguation)
1725:Ancient South Arabian
1690:Ancient North Arabian
1685:South Semitic scripts
1154:, Verso, 2005, p.105.
1150:Bruce Lawrence (ed),
1137:David Adams Leeming,
936:Hafiz Ghulam Sarwar,
1183:. November 19, 2008.
1024:, 2018, pp. 293-297.
1001:History of the Arabs
748:'s then number two,
561:Khuzayma ibn Mudrika
19:For other uses, see
1940:Islamic perspective
1588:Society and culture
1235:Donald E. Schmidt,
1193:Adnan A. Musallam,
1041:, I (1907) p. 169f.
923:Francis E. Peters,
689:and the brother of
607:Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
531:Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi
1631:Nabataean culture
1343:Pre-Islamic Arabia
1086:2005-02-16 at the
778:Allah a "moon god"
715:John F. Healey in
571:, a leader of the
498:Canaanite pantheon
429:pre-Islamic Arabia
1955:
1954:
1935:
1934:
1824:
1823:
1794:Old South Arabian
1574:
1573:
1510:Achaemenid Arabia
1222:Jack G. Shaheen,
1050:Maxime Rodinson,
750:Ayman al-Zawahiri
683:Julius Wellhausen
677:Mythological role
633:in modern Iraq).
478:polytheistic gods
431:, notably by the
409:
408:
78:
77:
41:Major cult center
1995:
1835:
1834:
1775:Nabataean Arabic
1680:Nabataean script
1675:Aramaic alphabet
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1271:
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1255:. Archived from
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1166:Evening Standard
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1004:1937, p. 96-101.
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980:Armstrong, p. 23
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669:(ذو الشراة) and
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845:Sin (mythology)
815:
810:
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742:Osama bin Laden
729:
679:
635:Philip K. Hitti
619:
586:'s grandfather
525:Karen Armstrong
523:. According to
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172:Isāf and Nā'ila
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569:Amr ibn Luhayy
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1262:on 2012-03-24
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907:0-8129-6618-X
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790:Pat Robertson
787:
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772:'s 1994 book
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754:hubal al-'asr
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536:Book of Idols
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27:
22:
1983:Rain deities
1968:Arabian gods
1907:Samaritanism
1902:Christianity
1878:
1866:
1498:North Arabia
1416:South Arabia
1401:Beth Qatraye
1302:. Retrieved
1280:
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1257:the original
1244:
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1016:
1013:R.M. Kerr, '
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945:
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932:
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891:
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874:
868:
859:
817:Islam portal
794:
782:Chick tracts
773:
770:Robert Morey
766:
758:Barack Obama
753:
730:
727:Modern usage
716:
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699:evening star
680:
658:
654:
638:
620:
600:
581:
558:
534:
529:
514:
504:
489:
487:
457:
443:. The god's
412:
410:
341:(NW Semitic)
212:Shams, Samas
166:
83:Part of the
1917:Manichaeism
1799:Ḥaḍramautic
1350:Settlements
1279:Lori Peek,
1081:Hans Krause
734:Sayyid Qutb
695:lunar deity
647:Mesopotamia
472:during the
372:(Palmyrene)
354:(Palmyrene)
317:(Palmyrene)
85:myth series
1962:Categories
1947:Jahiliyyah
1839:Polytheism
1809:Qatabanian
1760:Old Arabic
1713:Taymanitic
1535:Ghassanids
1304:2024-02-21
1266:2012-01-02
1022:imprimatur
554:divination
543:, whereas
449:divination
359:Nabū, Nebo
302:Baalshamin
232:Theandrios
1912:Mandaeism
1765:Dadanitic
1748:Languages
1695:Dadanitic
1656:Languages
1441:Ḥaḍramawt
1168:(London).
1107:T. Fahd,
663:Nabataean
592:Abd-Allah
565:Ibn Ishaq
549:cornelian
545:Al-Azraqi
496:from the
488:The name
484:Etymology
307:Canaanite
294:Atargatis
282:Palmyrene
1978:War gods
1973:Nabataea
1927:Buddhism
1857:Al-‘Uzzá
1830:Religion
1730:Hasaitic
1718:Thamudic
1708:Safaitic
1699:Dumaitic
1612:Marriage
1600:Calendar
1566:Al-Magar
1540:Salīḥids
1520:Nabataea
1181:Fox News
1113:Semitica
1084:Archived
1052:Mohammed
958:, 1:157.
835:Al-'Uzzá
803:See also
746:Al Qaeda
671:Manawatu
657:/Hebrew
584:Muhammad
470:Muhammad
423:) was a
369:Yarhibol
351:Malakbel
297:(Syrian)
237:al-‘Uzzá
1897:Judaism
1862:Dushara
1847:Deities
1814:Sabaean
1804:Minaean
1782:Aramaic
1770:Hismaic
1703:Hismaic
1663:Scripts
1617:Slavery
1489:Yathrib
1451:Qatabān
1396:Parthia
1391:Lakhmid
998:Hitti,
940:(1969).
721:Dushara
667:Dushara
655:habbǝlā
573:Khuza'a
502:Aramaic
467:prophet
464:Islamic
435:at the
433:Quraysh
289:Astarte
277:Aglibol
252:Yaghūth
157:Dushara
147:Basamum
132:Almaqah
127:Al-Qaum
69:Consort
1852:Al-Lat
1755:Arabic
1622:Poetry
1595:Tribes
1530:Tanukh
1515:Lihyan
1479:Thamud
1456:Himyar
1429:Kahlan
1376:Gerrha
1371:Dilmun
904:
830:Al-Lat
738:Nasser
687:al-Lāt
623:ʻUzzāʼ
596:Tabari
505:hu bel
417:Arabic
364:Nergal
227:Ta'lab
162:Haukim
142:ʿAṯtar
122:Al-Lat
63:Arabia
59:Region
51:Symbol
1872:Manāt
1867:Hubal
1735:Geʽez
1627:Women
1605:Nasi'
1561:Kinda
1525:Hatra
1505:Qedar
1484:Mecca
1471:Hejaz
1461:Aksum
1446:Awsān
1436:Maʿīn
1386:Tylos
1366:Magan
1260:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
851:Notes
840:Manāt
659:heḇel
639:Hubal
627:Manāt
611:Mecca
577:Kaaba
541:agate
521:Kaaba
517:Mecca
490:Hubal
441:Mecca
437:Kaaba
421:هُبَل
413:Hubal
327:Egypt
257:Yatha
247:Ya'uq
222:Suwa'
197:Quzah
182:Manāt
177:Manaf
167:Hubal
137:Anbay
117:Abgal
73:Manāt
45:Mecca
29:Hubal
1424:Saba
1381:Awal
902:ISBN
707:and
691:Wadd
651:Baal
643:Moab
625:and
494:Baal
445:idol
338:Ilah
242:Wadd
207:Sa'd
202:Ruda
192:Nuha
187:Nasr
112:A'ra
107:'Amm
645:or
631:Hīt
533:'s
439:in
425:god
322:Bes
314:Bēl
217:Syn
1964::
1059:^
1020:,
952:,
916:^
900:.
898:11
764:.
605:,
480:.
419::
336:/
334:Ēl
87:on
1335:e
1328:t
1321:v
1307:.
1269:.
910:.
415:(
400:e
393:t
386:v
329:)
325:(
305:(
284:)
280:(
23:.
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