209:, and misdirected blame for Israel's arms sales to the Somoza regime. By the time Somoza fell, the Jewish population had already declined to around 50 individuals. The synagogue in Managua was later seized by the Sandinistas and converted into a government youth center, which was described as being an elite social club for the children of high ranking Sandinista officials. As more Jews fled the country, additional properties of Jewish emigrants were seized in accordance with the relevant law.
396:
221:, made an effort to persuade the American people that not only were the Sandinistas anti-Semitic, but that the Nicaraguan government had launched a general assault on the freedom of Catholics, Evangelicals, Miskito Indians, Jews, and other groups. While instances of the Sandinista government restricting the activities of Catholics, Evangelicals, and Miskito Indians are well documented, whether the Sandinistas were antisemitic is a matter of dispute. The
234:, as well as an investigation by US Nicaraguan embassy staff, all found that the Sandinistas did not have a policy of anti-semitism, and or that they did not persecute individual Nicaraguan Jews solely because they were Jewish. These reports were disputed by Nicaraguan Jewish exiles, most of whom had not been interviewed, and who corroborated Reagan's charge of anti-Semitism, citing several instances of intimidation, harassment, and arbitrary arrest.
1658:
382:
158:. Among the many Nicaraguan-Jewish families that ran successful businesses were the Salomon and Dreyfus families, which both operated well-known department stores in Managua during the first half of the 20th century, and the Gorn family, which both operated and still runs Radio Centro, the biggest electronics store in Nicaragua.
121:. Besides Conversos, one of the first Jewish families to immigrate to Nicaragua were the Oppenheimers, who were originally from France. Nestor Oppenheimer was married to Camila (Camille) Winston Lazard, and they registered the birth of a son, Rene Salomon Oppenheimer, on July 22, 1911 in the capital city of
282:
The Jewish population in 2012 was estimated at around 50 people. That same year, 14 Nicaraguans converted to
Judaism, most of whom were the children and grandchildren of Jewish men who married non-Jewish Nicaraguan women. Another 14 Nicaraguans converted in 2015. In 2017, there was a mass conversion
262:
lost the 1990 presidential election, Jews started returning to
Nicaragua. The Jewish community had its first bris in over 25 years when twins Jacob and Jonathan Gould, sons of Dr. Keith and Kathy Gould, had their bris performed by Rabbi Trager who flew in from Philadelphia in December 2004. After
161:
Given the small size of the community, many of the Jewish immigrants went on to marry non-Jews, giving rise to
Nicaraguan families of partial Jewish ancestry. Despite this, many if not most Nicaraguan Jews were still committed to maintaining Jewish life. The Congregacion Israelita de Nicaragua was
204:
The
Sandinistas were perceived as being hostile to the country's Jewish community. This hostility was attributed to a number of factors, including the economic status of Nicaraguan Jews, the opposition of many members of the community to the Sandinista's political platform, the support of some
184:
was thrown at the
Managua synagogue, igniting its wooden doors. When the worshipers emerged from the building they were confronted by a carload of armed men who they recognized as Sandinistas. Mauricio Palacio, a former leftist rebel who became a refugee in the United States after having grown
129:
after 1929, and they formed the bulk of country's Jewish community during the 20th century. While the majority of these immigrants came to
Nicaragua in pursuit of economic opportunities, many of them were either refugees from or survivors of
201:, thousands of wealthy and middle-class Nicaraguans fled the country, concerned about their future under the incoming socialist regime. The Sandinistas later passed a law empowering the government to seize the property of those who left.
250:, minister of tourism in the 1980s and later mayor of Managua; and his brother Israel Lewites, a Sandinista leader. The Lewites brothers were sons of a Jewish immigrant from Poland and a Nicaraguan mother who raised them in Catholicism.
2052:
1927:
2047:
125:. Other families included Dreyfus, Levy, Raskosky, and Salomon. Another notable family who appears to be of Sephardi Jew descent is the Rios-Montiel and Morales family of Juigalpa. More Jews immigrated to Nicaragua from
1977:
2027:
225:
supported the Reagan administration's charge of anti-semitism. However, investigations by various groups that were opposed to the Reagan administration's policies in
Central America, including the progressive
1917:
1827:
1982:
1922:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1862:
882:
1967:
1877:
1842:
1646:
360:
635:
366:
338:
2022:
731:
283:
of 114 Nicaraguans to
Judaism, and 22 Jewish weddings were performed by rabbis from Israel and the US. Many of the 2017 converts trace their ancestry to
142:
The majority of
Nicaraguan Jews lived in Managua, and made significant contributions to Nicaragua's economic development while dedicating themselves to
1639:
344:
296:
287:. Kulanu, a New York-based nonprofit group that supports communities around the world seeking to learn about Judaism, facilitated the conversions.
242:
While none of the
Sandinistas identified with Judaism or the Jewish community, there were prominent Sandinistas of Jewish descent. Among them were
2078:
931:
354:
1867:
1806:
326:
167:
1624:
1632:
185:
disillusioned with the Sandinistas, gave a signed statement confessing to his part in the 1978 arson attack against the Managua synagogue.
1932:
1424:
1118:
2017:
595:
1937:
1509:
1272:
985:
441:
2088:
2073:
1350:
2037:
1172:
1026:
177:
hit Managua and destroyed 90% of the city, prompting many Nicaraguans to emigrate. In 1975 there were 200 Jews in Nicaragua.
162:
the central Jewish organization until 1979. The community maintained a synagogue and social center in Managua, as well as a
2032:
1190:
1182:
414:
110:
1195:
2042:
1592:
1489:
1162:
1131:
2083:
2012:
1872:
1832:
1323:
1157:
1852:
1799:
1365:
832:
206:
1987:
856:
173:
It has been estimated that the number of Jews in Nicaragua reached a peak of 250 in 1972. However, that same year a
1882:
1662:
1222:
682:
263:
that, there was another bris for the Najman family and then some bar mitzvahs. There is a synagogue in the city of
1957:
1892:
1837:
1745:
1674:
1434:
1419:
1247:
1227:
1972:
1897:
1313:
1267:
1111:
1006:
1912:
1902:
1847:
1654:
1557:
1458:
1429:
1414:
1345:
1152:
1962:
1887:
1792:
1562:
1552:
1335:
1257:
1237:
664:
1857:
1262:
1252:
1217:
1058:
Pataky (1975). "Llegaron los que no estaban invitados: la sombra de Sandino ", Editorial Pereira, Managua
419:
348:
939:
501:
1599:
1479:
1401:
1303:
1104:
761:
525:
409:
320:
231:
174:
217:
Beginning in 1983, the Reagan administration, which was trying to increase domestic support for the
1532:
1391:
1328:
1298:
198:
732:"ADL Reports That Nicaragua's Jewish Community Has Been Forced into Exile by Sandinist Government"
1547:
1474:
1340:
1318:
1086:
97:
of Jewish ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to Nicaragua. They are part of the ethnic
1760:
1494:
1484:
1444:
1360:
1308:
1205:
222:
616:
1537:
1504:
1355:
1286:
194:
1406:
449:
1585:
1519:
1439:
1396:
1379:
1139:
470:
906:
8:
1730:
1499:
1090:
990:
716:
118:
579:
Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
243:
1784:
1608:
1542:
1527:
1242:
1232:
1032:
781:
205:
members of the community for the Somoza family, the Sandinista's relationship with the
163:
1750:
1147:
1036:
1022:
828:
785:
227:
1774:
1740:
1725:
1613:
1014:
777:
773:
401:
302:
264:
181:
86:
48:
1018:
550:
1082:
1076:
822:
271:
after 28 years. On the following day, the Torah was used for the first time in a
98:
1687:
1682:
1167:
387:
351:
under Somoza and Minister of Public Credit and Finance upon military retirement
310:
126:
1087:
The Death of Ben Linder: The Story of a North American in Sandinista Nicaragua
2067:
1735:
1177:
332:
259:
247:
147:
131:
824:
Nicaragua, the Price of Intervention: Reagan's Wars Against the Sandinistas
306:
932:"The Jews of Nicaragua: Three brises mark a growing and vibrant community"
683:"Address to the Nation on the Situation in Nicaragua | Ronald Reagan"
1702:
1697:
1692:
276:
961:
574:
347:, Police Chief of Managua, Chief of Military Intelligence, Chief of the
314:
1666:
1127:
1096:
711:
284:
180:
In 1978, during street warfare between Somozistas and Sandinistas, a
114:
94:
526:"Persecution and restrictions of religion in Nicaragua - transcript"
1709:
617:"Shows Small Nicaraguan Jewish Community Mistreated by Sandinistas"
151:
1185:
218:
143:
122:
70:
44:
1049:
Pataky (1957). "Nicaragua desconocida ", Ed.l Universal, Managua
986:"Tiny Nicaragua Jewish community doubles in size as 114 convert"
272:
193:
During and after the warfare and civil unrest of the 1978-1979
155:
268:
109:
It is likely that Jews first arrived in Nicaragua during the
246:, minister of education and later ambassador to the U.S.;
1814:
1073:
Israeli Foreign Policy: South Africa and Central America
267:. On December 16, 2007, Nicaraguan Jews welcomed a new
689:
502:"World Jewish Communities - Latin America - Nicaragua"
1007:"Displaced Minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito People"
762:"Playing the 'Anti-Semitism' Card Against Venezuela"
377:
962:"Nicaraguan Jews celebrate first Torah in 28 years"
634:Parry, Robert; Kornbluh, Peter (4 September 1988).
760:Wingerter, Eric; Delacour, Justin (31 May 2016).
759:
627:
551:"Deadly history of earthquakes: 23 December 1972"
363:, Sandinista leader and martyr of the revolution.
2065:
237:
1163:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)
1800:
1640:
1112:
907:"2001 International Religious Freedom Report"
827:. Institute for Policy Studies. p. 174.
799:
633:
596:"Sandinista Anti-Semitism and Its Apologists"
442:"International Religious Freedom Report 2005"
814:
753:
848:
1807:
1793:
1647:
1633:
1119:
1105:
738:
168:Women's International Zionist Organization
883:"Herty Lewites, 66, Ex-Sandinista, Dies"
820:
658:
656:
636:"Reagan's Pro-Contra Propaganda Machine"
590:
588:
197:, which culminated in the overthrow of
2079:History of the Jews in Central America
2066:
1126:
880:
857:"Among Jews of Nicaragua, Much Debate"
854:
805:
611:
609:
253:
1815:History of the Jews in North America
1788:
1628:
1100:
653:
496:
494:
1173:United States occupation (1912–1933)
1004:
665:"The Sandinista War on Human Rights"
585:
415:History of the Jews in Latin America
212:
188:
111:Spanish colonization of the Americas
39:Regions with significant populations
606:
13:
1011:The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity
959:
899:
744:
712:"Nicaragua : A country study"
695:
491:
434:
290:
14:
2100:
929:
341:, merchant/business owner/realtor
207:Palestine Liberation Organization
1928:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1656:
855:Berger, Joseph (20 April 1986).
394:
380:
299:, medical doctor and politician.
137:
1065:
1052:
1043:
998:
978:
953:
923:
874:
724:
704:
675:
575:"Jewish Community of Nicaragua"
530:US Department of State Bulletin
1196:Post-Sandinista period (1990–)
881:Kinzer, Stephen (2006-07-04).
778:10.1080/10714839.2009.11725471
567:
543:
518:
463:
1:
2089:Jews and Judaism in Nicaragua
2074:History of Nicaragua by topic
1191:Sandinista period (1979–1990)
1019:10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_117
662:
427:
238:Sandinistas of Jewish Descent
2053:United States Virgin Islands
766:NACLA Report on the Americas
7:
1510:Water supply and sanitation
420:List of Latin American Jews
373:
279:of a local Nicaraguan Jew.
10:
2105:
104:
2084:Jewish history by country
2028:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1946:
1820:
1771:
1718:
1673:
1579:
1518:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1387:
1378:
1294:
1285:
1213:
1204:
1178:Somoza Family (1936–1979)
1138:
410:Demographics of Nicaragua
313:, after whom the town of
232:American Jewish Committee
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
38:
33:
28:
2048:Turks and Caicos Islands
1299:Administrative divisions
1158:Mexican rule (1822–1823)
1005:Cwik, Christian (2019).
821:Kornbluh, Peter (1987).
446:U.S. Department of State
361:Israel Lewites RodrĂguez
339:Francisca Batres Mayorga
199:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
808:The Death of Ben Linder
669:The Heritage Foundation
357:, journalist and author
335:, Nicaraguan politician
113:, as part of a wave of
1978:British Virgin Islands
1663:Ancestry and ethnicity
1013:. pp. 1593–1609.
747:Israeli Foreign Policy
698:Israeli Foreign Policy
223:Anti-Defamation League
175:devastating earthquake
90:
1918:Saint Kitts and Nevis
911:U.S. State Department
506:World Jewish Congress
195:Sandinista Revolution
1366:Territorial disputes
602:. September 1, 1986.
1933:Trinidad and Tobago
1828:Antigua and Barbuda
1091:Seven Stories Press
991:The Times of Israel
717:Library of Congress
600:Commentary Magazine
254:1990 to the present
119:Spanish Inquisition
25:
1868:Dominican Republic
1435:Telecommunications
936:Jewish Independent
367:Luis "Lou" Ramirez
91:JudĂo NicaragĂĽense
79:Jewish Nicaraguans
60:Spanish and Hebrew
23:JudĂo NicaragĂĽense
19:
2061:
2060:
1950:other territories
1782:
1781:
1622:
1621:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1453:
1452:
1374:
1373:
1351:Political parties
1346:National Assembly
1314:Foreign relations
1281:
1280:
1028:978-981-13-2897-8
532:. 1984. p. 2
228:New Jewish Agenda
213:Media Controversy
189:Sandinista Period
170:(WIZO) chapter.
76:
75:
24:
20:Jewish Nicaraguan
2096:
2018:Saint Barthélemy
1948:Dependencies and
1821:Sovereign states
1809:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1661:
1660:
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1649:
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1626:
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1602:
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1558:National symbols
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1415:Economic history
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1385:
1384:
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1291:
1211:
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1153:Spanish conquest
1121:
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1098:
1097:
1083:Kruckewitt, Joan
1059:
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1040:
1002:
996:
995:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
938:. Archived from
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
903:
897:
896:
894:
893:
878:
872:
871:
869:
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734:. 20 March 2015.
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471:"Winston Gaston"
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457:
448:. Archived from
438:
404:
402:Nicaragua portal
399:
398:
397:
390:
385:
384:
383:
369:, celebrity chef
303:Abraham Blauvelt
265:San Juan del Sur
244:Carlos TĂĽnnerman
182:Molotov cocktail
49:San Juan del Sur
29:Total population
26:
22:
18:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:
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2095:
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2093:
2064:
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1951:
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1778:
1767:
1714:
1669:
1657:
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1653:
1623:
1618:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1567:
1563:Public holidays
1514:
1449:
1425:Nicaragua Canal
1408:
1370:
1336:Law enforcement
1277:
1273:Water resources
1258:Protected areas
1200:
1134:
1125:
1077:South End Press
1068:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1029:
1003:
999:
984:
983:
979:
970:
968:
960:Harris, Brian.
958:
954:
945:
943:
928:
924:
915:
913:
905:
904:
900:
891:
889:
879:
875:
865:
863:
853:
849:
839:
837:
835:
819:
815:
804:
800:
790:
788:
758:
754:
743:
739:
730:
729:
725:
710:
709:
705:
694:
690:
681:
680:
676:
661:
654:
644:
642:
640:Washington Post
632:
628:
615:
614:
607:
594:
593:
586:
573:
572:
568:
559:
557:
549:
548:
544:
535:
533:
524:
523:
519:
510:
508:
500:
499:
492:
482:
480:
473:
469:
468:
464:
455:
453:
440:
439:
435:
430:
400:
395:
393:
386:
381:
379:
376:
345:Gustavo Montiel
297:William Abdalah
293:
291:Notable persons
256:
240:
215:
191:
140:
107:
99:Jewish diaspora
83:Nicaraguan Jews
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Sint Eustatius
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Cayman Islands
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
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1952:
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1940:
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1930:
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1748:
1738:
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1719:Non-Indigenous
1716:
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1430:Stock Exchange
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1253:Municipalities
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1218:Climate change
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1168:Mosquito Coast
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1136:
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1116:
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1101:
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1094:
1080:
1071:Hunter, Jane,
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1027:
997:
977:
952:
930:Gould, Keith.
922:
898:
887:New York Times
873:
861:New York Times
847:
833:
813:
798:
752:
749:. p. 171.
737:
723:
703:
700:. p. 170.
688:
674:
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605:
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388:Judaism portal
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349:National Guard
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318:
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2023:Saint Martin
1907:
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1600:Bibliography
1480:Demographics
1402:Central Bank
1341:Armed Forces
1324:Human rights
1304:Constitution
1072:
1066:Bibliography
1054:
1045:
1010:
1000:
989:
980:
969:. Retrieved
966:JewishReview
965:
955:
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
935:
925:
914:. Retrieved
910:
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890:. Retrieved
886:
876:
864:. Retrieved
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838:. Retrieved
823:
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806:Kruckewitt.
801:
789:. Retrieved
772:(5): 49–52.
769:
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691:
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663:L, Melanie.
643:. Retrieved
639:
629:
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599:
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569:
558:. Retrieved
554:
545:
534:. Retrieved
529:
520:
509:. Retrieved
505:
481:. Retrieved
477:
465:
454:. Retrieved
450:the original
445:
436:
329:, physician.
281:
257:
241:
216:
203:
192:
179:
172:
166:lodge and a
164:B'nai B'rith
160:
141:
117:fleeing the
108:
82:
78:
77:
34:~50 families
16:Ethnic group
2013:Puerto Rico
1923:Saint Lucia
1873:El Salvador
1761:Palestinian
1703:Awas Tingni
1392:Agriculture
1329:LGBT rights
1223:Earthquakes
1183:Sandinistas
327:Keith Gould
277:bar mitzvah
95:Nicaraguans
2068:Categories
2008:Montserrat
2003:Martinique
1998:Guadeloupe
1853:Costa Rica
1675:Indigenous
1548:Mass media
1538:Literature
1475:Corruption
1409:(currency)
1319:Government
1228:Ecoregions
1186:v. Contras
971:2008-01-14
946:2007-08-30
916:2007-08-30
892:2007-08-30
866:7 December
840:8 December
791:8 December
645:8 December
560:2007-08-19
536:2007-08-30
511:2007-08-30
478:crt-ii.org
456:2007-08-30
428:References
323:, composer
315:Bluefields
1993:Greenland
1908:Nicaragua
1883:Guatemala
1667:Nicaragua
1495:Languages
1485:Education
1445:Transport
1361:President
1309:Elections
1268:Volcanoes
1248:Mountains
1206:Geography
1128:Nicaragua
1037:239122464
786:157079721
317:was named
285:Conversos
115:Conversos
55:Languages
1958:Anguilla
1893:Honduras
1863:Dominica
1838:Barbados
1710:Garifuna
1609:Category
1505:Religion
1407:CĂłrdoba
1356:Politics
1287:Politics
1132:articles
745:Hunter.
696:Hunter.
555:BBC News
374:See also
152:textiles
65:Religion
1988:Curaçao
1973:Bonaire
1968:Bermuda
1898:Jamaica
1878:Grenada
1833:Bahamas
1746:English
1731:Chinese
1726:African
1688:Nicarao
1683:Miskito
1586:Outline
1553:Museums
1528:Cuisine
1520:Culture
1459:Society
1440:Tourism
1397:Banking
1380:Economy
1238:Islands
1148:Nicarao
1140:History
1093:, 1999.
1079:, 1987.
621:AP NEWS
219:Contras
144:farming
123:Managua
105:History
87:Spanish
71:Judaism
45:Managua
1913:Panama
1903:Mexico
1848:Canada
1843:Belize
1775:Portal
1756:Jewish
1751:German
1614:Portal
1500:Health
1420:Energy
1263:Rivers
1130:
1035:
1025:
831:
784:
273:minyan
258:After
230:, the
156:retail
154:, and
93:) are
1963:Aruba
1888:Haiti
1741:White
1593:Index
1543:Music
1243:Lakes
1233:Fauna
1033:S2CID
782:S2CID
483:8 May
474:(PDF)
307:Dutch
275:at a
269:Torah
2033:Saba
1858:Cuba
1736:Roma
1698:Sumo
1693:Rama
1533:Film
1023:ISBN
868:2020
842:2020
829:ISBN
793:2020
647:2020
485:2023
305:, a
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