185:
19:
215:
608:
199:
301:. With industrialisation these sources of fuel were replaced with coal, which could deliver significantly more energy than the alternatives. Much of the new technology that accompanied the industrial revolution was for machines which could be powered by coal. One outcome of this was an increase in the overall amount of energy consumed within the economy, a trend which has continued in all industrialised nations to the present-day.
367:
319:, enabling the industrialisation process to continue to evolve. The industrialisation process formed a class of industrial workers who had more money to spend than their agricultural cousins. They spent this on items such as tobacco and sugar, creating new mass markets that stimulated more investment as merchants sought to exploit them.
670:
In the case of South Korea, the largest of the four Asian tigers, a very fast-paced industrialisation took place as it quickly moved away from the manufacturing of value-added goods in the 1950s and 60s into the more advanced steel, shipbuilding and automotive industry in the 1970s and 80s, focusing
357:
While these arguments still find some favour with historians of the colonies, most historians of the
British Industrial Revolution do not consider that colonial possessions formed a significant role in the country's industrialisation. Whilst not denying that Britain could profit from these
297:. The new machines helped to improve the productivity of each worker. However, industrialisation also involved the exploitation of new forms of energy. In the pre-industrial economy, most machinery was powered by human muscle, by animals, by wood-burning or by
345:
in a subaltern position, emulating the countryside, which demands manufactured goods and offers raw materials, while the colonial power stressed its urban posture, providing goods and importing food. A classical example of this mechanism is said to be the
350:, which involved England, southern United States and western Africa. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British
170:
in manufacturing processes first started with the
Industrial Revolution in the north-west and Midlands of England in the 18th century. It spread to Europe and North America in the 19th century.
689:
China and India, while roughly following this development pattern, made adaptations in line with their own histories and cultures, their major size and importance in the world, and the
232:
The United
Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the UK experienced a massive increase in agricultural productivity known as the
775:
Chang, Ha-Joon "Bad
Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism" (New York: Random House, 2008), p. 229 quoting "A Plan for the English Commerce, p. 95
400:
forced Japan to open the ports of
Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade, the Japanese government realised that drastic reforms were necessary to stave off Western influence. The
333:
Some economic historians argue that the possession of so-called 'exploitation colonies' eased the accumulation of capital to the countries that possessed them, speeding up their
466:
industrialised moderately during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and then experienced economic booms after the Second World War, caused by a healthy integration of the
151:
on the importation of finished woolen goods, imposing high taxes on raw wool exports leaving
England, bringing in artisans skilled in wool textile manufacturing from the
548:
member nations were projected to earn a net amount of $ 1.251 trillion in 2008 from their oil exports. Because oil is both important and expensive, regions that had big
766:
Akrigg, B. (2019). Population and
Economy in Classical Athens (Cambridge Classical Studies). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139225250, page 95
678:
This starting model was afterwards successfully copied in other larger
Eastern and Southern Asian countries. The success of this phenomenon led to a huge wave of
719:
Both China and India have also started to make significant investments in other developing countries, making them significant players in today's world economy.
655:(Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan), thanks to the existence of stable governments and well structured societies, strategic locations, heavy foreign
797:
516:. However, all those experiences failed bitterly due to a lack of realism: most countries did not have a pre-industrial bourgeoisie able to carry on a
408:. The government instituted military reforms to modernise the Japanese army and also constructed the base for industrialisation. In the 1870s, the
73:, had trade and commerce as significant factors, so native Greeks could enjoy wealth far beyond a sustenance standard of living through the use of
960:
630:
420:
921:
81:
were frequent in most pre-industrial societies, although some, such as the
Netherlands and England of the 17th and 18th centuries, the
686:
corporations choosing to move their activities to countries where the workforce was less expensive and less collectively organised.
322:
The mechanisation of production spread to the countries surrounding
England geographically in Europe such as France and to British
945:
904:
1006:
683:
159:
rights in geographic areas of England deemed suitable for textile industrial production, and granting government-sponsored
584:
572:
579:
is comparable to those of western nations, but where no industrialisation has started. Apart from two little countries (
251:
farming, the increased population could not be dedicated to agriculture. New agricultural techniques allowed a single
844:
541:
285:
British industrialisation involved significant changes in the way that work was performed. The process of creating a
112:
nearly 70% of its grain supply; and in the 5th century BC Athens imported three-quarters of its total food supply.
651:. One of the fastest rates of industrialisation occurred in the late 20th century across four places known as the
588:
286:
233:
801:
727:
716:, exceeding its needs, with the goal of creating several specialisation poles able to conquer foreign markets.
116:
58:, among that the majority of the population were focused on producing their means of survival. For example, in
55:
525:
484:
A similar state-led developing programme was pursued in virtually all the Third World countries during the
412:
government vigorously promoted technological and industrial development that eventually changed Japan to a
156:
1011:
644:
976:
957:
671:
on the high-tech and service industry in the 1990s and 2000s. As a result, South Korea became a major
626:
358:
arrangements, they believe that industrialisation would have proceeded with or without the colonies.
634:
463:
459:
753:
image: located in the lobby of the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM (
556:
incomes. However, this was rarely followed by economic development. Experience shows that local
389:
The Industrial Revolution spread southwards and eastwards from its origins in Northwest Europe.
709:
672:
393:
140:
289:
was divided into simple tasks, each one of them being gradually mechanised in order to boost
241:
179:
35:
925:
279:
611:
592:
529:
334:
240:, freeing a significant percentage of the workforce from farming, and helping to drive the
160:
136:
8:
323:
305:
82:
784:
701:
580:
493:
431:
decided to invest a big part of its resources to enhance its industrial production and
351:
264:
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901:
847:
Robin Blackburn, BBC British History. Published: 18 December 2006 Accessed April 2008
750:
652:
576:
467:
237:
101:
43:
23:
988:
713:
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397:
347:
326:, helping to make those areas the wealthiest, and shaping what is now known as the
207:
191:
70:
964:
908:
723:
428:
342:
730:, the phenomenon is not entirely new nor totally speculative (for instance see:
697:
647:
in the late 19th century, a different pattern of industrialisation followed in
638:
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497:
452:
451:
framework, followed the same developing scheme, albeit with a less emphasis on
432:
413:
383:
132:
90:
1000:
705:
664:
596:
327:
248:
152:
144:
247:
Due to the limited amount of arable land and the overwhelming efficiency of
184:
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Queer transitions in contemporary Spanish culture: from Franco to la movida
549:
424:
409:
290:
120:
97:
94:
27:
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513:
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than previously; however, these techniques also increased the demand for
105:
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Meanwhile, India's government is investing in economic sectors such as
679:
656:
607:
517:
436:
309:
298:
268:
167:
62:
Europe, as much as 80% of the labour force was employed in subsistence
540:
Oil-rich countries saw similar failures in their economic choices. An
911:
Learning Curve website, The UK National Archives. Accessed April 2008
660:
648:
553:
509:
489:
405:
401:
86:
54:
Most pre-industrial economies had standards of living not much above
375:
354:
between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment.
485:
440:
379:
316:
219:
824:
787:
by Steven Kreis. Last Revised 11 October 2006. Accessed April 2008
100:
were able to escape the famine cycle through increasing trade and
448:
366:
313:
271:
260:
252:
128:
74:
198:
754:
505:
338:
294:
282:
workers to increase their output and meet the country's needs.
256:
203:
148:
109:
78:
619:
557:
361:
108:. It is estimated that during the 17th century, Netherlands
545:
500:
period. The primary scope of those projects was to achieve
124:
31:
508:
goods, the mechanisation of agriculture and the spread of
192:
Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations
143:, implemented policies that today would be described as
564:
obtained through oil export, and currency is wasted in
979:, Behzad Shahandeh, The Korea Times, 31 October 2007
958:
OPEC to earn $ 1.251 trillion from oil exports - EIA
889:
A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution
790:
922:"BOOM E MIRACOLO ITALIANO ANNI '50-60 (CRONOLOGIA)"
902:
Joseph Stalin and the industrialisation of the USSR
785:
The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England
419:In a similar way, Russia which suffered during the
173:
382:) - an example of a delayed industrialisation in
123:describes how England developed from being a raw
998:
202:Early industrialisation in Germany, the city of
267:, which had traditionally been provided by the
163:to develop the early English textile industry.
127:producer to the manufacture of finished woolen
435:to assure its survival, thus becoming a world
317:conception and application of new technologies
631:Technological and industrial history of China
535:
218:Aplerbecker Hütte, an industrialised area of
602:
421:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
115:In his 1728 work on the economy of England,
504:through the local production of previously
520:development or even a stable and peaceful
362:Early industrialisation in other countries
85:of the 15th century, the medieval Islamic
871:
856:
606:
365:
213:
197:
183:
17:
886:
69:Some pre-industrial economies, such as
42:This article delineates the history of
999:
693:ambitions of their governments, etc..
726:being artificially influenced by the
528:toward western countries and fuelled
571:This is particularly evident in the
458:Southern European countries such as
822:
659:, a low cost skilled and motivated
38:in the United Kingdom and the world
13:
473:
14:
1023:
845:Enslavement and industrialisation
524:. Those aborted experiences left
236:, which enabled an unprecedented
337:. The consequence was that the
274:. Artisans, collectively called
982:
970:
951:
939:
914:
895:
880:
825:"Patterns of Industrialisation"
712:, and technologically oriented
447:countries, organised under the
234:British Agricultural Revolution
174:Industrial Revolution in Europe
865:
850:
838:
816:
778:
769:
760:
744:
728:oil price increases since 2003
117:A Plan of the English Commerce
1:
989:Background Note: Saudi Arabia
977:Understanding New Middle East
876:. Princeton University Press.
737:
682:– i.e., Western factories or
595:, and no replacement for the
560:were unable to re-invest the
223:
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1007:Late modern economic history
597:upcoming end of oil reserves
429:centrally controlled economy
7:
593:diversified their economies
157:government-granted monopoly
10:
1028:
872:Pomeranz, Kenneth (2000).
624:
536:Petrol-producing countries
477:
177:
166:Industrialisation through
667:, and low custom duties.
627:Japanese economic miracle
603:Industrialisation in Asia
643:Apart from Japan, where
635:Miracle on the Han River
492:ones, but especially in
147:, such as imposing high
948:, By Gema Pérez-Sánchez
857:Williams, Eric (1965).
798:"Industrial Revolution"
645:industrialisation began
887:Griffin, Emma (2010).
859:Capitalism and Slavery
622:
394:Convention of Kanagawa
386:
229:
211:
195:
39:
610:
369:
242:Industrial Revolution
217:
206:in 1870. Painting by
201:
187:
180:Industrial Revolution
155:, awarding selective
135:monarchs, especially
36:Industrial Revolution
30:fuelled primarily by
21:
874:The Great Divergence
612:Durgapur Steel Plant
585:United Arab Emirates
396:issued by Commodore
370:The textile factory
341:integrated a bigger
304:The accumulation of
161:industrial espionage
137:Henry VII of England
131:. Defoe writes that
589:Persian Gulf states
573:Persian Gulf states
544:report stated that
106:agricultural sector
83:Italian city-states
34:that propelled the
963:2010-03-22 at the
907:2008-05-17 at the
702:nuclear technology
623:
494:Sub-Saharan Africa
402:Tokugawa shogunate
387:
293:and thus increase
230:
212:
196:
189:The Crystal Palace
89:, and the ancient
40:
1012:Industrialisation
751:Watt steam engine
577:per capita income
530:public corruption
374:built in 1891 in
278:, employed rural
238:population growth
102:commercialisation
44:industrialisation
24:Watt steam engine
1019:
991:
986:
980:
974:
968:
955:
949:
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937:
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933:
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893:
892:
884:
878:
877:
869:
863:
862:
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836:
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820:
814:
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809:
804:on 27 April 2008
800:. Archived from
794:
788:
782:
776:
773:
767:
764:
758:
748:
714:higher education
663:, a competitive
502:self-sufficiency
488:, including the
468:European economy
416:modern country.
398:Matthew C. Perry
348:triangular trade
324:settler colonies
228:
225:
208:August von Wille
71:classical Athens
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1016:
997:
996:
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987:
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965:Wayback Machine
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909:Wayback Machine
900:
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885:
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870:
866:
855:
851:
843:
839:
829:
827:
823:Griffin, Emma.
821:
817:
807:
805:
796:
795:
791:
783:
779:
774:
770:
765:
761:
749:
745:
740:
684:Tertiary Sector
641:
625:Main articles:
605:
550:reserves of oil
538:
482:
476:
474:The Third World
433:infrastructures
364:
343:economic system
339:subject country
226:
182:
176:
52:
12:
11:
5:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1009:
993:
992:
981:
969:
950:
938:
913:
894:
879:
864:
849:
837:
815:
789:
777:
768:
759:
742:
741:
739:
736:
698:bioengineering
673:economic power
639:Taiwan Miracle
604:
601:
599:is envisaged.
537:
534:
498:decolonisation
478:Main article:
475:
472:
453:heavy industry
404:abolished the
384:Central Europe
363:
360:
194:, London, 1851
178:Main article:
175:
172:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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1013:
1010:
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1005:
1004:
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942:
928:on 2015-04-02
927:
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903:
898:
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883:
875:
868:
860:
853:
846:
841:
826:
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803:
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793:
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781:
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756:
752:
747:
743:
735:
733:
729:
725:
722:Despite this
720:
717:
715:
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707:
706:pharmaceutics
703:
699:
694:
692:
691:geo-political
687:
685:
681:
676:
674:
668:
666:
665:exchange rate
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
617:
613:
609:
600:
598:
594:
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586:
582:
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574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
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527:
523:
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503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
471:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:. During the
438:
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430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:feudal system
403:
399:
395:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
359:
355:
353:
349:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
328:Western world
325:
320:
318:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
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254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
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221:
216:
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205:
200:
193:
190:
186:
181:
171:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
153:Low Countries
150:
146:
145:protectionist
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:civilisations
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
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930:. Retrieved
926:the original
916:
897:
888:
882:
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867:
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802:the original
792:
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721:
718:
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891:. Palgrave.
732:Maquiladora
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616:West Bengal
614:located in
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480:Third World
445:Warsaw Pact
352:slave trade
335:development
310:investments
299:water-power
276:bourgeoisie
227: 1910
222:, Germany,
141:Elizabeth I
64:agriculture
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1001:Categories
932:2015-03-21
738:References
680:offshoring
526:huge debts
496:after the
437:superpower
392:After the
314:scientific
263:and other
249:mechanised
168:innovation
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554:liquidity
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441:Cold War
414:powerful
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830:9 March
587:), the
581:Bahrain
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79:Famines
75:slavery
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558:elites
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295:income
280:exodus
204:Barmen
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522:state
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460:Spain
410:Meiji
269:urban
133:Tudor
95:Roman
91:Greek
832:2013
810:2008
546:OPEC
512:and
287:good
139:and
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