618:
466:
183:
455:
477:
383:
20:
223:
4673:
832:"In the olden time, when a Knight had distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry, it was the custom to mark his meritorious conduct by prompt advancement on the very field of battle. In such a case, the point or points of the good Knight’s Pennon were rent off, and thus the ... small Flag was reduced to the square form of the Banner, by which thenceforth he was to be distinguished" -
3994:
3486:
500:. The standard was often more versatile than a banner of arms because no one could possess more than one banner, since it displayed a set of unchangeable heraldic arms. A single individual; however, could possess as many standards as they wanted, since this flag displayed badges, which could be created at any time the owner wanted. For example, the
301:. It would take the form of a dragon affixed to a lance with silver jaws and a body of colourful silk. When the wind blew down its open jaws the body would become inflated, similar to a windsock. It would sometimes contain a device to produce a shrill whistle sound, and was used to intimidate enemy troops.
445:
end. It would have been marked with the badge or other armorial ensign of the owner and by displayed upon their lance as a personal ensign. A banner of arms is square or oblong and larger than the pennon, bearing the entire coat of arms of the owner and composed precisely, as upon a shield, but in a
260:, were used to represent each army unit starting around 100 BC. The vexillum was composed of a piece of cloth fastened to a cross bar at the top of a spear, sometimes with fringe around the outside. The only extant Roman vexillum is dated to the first half of the 3rd century AD and is housed in the
649:
Originally, flags representing a country would generally be the personal flag of its rulers; however, over time, the practice of using personal banners as flags of places was abandoned in favour of flags that had some significance to the nation, often its patron saint. Early examples of these were
495:
The heraldic standard appeared around the middle of the 14th century, and it was in general use by personages of high rank during the two following centuries. The standard appears to have been adopted for the special purpose of displaying
418:, with these symbols becoming the means by which knights and later other upper-class individuals became identified. After some time, these heraldic badges came to be emblazoned on flags. To start with, the banners were extensions of the
600:
were using distinct flags for naval identification and by the 16th century
English and Scottish ships were flying flags to show their country of origin, with designs derived from badges worn by their respective soldiers during the
255:
are all known to have used cloth banners to designate parts of their armies, in ancient times, it was the Romans who made the most widespread use of flag like symbols to represent their army. These banners, also known as a
731:
process. Political change, social reform, and revolutions combined with a growing sense of nationhood among ordinary people in the 19th and 20th centuries led to the birth of new nations and flags around the globe.
561:
adopting them. However, about a century into the period the rank and file from different realms began to differentiate themselves by means of variations in the colour of the crosses upon their shoulders. In 1188
4290:
557:, beginning at the end of the 11th century, there were developments of flags. During the first crusade banners were used by kings and nobles in an extensions of the practices in Europe with the addition of some
2868:
739:, at both professional and amateur levels, emerged. After World War II, Western vexillology went through a phase of rapid development, with many research facilities and publications being established.
175:
in the 11th century BC carried a white banner before them, although no extant depictions exist of these banners. An early representation of such
Chinese flags is a low-relief sculpture on the tomb of
570:
decreed the use of a white cross on a red field. These coloured crosses would for some unknown reason be swapped, but remained in use in
England and France as symbols of the kingdoms, in the form of
700:
becoming common across Europe in the 19th century, national flags came to represent most of the states of Europe. Flags also began fostering a sense of unity between different peoples, such as the
2848:
335:, although they would not gain popularity in the latter until the 9th century. flags are often mentioned in the early history of Islam and may have been copied from India. Tradition holds that a
4132:
768:
often had a small scarf attached to it. This was known as the vexillum, and was supposed to be derived from the
Labarum because of its association with the first Christian emperor,
2490:
4451:
2291:
2932:
274:. It frequently bore upon it a representation of the emperor, sometimes by himself and sometimes accompanied by the heads of members of his family. It became associated with
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2843:
727:
significant portions of the world, they exported ideas of nationhood and national symbols, including flags, with the adoption of a flag becoming seen as integral to the
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2213:
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2902:
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2956:
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2853:
2107:
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1427:
592:
Flags have probably been used at sea as a form of communication since the earliest days of trading ships, with some evidence of the practice as far back as the
327:, flags as we know them today began to develop. Flags that comprise cloth attached to an upright pole at one side seem to have first been regularly used by the
4456:
3525:
2863:
1462:
669:. It is notable for being one of the first European flags that broke with the tradition set down in the medieval context of cross flags representing realms.
84:
for rulers and other important people in the
European kingdoms. Flags began to be regularly used on board ships for identification and communication in the
112:
While the exact etymological origin is unknown, the word 'flag' first appears in
English in the late 15th century. Possible origins include a variation of
347:, in the 7th century, and that his followers flew green flags. There is evidence of such standards being used by the grandsons of the Muhammad during the
3925:
2457:
658:
that could be said to have a national flag as early as the 12th century. However, these were still mostly used in the context of marine identification.
2779:
355:
used a variety of different coloured banners to identify themselves and were often drawn from flags supposedly flown by the prophet during his life.
141:("to be flat"). The word first seems to have come into widespread use in the 16th century and soon came to encompass a variety of items, including
3126:
2082:
617:
4368:
4055:
3119:
2365:
3599:
2421:
672:
Although some flags date back earlier, widespread use of flags outside of military or naval context begins only with the rise of idea of the
4382:
4022:
2748:
696:
under a king, and thus necessitated flags that represented the collective citizenry, not just the power and right of a ruling family. With
4191:
2411:
2319:
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1725:
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to set themselves apart from the
Umayyads who they overthrew and as a sign of mourning for the deaths of the prophet's relatives at the
4628:
4341:
3880:
2375:
1506:
4633:
3873:
3545:
3427:
2127:
1991:
1763:
410:. Heraldry, which developed in approximately the second quarter of the 12th century, primarily deals with identification by means of
46:, a signalling device, or for decoration. While the origin of flags is unknown, flag-like symbols have been described as far back as
4601:
4306:
4295:
4048:
2686:
2681:
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2187:
2112:
4327:
3951:
3904:
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3453:
3140:
2738:
2666:
2604:
2102:
1986:
1631:
British flags, their early history, and their development at sea; with an account of the origin of the flag as a national device
282:. These Roman standards were guarded with religious veneration in the temples of the metropolis and chief cities of the empire.
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2676:
2656:
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2239:
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which emerged as a flag of resistance and as a symbol of liberty during the 80 years war which lead to the formation of the
465:
4280:
2708:
2480:
2324:
2077:
4165:
2703:
606:
1737:(August 1999). "National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March-August 1923".
182:
4300:
3932:
3741:
3263:
2892:
2718:
2597:
2529:
2406:
2350:
2023:
1966:
4659:
4375:
4029:
3759:
3726:
3322:
2592:
2562:
2470:
1684:
1593:
1552:
1533:
1492:
632:
605:. Flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag signals; see,
3712:
548:
4214:
3860:
3691:
3421:
2743:
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2249:
97:
4441:
4389:
4262:
4074:
3866:
3766:
2774:
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2277:
2270:
2259:
2097:
382:
214:
on the end of a staff or spear. Another often used symbol was a figure resembling an expanded semi-circular fan.
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3684:
3281:
2539:
2426:
2309:
2137:
1403:
4001:
3493:
3384:
3315:
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2314:
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101:
1604:
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4594:
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3911:
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2385:
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1443:
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and the Cross of St. Denis respectively. Other Realms had similar stories, for example the black and white
476:
134:
1629:
4313:
4140:
3855:
3835:
3475:
3434:
3253:
3051:
2345:
2117:
1563:
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261:
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used the white standards as well as green flags as it was thought to be the prophet's favourite colour.
4638:
4539:
4334:
3965:
3830:
3467:
3352:
3347:
3289:
3274:
3041:
2948:
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2636:
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2552:
2547:
2355:
2284:
2147:
501:
4719:
4709:
4422:
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4320:
4199:
3973:
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3614:
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3197:
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2838:
2713:
2142:
2001:
1838:
1581:
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With so many flags being created, interest in these designs began to develop and the study of flags,
290:
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4519:
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4362:
4275:
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4229:
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1414:
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238:
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2698:
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2495:
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2072:
1883:
571:
127:
4489:
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4244:
4185:
4180:
4170:
4157:
4146:
4111:
3840:
3752:
3705:
3668:
3648:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3399:
3374:
3309:
3258:
3240:
3217:
3202:
3192:
3076:
3071:
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3016:
3011:
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2912:
2897:
2878:
2873:
2858:
2818:
2808:
2624:
2587:
2465:
2370:
1951:
1502:
712:, or began to represent unity between nations in a perceived shared struggle, for example, the
370:
coins from the start of the century and later, in the 11th century, is most likely seen on the
320:
65:
27:
4614:
4524:
4499:
4427:
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4249:
4234:
4095:
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4016:
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3733:
3719:
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3535:
3447:
3394:
3369:
3359:
3299:
3294:
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3227:
3081:
3021:
2927:
2917:
2813:
2557:
1893:
1625:
769:
415:
275:
264:. It is an almost square piece of coarse linen cloth with the image of the goddess Victoria.
19:
171:
to identify different parts of the army. For example, it is recorded that the armies of the
4714:
4514:
4446:
4402:
3983:
3898:
3808:
3746:
3698:
3678:
3663:
3513:
3442:
3364:
3341:
3335:
3268:
3187:
3046:
2981:
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1831:
1423:
566:
decreed that his colours be added to a cross (a red cross on a white field) and soon after
505:
486:
8:
4204:
4118:
4042:
3958:
3774:
3658:
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3404:
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2122:
2056:
2031:
1898:
1672:
1639:
819:
685:
567:
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524:
390:
310:
575:
3530:
3147:
2451:
2234:
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1936:
1750:
1659:
651:
442:
351:
onward which were generally triangular and flown from a vertical flag pole. Subsequent
348:
92:
around the world meant that common people began to regularly identify themselves with
3133:
2046:
1946:
1734:
1699:
1680:
1589:
1548:
1529:
1488:
1399:
813:
806:
798:
782:
713:
681:
677:
655:
597:
344:
176:
1715:
222:
190:
Early representations of standards can be found on
Egyptian bas-reliefs such as the
4354:
2229:
1742:
1651:
662:
624:
621:
366:. Although no complete illustration of this banner exists, it probably appears on
285:
Another Roman standard that was wide spread by the time of the 4th century author
4677:
3570:
2800:
2041:
2036:
1784:
1435:
728:
717:
411:
371:
352:
294:
81:
47:
508:
were mostly green and white (the colours of the Tudor livery) and had in one "a
4704:
3161:
3154:
2208:
2087:
1996:
1976:
1921:
802:
790:
761:
666:
636:
593:
497:
435:
394:
386:
336:
278:
and later
Christianity after he supposedly marched under a labarum bearing the
267:
252:
248:
211:
191:
113:
4698:
4610:
3179:
2299:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1913:
1878:
1746:
1720:
644:
587:
536:
401:
332:
203:
168:
167:
The origin of flags is unknown. Some of the earliest known banners come from
146:
93:
54:
50:
206:
writers attributed the creation of standards to the
Egyptians. According to
2416:
2380:
1971:
1609:
673:
509:
427:
359:
314:
199:
172:
58:
4559:
2475:
1854:
736:
697:
602:
558:
367:
89:
85:
2500:
2304:
2244:
1956:
1804:
786:
701:
532:
1754:
1663:
179:
that shows two horseman bearing banners attached to poles and staffs.
2360:
1981:
1903:
1772:
1471:
724:
676:
at the end of the 18th century and particularly are a product of the
406:
A major stage in the development of flags in the west was the art of
324:
195:
162:
120:
2011:
1888:
1655:
709:
693:
689:
661:
An early example, that prefigured to developments to come, was the
554:
528:
520:
419:
407:
340:
328:
286:
257:
234:
207:
150:
77:
73:
1586:
A Flag Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of National Symbols
864:
4562:(dependent) territories, disputed states and/or former countries.
2006:
1961:
794:
705:
363:
279:
271:
242:
142:
39:
1485:
Symbols of nations and nationalism : celebrating nationhood
927:
765:
431:
298:
126:, "to flicker, flutter, hang loose." These may be derived from
43:
30:(1858), showing a woman attaching a flag to the pole of a spear
1823:
1103:
1101:
639:
soldiers with the national flags of their respective countries
441:
The pennon was a small, elongated flag with either pointed or
1359:
1323:
423:
96:
and their symbols, including flags. In the modern day, every
69:
2197:
1868:
1729:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1714:
1098:
810:
35:
1284:
1236:
1176:
1125:
1113:
999:
854:
852:
76:, to develop flags which flew from poles. Developments in
53:
and have been used by other ancient civilisations such as
987:
939:
426:, but soon became diverse displays of important people's
194:, which is said to be the earliest representation. These
1200:
1188:
1074:
963:
2108:
International Federation of Vexillological Associations
1803:
1777:
International Federation of Vexillological Associations
1476:
International Federation of Vexillological Associations
1428:
International Federation of Vexillological Associations
1260:
1212:
1086:
1023:
975:
870:
849:
210:, Egyptian standards generally consisted of figures of
1347:
1335:
1296:
1248:
1224:
1164:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1062:
1040:
1038:
915:
903:
119:, "to flap, flutter" which may further originate from
1313:
1311:
1050:
881:
879:
4609:
88:. In the 18th century and onwards, a rising tide of
1464:
Flags and emblems of the British Republic 1649-1660
1272:
1137:
1035:
1670:
1308:
1011:
933:
876:
688:called for people to begin think of themselves as
512:;" in another, "a donne kowe;" and in a third, "a
430:. Traditionally, there are several types such as,
1371:
951:
293:or dragon, a symbol originally borrowed from the
4696:
2083:Croatian Heraldic and Vexillological Association
1398:. Great Britain: William Cloves & Sons Ltd.
891:
358:Another 9th century vertical flying flag is the
1523:
1365:
1329:
16:History and development of the concept of flags
1771:. 25th International Congress of Vexillology.
1677:The World Encyclopedia of Flags & Heraldry
1487:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
1470:. 25th International Congress of Vexillology.
1422:. 24th International Congress of Vexillology.
549:History of Christian flags § Crusader era
523:; at Highland gatherings, the standard of the
198:, or flag-like standards, were symbols of the
4595:
2181:
1839:
1565:Flags; some account of their history and uses
596:. As early as the 13th century, the Italian
542:
2133:Southern African Vexillological Association
1696:Flags through the ages and across the world
1650:(1–2). Cambridge University Press: 92–106.
1638:
1393:
1290:
1242:
1206:
1131:
1119:
1080:
993:
969:
858:
4602:
4588:
2188:
2174:
1846:
1832:
1783:
1068:
68:allowed a variety of peoples, such as the
2128:North American Vexillological Association
1741:(164). Oxford University Press: 169–197.
1712:
1642:(November 1942). "Vexillum and Victory".
1561:
1460:
1254:
1194:
1005:
981:
945:
921:
909:
489:heraldic standards from across his reign.
2113:Italian Centre of Vexillological Studies
1580:
1482:
1412:
1341:
1302:
1230:
1107:
1092:
1056:
616:
381:
221:
181:
18:
2103:Great Waters Association of Vexillology
1733:
1547:. Dorling Kindersley Publishing Staff.
1434:
1353:
1182:
1170:
1158:
833:
519:Heraldic standards are still in use in
389:belonging to the mid-sixteenth-century
270:used a banner similar in form called a
226:Modern reproduction of a Roman cavalry
4697:
1624:
1602:
1524:Inglefield, Eric; Mould, Tony (1979).
1317:
1266:
1218:
1029:
422:, which consisted of a flag tied to a
4583:
2169:
1827:
1693:
1542:
1501:
1278:
1146:
1044:
1017:
957:
885:
323:and subsequent propagation along the
2078:Australian National Flag Association
1761:
1448:(11th ed.). Reeves & Turner
1377:
897:
1679:(2007 ed.). Fall River Press.
607:international maritime signal flags
186:Illustration of Egyptian standards.
13:
2195:
1713:Swinburne, Henry Lawrence (1911).
391:Knights of the Order of the Garter
304:
217:
14:
4731:
1765:The Study of Vexillology in China
612:
581:
377:
104:employ flags for identification.
4671:
4291:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2864:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1588:. London: Eliot & Thompson.
1445:The Handbook to English Heraldry
475:
464:
453:
311:Islamic flags § Early Islam
202:of pre-dynastic Egypt. In fact,
80:led to the creation of personal
2098:Genealogical Society of Ireland
1853:
1386:
826:
775:
754:
680:. Revolutions such as those in
578:was also born of the crusades.
4398:Federated States of Micronesia
3134:Australian Antarctic Territory
2138:Spanish Society of Vexillology
1413:Bartlett, Ralph G. C. (2011).
934:Slater & Znamierowski 1997
393:supported by their respective
156:
1:
2366:Border and Coast Guard Forces
1634:. Cambridge University Press.
742:
704:representing a union between
446:square or rectangular shape.
297:some time after the death of
2491:Olympics and the Paralympics
2422:Pilot boat flags and ensigns
1644:The Journal of Roman Studies
1603:Nadler, Ben (14 June 2016).
1483:Elgenius, Gabriella (2019).
1394:Barraclough, E.M.C. (1971).
843:
362:that was used widely by the
107:
64:During the Medieval period,
7:
3148:Chilean Antarctic Territory
3141:British Antarctic Territory
2481:International Organizations
2118:Macedonian Heraldry Society
1809:Online Etymology Dictionary
1605:"Where Do Flags Come From?"
1545:Complete Flags of the World
1543:Jones, Gareth, ed. (2014).
1366:Inglefield & Mould 1979
1330:Inglefield & Mould 1979
871:Online Etymology Dictionary
817:
262:Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
10:
4736:
4126:cities, towns and villages
2148:Ukrainian Heraldry Society
1562:Macgeorge, Andrew (1881).
1511:. Frederick Warne & Co
1440:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles
642:
627:propaganda poster showing
585:
546:
399:
308:
232:
160:
38:is a distinctive piece of
4668:
4647:
4621:
4579:
4575:
4552:
4475:
4353:
4156:
3569:
3178:
3109:
2799:
2792:
2767:
2538:
2519:
2439:
2399:
2333:
2222:
2204:
2165:
2161:
2143:State Council of Heraldry
2065:
2022:
1912:
1861:
576:Cross of Teutonic Knights
543:Flags during the crusades
434:, heraldic standards, or
331:who introduced it to the
2849:Central African Republic
2153:William Crampton Library
1461:Cartledge, John (2013).
797:first major battle. The
747:
239:Roman military standards
4383:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2427:Yacht flags and ensigns
2412:Civil and Merchant Navy
2310:State flags and ensigns
2271:Former sovereign states
2073:Australian Flag Society
1884:Glossary of vexillology
1789:Encyclopedia Britannica
1726:Encyclopædia Britannica
1694:Smith, Whitney (1975).
1503:Hulme, Frederick Edward
319:With the innovation of
4648:National coats of arms
4307:states and territories
4023:autonomous communities
3639:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2361:Air Forces Fin Flashes
2346:Army and Ground Forces
1747:10.1093/past/164.1.169
1626:Perrin, William Gordon
1508:The Flags of the World
785:are said to have used
760:In medieval times the
640:
397:
230:
187:
31:
28:Dante Gabriel Rossetti
4660:Dependent territories
4634:Dependent territories
4281:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4141:Vatican City/Holy See
3027:São Tomé and Príncipe
2869:Republic of the Congo
2471:Dependent territories
2320:Special and fictional
2057:Tinctures in heraldry
822:for more information.
770:Constantine the Great
620:
547:Further information:
385:
309:Further information:
276:Constantine the Great
225:
185:
161:Further information:
102:sub-national entities
22:
4192:lieutenant governors
3546:United Arab Emirates
3127:Argentine Antarctica
2447:Country subdivisions
2278:Formerly independent
1673:Znamierowski, Alfred
1640:Rostovtzeff, Michael
1424:Alexandria, Virginia
820:Flags in early Islam
572:Saint George's Cross
527:is displayed on the
516:and two red roses."
4678:Heraldry portal
4296:Trinidad and Tobago
4166:Antigua and Barbuda
2376:Ministry of Defense
2356:Air Forces Roundels
2123:Nordic Flag Society
1568:. Blackie & Son
1185:, pp. 250–251.
1110:, pp. 116–117.
568:Henry II of England
564:Philip II of France
135:Proto-Indo-European
4215:Dominican Republic
3926:personal standards
3905:naval and maritime
2230:African derivative
2093:Flags of the World
1762:Xing, Fei (2013).
1739:Past & Present
1735:Virmani, Arundhati
1396:Flags of the World
836:, pp. 247–248
652:maritime republics
641:
598:maritime republics
398:
349:Rashidun Caliphate
231:
188:
32:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4548:
4547:
2893:Equatorial Guinea
2788:
2787:
2775:Non-quadrilateral
2435:
2434:
1705:978-0-07-059093-9
1671:Slater, Stephen;
1269:, pp. 26–29.
1221:, pp. 17–18.
1032:, pp. 10–11.
1008:, pp. 24–25.
948:, pp. 13–14.
814:Fatimid Caliphate
807:Battle of Karbala
799:Abbasid Caliphate
783:Umayyad Caliphate
714:Pan-Slavic colors
678:Age of Revolution
353:Islamic dynasties
345:Conquest of Mecca
177:Emperor Wu of Han
24:Before the Battle
4727:
4720:History of flags
4710:Cultural history
4676:
4675:
4674:
4655:Sovereign states
4629:Sovereign states
4604:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4442:Papua New Guinea
4413:Marshall Islands
4376:Christmas Island
4105:Northern Ireland
3952:federal subjects
3727:Pays de la Loire
3454:federal subjects
3435:coastwise emblem
2797:
2796:
2536:
2535:
2331:
2330:
2265:Historical flags
2255:Date of Adoption
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
1874:History of flags
1848:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1780:
1770:
1758:
1730:
1718:
1709:
1690:
1667:
1635:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1599:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1539:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1498:
1479:
1469:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1436:Boutell, Charles
1431:
1421:
1409:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1291:Barraclough 1971
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1243:Barraclough 1971
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1207:Barraclough 1971
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1132:Barraclough 1971
1129:
1123:
1120:Barraclough 1971
1117:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1081:Barraclough 1971
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
994:Rostovtzeff 1942
991:
985:
979:
973:
970:Barraclough 1971
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
874:
868:
862:
859:Barraclough 1971
856:
837:
830:
824:
823:
779:
773:
758:
667:United Provinces
625:Second World War
514:silver greyhound
510:red firye dragon
479:
468:
457:
82:heraldic banners
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4680:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4643:
4617:
4608:
4563:
4544:
4471:
4452:Solomon Islands
4369:state governors
4349:
4152:
3889:North Macedonia
3867:royal standards
3609:Austria-Hungary
3565:
3174:
3169:Ross Dependency
3162:Queen Maud Land
3105:
2784:
2763:
2630:Saints' crosses
2568:British ensigns
2523:
2515:
2431:
2400:Mobile civilian
2395:
2334:Mobile military
2329:
2218:
2200:
2194:
2157:
2061:
2018:
1914:Design features
1908:
1857:
1852:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1794:
1792:
1768:
1706:
1687:
1615:
1613:
1596:
1571:
1569:
1555:
1536:
1514:
1512:
1495:
1467:
1451:
1449:
1419:
1406:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:, pp. 7–8.
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1138:
1134:, pp. 5–6.
1130:
1126:
1122:, pp. 3–4.
1118:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1069:Britannica 2022
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
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952:
944:
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932:
928:
920:
916:
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904:
896:
892:
884:
877:
869:
865:
857:
850:
846:
841:
840:
831:
827:
780:
776:
759:
755:
750:
745:
729:nation-building
718:Pan-Arab colors
647:
615:
590:
584:
551:
545:
493:
492:
491:
490:
482:
481:
480:
471:
470:
469:
460:
459:
458:
436:banners of arms
404:
395:heraldic beasts
387:Banners of arms
380:
372:Bayeux Tapestry
317:
307:
305:Medieval period
245:
233:Main articles:
220:
218:Roman standards
165:
159:
110:
98:national entity
66:silk from China
48:11th century BC
17:
12:
11:
5:
4733:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4690:
4689:
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4682:
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4666:
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4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4622:National flags
4619:
4618:
4611:National flags
4607:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
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4438:
4437:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:Norfolk Island
4386:
4379:
4372:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:municipalities
4259:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
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4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:British Empire
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4083:United Kingdom
4080:
4079:
4078:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:municipalities
4052:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:municipalities
3929:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:municipalities
3877:
3870:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:municipalities
3763:
3756:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Czech Republic
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:municipalities
3319:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3155:Peter I Island
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2625:Saints banners
2622:
2617:
2615:Cross of Trier
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2598:by combination
2595:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2440:Other entities
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2262:
2260:Heads of state
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2214:Reference list
2211:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Flag Institute
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Southern cross
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:British ensign
1918:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1801:
1791:. Aug 24, 2022
1781:
1759:
1731:
1721:Chisholm, Hugh
1710:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1668:
1656:10.2307/296463
1636:
1622:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1559:
1553:
1540:
1534:
1521:
1499:
1493:
1480:
1458:
1432:
1416:Unity in Flags
1410:
1404:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1356:, p. 169.
1346:
1334:
1322:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1255:Cartledge 2013
1247:
1245:, p. 247.
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1197:, p. 456.
1195:Swinburne 1911
1187:
1175:
1173:, p. 247.
1163:
1161:, p. 246.
1151:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1097:
1095:, p. 117.
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1034:
1022:
1010:
1006:Macgeorge 1881
998:
986:
982:Macgeorge 1881
974:
962:
950:
946:Macgeorge 1881
938:
926:
922:Macgeorge 1881
914:
910:Macgeorge 1881
902:
890:
875:
863:
847:
845:
842:
839:
838:
834:Boutell (1914)
825:
803:Black Standard
791:Battle of Badr
789:to honour the
774:
762:pastoral staff
752:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
692:as opposed to
643:Main article:
614:
613:National flags
611:
594:Ancient Greeks
586:Main article:
583:
582:Maritime flags
580:
544:
541:
484:
483:
474:
473:
472:
463:
462:
461:
452:
451:
450:
449:
448:
443:swallow-tailed
400:Main article:
379:
378:Heraldic flags
376:
306:
303:
268:Roman emperors
219:
216:
212:sacred animals
192:Narmer Palette
158:
155:
128:Proto-Germanic
114:Middle English
109:
106:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4732:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4679:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4615:coats of arms
4612:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4561:
4560:non-sovereign
4557:
4551:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
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4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4477:South America
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
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4431:
4430:
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4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:United States
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
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4252:
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4246:
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4241:
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4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4158:North America
4155:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Liechtenstein
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3734:French Empire
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:Île-de-France
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Guinea-Bissau
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Naval ensigns
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:State-related
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:Organizations
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2024:Color schemes
2021:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Heraldic flag
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Canadian pale
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Vexillography
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1686:9781435118386
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1595:9781783963034
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:Marshall, Tim
1579:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1554:9781409353713
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1535:9780706356526
1531:
1528:. Ward Lock.
1527:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1494:9781349590476
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1379:
1374:
1368:, p. 50.
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1344:, p. 31.
1343:
1342:Bartlett 2011
1338:
1332:, p. 48.
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1305:, p. 35.
1304:
1303:Elgenius 2019
1299:
1292:
1287:
1281:, p. 86.
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1233:, p. 31.
1232:
1231:Elgenius 2019
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1149:, p. 11.
1148:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1108:Marshall 2017
1104:
1102:
1094:
1093:Marshall 2017
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1057:Marshall 2017
1053:
1047:, p. 61.
1046:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
996:, p. 92.
995:
990:
984:, p. 24.
983:
978:
971:
966:
959:
954:
947:
942:
936:, p. 13.
935:
930:
924:, p. 13.
923:
918:
912:, p. 14.
911:
906:
899:
894:
888:, p. 10.
887:
882:
880:
872:
867:
860:
855:
853:
848:
835:
829:
821:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
778:
771:
767:
763:
757:
753:
740:
738:
733:
730:
726:
723:As Europeans
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
663:Prince's Flag
659:
657:
653:
646:
645:National flag
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
619:
610:
608:
604:
599:
595:
589:
588:Maritime flag
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
550:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
488:
478:
467:
456:
447:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
402:Heraldic flag
396:
392:
388:
384:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:was flown by
338:
334:
333:Western world
330:
326:
322:
321:silk in China
316:
312:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
254:
250:
247:While China,
244:
240:
236:
229:
224:
215:
213:
209:
205:
204:ancient Greek
201:
197:
193:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:ancient China
164:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
105:
103:
99:
95:
94:nation-states
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
21:
4555:
4432:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4340:
4333:
4328:armed forces
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4261:
4254:
4190:
4145:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4094:
4087:
4073:
4054:
4047:
4028:
4021:
4007:
4000:
3995:Soviet Union
3993:
3966:Russian Navy
3964:
3957:
3950:
3931:
3924:
3912:voivodeships
3910:
3903:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3813:
3799:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3629:
3607:
3598:
3541:Turkmenistan
3518:
3499:
3492:
3487:Soviet Union
3485:
3476:Saudi Arabia
3468:Russian Navy
3466:
3459:
3452:
3433:
3426:
3414:
3340:
3321:
3314:
3282:armed forces
3280:
3273:
3239:
3232:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3096:
3052:South Africa
3042:Sierra Leone
2947:
2885:Governorates
2883:
2829:Burkina Faso
2662:Inscriptions
2652:Geographical
2553:Astronomical
2486:Micronations
2456:
2417:Civil ensign
2341:Armed Forces
2325:Unrecognized
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
1972:Spanish fess
1947:Nordic cross
1873:
1862:Basic topics
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1793:. Retrieved
1788:
1764:
1738:
1724:
1716:"Flag"
1698:. New York.
1695:
1676:
1647:
1643:
1630:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:The Atlantic
1608:
1585:
1570:. Retrieved
1564:
1544:
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1507:
1484:
1463:
1450:. Retrieved
1444:
1415:
1395:
1387:Bibliography
1380:, p. 2.
1373:
1361:
1354:Virmani 1999
1349:
1337:
1325:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1257:, p. 2.
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1209:, p. 7.
1202:
1190:
1183:Boutell 1914
1178:
1171:Boutell 1914
1166:
1159:Boutell 1914
1154:
1127:
1115:
1088:
1083:, p. 3.
1076:
1064:
1059:, p. 5.
1052:
1025:
1020:, p. 3.
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
972:, p. 2.
965:
960:, p. 2.
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
900:, p. 1.
893:
866:
861:, p. 1.
828:
777:
756:
734:
722:
674:nation state
671:
660:
648:
591:
552:
518:
494:
440:
405:
368:Northumbrian
360:raven banner
357:
318:
315:Raven banner
284:
266:
246:
227:
189:
173:Zhou dynasty
166:
153:and others.
138:
130:
123:
116:
111:
63:
33:
23:
4715:Art history
4423:New Zealand
4335:Puerto Rico
4286:Saint Lucia
4220:El Salvador
4043:Switzerland
4009:Soviet Navy
3861:Netherlands
3501:Soviet Navy
3422:Philippines
3353:South Korea
3348:North Korea
3316:prefectures
3188:Afghanistan
3120:Adélie Land
3057:South Sudan
2938:Ivory Coast
2780:Proportions
2540:By elements
2501:Pride flags
2391:Police Flag
2235:Arab states
2209:Master list
2052:Pan-Iranian
2032:Pan-African
1855:Vexillology
1814:26 November
1616:24 November
1572:22 November
1515:22 November
1452:23 November
1318:Nadler 2016
1267:Perrin 1922
1219:Perrin 1922
1030:Perrin 1922
737:vexillology
698:nationalism
603:Middle Ages
559:holy orders
553:During the
525:clan chiefs
487:Henry VII's
343:during the
157:Proto-Flags
90:nationalism
86:Age of Sail
4699:Categories
4200:Costa Rica
4147:Yugoslavia
3974:San Marino
3856:Montenegro
3836:Luxembourg
3809:Kazakhstan
3615:Azerbaijan
3551:Uzbekistan
3526:Tajikistan
3365:Kyrgyzstan
3336:Kazakhstan
3254:East Timor
3208:Bangladesh
3198:Azerbaijan
3111:Antarctica
3037:Seychelles
3002:Mozambique
2987:Mauritania
2972:Madagascar
2918:The Gambia
2844:Cape Verde
2793:By nations
2754:Watercraft
2386:Naval Jack
2351:Air Forces
2305:State flag
2245:Civil flag
2047:Pan-Slavic
1992:Historical
1957:Pride flag
1405:0723213380
1279:Smith 1975
1147:Jones 2014
1045:Smith 1975
1018:Hulme 1896
958:Hulme 1896
886:Jones 2014
787:white flag
743:References
702:Union Jack
533:Pipe major
414:placed on
337:black flag
196:vexilloids
42:used as a
4558:indicate
4554:Names in
4540:Venezuela
4485:Argentina
4363:Australia
4271:Nicaragua
4230:Guatemala
4030:provinces
4002:republics
3874:provinces
3831:Lithuania
3760:districts
3720:Occitanie
3509:Sri Lanka
3494:republics
3481:Singapore
3428:provinces
3416:Palestine
3290:Indonesia
3234:Hong Kong
2992:Mauritius
2749:Two-sided
2739:Triangles
2719:Quartered
2605:Crescents
2593:by number
2573:Buildings
2521:By design
2511:Religious
2506:Proposals
2496:Political
2407:Civil air
2315:Sovereign
2240:Christian
2196:Lists of
1982:Tricolour
1904:Vexilloid
1795:26 August
1773:Rotterdam
1472:Rotterdam
1378:Xing 2013
898:Xing 2013
844:Citations
795:Muhamad's
725:colonised
716:or later
506:Henry VII
502:standards
485:Three of
325:Silk Road
295:Parthians
163:Vexilloid
151:gonfalons
121:Old Norse
108:Etymology
100:and many
4639:Timeline
4530:Suriname
4520:Paraguay
4505:Colombia
4408:Kiribati
4240:Honduras
4210:Dominica
4176:Barbados
4112:Scotland
4096:Cornwall
3989:Slovenia
3984:Slovakia
3920:Portugal
3699:Brittany
3692:communes
3644:Bulgaria
3631:Brussels
3531:Thailand
3410:Pakistan
3390:Mongolia
3385:Maldives
3380:Malaysia
3223:Cambodia
3098:Rhodesia
3092:Zimbabwe
3067:Tanzania
2949:counties
2908:Ethiopia
2903:Eswatini
2874:Djibouti
2839:Cameroon
2824:Botswana
2768:By shape
2744:Tribands
2704:Nautical
2657:Headgear
2642:Diamonds
2526:National
2466:Cultural
2458:Capitals
2371:Maritime
2285:Timeline
2037:Pan-Arab
2012:Vexillum
1987:Military
1952:Portugal
1899:Tincture
1889:Heraldry
1675:(1997).
1628:(1922).
1584:(2017).
1505:(1896).
1438:(1914).
710:Scotland
694:subjects
690:citizens
654:such as
629:American
555:Crusades
521:Scotland
420:gonfanon
408:heraldry
341:Muhammad
329:Saracens
289:was the
287:Vegetius
258:vexillum
235:Vexillum
228:vexillum
208:Diodorus
133:and the
78:heraldry
72:and the
4556:italics
4535:Uruguay
4510:Ecuador
4490:Bolivia
4467:Vanuatu
4355:Oceania
4314:ensigns
4245:Jamaica
4225:Grenada
4171:Bahamas
4089:England
4075:oblasts
4069:Ukraine
4049:cantons
3941:Romania
3846:Moldova
3801:regions
3790:Ireland
3785:Iceland
3780:Hungary
3747:Germany
3742:Georgia
3706:Corsica
3685:regions
3674:Finland
3669:Estonia
3664:Denmark
3649:Croatia
3625:Belgium
3620:Belarus
3594:Austria
3589:Armenia
3584:Andorra
3579:Albania
3556:Vietnam
3395:Myanmar
3375:Lebanon
3264:Georgia
3203:Bahrain
3193:Armenia
3077:Tunisia
3047:Somalia
3032:Senegal
3017:Nigeria
3007:Namibia
2997:Morocco
2962:Liberia
2957:Lesotho
2898:Eritrea
2859:Comoros
2834:Burundi
2809:Algeria
2759:Weapons
2687:Spanish
2682:Russian
2672:English
2637:Devices
2610:Crosses
2583:Circles
2563:Borders
2558:Bicolor
2548:Animals
2530:Gallery
2300:Islamic
2292:By year
2250:Country
2007:Labarum
1977:Triband
1962:Saltire
1937:Chevron
1723:(ed.).
1442:(ed.).
801:used a
764:of the
706:England
686:America
637:British
633:Chinese
622:Chinese
535:of the
531:of the
432:pennons
416:shields
412:devices
364:Vikings
280:Chi Rho
272:labarum
243:Labarum
147:ensigns
143:banners
117:flakken
4515:Guyana
4495:Brazil
4462:Tuvalu
4434:states
4276:Panama
4256:states
4250:Mexico
4186:Canada
4181:Belize
4064:Turkey
4038:Sweden
3979:Serbia
3946:Russia
3899:Poland
3894:Norway
3851:Monaco
3821:Latvia
3815:Kosovo
3775:Greece
3753:states
3679:France
3654:Cyprus
3600:states
3571:Europe
3536:Turkey
3520:Taiwan
3448:Russia
3360:Kuwait
3331:Jordan
3305:Israel
3275:states
3249:Cyprus
3218:Brunei
3213:Bhutan
3087:Zambia
3082:Uganda
3022:Rwanda
2977:Malawi
2928:Guinea
2814:Angola
2801:Africa
2724:Solids
2714:People
2709:Plants
2667:Arabic
2620:Nordic
2578:Canton
2476:Ethnic
2452:Cities
1997:Aquila
1932:Canton
1894:Symbol
1805:"flag"
1785:"flag"
1755:651278
1753:
1702:
1683:
1664:296463
1662:
1592:
1551:
1532:
1491:
1402:
809:. The
766:bishop
682:France
498:badges
313:, and
299:Trajan
253:Persia
249:Greece
241:, and
131:flago-
44:symbol
40:fabric
4705:Flags
4500:Chile
4457:Tonga
4447:Samoa
4428:Palau
4418:Nauru
4321:jacks
4235:Haiti
4119:Wales
4017:Spain
3959:Sakha
3841:Malta
3795:Italy
3561:Yemen
3514:Syria
3461:Sakha
3443:Qatar
3400:Nepal
3342:Korea
3310:Japan
3269:India
3259:Egypt
3241:Macau
3228:China
3062:Sudan
3012:Niger
2967:Libya
2943:Kenya
2923:Ghana
2913:Gabon
2879:Egypt
2819:Benin
2734:Trees
2729:Stars
2677:Latin
2647:Flags
2588:Color
2198:flags
2042:Malay
2002:Draco
1769:(PDF)
1751:JSTOR
1719:. In
1660:JSTOR
1526:Flags
1468:(PDF)
1420:(PDF)
748:Notes
656:Genoa
529:pipes
424:lance
291:draco
200:nomes
139:plak-
137:root
124:flaka
74:Norse
70:Arabs
55:Egypt
51:China
4613:and
4525:Peru
4403:Fiji
4205:Cuba
3405:Oman
3370:Laos
3300:Iraq
3295:Iran
3180:Asia
3072:Togo
2982:Mali
2854:Chad
2699:Maps
2694:Keys
1869:Flag
1816:2021
1797:2022
1700:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1618:2021
1590:ISBN
1574:2021
1549:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1517:2021
1489:ISBN
1454:2021
1400:ISBN
818:See
811:Shia
781:The
708:and
684:and
650:the
635:and
537:clan
428:arms
59:Rome
57:and
36:flag
4342:CSA
1743:doi
1652:doi
504:of
4701::
2528:,
1807:.
1787:.
1775::
1749:.
1658:.
1648:32
1646:.
1607:.
1474::
1426::
1310:^
1139:^
1100:^
1037:^
878:^
851:^
793:,
720:.
631:,
609:.
539:.
438:.
374:.
251:,
237:,
149:,
145:,
61:.
34:A
26:,
4603:e
4596:t
4589:v
2532:)
2524:(
2189:e
2182:t
2175:v
1847:e
1840:t
1833:v
1818:.
1799:.
1779:.
1757:.
1745::
1708:.
1689:.
1666:.
1654::
1620:.
1598:.
1576:.
1557:.
1538:.
1519:.
1497:.
1478:.
1456:.
1430:.
1408:.
1320:.
1071:.
873:.
772:.
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