1051:"As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords, like all other men, love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for its natural produce. The wood of the forest, the grass of the field, and all the natural fruits of the earth, which, when land was in common, cost the labourer only the trouble of gathering them, come, even to him, to have an additional price fixed upon them. He must then pay for the licence to gather them; and must give up to the landlord a portion of what his labour either collects or produces. This portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of this portion, constitutes the rent of land ...."
784:"... your sheep, which are naturally mild, and easily kept in order, may be said now to devour men and unpeople, not only villages, but towns; for wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy men, the abbots not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded, nor thinking it enough that they, living at their ease, do no good to the public, resolve to do it hurt instead of good. They stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them."
700:. c. 1) preserved those rights of the lords which were up to that time subject to be defeated by subinfeudation, by enacting that in any alienation of lands the alienee should hold them of the same lord of the fee as the alienor. Since 1290 it has been impossible to create an estate in fee-simple to be held of a mesne lord, or to reserve a rent upon a grant of an estate in fee (unless in the form of a rent-charge), or to create a new manor. The statute, however, does not bind the crown. The practical effect of the statute was to make the transfer of land thenceforward more of a commercial and less of a feudal transaction. The
1382:
22:
1626:
848:
443:
Feudalism began to break down. First, serfs could undergo "commutation", where the lord simply agreed to accept money rents from tenants instead of labour services. This did not mean freedom itself, but abandoning forced labour and payments in kind to landlords meant the open evidence of servility was concealed. In disputes, royal courts were increasingly biased toward declaring a peasant was free. Second, through an act of
251:
1803:) 31, 'Howe be it in some places the bondmen continue as yette, the whiche me semeth is the greatest inconvenience that nowe is suffred by the lawe. That is to have any christen man bounden to an other, and to have the rule of his body, landes, and goodes, that his wyfe, children, and servantes have laboured for, all their life tyme, to be so taken, lyke as it were extorcion or bribery.'
815:, had opposed this to some extent, with a series of anti-enclosure acts from 1489. These required that any houses destroyed be rebuilt, but if not half the additional profits would go to the Crown. The Crown itself claimed an inherent right to any valuable metals found on land in 1568, and people who had less than four acres of land were prohibited from building homes by the
1464:" had compelled courts to acknowledge contributions to the home and family life as potentially generating proprietary interests. However, if banks sought to repossess homes from people who had defaulted on mortgage repayments, the courts were faced with a choice of whether to prefer those economic interests over social values. The membership of the United Kingdom in the
1337:, an inheritance question or dispute that nobody understood, dragged on for generations and ended in costs having devoured the property held in chancery (chiefly for safekeeping). Largely this was because there were only two judges administering equitable principles, so from 1873 to 1875, the common law and equity courts were merged into one hierarchy. Under the
481:, elements of feudalism existed in England from the rule of the Anglo-Saxon and Danish kings to the degree that it was easy to introduce it in full. What the Norman Conquest did was not to change all at once allodial into feudal tenure, but to complete the association of territorial with personal dependence in a state of society already prepared for it.
145:, upon the previously existing course of Teutonic custom. The distinguishing features of the Teutonic system were enjoyment in common and the absence of private ownership, except to a limited extent. The principal features of the old English land law before the Conquest, from which the modern law has developed, were:
1429:
and other forms of cheap construction became heavily criticised by socialists and capitalists alike. Rights for short term lessees (tenants) and constraints on rent were reduced accompanied by putting tenancies in a standard six-month authorised form of tenancy, procedure for eviction, and providing
599:
was restrained in one direction in the interests of the heir, in another in the interests of the lord. At the time of
Glanvill a tenant had a greater power of alienation over land which he had purchased than over land which he had inherited. But by the time of Bracton the heir had ceased to have any
442:
had seen subservience as part of a natural social order, ordained by God. But if landowners had themselves survived the plague, the peasants' labour on the land had become very scarce. Ironically, the surviving peasants were in a greater position of economic power, in claims or bargaining for wages.
345:, who may have composed as much as 88% of the population in 1086, were bound by law to work on the land. They could not leave without permission of their Lords. But also, even those who were classed as free men were factually limited in their freedom, by the limited chances to acquire property. The
573:
was originally hereditary, it had certainly become so at the time of the
Conquest, and it descended to the eldest son. This applied at once in England to land held by knight-service as far as regarded the capital fief. The descent of socage lands or lands other than the capital fief for some time
517:
The land forfeited to the
Conqueror was re-granted by him to be held by knight-service due to the king, not to the mesne lord as in European continental feudalism. In 1086 at the council of Salisbury all the landholders swore fealty to the crown. In the full vigour of feudalism the inhabitants of
561:
the last name being applied to both free men and serfs. All these were in a more or less dependent condition. The free tenures all exist at the present day, though, as will appear later, the military tenures have shrunk into the unimportant and exceptional tenure of grand serjeanty. The non-free
1284:
c. 50), and other acts, gave the tenant of a tenancy within the acts a general right to compensation for improvements, substituted a year's notice to quit for the six months' notice previously necessary, enlarged the tenant's right to fixtures, and limited the amount of distress. By the
1369:, a more democratic constitution had emerged, though it was only in 1928 that the voting age for men and women became equal and only in 1948 that the double votes and extra constituencies for students of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and London were removed. By the end of the
518:
England were either free or not free. The free inhabitants held their lands either by free tenure or by a tenure which was originally that of a non-free inhabitant, but attached to land in the possession of a free man. Free tenure was either military tenure, called also tenure in
899:, landowners who went to fight would transfer title to a person they trusted so that feudal services could be performed and received. But some who survived had returned only to find that the people they entrusted were refusing to transfer title back. They sought justice with the
505:. The common land became in law the waste of the manor, its enjoyment resting upon a presumed grant by the lord. On the other hand, the whole of England did not become manorial; the conflict between the township and the manor resulted in a compromise, the result of which affects
2177:
Supreme Court of
Judicature Act 1873 s 25(11), ‘Generally in all matters not herein-before particularly mentioned, in which there is any conflict or variance between the Rules of Equity and the Rules of the Common Law with reference to the same matter, the Rules of Equity shall
1468:
meant that article 8, on the right to a private and family life, could change the freedom of banks or landlords to evict people, particularly where children's stability and upbringing were at stake, though by the early twenty-first century the case law had remained cautious.
925:, could be a different person, if this is what good conscience dictated. This recognition of a split in English law, between legal and equitable owner, between someone who controlled title and another for whose benefit the land would be used, was the beginning of
715:, there is no statute of the first importance dealing with real estate. The reign of Henry VIII, like that of Edward I, is signalized by three acts, the effects of which continue to this day. The one which has had the most lasting influence in law is the
620:
The influence of local custom upon the land law must have become weakened after the circuits of the judges of the King's Court were established by Henry II. Jurisdiction over litigation touching the freehold was taken away from the lord's courts in 1392.
4633:
969:
decreased the Crown's reliance on feudal dues. By the early 1700s, the use had formalised into a trust: where land was settled to be held by a trustee, for the benefit of another, the Courts of
Chancery recognised the beneficiary as the true owner in
891:) took a strict approach to the rules of title to land, and how many people could have legal interests in land. However, the King had the power to hear petitions and overturn cases of common law. He delegated the hearing of petitions to his
763:
After feudalism had broken down, and the number of serfs had dwindled, the law saw more and more people as being formally free from a landlord. However people's de facto freedom was still constrained because they had no property themselves.
513:
and not of the people. One reason of this is that, as
England was never so completely feudalized as were some of the European continental states, the burden of feudalism was not so severely felt, and has led to less agitation for reform.
1090:(1801-1827). As national and global trade expanded, the power of a new monied class of business men was growing, and the economic and political importance of land was diminishing with it. The moral philosopher and father of economics,
959:. However, when Henry VIII was gone, the Court of Chancery held that it had no application where land was leased. Moreover, the primacy of equity over the common law was reasserted, supported by King James I in 1615, in the
328:
were granted to lords, who in turn parcelled out property to tenants. Tenants and lords had obligations of work, military service, and payment of taxation to those up the chain, and ultimately to the Crown. Most of the
937:. Uses or trusts were also employed to avoid the payment of feudal dues. If a person died, the law stated a landlord was entitled to money before the land passed to heir, and the whole property under the doctrine of
604:
that a free man should not give or sell so much of his land as to leave an amount insufficient to perform his services to his lord. In spite of this provision, the rights of the lords were continually diminished by
464:
in 1381. Yet this combination of factors, slowly but surely, meant that by 1485 just one per cent of the population were left in bondage. Formal subservience was increasingly seen as a social scar. In 1523 Justice
447:
lords could voluntarily grant freedom and this was increasingly done, after the plague, if the serf or a relative made a payment of money. Third, the common law stated that if a serf lived on free soil, as in a
582:
the course of descent of lands held by knight-service had so far prevailed that if there was no evidence either way descent to the eldest son was presumed. Relics of the old custom still remain in the case of
2065:, ‘Nothing would inflict upon me greater pain in quitting this place than the recollection that I had done anything to justify the reproach that the equity of this court varies like the Chancellor’s foot.’
1459:
remarked that "the wider employment of married women in industry, commerce and the professions and the emergence of a property-owning, particularly a real-property-mortgaged-to-a-building-society-owning,
1120:
First, there was increasing pressure to dismantle the privileges of the landed aristocracy. This included the view that all land should be put on a register, so as to ease its ability to be marketed. The
739:. c. 16) was to establish as the ordinary form of conveyance until 1841 the conveyance by lease and release. Uses having become legal estate by the Statute of Uses, and therefore no longer devisable, the
1293:
c. 71) the law of escheat was extended to incorporeal hereditaments and equitable estates. Other subjects dealt with by legislation in the 19th century land transfer, registration, mortgage, partition,
1309:. c. 20) provides the core of modern English land law. It reduced the number of estates recognised at common law to two (freehold and leashold). It also made it easier to transfer interests in land.
2218:
686:. c. 1) forbade the alienation of estates granted to a man and the heirs of his body, which before the statute usually became on the birth of an heir at once alienable, and so the lord lost his
2926:
1237:
1030:
636:
and legislation, the latter sometimes interpreted by the courts in a manner very different from the intention of parliament. The most important influence of equity has been exercised in
400:
ordained that some folk should be of higher degree than others and have authority over them, others should be of lower degree and obey their lord, but all of them properly served in his
1245:
434:
Feudalism had not always been a part of
English society, rather than being positively imposed by the monarchs prior to the Norman Invasion. However, from 1348 everything changed as the
986:
1277:
4589:
4584:
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3568:
3563:
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3553:
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3543:
3538:
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3498:
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3488:
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3236:
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3221:
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3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
501:
became the king's land; the soldier was a landowner instead of the landowner being a soldier. Free owners tended to become tenants of the lord, the township to be lost in the
408:
can be purchased, if they can be persuaded to become
Christians they are set free. And it can certainly be said that a lord and his servants each owe something to the other."
1711:
1286:
427:
1445:. This fact drove changes in the market for mortgage regulation, while the growing financial interest in land tended to conflict with family life. As the UK came closer to
993:. c. 4) avoided fraudulent conveyances as against all parties and voluntary conveyances as against subsequent purchasers for valuable consideration. Early in the reign of
875:
Over the same period, behind the momentous shifts in land's social significance, legal developments in the law of property revolved around the split between the courts of
1401:" more and more houses were built, and maintained, by local governments. In private accommodation, new rights were enacted for tenants against their landlords, with some
1209:
1201:
1153:. c. 13). By then, land registration reforms were a minor political issue and only really opposed by solicitors who earned sizeable conveyancing fees. Eventually, the
1070:
Over the 18th century, the law of real property mostly came to a standstill in legislation, but principles continued to develop in the courts of equity, notably under
1018:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
392:"...since sin was the initial cause of servitude, then it must be the case that, when this entire world was in sin, then this entire world was also in servitude and
115:
The division into real and personal is coincident to a great extent with that into immovable and movable, generally used by systems of law founded on the Roman (see
3445:
3440:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2536:
2531:
2526:
1321:, though it may have mitigated the petty strictnesses of the common law of property, was seen as cumbersome and arcane. It was subjected to ridicule in books like
1193:
1185:
509:
to this day. But it was a compromise much to the advantage of the privileged class, for in
England more than in any other country the land law is the law of the
489:, but the chain of seigniory was complete, depending in the last resort upon the king as lord paramount. Land was not owned by free owners owing only necessary
2040:
127:
of the republic were essentially nations of citizens; the
Teutons were essentially a nation of land-folk; the Roman empire bridged the gulf between the two.
1488:
were largely eclipsed by locally and democratically determined planning laws, environmental regulation, and a framework for use of agricultural resources.
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
1995:
1229:
4721:
4686:
3435:
1812:
It is a disputed point whether the manor organization existed before the Conquest; but its full development seems to have been later than that event.
1168:
there was a vast mass of legislation dealing with real estate in almost every conceivable aspect. At the immediate beginning of the reign stands the
1252:
c. 57). Several acts were passed dealing with the enfranchisement and commutation of copyholds and the preservation of commons and open spaces. The
2024:
1641:
1441:
Second, property was increasingly used as a source of finance for business, and similarly became source of profit for banks, mortgage lenders and
4758:
1353:
Third, in most counties and boroughs, the ability to vote for Members of Parliament had been tied to possession of property in land. From the
4714:
732:
4661:
210:
were found in the old English system, and England was an anticipation of the limited interests which afterwards became of such importance.
4772:
1005:
contained provisions that certain leases and assignments, and that all agreements and trusts relating to land, should be in writing. The
2150:
1933:
1646:
1590:
945:
could ensure this never happened, because if one person died he could be replaced, and it was unlikely for all to die at the same time.
676:) was the first of a long series directed against the acquisition of land by religious and charitable corporations. In 1285 the statute
4697:
3127:
1393:
Over the twentieth century, and following on from the 1925 reforms, land law became increasingly social in character. First, from the
141:
It is probable that the English land law was produced by the action of the policy adopted in the lower empire, finally developed into
4702:
1236:. c. 36) was relaxed in favour of gifts and sales to public institutions of various kinds, such as schools, parks and museums by the
1041:
fines and recoveries were abolished and simpler modes of conveyance substituted, and the laws of inheritance and dower were amended.
97:
diminished and modern legislation increasingly made land a social form of wealth, subject to extensive social regulation such as for
2465:
1449:, women as much as men contributed to the purchase of homes, as well as contributing to raising families and children. In 1970, in
835:
that landlords' obligations of service and military provision were replaced by monetary payments and an annual payment financed by
233:
is the fundamental ground of distinction between real and personal estate, the former only being strictly entitled to the name of
1083:
803:
More landlords were enclosing pastures that had been open for commoners to use, and destroying people's houses, especially for
4802:
2191:
2187:
1362:
1071:
365:
1145:
vetoed it, forcing fresh elections. But the Liberal government was returned and it abolished the Lords right of veto in the
4709:
1472:
Third, land use in general was subject to a comprehensive regulatory framework. The old common laws between neighbours, of
1338:
1130:
578:", the lands other than the capital fief and some socage lands were divided among all the sons equally. But by the time of
269:
261:
1465:
1079:
755:. c. 5) was passed to remedy this inconvenience. At least as late as 1911, it remained law as to wills made before 1838.
708:
in 1285 as a creditor's remedy over real estate. It has, however, been considerably modified by subsequent legislation.
4656:
3455:
1141:
of 1909 introduced a tax on land to force it onto the market. This provoked a constitutional crisis, as the hereditary
569:
The most important difference between the military and socage tenures was the mode of descent. Whether or not a feudal
364:
1290 allowed alienation of land only by substitution of the title holder, halting creation of further sub-tenants. The
4828:
2435:
2371:
1880:
1843:
1731:
HM Cassidy, ‘The Emergence of the Free Labor Contract in England’ (1928) 18(2) American Economic Review 201, 207-208.
1435:
1406:
1385:
After both World Wars, land management and housing increasingly came under social ownership and regulation, with new
449:
287:
1038:
978:
884:
485:
was one of the fundamental axioms of feudalism. There might be any number of infeudations and subinfeudations to
184:
Variety of custom, tending to become uniform, through the application of the same principles in the local courts;
4681:
1269:
1165:
457:
538:, by which ecclesiastical corporations generally held their land. The non-free inhabitants were called in the
4823:
4785:
2235:
2008:
1087:
820:
816:
74:
4739:
2458:
2293:
HM Cassidy, ‘The Emergence of the Free Labor Contract in England’ (1928) 18(2) American Economic Review 201
1442:
1431:
1365:, the connection between property and the vote was gradually reduced and then abolished. Together with the
1017:
date from the reign of Anne. Devises (gifts by will) of land for charitable purposes were forbidden by the
888:
591:, from which the tenant in socage was exempt. These additional fees and obligations were often oppressive.
316:, started standardising England's feudal rules, and compiled a reference for all land and its value in the
907:
determined that the true "use" or "benefit" of the land did not belong to the person on the title (or the
2342:
1766:
1740:
1001:
turned most feudal tenures into tenure by free and common socage and abolished the feudal incidents. The
933:
friars, who would transfer title of land to others as they were precluded from holding property by their
350:
2541:
1905:
1492:
1154:
1075:
998:
832:
668:
is notable for three leading statutes, all passed in the interests of the superior lords. The 1279 the
1389:, rights for tenants, and ownership interests in land recognised through contributions to family life.
965:. The institution of the use continued, as new sources of revenue from the mercantile exploits in the
469:
wrote that the remainder of bondmen was "the greatest inconvenience that now is suffred by the lawe."
4780:
2474:
1744:
1499:. As of 2008, the Act, together with the Land Registration Rules, regulates the role and practice of
961:
705:
592:
482:
150:
1244:
c. 42). The period of limitation was shortened for most purposes from twenty to twelve years by the
731:. It applied only to estates of inheritance and not to terms of years. The unforeseen effect of the
456:
land, for a year and a day, they would become free. The nobility and the King reacted to the rising
229:
are based upon still older institutions, forming the very basis of primitive law. The conception of
3143:
2488:
2420:
2123:
1685:
1527:
1302:
678:
1722:
See EP Cheyney, 'The Disappearance of English Serfdom' (1900) 15(57) English Historical Review 20.
1660:"The relation of vassalage, originally personal, became annexed to the tenure of land" (Palgrave,
1550:
349:
allowed the Lord of a Manor to enclose any manorial land that had previously been common, and the
2451:
2359:
1253:
617:
of the crown without licence was a ground of forfeiture until 1327, when a fine was substituted.
4598:
3002:
1546:
1522:
1177:
1173:
1122:
971:
922:
864:
628:
as far as it dealt with real estate had in the main assumed its present aspect by the reign of
506:
2101:
A. Offer, ‘The Origins of the Law of Property Acts 1910-25’ (1977) 40(5) Modern Law Review 505
4618:
3427:
2299:
A Offer, ‘The Origins of the Law of Property Acts 1910-25’ (1977) 40(5) Modern Law Review 505
2290:
EP Cheyney, 'The Disappearance of English Serfdom' (1900) 15(57) English Historical Review 20
2115:
2111:
2079:
1354:
1333:
1217:
1096:
1061:
994:
724:
720:
712:
313:
90:
30:
2140:
1631:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
4624:
4609:
2493:
1707:
1702:
1580:
1517:
1398:
950:
645:
629:
423:
418:
401:
2331:
1927:
1800:
632:. The changes which have been made since that date have been chiefly due to the action of
8:
4693:
3029:
1410:
1366:
1261:
1146:
1112:
In the 19th century, a growing liberal movement for reform produced three major results.
669:
466:
461:
4604:
2405:
1402:
1138:
1134:
828:
794:
727:
was a form of equitable transfer which had for some purposes superseded the common law
649:
575:
189:
2247:
1421:" one's council home accompanied by a settled policy of cutting government funding of
4833:
4647:
2913:
2508:
2431:
2367:
2203:
1876:
1839:
1496:
1451:
1318:
1306:
1158:
1034:
1006:
1002:
934:
904:
852:
824:
752:
376:
and lords, while the vast majority of people were poor, subjugated and dispossessed.
320:
of 1086. This was used to determine taxes, and the feudal dues that were to be paid.
116:
70:
62:
2168:(17th edn 2005) 13-15. Cases in Lord Eldon's court had indeed lasted up to 18 years.
595:
of lands by will, except in a few favoured districts, became impossible; alienation
460:
of the peasantry by fixing wages, and violently suppressing any uprisings, like the
4795:
4750:
4731:
2119:
2044:
2028:
2012:
1873:
A short history of English law, from the earliest times to the end of the year 1911
1821:
1697:
1512:
1500:
1414:
1394:
1342:
1290:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1126:
740:
719:, intended to provide against secrecy of sales of land. As a necessary sequel, the
600:
interest in either kind of land. The lords were more successful. It was enacted by
579:
439:
413:
346:
78:
4790:
2057:
1446:
1370:
1358:
1322:
1298:, fixtures, taking of land in execution, declaration of title and apportionment.
1225:
1150:
946:
900:
892:
868:
860:
812:
808:
716:
614:
478:
325:
305:
218:
174:
of the estate of a deceased among the sons, and failing sons among the daughters;
171:
136:
82:
26:
2271:
2259:
4620:
1477:
1422:
1181:
1169:
1161:. c. 21) required any dealing with property triggered compulsory registration.
1142:
955:
917:
748:
701:
653:
606:
574:
followed the old pre-Conquest rule of descent. Thus, in the so-called "Laws of
498:
494:
234:
207:
86:
438:
swept through Europe, killing a third of the population. People like the poet
4817:
2412:
2349:
2323:
2145:
1968:
1922:
1792:
1748:
1677:
1650:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 941–944.
1637:
1632:
1585:
1386:
1101:
1026:
804:
773:
692:
539:
453:
359:
317:
301:
94:
34:
1594:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 600–609.
1381:
953:
he attempted to prohibit them, stipulating all land belonged in fact to the
81:
transformed further from the Anglo-Saxon days, particularly during the post-
21:
1663:
1456:
1426:
1418:
1200:
c. 39) Additional powers of dealing with settled estates were given by the
941:
if there were no heirs. Transferring title to a group of people for common
880:
637:
633:
124:
2154:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–52.
1228:
was levied for the first time on freeholds in 1853. The strictness of the
2498:
2383:
2337:
2083:(1776) Book I, ch 6, 'Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities'
2062:
1960:
1761:
1327:
1268:
c. 23) abolished forfeiture of real estate on conviction for felony. The
1129:
c. 87) introduced a voluntary system, but it was not taken up. After the
777:
601:
535:
502:
444:
435:
369:
230:
222:
4672:
2074:
1937:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 778.
1091:
1056:
990:
982:
930:
876:
856:
648:
of contracts concerning real estate, and in relief from forfeiture for
625:
486:
309:
1858:
1473:
1461:
1295:
1014:
1010:
966:
942:
926:
744:
736:
728:
697:
683:
584:
531:
357:
so that land would only pass to the heirs of a landlord. The Statute
330:
321:
226:
203:
142:
120:
119:.) That it is not entirely coincident is due to the influence of the
110:
847:
167:
Publicity of transfer by enrolment in the shire-book or church-book;
2139:
1485:
1481:
1373:, the power of the old landed aristocracy had largely been broken.
1233:
1022:
896:
836:
673:
665:
570:
563:
519:
510:
393:
38:
1579:
2443:
1926:
938:
908:
687:
527:
490:
385:
178:
158:
98:
66:
42:
1345:
c. 77), equitable principles would prevail in case of conflict.
1260:
c. 14) enabled aliens to hold and transfer land in England. The
2400:
912:
789:
641:
523:
405:
354:
342:
338:
177:
Cultivation to a great extent by persons in various degrees of
50:
46:
2092:
M. R. Cohen, ‘Property and Sovereignty’ (1927) 13 Cornell LQ 8
157:
of such land as could be alienated, chiefly, if not entirely,
373:
334:
195:
2296:
MR Cohen, ‘Property and Sovereignty’ (1927) 13 Cornell LQ 8
949:
saw that this deprived the Crown of revenue, and so in the
404:
and in his degree. And therefore, in some countries, where
1176:
c. 26). The transfer of real estate was simplified by the
723:
required all bargains and sales of land be duly enrolled.
1836:
Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272-1485
915:). Unlike the common law judges, the Chancellor held the
397:
214:
1833:
37:
of 1086 recorded at least 12% of people as free, 30% as
2440:
A Simpson, A History of the Land Law (2nd edn OUP 1986)
1834:
Fritze, Ronald H.; William B. Robison (30 March 2002).
1430:
a settled definition of "fit for habitation" under the
372:
of 1215, and its reissue in 1297, were only meant for
202:
The rudiments of the conceptions of tenure and of the
4748:
194:a burden imposed for the purpose of defence of the
77:, land was the dominant source of personal wealth.
33:'s knights seizing food from English peasants. The
1560:
1558:
1397:and the post war government's policy of building "
1100:that landowners' position allowed them to extract
566:in later centuries until final abolition in 1925.
61:can be traced back to Roman times. Throughout the
2270:Land Registration (Amendment) (No.2) Rules 2005,
2061:(1818) 2 Swan 402, 414, referring to a remark of
493:duties to the state, but was held of the king by
4815:
2138:Wadsworth, Samuel; Baldwin, Simeon Eben (1911).
2137:
1115:
562:tenures were to a certain extent represented by
2364:Land, Law, and Lordship in Anglo-Norman England
1770:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895) 251-252
1555:
1025:. c. 36). In the next reign the first general
3462:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2459:
895:, whose office grew into a court. During the
733:Enrolment of Bargains of Lands, etc. Act 1535
324:meant that all land was held by the monarch.
4662:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
396:. But with the arrival of the Age of Grace,
312:was built throughout England. The new king,
161:, subject always to the limits fixed by the
4698:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
4722:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
2466:
2452:
2258:Land Registration (Amendment) Rules 2005,
2133:
2131:
1417:enabled enfranchisement by introducing a "
1094:, reflected these changes as he argued in
587:. The military tenant was subject to the
288:Learn how and when to remove this message
3460:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
1999:(1739) 1 Atk 581, 591 per Lord Hardwicke
1921:
1636:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1577:
1495:replaced previous legislation governing
1380:
1044:
846:
659:
20:
2346:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895)
2311:Social England in the Fifteenth Century
2128:
1781:Social England in the Fifteenth Century
1104:from others in return for very little.
867:. The court systems were merged by the
855:could mitigate the injustice of strict
379:
4816:
2219:National Westminster Bank plc v Malhan
300:The formal start of an English law of
221:" derive from feudal times. Rights of
4710:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
2447:
2192:Representation of the People Act 1948
2188:Representation of the People Act 1928
1870:
1598:
1363:Representation of the People Act 1918
1238:Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act 1888
1133:the new Chancellor of the Exchequer,
1037:c. 109), was passed. In the reign of
4781:United Kingdom statutory instruments
2318:Seignorial Administration in England
1875:. BookSurge Publishing. p. 72.
1339:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875
842:
609:until the passing of the Statute of
244:
1578:Maitland, Frederic William (1911).
1466:European Convention on Human Rights
1348:
240:
13:
2473:
1376:
1107:
1031:Inclosure (Consolidation) Act 1801
260:tone or style may not reflect the
130:
101:, national parks and agriculture.
14:
4845:
2378:Medieval History and Civilization
1662:Rise and Progress of the English
1566:Medieval History and Civilization
1436:Protection from Eviction Act 1977
1246:Real Property Limitation Act 1874
472:
1624:
929:. It was similarly useful among
883:. The courts of common law (the
270:guide to writing better articles
249:
93:. As the political power of the
4682:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
2264:
2252:
2240:
2225:
2210:
2196:
2181:
2171:
2158:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2068:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2002:
1987:
1978:
1954:
1941:
1915:
1898:
1889:
1871:Jenks, Edward (15 April 2002).
1864:
1852:
1827:
1815:
1806:
1786:
1773:
1754:
1734:
1312:
987:Fraudulent Conveyances Act 1584
979:Fraudulent Conveyances Act 1571
16:Law of real property in England
4786:Scottish statutory instruments
2246:Land Registration Rules 2003,
1725:
1716:
1691:
1671:
1654:
1571:
1539:
1425:which was growing as concrete
1278:Agricultural Holdings Act 1900
1270:Agricultural Holdings Act 1883
977:In the reign of Elizabeth the
758:
333:were bonded to their masters.
181:, owing money or labour rents;
1:
4803:Church of England instruments
2482:Pre-parliamentary legislation
2236:Commons Registration Act 1965
2009:Fines and Recoveries Act 1833
1443:real estate investment trusts
1116:Conveyancing and registration
821:feudal land tenure in England
817:Erection of Cottages Act 1588
767:
2513:the Kingdom of Great Britain
1432:Landlord and Tenant Act 1985
831:Parliament ensured with the
104:
7:
2343:The Chronicles of Froissart
1767:The Chronicles of Froissart
1741:Ordinance of Labourers 1349
1506:
1287:Intestates Estates Act 1884
819:. The final, formal end of
351:Statute of Westminster 1285
123:itself. The Greeks and the
59:history of English land law
10:
4852:
2279:
1906:R v Earl of Northumberland
1493:Land Registration Act 2002
1331:and his fictional case of
1155:Land Registration Act 1925
999:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
859:rules of property, if the
833:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
771:
747:. c. 1) (explained by the
711:From 1290 to the reign of
383:
187:Subjection of land to the
134:
108:
4771:
4730:
4670:
4646:
3454:
3425:
3141:Acts of Parliament of the
3140:
3120:
2519:
2507:
2481:
2366:(Paperback edn OUP 1997)
1745:Statute of Labourers 1351
1409:, a break on unfettered "
889:Court of the King's Bench
706:Statute of Westminster II
483:Nulle terre sans seigneur
353:formalised the system of
4829:Legal history of England
3458:of the United Kingdom of
3144:Kingdom of Great Britain
2489:List of English statutes
2354:A History of English Law
2124:Law of Property Act 1925
1973:A History of English Law
1533:
1528:Law of Property Act 1925
1303:Law of Property Act 1925
1210:Settled Estates Act 1877
1202:Settled Estates Act 1856
1019:Charitable Uses Act 1735
827:. When the monarchy was
679:De Donis Conditionalibus
2927:Interregnum (1642–1660)
2151:Encyclopædia Britannica
1934:Encyclopædia Britannica
1647:Encyclopædia Britannica
1591:Encyclopædia Britannica
1254:Naturalization Act 1870
1174:7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.
3121:Parliament of Scotland
1895:7 Edw. 1. St. 2. c. 13
1547:Bayeux Tapestry tituli
1523:Legal history of wills
1390:
1208:c. 120), later by the
1178:Real Property Act 1845
1123:Land Transfer Act 1875
1053:
872:
786:
704:was introduced by the
507:land tenure in England
410:
54:
4773:Secondary legislation
3428:Parliament of Ireland
2520:Parliament of England
2417:Villainage in England
2116:Settled Land Act 1925
2112:Land Charges Act 1925
2080:The Wealth of Nations
1909:(1568), known as the
1682:Villainage in England
1384:
1355:Great Reform Act 1832
1334:Jarndyce and Jarndyce
1218:Settled Land Act 1882
1194:Conveyancing Act 1882
1186:Conveyancing Act 1881
1131:1906 general election
1097:The Wealth of Nations
1074:(from 1673 to 1682),
1062:The Wealth of Nations
1049:
1045:Industrial revolution
962:Earl of Oxford’s case
885:Court of Common Pleas
850:
782:
721:Statute of Enrolments
660:Medieval conveyancing
390:
314:William the Conqueror
91:Industrial Revolution
71:post-Roman chieftains
31:William the Conqueror
24:
4824:English property law
4694:Acts of Senedd Cymru
4625:European Communities
2494:Charter of Liberties
2141:"Conveyancing"
2041:Inheritance Act 1833
1703:The Canterbury Tales
1518:English property law
1399:homes fit for heroes
951:Statute of Uses 1535
823:came only after the
646:specific performance
419:The Canterbury Tales
380:Breakdown of serfdom
153:, either by will or
75:Anglo-Saxon monarchs
4599:Halsbury's Statutes
2511:of states preceding
2509:Acts of parliaments
1951:(17th edn 2005) 8-9
1838:. Greenwood Press.
1581:"English Law"
1411:freedom of contract
1367:Parliament Act 1911
1262:Forfeiture Act 1870
1184:c. 106) and by the
1147:Parliament Act 1911
1065:(1776) Book I, ch 6
670:Statute of Mortmain
644:in the doctrine of
477:By the time of the
467:Anthony Fitzherbert
69:came under rule of
4605:Legislation.gov.uk
3456:Acts of Parliament
1928:"Common Law"
1403:security of tenure
1391:
1307:15 & 16 Geo. 5
1159:15 & 16 Geo. 5
1135:David Lloyd George
873:
753:34 & 35 Hen. 8
190:Trinoda necessitas
95:landed aristocracy
55:
41:, 35% as servient
4811:
4810:
4796:Acts of Adjournal
4767:
4766:
4759:1972–2009/2015–16
4732:Orders in Council
4648:Church of England
4642:
4641:
3136:
3135:
3003:Habeas Corpus Act
2914:Petition of Right
2316:N Denholm-Young,
2204:Pettitt v Pettitt
2045:3 & 4 Will. 4
2029:3 & 4 Will. 4
2013:3 & 4 Will. 4
1996:Hopkins v Hopkins
1975:(1923) vol 4, 415
1708:The Parson's Tale
1497:land registration
1452:Pettitt v Pettitt
1343:38 & 39 Vict.
1319:Court of Chancery
1291:47 & 48 Vict.
1282:63 & 64 Vict.
1274:46 & 47 Vict.
1266:33 & 34 Vict.
1258:33 & 34 Vict.
1250:37 & 38 Vict.
1242:51 & 52 Vict.
1230:Mortmain Act 1735
1222:45 & 46 Vict.
1214:40 & 41 Vict.
1206:19 & 20 Vict.
1198:45 & 46 Vict.
1190:44 & 45 Vict.
1127:38 & 39 Vict.
1086:(1757–1766), and
1035:41 Geo. 3. (U.K.)
1003:Statute of Frauds
905:Court of Chancery
853:Court of Chancery
843:Changes in equity
825:English Civil War
807:. The crown, and
424:The Parson's Tale
298:
297:
290:
264:used on Knowledge
262:encyclopedic tone
117:Personal Property
63:Early Middle Ages
4841:
4791:Acts of Sederunt
4751:Northern Ireland
4746:
4745:
4619:relating to the
4616:
4615:
2517:
2516:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2430:(Freeman Press)
2320:(Routledge 1963)
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2120:Trustee Act 1925
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2072:
2066:
2054:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1984:(1615) 21 ER 485
1982:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1831:
1825:
1822:1 Edw. 3 Stat. 2
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1758:
1752:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1695:
1689:
1675:
1669:
1668:vol. i. p. 505).
1658:
1652:
1651:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1543:
1513:English land law
1501:HM Land Registry
1415:Housing Act 1980
1395:Housing Act 1919
1349:Political reform
1216:c. 18), and the
1164:In the reign of
1151:1 & 2 Geo. 5
1066:
985:. c. 5) and the
809:Lord Chancellors
799:
741:Statute of Wills
725:Bargain and sale
613:Alienation by a
589:feudal incidents
580:Henry de Bracton
462:Peasants' Revolt
458:bargaining power
440:Geoffrey Chaucer
430:
347:Commons Act 1236
293:
286:
282:
279:
273:
272:for suggestions.
268:See Knowledge's
253:
252:
245:
241:Norman feudalism
79:English land law
4851:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4763:
4744:
4726:
4671:Legislation of
4666:
4638:
4614:
4594:
4466:
3963:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3421:
3142:
3132:
3116:
2512:
2503:
2477:
2472:
2397:(17th edn 2005)
2282:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2136:
2129:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2073:
2069:
2058:Gee v Pritchard
2055:
2051:
2039:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1774:
1759:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1696:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1659:
1655:
1640:, ed. (1911). "
1625:
1623:
1622:
1599:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1509:
1447:gender equality
1407:rent regulation
1379:
1377:Modern land law
1371:First World War
1359:Reform Act 1867
1351:
1323:Charles Dickens
1315:
1276:c. 61) and the
1226:Succession duty
1182:8 & 9 Vict.
1139:People's Budget
1118:
1110:
1108:Liberal reforms
1072:Lord Nottingham
1068:
1055:
1047:
1007:land registries
947:King Henry VIII
935:vows of poverty
921:, the owner in
901:Lord Chancellor
893:Lord Chancellor
869:Judicature Acts
861:Lord Chancellor
845:
813:Sir Thomas More
801:
788:
780:
772:Main articles:
770:
761:
717:Statute of Uses
662:
615:tenant-in-chief
479:Norman Conquest
475:
432:
412:
388:
382:
366:civil liberties
326:Estates in land
308:of 1066 when a
306:Norman Invasion
304:came after the
294:
283:
277:
274:
267:
258:This article's
254:
250:
243:
213:Such terms as "
139:
137:Anglo-Saxon law
133:
131:Anglo-Saxon law
113:
107:
83:Norman Invasion
27:Bayeux Tapestry
17:
12:
11:
5:
4849:
4848:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4621:European Union
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
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4497:
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4477:
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4465:
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4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
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4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
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4099:
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4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
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3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
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3741:
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3711:
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3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
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3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3030:Bill of Rights
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:UK legislation
2471:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2424:
2421:Clarendon 1892
2410:
2398:
2391:
2381:
2374:
2357:
2347:
2335:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2224:
2209:
2195:
2180:
2170:
2157:
2146:Chisholm, Hugh
2127:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2067:
2049:
2033:
2025:Dower Act 1833
2017:
2001:
1986:
1977:
1953:
1940:
1925:, ed. (1911).
1923:Chisholm, Hugh
1914:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1863:
1851:
1844:
1826:
1814:
1805:
1785:
1772:
1753:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1690:
1686:Clarendon 1892
1670:
1653:
1638:Chisholm, Hugh
1597:
1586:Chisholm, Hugh
1570:
1554:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1423:social housing
1378:
1375:
1350:
1347:
1314:
1311:
1170:Wills Act 1837
1143:House of Lords
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1080:Lord Hardwicke
1048:
1046:
1043:
956:cestui que use
918:cestui que use
844:
841:
781:
769:
766:
760:
757:
749:Wills Act 1542
702:writ of elegit
690:. The statute
661:
658:
611:Quia Emptores.
607:subinfeudation
495:knight-service
474:
473:Feudal tenures
471:
450:chartered town
389:
384:Main article:
381:
378:
296:
295:
257:
255:
248:
242:
239:
208:lord paramount
200:
199:
185:
182:
175:
168:
165:
135:Main article:
132:
129:
106:
103:
87:encastellation
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4847:
4846:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4695:
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4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
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4645:
4635:
4632:
4631:
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4611:
4608:
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4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
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4591:
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4380:
4378:
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4308:
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4260:
4258:
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4110:
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4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
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3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
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3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
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3845:
3842:
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3835:
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3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
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3727:
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3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:Temp. incert.
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2436:1-4067-2805-5
2433:
2429:
2428:The Land Laws
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:P Vinogradoff
2411:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:Modern Equity
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:0-19-820688-7
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:WS Holdsworth
2348:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:A Fitzherbert
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2167:
2166:Modern Equity
2161:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1969:WS Holdsworth
1966:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:Modern Equity
1944:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1911:Case of mines
1908:
1907:
1901:
1892:
1884:
1882:1-4212-2199-3
1878:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1845:0-313-29124-1
1841:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:A Fitzherbert
1789:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1749:UK labour law
1746:
1742:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:P Vinogradoff
1674:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:Real Property
1639:
1634:
1633:public domain
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1387:council homes
1383:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
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1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
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1207:
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1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:(1737–1756),
1081:
1078:(1725–1733),
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:inclosure act
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
968:
964:
963:
958:
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948:
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936:
932:
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924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
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902:
898:
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890:
886:
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870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:sheep farming
800:
797:
796:
791:
785:
779:
775:
774:Inclosure act
765:
756:
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750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
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722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
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694:
693:Quia Emptores
689:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
664:The reign of
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
618:
616:
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608:
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594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
572:
567:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
540:Domesday Book
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
470:
468:
463:
459:
455:
454:Royal demesne
451:
446:
441:
437:
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429:
425:
421:
420:
415:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
377:
375:
371:
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363:
361:
360:Quia Emptores
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
318:Domesday Book
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:real property
292:
289:
281:
271:
265:
263:
256:
247:
246:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
197:
193:
191:
186:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
146:
144:
138:
128:
126:
122:
118:
112:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:Domesday Book
32:
28:
23:
19:
4740:1994 to date
4675:institutions
4634:1972 to date
4610:Short titles
4597:
3426:Acts of the
2925:
2542:
2427:
2416:
2404:
2394:
2387:
2377:
2376:DD McGarry,
2363:
2356:(1923) vol 4
2353:
2341:
2327:
2317:
2310:
2272:SI 2005/1982
2266:
2260:SI 2005/1766
2254:
2248:SI 2003/1417
2242:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2198:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2149:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2078:
2070:
2056:
2052:
2036:
2020:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1932:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1872:
1866:
1854:
1835:
1829:
1817:
1808:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1756:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1701:
1693:
1681:
1673:
1664:Commonwealth
1661:
1656:
1645:
1589:
1573:
1565:
1564:DD McGarry,
1541:
1490:
1471:
1457:Lord Diplock
1450:
1440:
1427:tower blocks
1419:right to buy
1392:
1352:
1332:
1326:
1317:Second, the
1316:
1313:Court reform
1300:
1163:
1119:
1111:
1095:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1050:
976:
960:
954:
916:
874:
802:
793:
787:
783:
762:
710:
691:
677:
663:
623:
619:
610:
596:
588:
568:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
516:
476:
433:
417:
411:
391:
358:
299:
284:
275:
259:
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201:
188:
162:
155:inter vivos,
154:
140:
114:
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49:, and 9% as
18:
2499:Magna Carta
2426:F Pollock,
2384:FW Maitland
2360:John Hudson
2338:J Froissart
2207:AC 777, 829
2063:John Selden
1967:(1936) 25.
1961:FW Maitland
1762:J Froissart
1328:Bleak House
1192:c. 41) and
1084:Lord Henley
778:Common land
759:Reformation
602:Magna Carta
597:inter vivos
536:frankalmoin
526:(including
487:mesne lords
445:manumission
436:Black Death
370:Magna Carta
149:Liberty of
4818:Categories
4623:(formerly
2393:J Martin,
2328:Surueyenge
2164:J Martin,
2075:Adam Smith
1947:J Martin,
1797:Surueyenge
1568:(1976) 242
1361:, and the
1092:Adam Smith
1088:Lord Eldon
1057:Adam Smith
1039:William IV
995:Charles II
991:27 Eliz. 1
983:13 Eliz. 1
931:Franciscan
903:, and his
877:common law
863:deemed it
857:common law
768:Enclosures
713:Henry VIII
626:common law
593:Alienation
553:and later
530:and petit
310:common law
278:March 2017
151:alienation
109:See also:
3446:1751–1800
3441:1701–1750
3237:1760–1764
3232:1755–1759
3227:1750–1754
3222:1745–1749
3217:1740–1744
3212:1735–1739
3207:1730–1734
3202:1725–1729
3197:1720–1724
3192:1715–1719
2569:1422–1460
2564:1413–1421
2559:1399–1411
2554:1377–1397
2549:1327–1376
2537:1308–1325
2532:1275–1307
2527:1225–1267
2309:A Abram,
2178:prevail.’
2110:See also
2047:. c. 106)
2031:. c. 105)
1859:15 Ric. 2
1783:(1909) 76
1779:A Abram,
1698:G Chaucer
1478:covenants
1474:easements
1462:democracy
1357:, to the
1296:excambion
1137:, in his
1076:Lord King
1015:Yorkshire
1011:Middlesex
967:New World
927:trust law
911:who held
865:equitable
745:32 Hen. 8
737:27 Hen. 8
729:feoffment
698:18 Edw. 1
684:13 Edw. 1
630:Henry III
585:gavelkind
551:bordarii,
532:serjeanty
414:G Chaucer
331:peasantry
322:Feudalism
172:partition
143:feudalism
121:Roman law
111:Roman law
105:Roman law
4834:Land law
4673:devolved
4650:measures
2285:Articles
2222:EWHC 847
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1743:and the
1551:scene 40
1507:See also
1486:trespass
1482:nuisance
1434:and the
1234:9 Geo. 2
1224:c. 38).
1166:Victoria
1023:9 Geo. 2
897:crusades
887:and the
837:taxation
829:restored
674:7 Edw. 1
666:Edward I
654:covenant
638:mortgage
571:benefice
564:copyhold
559:villani,
520:chivalry
511:nobility
499:folkland
394:thraldom
362:Terrarum
227:distress
89:and the
65:, where
39:villeins
29:depicts
3436:to 1700
3128:to 1707
2280:Sources
2148:(ed.).
1861:. c. 12
1824:. c. 12
1706:(1400)
1635::
1588:(ed.).
1413:". The
939:escheat
909:feoffee
688:escheat
576:Henry I
547:cotarii
528:burgage
491:militia
422:(1400)
386:Serfdom
368:of the
339:cottars
179:serfdom
159:bocland
99:housing
85:feudal
67:England
47:cottars
43:bordars
2434:
2409:(1516)
2406:Utopia
2401:T More
2390:(1936)
2388:Equity
2380:(1976)
2370:
2313:(1909)
1965:Equity
1879:
1842:
1747:. See
1629:
1484:, and
1029:, the
972:equity
923:equity
913:seisin
881:equity
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790:T More
650:breach
642:trusts
634:equity
555:nativi
534:), or
524:socage
497:. The
406:slaves
402:estate
374:barons
355:entail
343:slaves
235:estate
231:tenure
223:common
219:homage
217:" or "
170:Equal
125:Romans
51:slaves
2304:Books
2216:e.g.
2144:. In
1993:e.g.
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1534:Notes
1102:rents
811:like
549:, or
543:servi
522:, or
503:manor
335:Serfs
204:Crown
196:realm
4749:for
4715:List
4703:List
4696:and
4687:List
4657:List
4590:2024
4585:2023
4580:2022
4575:2021
4570:2020
4565:2019
4560:2018
4555:2017
4550:2016
4545:2015
4540:2014
4535:2013
4530:2012
4525:2011
4520:2010
4515:2009
4510:2008
4505:2007
4500:2006
4495:2005
4490:2004
4485:2003
4480:2002
4475:2001
4470:2000
4462:1999
4457:1998
4452:1997
4447:1996
4442:1995
4437:1994
4432:1993
4427:1992
4422:1991
4417:1990
4412:1989
4407:1988
4402:1987
4397:1986
4392:1985
4387:1984
4382:1983
4377:1982
4372:1981
4367:1980
4362:1979
4357:1978
4352:1977
4347:1976
4342:1975
4337:1974
4332:1973
4327:1972
4322:1971
4317:1970
4312:1969
4307:1968
4302:1967
4297:1966
4292:1965
4287:1964
4282:1963
4277:1962
4272:1961
4267:1960
4262:1959
4257:1958
4252:1957
4247:1956
4242:1955
4237:1954
4232:1953
4227:1952
4222:1951
4217:1950
4212:1949
4207:1948
4202:1947
4197:1946
4192:1945
4187:1944
4182:1943
4177:1942
4172:1941
4167:1940
4162:1939
4157:1938
4152:1937
4147:1936
4142:1935
4137:1934
4132:1933
4127:1932
4122:1931
4117:1930
4112:1929
4107:1928
4102:1927
4097:1926
4092:1925
4087:1924
4082:1923
4077:1922
4072:1921
4067:1920
4062:1919
4057:1918
4052:1917
4047:1916
4042:1915
4037:1914
4032:1913
4027:1912
4022:1911
4017:1910
4012:1909
4007:1908
4002:1907
3997:1906
3992:1905
3987:1904
3982:1903
3977:1902
3972:1901
3967:1900
3959:1899
3954:1898
3949:1897
3944:1896
3939:1895
3934:1894
3929:1893
3924:1892
3919:1891
3914:1890
3909:1889
3904:1888
3899:1887
3894:1886
3889:1885
3884:1884
3879:1883
3874:1882
3869:1881
3864:1880
3859:1879
3854:1878
3849:1877
3844:1876
3839:1875
3834:1874
3829:1873
3824:1872
3819:1871
3814:1870
3809:1869
3804:1868
3799:1867
3794:1866
3789:1865
3784:1864
3779:1863
3774:1862
3769:1861
3764:1860
3759:1859
3754:1858
3749:1857
3744:1856
3739:1855
3734:1854
3729:1853
3724:1852
3719:1851
3714:1850
3709:1849
3704:1848
3699:1847
3694:1846
3689:1845
3684:1844
3679:1843
3674:1842
3669:1841
3664:1840
3659:1839
3654:1838
3649:1837
3644:1836
3639:1835
3634:1834
3629:1833
3624:1832
3619:1831
3614:1830
3609:1829
3604:1828
3599:1827
3594:1826
3589:1825
3584:1824
3579:1823
3574:1822
3569:1821
3564:1820
3559:1819
3554:1818
3549:1817
3544:1816
3539:1815
3534:1814
3529:1813
3524:1812
3519:1811
3514:1810
3509:1809
3504:1808
3499:1807
3494:1806
3489:1805
3484:1804
3479:1803
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3469:1801
3417:1800
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3407:1798
3402:1797
3397:1796
3392:1795
3387:1794
3382:1793
3377:1792
3372:1791
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3362:1789
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3352:1787
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3302:1777
3297:1776
3292:1775
3287:1774
3282:1773
3277:1772
3272:1771
3267:1770
3262:1769
3257:1768
3252:1767
3247:1766
3242:1765
3187:1714
3182:1713
3177:1712
3172:1711
3167:1710
3162:1709
3157:1708
3152:1707
3112:1706
3107:1705
3102:1704
3097:1703
3092:1702
3087:1701
3082:1700
3077:1698
3072:1697
3067:1696
3062:1695
3057:1694
3052:1693
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3042:1691
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3025:1689
3020:1688
3015:1685
3010:1680
2998:1679
2993:1678
2988:1677
2983:1675
2978:1672
2973:1670
2968:1667
2963:1666
2958:1665
2953:1664
2948:1663
2943:1662
2938:1661
2933:1660
2921:1640
2909:1627
2904:1625
2899:1623
2894:1620
2889:1609
2884:1606
2879:1605
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2869:1601
2864:1597
2859:1592
2854:1588
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2824:1571
2819:1566
2814:1562
2809:1558
2804:1557
2799:1555
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2724:1535
2719:1534
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2232:E.g.
2190:and
2122:and
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