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716:, Introduction, XV: "The proper answer to my question 'How can we hope to detect and eliminate error?' is, I believe, 'By criticizing the theories or guesses of others and—if we can train ourselves to do so—by criticizing our own theories or guesses.' (The latter point is highly desirable, but not indispensable; for if we fail to criticize our own theories, there may be others to do it for us.) This answer sums up a position which I propose to call "critical rationalism"."
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science: what is the relationship between the producers and consumers of scientific knowledge? The answer to this question must, in some form, inform the method in which the history of science and technology is conducted; conversely, how the history of science and technology is conducted, and what it concludes, can inform the answer to the question. The question itself contains an entire host of philosophical questions: what is the nature of scientific truth? What does
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855:...scientism is a revival of the nineteenth-century positivist faith that a reified "science" has discovered (or is about to discover) all the important truths about human life. Precise measurement and rigorous calculation, in this view, are the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies—explaining consciousness and choice, replacing ambiguity with certainty.
277:' (Denkkollektiv). Fleck's book suggests that epistemologically, there is nothing stable or realistically true or false about any scientific fact. A fact has a "genesis" which is grounded in certain theoretic grounds and many times other obscure and fuzzy notions, and it "develops" as it is subject to dispute and additional research by other scientists.
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336:, whereby theories that better survive the process of refutation are not necessarily more "true" but more "fit" or applicable to the problem situation at hand. Popper suggested that the evolution of theories through the scientific method could reflect a certain type of progress: toward more and more interesting problems.
61:(1837). Biographies of natural philosophers (early scientists) were also popular in the nineteenth century, helping to create Isaac Newton as a scientific genius and national hero in Great Britain. H.G. Wells began a trend for histories of science on the grand scale, a kind of epic of civilisation and progress, with his
371:
As Kuhn put it, the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science. "Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists
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The discipline today encompasses a wide variety of fields of academic study, ranging from the traditional ones of history, sociology, and philosophy, and a variety of others such as law, architecture, and literature. There is a tendency towards integrating with global history, as well as employing
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can be incredibly fuzzy. Few historians then, or now, would insist that either of these approaches in their extremes paint a wholly complete picture, nor would it necessarily be possible to practice one fully over the other. However, at their heart they contain a basic question about the nature of
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of scientific ideas and consider the development of these ideas wholly within the scientific world. Although internalist histories of modern science tend to emphasize the norms of modern science, internalist histories can also consider the different systems of thought underlying the development of
106:
looks at the manner in which science and scientists are affected, and guided by, their context and the world in which they exist. It is an approach which eschews the notion that the history of science is the development of pure thought over time, one idea leading to another in a contextual bubble
272:
It used a case study in the field of medicine (of the development of the disease concept of
Syphilis) to present a thesis about the social nature of knowledge, and in particular science and scientific "thought styles" (Denkstil), which are the epistemological, conceptual and linguistic styles of
167:
Even with his emphasis on external factors, Merton differed from Hessen in his interpretation: Merton maintained that while researchers may be inspired and interested by problems which were suggested by extra-scientific factors, ultimately the researcher's interests were driven by "the internal
518:
began in 1954, many historians would write about modern science solely as a
European achievement with no significant contributions from civilizations other than the Greeks. Recent historical writings have argued that there was significant influence and contribution from Egyptian, Mesopotamian,
501:
noted that "dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?"
368:(1962) is considered particularly influential. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science.
45:
debates regarding the proper method for the study of the history of science are sometimes difficult to demarcate from historical controversies regarding the course of science. Early controversies of the latter kind are considered by some to be the inception of the sub-discipline.
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of the 1990s were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while
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Arabic, Indian, and
Chinese astronomy and mathematics. The employment of notions of cross-cultural exchange in the study of history of science helps in putting the discipline on the path towards being a non-Eurocentric and non-linear field of study.
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408:(the study of the sociology and history of science) has been to emphasize the "human component" of scientific knowledge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data are self-evident, value-free, and context-free. The field of
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of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific."
156:— to explain the growth of science in this period. Merton split Hessen's category of economics into smaller subcategories of influence, including transportation, mining, and military technique. Merton also tried to develop
39:, including its disciplinary aspects and practices (methods, theories, schools) and the study of its own historical development ("History of History of Science", i.e., the history of the discipline called History of Science).
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movement and a general loss of optimism of the power of science and technology unfettered to solve the problems of the world, this new history encouraged many critics to pronounce the preeminence of science to be overthrown.
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prompted many historians to look at the ways in which scientific practices were allied with the needs and motivations of their context. Hessen's work focused on socio-political factors in what science is done, and how.
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328:. Popper suggested that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time because of an evolutionary process. He proposed that the process of "error elimination" in the field of science is like that of
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produced many works following Hessen's thesis, which can be seen as reactions to and refinements of Hessen's argument. In his work on science, technology, and society in the 17th-century
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Some critical theorists later argued that their postmodern deconstructions had at times been counter-productive, and had provided intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests.
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as an autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students.
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and said that a theory should be considered scientific if, and only if, it is falsifiable. Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge in
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412:, an area that overlaps and often informs historical studies of science, focuses on the social context of science in both contemporary and historical periods.
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that attribute all scholarly, technological, and philosophical gains to Europe and marginalize outside contributions. Until Joseph
Needham's book series
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new methodological concepts such as cross-cultural exchange. Historians of science also closely work with scholars from related disciplines such as the
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Pestre, Dominique (1995). "Pour une histoire sociale et culturelle des sciences. Nouvelles définitions, nouveaux objets, nouvelles pratiques".
269:. Fleck's book focused on the epistemological and linguistic factors that affect scientific discovery, innovation and progress or development.
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Reingold, Nathan (1986). "History of
Science Today, 1. Uniformity as Hidden Diversity: History of Science in the United States, 1920–1940".
401:(1971) referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge.
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67:(1919/1920). Popular accounts of science's past were often linked to speculations about its future, with science fiction authors such as
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focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the ways in which they "produce" and "construct" scientific knowledge.
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history of the science in question". Merton attempted to delineate externalism and internalism along disciplinary boundaries, with
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Mayer, Anna K (2000). "Setting up a
Discipline: Conflicting Agendas of the Cambridge History of Science Committee, 1936–1950".
387:. He suggested that these two writers had inaugurated the sub-discipline by distinguishing clearly between the history and the
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Mathematics
Science and Epistemology: Volume 2 of the Philosophical and Scientific Papers of Imre Lakatos Papers Imre Lakatos
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Dennis, Michael Aaron. "Historiography of
Science: An American Perspective," in John Krige and Dominique Pestre, eds.,
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of science, as they argued that historiographical views greatly influence the writing of the history of science.
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Histories of science were originally written by practicing and retired scientists, a notable early example being
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Graham, Loren R. (1985), "The socio-political Roots of Boris Hessen: Soviet
Marxism and he History of Science",
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640:"'Not one voice speaking to many': E C Large, wireless, and science fiction fans in the mid-twentieth century"
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Bennett, J. A. (1997). "Museums and the
Establishment of the History of Science at Oxford and Cambridge".
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Recreating Newton : Newtonian biography and the making of nineteenth-century history of science
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1162:, pp. 195–241, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press and also published in
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Historisches Bewußtsein in der Naturwissenschaft : von der Aufklärung bis zum Positivismus
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Kuhn, T., 1962, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", University of Chicago Press, p. 137
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Eurocentrism in scientific history are historical accounts written about the development of
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Lakatos, Imre. "History of Science and its Rational Reconstructions" in Y.Elkana (ed.)
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247:, that scientific knowledge is not cumulative or progressive and that there can be no
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The method of doing history of science which preceded externalism, became known as
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Swerdlow, Noel M. (1993), "Montucla's Legacy: The History of the Exact Sciences",
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1966:
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1127:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 137–155.
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884:"Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern"
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wrote "A Revolution in Historiography of Science", referring to the studies of
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which could exist at any place, at any time, if only given the right geniuses.
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Images and Contexts Critical Essays on the Historiography of Science in India
943:
Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500-1700
665:
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395:
384:
376:
1123:. "Soviet attitudes towards the social and historical study of science," in
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mean in a scientific context? How does change in scientific theories occur?
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Calendar: Humanity's Epic Struggle to Determine a True and Accurate Year
449:
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in terms of method between science and any other form of investigation.
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The mid 20th century saw a series of studies investigating the role of
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2012:
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Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science
1303:
1034:
Buchdahl, Gerd (1965). "A Revolution in Historiography of Science".
656:
164:
approaches to showing the influence of external factors on science.
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4361:
2282:
2230:
1153:
Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism and the History of Science
958:
The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science 1st ed
904:
735:
Buchdahl Gerd (1965), "A Revolution in Historiography of Science",
809:
The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations
2069:
2047:
1997:
1901:
1837:
1683:
153:
149:
100:
This method of doing the history of science that became known as
28:
1155:, 2nd ed. with a new Preface. Princeton: University Press, 2005.
505:
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but unlike Popper's work, the book received no review notice in
235:
argued that scientific knowledge is progressive and cumulative;
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2079:
1992:
1347:
1260:
Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge
707:
690:
Science Teaching: The Role of History and Philosophy of Science
304:. Kuhn also wrote the foreword to Fleck's English translation.
1166:, Worrall & Currie (eds), Cambridge University Press, 1980
3137:
3034:
2895:
2017:
1284:
I ragni e le formiche: un'apologia della storia della scienza
1117:, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.
152:, Merton sought to introduce an additional category —
2022:
280:
Fleck's monograph was published at almost the same time as
1141:, Chicago: University of Chicago, 1962 (third edn, 1996).
440:
78:
4485:
945:. Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 4.
184:
Historiographical approaches to theory change in science
5779:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
1125:
Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History
316:" to describe his philosophy. He distinguished between
869:
Scientism: Philosophy and the Infatuation with Science
116:. Internalist histories of science often focus on the
6071:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
4919:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
1319:
Schaffer, Simon (1984), "Newton at the crossroads",
49:
4879:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
4737:
2519:
778:
223:A major subject of concern and controversy in the
5537:
776:
6247:
1132:An Introduction to the Historiography of Science
1074:, Amsterdam: Harwood, 1997, pp. 1–26.
6103:
2346:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
35:of the sub-discipline of history, known as the
1160:The Interaction between Science and Philosophy
83:
5927:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
5797:Western European colonialism and colonization
4346:
1853:
1374:
770:
734:
506:Eurocentrism in the historiography of science
4257:
1209:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
1172:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
1115:Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact
781:Scientific knowledge and its social problems
492:
399:Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems
266:Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact
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960:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21.
805:
298:acknowledged the influence it had upon the
263:, a Polish medical microbiologist published
239:, that scientific knowledge moves through "
4353:
4339:
1860:
1846:
1798:
1381:
1367:
999:British Journal for the History of Science
570:British Journal for the History of Science
243:" and is not necessarily progressive; and
4982:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
975:. New York: Bard/Avon Books. p. 182.
655:
88:In the early 1930s, a paper given by the
6201:Historical geographic information system
2967:
1318:
1289:
1033:
686:
567:
25:historiography of the history of science
1139:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
996:
602:
365:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
6248:
5841:English historical school of economics
3893:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
1947:
1388:
1256:
1227:
1084:
970:
922:from the original on 16 September 2012
881:
866:
713:
637:
441:History of science in the 21st Century
273:scientific (but also non-scientific) '
254:
79:Professional historiography of science
6157:
6102:
6037:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
5876:Historical reliability of the Gospels
5734:
5261:
4334:
4323:
2966:
2709:
2473:
2112:
1946:
1841:
1362:
1169:
845:from the original on 13 November 2013
832:
144:The historian/sociologist of science
6229:
4324:
3854:More Irish than the Irish themselves
1230:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
1146:O Passado das Ciências como História
991:Towards an Historiography of Science
955:
940:
444:
187:
4924:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
2113:
719:
549:Sociology of the history of science
415:Corresponding with the rise of the
404:Since the 1960s, a common trend in
301:Structure of Scientific Revolutions
13:
5937:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
3881:Fourth Italian War of Independence
1867:
1134:, Cambridge University Press 1990
833:Lears, T.J. Jackson (2013-11-06).
609:. London: Pickering & Chatto.
14:
6272:
1419:History and philosophy of science
1340:
1206:
687:Matthews, Michael Robert (1994).
516:Science and Civilisation in China
307:
59:History of the Inductive Sciences
50:Amateur historiography of science
16:History of the history of science
6228:
6219:
6218:
5735:
5235:
5234:
5076:Palestinian expulsion and flight
3588:5000-year civilization assertion
3164:Nadir of American race relations
1821:
1820:
1808:
1797:
1427:
1346:
1072:Science in the Twentieth Century
638:Sleigh, Charlotte (2022-04-27).
448:
191:
6065:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
4939:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
4874:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
4681:Causes of the Armenian genocide
2990:Pyramid construction techniques
2557:Comparative historical research
2474:
2175:Library and information science
1292:Journal of the History of Ideas
1081:, Freiburg : Alber, 1979.
993:Wesleyan University Press. 1963
983:
964:
949:
934:
875:
860:
826:
812:. University of Chicago Press.
423:
339:Popper helped to establish the
6077:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6027:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
5836:Historical school of economics
5773:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
5211:Gunpowder and gun transmission
5085:Zionism as settler colonialism
4090:Limpieza de sangre controversy
3057:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
1279:, Oxford University Press 2003
799:
728:
680:
631:
596:
561:
544:History of military technology
487:science and technology studies
410:Science and Technology Studies
346:
132:In practice, the line between
1:
5886:Opposition to Papal supremacy
5262:
3074:Indigenous population history
1207:Mayer. "End of Ideology".'".
1192:10.1016/s0039-3681(00)00026-1
1148:, Porto: Porto Editora, 2007.
554:
231:or theory change in science.
5802:Desacralization of knowledge
4073:Carlism in the Francoist era
4041:Holodomor in modern politics
2710:
1093:(4), London: SAGE: 705–722,
971:Duncan, David Ewing (1999).
806:King Merton, Robert (1979).
644:Science Museum Group Journal
7:
6194:Historiographic metafiction
6158:
6104:Organizations, publications
5893:Proto-orthodox Christianity
4843:German resistance to Nazism
4699:Persian famine of 1917–1919
4109:Islamic revolution of Spain
4036:Holodomor genocide question
3912:Revisionism of Risorgimento
3906:Rerum italicarum scriptores
3887:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
3654:Self-Strengthening Movement
2804:decolonization of knowledge
1770:Neurology and neurosurgery
1221:10.1016/j.shpsa.2003.12.010
785:. Oxford University Press.
522:
353:science in a social context
326:All Life is Problem Solving
134:internalism and externalism
84:Internalism and externalism
10:
6277:
5991:Wissenschaft des Judentums
5968:Criticism of Protestantism
4848:Nazi foreign policy debate
4279:Second colonial occupation
4026:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
3664:Tibetan sovereignty debate
3208:Progressive-era historians
2643:Nationalization of history
2594:Historical-critical method
1099:10.1177/030631285015004005
1077:von Engelhardt, Dietrich.
1056:10.1177/007327536500400103
777:Ravetz, Jerome R. (1979).
757:10.1177/007327536500400103
6256:Historiography of science
6213:
6164:
6153:
6109:
6098:
6047:
5851:
5810:
5741:
5730:
5586:
5272:
5268:
5257:
5229:
5198:
5162:
5056:
5010:
4996:Second Sino-Japanese War
4974:
4904:
4856:
4818:
4778:
4654:
4476:
4395:
4371:
4330:
4319:
4295:
4193:
4160:
4051:
3975:
3932:
3873:
3838:
3810:
3801:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
3745:
3672:
3578:
3506:
3220:
3149:
3082:
3044:
2977:
2973:
2962:
2787:
2720:
2716:
2705:
2482:
2469:
2296:
2163:
2125:
2121:
2108:
1985:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1875:
1793:
1740:
1707:
1659:
1606:
1568:
1492:
1436:
1425:
1396:
1353:Historiography of science
1242:10.3406/ahess.1995.279379
1087:Social Studies of Science
1011:10.1017/s0007087496002889
871:, Routledge, pp. 1ff
603:Higgitt, Rebekah (2007).
582:10.1017/S0007087400023268
493:Questioning postmodernism
394:Further studies, such as
21:historiography of science
5751:Crisis of historiography
4914:Auschwitz bombing debate
4600:Indian Rebellion of 1857
4451:Late Bronze Age collapse
4385:List of military museums
3988:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
3960:Polish People's Republic
3795:Sybel-Ficker controversy
3159:African-American history
3132:Colonial Spanish America
2921:Second Thirty Years' War
1257:Popper, Karl R. (1962).
312:Popper coined the term "
4864:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
4723:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
4274:Porter–MacKenzie debate
4031:Causes of the Holodomor
3568:Problem of two emperors
3516:Catilinarian conspiracy
2743:Historical significance
2604:Indiscipline of history
2579:Historical anthropology
1484:20th century in science
1479:19th century in science
1263:. New York: Basic Books
867:Sorell, Thomas (1994),
227:has been the nature of
118:rational reconstruction
5958:Protestant Reformation
5932:Second Vatican Council
5910:Succession to Muhammad
5905:Criticism of the Quran
5656:Religious perspectives
5390:Klemens von Metternich
4987:"Battle for Australia"
4869:Soviet offensive plans
4838:Broad vs. narrow front
4677:Late Ottoman genocides
3610:Century of humiliation
3391:Goguryeo controversies
3369:2,500-year celebration
3027:Double genocide theory
2814:Historical negationism
2638:Ancestral civilisation
2626:Historical materialism
2584:Historical determinism
2534:History of mentalities
1404:Theories and sociology
174:sociologist of science
6261:Philosophy of science
6082:Torsion mangonel myth
5985:Modern Jewish history
5980:Jesuit historiography
5973:Protestant work ethic
5953:Hesychast controversy
5818:Industrial Revolution
5768:Library of Alexandria
5686:The Lord of the Rings
5336:Constantine the Great
5216:Torsion mangonel myth
5148:Sri Lankan Civil War
4227:Storm over the gentry
4128:Colonies or Provinces
3659:Sprouts of capitalism
2733:Historic preservation
2728:Change and continuity
1464:Scientific Revolution
341:philosophy of science
225:philosophy of science
75:dabbling in the two.
6169:Commemorative plaque
5385:Juan Manuel de Rosas
4833:"Blitzkrieg" concept
4704:Powder keg of Europe
4579:Franco-Prussian War
4249:Winter of Discontent
4232:Suffragette Campaign
3899:Italiani brava gente
3865:Revolutionary period
3687:Frankish Interregnum
3620:"Chineseness" debate
3553:Byzantine succession
3538:Fall of Western Rome
3479:Executed Renaissance
2968:By country or region
2912:Age of Enlightenment
2886:Vaticinium ex eventu
2833:Modernisation theory
2667:Quantitative history
2043:Historical documents
1717:Agricultural science
1469:Age of Enlightenment
1355:at Wikimedia Commons
941:Dear, Peter (2001).
357:sociology of science
334:biological evolution
314:critical rationalism
123:Babylonian astronomy
27:is the study of the
5998:Schools of thought
5963:Proto-Protestantism
5832:School of Thoughts
5714:William Shakespeare
5699:Robert Falcon Scott
5604:Friedrich Nietzsche
5442:Cult of personality
5427:Neville Chamberlain
5287:Alexander the Great
5169:Russo-Georgian War
5142:Sovereignty dispute
5121:Iranian Revolution
4951:"Polish death camp"
4928:In relation to the
4637:Myth of English aid
4628:War of the Pacific
4405:Albigensian Crusade
3830:Indigenous Aryanism
3526:Constantinian shift
3062:Residential schools
2819:Historian's fallacy
2738:Historic recurrence
2236:Numismatics (Money)
2008:Archaeological site
1932:theories of history
1755:Veterinary medicine
1449:Classical Antiquity
1184:2000SHPSA..31..665M
1048:1965HisSc...4...55B
1005:(104 Pt 1): 29–46.
956:Bala, Arun (2006).
749:1965HisSc...4...55B
483:history of medicine
287:Logik der Forschung
275:thought collectives
255:Thought collectives
6189:Historical realism
6184:Historical fiction
6129:History institutes
6119:Historical society
6114:Heritage registers
6002:Biblical criticism
5915:Islamic golden age
5866:Early Christianity
5746:Bears in antiquity
5634:Medieval Christian
5432:Pedro II of Brazil
5380:José de San Martín
5184:Syrian revolution
5096:Malayan Emergency
5071:1948 Palestine war
4804:Spanish Civil War
4754:War guilt question
4563:American Civil War
4543:Invasion of Russia
4519:New Russian School
4303:Colonial Australia
4019:October Revolution
3782:Strukturgeschichte
3718:Location of Alésia
3637:Hua–Yi distinction
3558:Moscow, third Rome
3174:Reconstruction era
2995:Black Egypt Thesis
2917:European Civil War
2873:Translatio imperii
2828:Invented tradition
1949:Historical sources
1390:History of science
1321:Radical Philosophy
1144:Gavroglu, Kostas.
1036:History of Science
882:Latour, B (2004).
737:History of Science
534:Logology (science)
460:. You can help by
203:. You can help by
180:by the historian.
73:L. Sprague de Camp
64:Outline of History
37:history of science
6243:
6242:
6209:
6208:
6149:
6148:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6007:Catholic theology
5861:Avestan geography
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5709:Søren Kierkegaard
5582:
5581:
5493:Warren G. Harding
5253:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5052:
5051:
4930:Armenian genocide
4793:Polish–Soviet War
4788:Burning of Smyrna
4774:
4773:
4764:Reichstag inquiry
4687:Patriotic consent
4558:
4557:
4533:War in the Vendée
4497:French Revolution
4479:century conflicts
4468:Peloponnesian War
4429:Eighty Years' War
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4220:Westminster Stone
3917:Southern question
3756:Alltagsgeschichte
3706:Legendary Saracen
3408:Early settlements
3216:
3215:
3196:Political history
3181:Consensus history
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2940:Continuity thesis
2879:Translatio studii
2765:Theory of history
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2655:Subaltern Studies
2540:Nouvelle histoire
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2377:Medieval churches
2364:Geistesgeschichte
2308:Paleoanthropology
2216:Encyclopaedistics
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
1972:Secondary sources
1835:
1834:
1727:Materials science
1689:Political science
1454:Medieval European
1351:Media related to
819:978-0-226-52092-6
792:978-0-19-519721-1
700:978-0-415-90899-3
616:978-1-85196-906-7
478:
477:
330:natural selection
221:
220:
56:William Whewell's
43:Historiographical
6268:
6232:
6231:
6222:
6221:
6174:Documentary film
6155:
6154:
6134:History journals
6100:
6099:
6073:
5945:
5881:Primacy of Peter
5828:Great Depression
5808:
5807:
5781:
5759:
5732:
5731:
5680:J. R. R. Tolkien
5535:
5534:
5530:
5518:
5506:
5488:Ulysses S. Grant
5483:Thomas Jefferson
5474:
5450:
5413:
5376:
5364:
5332:
5320:
5312:Chiang Ching-kuo
5302:Cato the Younger
5292:Amin al-Husseini
5270:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5238:
5237:
5221:War and genocide
5045:
5031:Résistancialisme
5018:Battle of France
5000:Nanjing Massacre
4854:
4853:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4695:
4645:
4527:
4510:
4483:
4482:
4410:Catharism debate
4396:pre-18th century
4378:Military history
4355:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4325:By war, conflict
4321:
4320:
4269:Cambridge School
4255:
4254:
4153:
4141:
4117:
4098:
4008:
3996:
3968:
3790:
3768:Historikerstreit
3738:
3726:
3714:
3695:
3681:Cordon sanitaire
3627:New Qing History
3615:Conquest dynasty
3606:
3521:Christianization
3504:
3503:
3423:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3290:
3278:
3270:Byzantine Empire
3125:Iquicha Royalism
3114:
3080:
3079:
3003:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2907:Age of Discovery
2896:Periodization of
2893:
2892:
2867:Transhistoricity
2862:Thirty-year rule
2773:
2761:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2687:Great Man theory
2650:People's history
2612:
2517:
2516:
2509:Three-age system
2471:
2470:
2171:Archival science
2123:
2122:
2110:
2109:
1977:Tertiary sources
1957:
1956:
1944:
1943:
1893:by area of study
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1722:Computer science
1570:Natural sciences
1535:Medieval Islamic
1431:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1328:
1315:
1286:, Bologna, 1986.
1272:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1224:
1203:
1109:
1067:
1030:
989:Agassi, Joseph.
977:
976:
968:
962:
961:
953:
947:
946:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
921:
892:Critical Inquiry
888:
879:
873:
872:
864:
858:
857:
852:
850:
830:
824:
823:
803:
797:
796:
784:
774:
768:
767:
732:
726:
723:
717:
711:
705:
704:
684:
678:
677:
659:
635:
629:
628:
600:
594:
593:
565:
473:
470:
452:
445:
417:environmentalism
216:
213:
195:
188:
146:Robert K. Merton
6276:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6205:
6160:
6145:
6105:
6086:
6069:
6052:
6043:
5939:
5847:
5823:Great Recession
5806:
5777:
5753:
5737:
5718:
5609:H. P. Lovecraft
5578:
5540:
5533:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5468:
5444:
5417:Muammar Gaddafi
5407:
5395:Leonid Brezhnev
5370:
5358:
5341:Gregory Palamas
5326:
5324:Chiang Kai Shek
5314:
5274:
5264:
5245:
5244:
5225:
5206:Conflict thesis
5194:
5158:
5048:
5039:
5006:
4970:
4900:
4852:
4814:
4780:Interwar period
4770:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4709:Schlieffen Plan
4689:
4650:
4639:
4554:
4521:
4504:
4489:
4478:
4472:
4456:Dorian invasion
4441:Fall of Babylon
4397:
4391:
4390:
4367:
4359:
4326:
4307:
4283:
4260:
4253:
4215:Kingdom of Alba
4196:
4189:
4156:
4147:
4135:
4133:Spanish decline
4111:
4092:
4047:
4002:
3990:
3971:
3962:
3928:
3869:
3834:
3820:Greater Magadha
3806:
3784:
3741:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3689:
3668:
3642:Four Barbarians
3600:
3574:
3502:
3459:Götaland theory
3427:Lusotropicalism
3417:
3398:North Macedonia
3330:
3318:
3306:
3284:
3272:
3212:
3191:Frontier thesis
3186:Cyclical theory
3169:Neoabolitionism
3145:
3108:
3078:
3040:
3017:Greater Morocco
2997:
2969:
2946:
2897:
2891:
2783:
2767:
2755:
2712:
2693:
2606:
2521:
2515:
2497:Historical eras
2478:
2457:
2292:
2189:Writing systems
2159:
2117:
2115:Fields of study
2096:
2090:Service records
2075:Religious texts
1981:
1967:Primary sources
1951:
1938:
1937:
1871:
1866:
1836:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1789:
1736:
1703:
1661:Social sciences
1655:
1602:
1564:
1488:
1432:
1423:
1392:
1387:
1343:
1304:10.2307/2709984
1266:
1264:
1151:Golinski, Jan.
1121:Graham, Loren R
1113:Fleck, Ludwik,
986:
981:
980:
969:
965:
954:
950:
939:
935:
925:
923:
919:
886:
880:
876:
865:
861:
848:
846:
831:
827:
820:
804:
800:
793:
775:
771:
733:
729:
724:
720:
712:
708:
701:
685:
681:
657:10.15180/170802
636:
632:
617:
601:
597:
566:
562:
557:
529:Conflict thesis
525:
508:
495:
474:
468:
465:
458:needs expansion
443:
426:
406:science studies
396:Jerome Ravetz's
349:
310:
257:
245:Paul Feyerabend
241:paradigm shifts
217:
211:
208:
201:needs expansion
186:
172:studied by the
86:
81:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6274:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6226:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6131:
6126:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5982:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5787:
5782:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5653:
5648:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Charles Darwin
5596:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5569:United Kingdom
5566:
5561:
5559:Modern Germany
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5532:
5531:
5519:
5507:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5478:Thomas Aquinas
5475:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5365:
5353:
5348:
5346:Horatio Nelson
5343:
5338:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5178:Responsibility
5175:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5090:New Historians
5087:
5082:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4956:Responsibility
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4936:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4732:
4720:
4714:Spirit of 1914
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4684:
4674:
4671:Fischer thesis
4660:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4634:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4612:Paraguayan War
4609:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4538:Napoleonic era
4535:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4516:
4511:
4502:Pre-revolution
4493:
4491:
4487:Coalition Wars
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:historiography
4358:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4328:
4327:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4183:Decline thesis
4180:
4173:Ottoman Empire
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4099:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4000:Skeptic School
3985:
3983:Anti-Normanism
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:Golden Liberty
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3922:Neo-Bourbonism
3914:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3792:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3762:Borussian myth
3759:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3696:
3684:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3233:Dealbanisation
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3103:
3097:May Revolution
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3067:Staples thesis
3064:
3059:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2899:modern history
2890:
2889:
2882:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2843:Paradigm shift
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2529:Annales school
2525:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2392:Constitutional
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:Postage stamps
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2182:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Oral tradition
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:Historiography
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1750:Human medicine
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1409:Historiography
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1342:
1341:External links
1339:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1316:
1298:(2): 299–328,
1287:
1282:Rossi, Paolo,
1280:
1275:Raina, Dhruv.
1273:
1254:
1236:(3): 487–522.
1225:
1204:
1167:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1137:Kuhn, Thomas.
1135:
1130:Kragh, Helge.
1128:
1118:
1111:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1031:
994:
985:
982:
979:
978:
963:
948:
933:
905:10.1086/421123
899:(2): 225–248.
874:
859:
825:
818:
798:
791:
769:
727:
718:
706:
699:
679:
630:
615:
595:
576:(3): 243–262.
559:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
524:
521:
512:modern science
507:
504:
494:
491:
476:
475:
455:
453:
442:
439:
425:
422:
389:historiography
362:Thomas Kuhn's
348:
345:
322:falsifiability
309:
308:Falsifiability
306:
296:Thomas S. Kuhn
256:
253:
229:paradigm shift
219:
218:
198:
196:
185:
182:
85:
82:
80:
77:
51:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6273:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6235:
6227:
6225:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6156:
6152:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6101:
6097:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6060:Merton thesis
6058:
6057:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:Panbabylonism
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5943:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5574:United States
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5528:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5454:Bolivarianism
5452:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5437:Simon Bolivar
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5368:Joseph Stalin
5366:
5362:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5256:
5241:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:Post-Cold War
5161:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5137:Falklands War
5135:
5133:
5132:Iran–Iraq War
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Ongoing Nakba
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5043:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:Western Front
5009:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4992:Bengal famine
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4906:The Holocaust
4903:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:Eastern Front
4855:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4588:Paris Commune
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:Turning point
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:18th and 19th
4475:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4422:Islamic views
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4192:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4146:
4145:Ser de España
4143:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Ottoman claim
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Prosopography
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3496:Trưng sisters
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3243:Habsburg myth
3241:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3151:United States
3148:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3084:Latin America
3081:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:Transnational
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:Decoloniality
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:Historiometry
2546:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2492:Periodization
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Sigillography
2276:
2274:
2273:Prosopography
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Local history
2148:
2144:
2143:Human history
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:World history
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Combinatorics
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Earth science
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Ancient world
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Pseudoscience
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:(4): 665–89.
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
987:
974:
967:
959:
952:
944:
937:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
885:
878:
870:
863:
856:
844:
840:
836:
835:"Get Happy!!"
829:
821:
815:
811:
810:
802:
794:
788:
783:
782:
773:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
722:
715:
710:
702:
696:
693:. Routledge.
692:
691:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
626:
622:
618:
612:
608:
607:
599:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
564:
560:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
520:
517:
513:
503:
500:
490:
488:
484:
472:
463:
459:
456:This section
454:
451:
447:
446:
438:
436:
431:
421:
418:
413:
411:
407:
402:
400:
397:
392:
390:
386:
385:Joseph Agassi
382:
378:
377:Gerd Buchdahl
373:
369:
367:
366:
360:
358:
354:
344:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
278:
276:
270:
268:
267:
262:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
215:
206:
202:
199:This section
197:
194:
190:
189:
181:
179:
175:
171:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
135:
130:
128:
124:
119:
115:
114:
108:
105:
104:
98:
95:
91:
76:
74:
70:
66:
65:
60:
57:
47:
44:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
6048:
5989:
5791:The Simpsons
5789:
5736:Other topics
5684:
5661:Christianity
5651:Resurrection
5282:Adolf Hitler
5111:Six-Day War
5107:Algerian War
5078: /
5037:Vichy France
5029:
5022:
4932: /
4820:World War II
4716: /
4383:
4376:
4178:Ghaza thesis
4101:
4077:
4063:White legend
4061: /
4059:Black legend
4014:Soviet Union
3904:
3897:
3885:
3848:Great Famine
3825:Indocentrism
3799:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3754:
3700:Grand Siècle
3698:
3679:
3647:Sinocentrism
3508:Ancient Rome
3488:
3346:Aryan Kartli
3344:
3136:
3099: /
3033:
2930:19th century
2928: /
2919: /
2884:
2877:
2876: /
2871:
2847:
2821: /
2795:Black legend
2753:Historiology
2550: /
2538:
2501:
2439:Quantitative
2362:
2358:Intellectual
2324: /
2320: /
2306: /
2304:Anthropology
2258:Phaleristics
2251:preservation
2246:Oral history
2187: /
2173: /
2155:Microhistory
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1891: /
1887:
1880:
1765:Neuroscience
1669:Anthropology
1651:Trigonometry
1408:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1259:
1233:
1229:
1212:
1208:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
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984:Bibliography
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942:
936:
924:. Retrieved
896:
890:
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847:. Retrieved
838:
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496:
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466:
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457:
430:Science wars
427:
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318:verification
311:
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261:Ludwik Fleck
258:
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209:
205:adding to it
200:
177:
169:
166:
162:quantitative
143:
131:
125:or Medieval
111:
109:
101:
99:
94:Boris Hessen
87:
69:Isaac Asimov
63:
58:
53:
41:
24:
20:
18:
6179:Hagiography
5940: [
5900:Early Islam
5754: [
5646:Historicity
5624:Historicity
5614:Jane Austen
5594:The Beatles
5564:Netherlands
5525: [
5522:Zhuge Liang
5513: [
5501: [
5498:Yuan Shikai
5469: [
5466:Sun Yat Tse
5445: [
5408: [
5371: [
5359: [
5356:Jiang Zemin
5327: [
5315: [
5307:Che Guevara
5040: [
4975:Pacific War
4759:Article 231
4749:Reparations
4726: [
4690: [
4667:Color books
4656:World War I
4640: [
4617:War of 1812
4522: [
4505: [
4490:(1792–1815)
4461:Sea Peoples
4446:Gallic Wars
4148: [
4136: [
4123:Revisionist
4112: [
4103:Reconquista
4093: [
4085:Inquisition
4079:Convivencia
4003: [
3991: [
3963: [
3860:Revisionism
3785: [
3733: [
3721: [
3709: [
3690: [
3632:Golden ages
3601: [
3598:Wunu School
3593:Archaeology
3466:Switzerland
3449:Kosovo Myth
3437:Great Union
3418: [
3403:Philippines
3386:Nationalist
3359:Ages of Man
3331: [
3319: [
3307: [
3285: [
3273: [
3109: [
3106:Revisionist
2998: [
2935:Renaissance
2800:Coloniality
2768: [
2756: [
2748:Historicity
2672:Revisionist
2662:Pop history
2633:Nationalist
2607: [
2552:Cliometrics
2520:Approaches,
2476:Methodology
2372:Linguistics
2322:Environment
2288:Vexillology
2211:Diplomatics
2194:Chorography
2133:Big History
2085:War diaries
2058:Illuminated
2053:Manuscripts
2038:Hieroglyphs
1918:historicity
1732:Engineering
1674:Archaeology
1641:Probability
1608:Mathematics
1474:Romanticism
1459:Renaissance
849:21 December
714:Popper 1962
539:Metascience
381:Thomas Kuhn
347:Revolutions
294:. However,
282:Karl Popper
249:demarcation
237:Thomas Kuhn
233:Karl Popper
139:objectivity
113:internalism
103:externalism
33:methodology
6250:Categories
6234:Multimedia
6053:Technology
6017:Urreligion
5920:Kharijites
5871:Background
5539:Historical
5510:Zhou Enlai
5405:Mao Zedong
5400:Louis Riel
5173:Background
5024:Guilty Men
4966:Uniqueness
4889:Background
4884:Winter War
4808:Background
4741:Versailles
4595:Great Game
4242:Ricardians
4237:Tudor myth
3955:Partitions
3548:Succession
2838:Narratives
2823:Presentism
2779:Philosophy
2599:Humanistic
2487:Case study
2419:Indigenous
2397:Diplomatic
2341:Capitalism
2241:Onomastics
2199:Chronology
2028:Facsimiles
2013:Chronicles
1911:historians
1882:Historians
1709:Technology
1694:Psychology
1646:Statistics
1493:By culture
1397:Background
839:The Nation
555:References
154:Puritanism
92:historian
6022:Perennial
5811:Economics
5763:Feudalism
5549:Australia
5297:Aurangzeb
5273:Political
5263:By person
4944:Pius Wars
4739:Treaty of
4398:conflicts
4205:Poor Laws
4068:Hispanism
3945:Sarmatism
3775:Sonderweg
3533:Expansion
3258:Litvinism
3092:Argentina
2926:Long 18th
2809:Dark Ages
2589:Historism
2387:Political
2326:Geography
2263:Philology
2226:Genealogy
2221:Epigraphy
2164:By source
2003:Artifacts
1803:Timelines
1780:Pathology
1775:Nutrition
1699:Sociology
1679:Economics
1588:Chemistry
1578:Astronomy
1515:Byzantine
1510:Brazilian
1505:Argentine
1250:162390064
1107:143937146
1064:142838889
1042:: 55–69.
926:2 January
913:159523434
765:142838889
743:: 55–69,
674:166096194
666:2054-5770
625:137313664
590:145350145
469:June 2008
435:scientism
375:In 1965,
259:In 1935,
212:June 2008
158:empirical
6224:Category
6139:template
5853:Religion
5704:Socrates
5619:Muhammed
5541:rankings
5422:Napoleon
5240:Category
5058:Cold War
4961:Slovakia
4548:Waterloo
4417:Crusades
4362:Military
4210:Scotland
4168:Kemalist
3490:Nam tiến
3485:Vietnam
3475:Ukraine
3433:Romania
3415:Portugal
3341:Georgia
3316:Medieval
3265:Bulgaria
3254:Belarus
3239:Austria
3045:Americas
3013:Morocco
3009:Ethiopia
2788:Specific
2711:Concepts
2616:Leninist
2574:Feminist
2562:Critical
2409:Feminism
2382:Military
2336:Business
2331:Economic
2313:Cultural
2297:By topic
2283:Toponymy
2231:Heraldry
2179:template
2126:By scale
2048:Logbooks
2033:Features
1998:Archives
1826:Category
1785:Pharmacy
1742:Medicine
1631:Geometry
1621:Calculus
1540:Japanese
1215:: 2004.
1200:11640235
1019:11618881
917:Archived
843:Archived
523:See also
129:theory.
6159:Related
6049:Science
5694:Madonna
5666:Judaism
5629:Judaism
5461:Saladin
5351:Hypatia
5275:leaders
5199:Related
5152:Origins
5115:Origins
5066:Origins
4622:Origins
4568:Origins
4434:Origins
4296:Oceania
4259:British
4197:Kingdom
3840:Ireland
3747:Germany
3455:Sweden
3328:New Age
3304:Ancient
3300:Europe
3296:Croatia
3228:Albania
3221:Eurasia
3023:Rwanda
2721:General
2621:Marxist
2522:schools
2351:Thought
2318:Ecology
2080:Scrolls
2018:Codices
1986:Sources
1925:history
1902:History
1760:Anatomy
1684:History
1616:Algebra
1598:Physics
1583:Biology
1560:Spanish
1555:Russian
1550:Mexican
1525:Chinese
1500:African
1327:: 23–38
1312:2709984
1180:Bibcode
1044:Bibcode
1027:5697866
745:Bibcode
178:content
170:context
150:England
127:impetus
29:history
23:or the
5785:Salons
5587:Others
5554:Canada
5188:Causes
5125:Causes
5100:Causes
4894:Spirit
4828:Causes
4798:Causes
4663:Causes
4632:Causes
4605:Causes
4583:Causes
4514:Causes
4261:Empire
4195:United
4161:Turkey
3976:Russia
3950:Deluge
3933:Poland
3673:France
3471:Taiwan
3444:Serbia
3250:Balhae
3101:Causes
3052:Canada
2986:Egypt
2979:Africa
2503:Tarikh
2424:Labour
2414:Gender
2404:Social
2204:dating
2070:Papyri
1993:Annals
1814:Portal
1545:Korean
1530:Indian
1520:French
1437:By era
1310:
1267:31 May
1248:
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1017:
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816:
789:
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672:
664:
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355:. The
176:, and
90:Soviet
6032:Roman
5944:]
5758:]
5671:Islam
5641:Jesus
5529:]
5517:]
5505:]
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5449:]
5412:]
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4934:Nakba
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4052:Spain
4007:]
3995:]
3967:]
3874:Italy
3812:India
3789:]
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3725:]
3713:]
3694:]
3605:]
3580:China
3422:]
3381:Korea
3376:Japan
3365:Iran
3354:Greek
3335:]
3323:]
3311:]
3289:]
3282:Early
3277:]
3138:Casta
3113:]
3035:Maafa
3002:]
2772:]
2760:]
2611:]
2451:Women
2446:Urban
2434:Rural
2429:LGBTQ
2185:Books
2023:Deeds
1960:Types
1636:Logic
1308:JSTOR
1246:S2CID
1103:S2CID
1060:S2CID
1023:S2CID
920:(PDF)
909:S2CID
887:(PDF)
761:S2CID
670:S2CID
650:(8).
586:S2CID
6123:list
4718:1917
3730:Lyon
3201:Eras
3120:Peru
2855:list
2802:and
2682:Whig
1889:list
1269:2023
1196:PMID
1015:PMID
928:2015
851:2013
814:ISBN
787:ISBN
695:ISBN
662:ISSN
621:OCLC
611:ISBN
485:and
428:The
383:and
332:for
320:and
292:Isis
71:and
31:and
19:The
2849:Pax
1300:doi
1238:doi
1217:doi
1188:doi
1095:doi
1052:doi
1007:doi
901:doi
753:doi
652:doi
578:doi
464:.
284:'s
207:.
6252::
5942:it
5756:pt
5527:zh
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5503:zh
5471:zh
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3965:pl
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