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may nevertheless reach different conclusions." For this reason, the criteria still are not "objective" in the usual sense of the word because individual scientists reach different conclusions with the same criteria due to valuing one criterion over another or even adding additional criteria for selfish or other subjective reasons. Kuhn then goes on to say, "I am suggesting, of course, that the criteria of choice with which I began function not as rules, which determine choice, but as values, which influence it." Because Kuhn utilizes the history of science in his account of science, his criteria or values for theory choice are often understood as descriptive normative rules (or more properly, values) of theory choice for the scientific community rather than prescriptive normative rules in the usual sense of the word "criteria", although there are many varied interpretations of Kuhn's account of science.
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indices to the content of more elementary perceptions, and as such they are selected for the close scrutiny of normal research only because they promise opportunity for the fruitful elaboration of an accepted paradigm. Far more clearly than the immediate experience from which they in part derive, operations and measurements are paradigm-determined. Science does not deal in all possible laboratory manipulations. Instead, it selects those relevant to the juxtaposition of a paradigm with the immediate experience that that paradigm has partially determined. As a result, scientists with different paradigms engage in different concrete laboratory manipulations.
634:. Kuhn's work has also been used in the Arts and Humanities, such as by Matthew Edward Harris to distinguish between scientific and historical communities (such as political or religious groups): 'political-religious beliefs and opinions are not epistemologically the same as those pertaining to scientific theories'. This is because would-be scientists' worldviews are changed through rigorous training, through the engagement between what Kuhn calls 'exemplars' and the Global Paradigm. Kuhn's notions of paradigms and paradigm shifts have been influential in understanding the history of economic thought, for example the
716:. And even the changes that have to do with incommensurability were interpreted as taxonomic changes. As a consequence, a scientific revolution is not defined as a "change of paradigm" anymore, but rather as a change in the taxonomic structure of the theoretical language of science. Some scholars describe this change as resulting from a 'linguistic turn'. In their book, Andersen, Barker and Chen use some recent theories in cognitive psychology to vindicate Kuhn's mature philosophy.
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316:: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by
501:", when scientists attempt to enlarge the central paradigm by "puzzle-solving". Guided by the paradigm, normal science is extremely productive: "when the paradigm is successful, the profession will have solved problems that its members could scarcely have imagined and would never have undertaken without commitment to the paradigm".
497:" (although he did not coin the phrase, he did contribute to its increase in popularity), in which the nature of scientific inquiry within a particular field is abruptly transformed. In general, science is broken up into three distinct stages. Prescience, which lacks a central paradigm, comes first. This is followed by "
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evolutions, which produce new divisions between fields in scientific development, are much like episodes of speciation in biological evolution. The biological parallel to revolutionary change is not mutation, as I thought for many years, but speciation. And the problems presented by speciation (e.g.,
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Some philosophers claim that Kuhn attempted to describe different kinds of scientific change: revolutions and specialty-creation. Others claim that the process of specialisation is in itself a special case of scientific revolutions. It is also possible to argue that, in Kuhn's model, science evolves
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He then goes on to show how, although these criteria admittedly determine theory choice, they are imprecise in practice and relative to individual scientists. According to Kuhn, "When scientists must choose between competing theories, two men fully committed to the same list of criteria for choice
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The operations and measurements that a scientist undertakes in the laboratory are not "the given" of experience but rather "the collected with difficulty." They are not what the scientist sees—at least not before his research is well advanced and his attention focused. Rather, they are concrete
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Apart from dropping the concept of a paradigm, Kuhn also began to look at the process of scientific specialisation. In a scientific revolution, a new paradigm (or a new taxonomy) replaces the old one; by contrast, specialisation leads to a proliferation of new specialties and disciplines. This
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the difficulty in identifying an episode of speciation until some time after it has occurred, and the impossibility even then, of dating the time of its occurrence) are very similar to those presented by revolutionary change and by the emergence and individuation of new scientific specialties.
40:
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in the late
Renaissance. The frequent use of the phrase "paradigm shift" has made scientists more aware of and in many cases more receptive to paradigm changes, so that Kuhn's analysis of the evolution of scientific views has by itself influenced that evolution.
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is the single most widely cited book in the social sciences. The enormous impact of Kuhn's work can be measured in the changes it brought about in the vocabulary of the philosophy of science: besides "paradigm shift", Kuhn popularized the word
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to speakers who present original views that are at odds with mainstream scientific understanding. The winner is selected based on the novelty of the viewpoint and its potential impact if it were to be widely accepted.
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results in relativism can be found in an essay by Kuhn called "Objectivity, Value
Judgment, and Theory Choice." In this essay, he reiterates five criteria from the penultimate chapter of
493:(on the possible influence of Fleck on Kuhn see), Kuhn argued that science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called "
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328:; that is, they are competing and irreconcilable accounts of reality. Thus, our comprehension of science can never rely wholly upon "objectivity" alone. Science must account for
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765:. Despite this intellectual alliance, Polanyi's work was constantly interpreted by others within the framework of Kuhn's paradigm shifts, much to Polanyi's (and Kuhn's) dismay.
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During the period of normal science, the failure of a result to conform to the paradigm is seen not as refuting the paradigm, but as the mistake of the researcher, contra
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Supporters of
Polanyi charged Kuhn with plagiarism, as it was known that Kuhn attended several of Polanyi's lectures, and that the two men had debated endlessly over
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in
Manhattan, which stressed independent thinking rather than learning facts and subjects. The family then moved 40 mi (64 km) north to the small town of
544:—that is, it is not possible to understand one paradigm through the conceptual framework and terminology of another rival paradigm. For many critics, for example
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perspectives as well, since all objective conclusions are ultimately founded upon the subjective conditioning/worldview of its researchers and participants.
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believed that scientists' subjective experiences made science a relativized discipline. Polanyi lectured on this topic for decades before Kuhn published
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Burman, J. T. (2007). "Piaget No 'Remedy' for Kuhn, But the Two Should be Read
Together: Comment on Tsou's 'Piaget vs. Kuhn on Scientific Progress'".
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603:" to refer to the relatively routine, day-to-day work of scientists working within a paradigm, and was largely responsible for the use of the term "
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558:: if rival theories cannot be directly compared, then one cannot make a rational choice as to which one is better. Whether Kuhn's views had such
525:, at which point a new paradigm, which subsumes the old results along with the anomalous results into one framework, is accepted. This is termed
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1500:, "Paradigms Lost: How Oxford Escaped the Paradigm Wars of the 1960s and 1970s', in Christopher Hood, Desmond King, & Gillian Peele, eds,
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477:
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In regard to experimentation and collection of data with a view toward solving problems through the commitment to a paradigm, Kuhn states:
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Thomas S. Kuhn Papers, MC 240. Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1727:"Scientific revolutions, specialization and the discovery of the structure of DNA: toward a new picture of the development of the sciences"
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Thomas Kuhn was married twice, first to
Kathryn Muhs with whom he had three children, then to Jehane Barton Burns (Jehane B. Kuhn).
367:. It was here that, in sixth through ninth grade, he learned to love mathematics. He left Hessian Hills in 1937. He graduated from
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872:(Symposium on the History of Science, University of Oxford, July 9–15, 1961). New York and London: Basic Books and Heineman, 1963.
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he had dealt extensively with "meaning-changes". Later he spoke more of "terms of reference", providing each of them with a
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Kuhn taught a course in the history of science at
Harvard from 1948 until 1956, at the suggestion of university president
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the day before Bohr's death. At
Berkeley, he wrote and published (in 1962) his best known and most influential work:
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attention to the proliferation of specialties would make Kuhn's model less 'revolutionary' and more "evolutionary".
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aspects of scientific theories. In particular, Kuhn focuses on the taxonomic structure of scientific kind terms. In
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The
American Philosopher: Conversations with Quine, Davidson, Putnam, Nozick, Danto, Rorty, Cavell, MacIntyre, Kuhn
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Issues and Images in the Philosophy of Science: Scientific and Philosophical Essays in Honour of Azarya Polikarov
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The Notion of Papal Monarchy in the Thirteenth Century: The Idea of Paradigm in Church History.' Lampeter and
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as the M. Taylor Pyne Professor of Philosophy and History of Science. He served as the president of the
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The notion of papal monarchy in the thirteenth century : the idea of paradigm in church history
1239:"Last interview with Niels Bohr by Thomas S. Kuhn, Leon Rosenfeld, Aage Petersen, and Erik Rudinger"
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before either had achieved fame. After the charge of plagiarism, Kuhn acknowledged Polanyi in the
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N. M. Swerdlow, "Thomas S. Kuhn", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2013)
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1318:"The 'Aristotle Experience' Revisited: Thomas Kuhn Meets Ludwik Fleck on the Road to Structure"
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2150:, BOOK VI: Kuhn on Revolution and Feyerabend on Anarchy – with free downloads for public use.
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668:– a theory's consequences should extend beyond that which it was initially designed to explain
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The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970-1993, with an Autobiographical Interview
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1245:. Professor Bohr's Office, Carlsberg, Copenhagen, Denmark: Center for History of Physics
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Kuhn's 'Structure of Scientific Revolutions' at Fifty: Reflections on a Science Classic
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The Cohesive Energy of Monovalent Metals as a Function of Their Atomic Quantum Defects
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The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought
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and PhD degrees in physics in 1946 and 1949, respectively, under the supervision of
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From kindergarten through fifth grade, he was educated at Lincoln School, a private
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consequences is the subject of much debate; Kuhn himself denied the accusation of
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In honor of his legacy, the Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift Award is awarded by the
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529:. The difference between the normal and revolutionary science soon sparked the
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394:. As he states in the first few pages of the preface to the second edition of
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Kuhn's work has been extensively used in social science; for instance, in the
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2019:
Reconstructing Scientific Revolutions: Thomas S. Kuhn's Philosophy of Science
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A defense Kuhn gives against the objection that his account of science from
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1966:. Princeton and London: Princeton University Press and Acumen Press, 2000.
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348:, to Minette Stroock Kuhn and Samuel L. Kuhn, an industrial engineer, both
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was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term
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The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change
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The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change
554:, 1982), this thesis seemed to entail that theory choice is fundamentally
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University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
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1784:"Revolution as Evolution: The Concept of Evolution in Kuhn's Philosophy"
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The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions
570:, and sought to clarify his views to avoid further misinterpretation.
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2170:"Objetividade e racionalidade na filosofia da ciência de Thomas Kuhn"
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Kuhn, T. S. The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science.
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has quoted Kuhn as saying "I am not a Kuhnian!", referring to the
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Notes for Thomas Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"
1070:(2nd ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
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that determine (or help determine, more properly) theory choice:
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313:
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2179:"Thomas S. Kuhn e a Construção Social do Conhecimento Científico
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1589:"Whorfian variations on Kantian themes: Kuhn's linguistic turn"
816:
In 1994, Kuhn was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died in 1996.
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1003:"Transcendental nominalism" is a position ascribed to Kuhn by
489:. In this book, heavily influenced by the fundamental work of
363:
where, once again, he attended a private progressive school –
39:
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Kuhn, Thomas S. (2000). Conant, Jim; Haugeland, John (eds.).
282:
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Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
521:
criterion. As anomalous results build up, science reaches a
5604:
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty
3423:
1022:
A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography
656:– empirically adequate with experimentation and observation
627:. Kuhn is credited as a foundational force behind the post-
345:
71:
892:
Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912
742:
Although they used different terminologies, both Kuhn and
455:
2154:
Thomas S. Kuhn, post-modernism and materialist dialectics
2147:
1568:
The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970–1993
907:
The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970–1993
879:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
578:
that some philosophers have developed based on his work.
118:
114:
110:
1788:
Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Revisited
1700:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 98–99.
1024:, Blackwell Publishing, 2011 : "Analytic Realism".
961:
Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50 Years On
404:
were crucial in allowing him to switch from physics to
452:
Professor of Philosophy, remaining there until 1991.
293:; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American
1695:
1275:. Stanford University – via plato.stanford.edu.
984:. Stanford University – via plato.stanford.edu.
285:
279:
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Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
2033:
Meaning Changes: A Study of Thomas Kuhn's Philosophy
312:
Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of
309:, which has since become an English-language idiom.
5564:
Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
1702:(A collection of Kuhn’s last philosophical essays.)
1640:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
1593:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
1514:
1512:
1510:
1287:"Past Presidents of the History of Science Society"
868:pp. 347–369 in A. C. Crombie (ed.).
674:– the simplest explanation, principally similar to
335:
2148:History of Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science
1981:Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times
1826:, The Polanyi Society. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
1393:
1947:The Cognitive Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1683:The Cognitive Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1546:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 153–168.
1237:Thomas S. Kuhn; et al. (November 17, 1962).
1119:
797:. He also received numerous honorary doctorates.
599:to its current broader meaning, coined the term "
400:, his three years of total academic freedom as a
5485:
1507:
1293:. The History of Science Society. Archived from
1528:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 320–39.
866:"The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research".
4688:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
2054:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
2021:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
1983:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
1570:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
1263:
1236:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
972:
955:, "Kuhn and the Historiography of Science" in
909:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
895:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
854:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
831:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
475:) was originally printed as an article in the
5594:Members of the American Philosophical Society
5115:
4640:
4177:
3302:
2218:
2165:(Part 1 ), a critical view and memoir of Kuhn
1786:. In Vasso Kindi; Theodore Arabatzis (eds.).
1586:
1316:Jarnicki, Paweł; Greif, Hajo (June 8, 2022).
1315:
1180:"Thomas Kuhn - Biography, Facts and Pictures"
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
923:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022.
478:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
5549:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
5067:
4677:
4667:
4657:
4373:
1587:Irzik, Gürol; Grünberg, Teo (June 1, 1998).
988:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
691:
591:itself from a term used in certain forms of
540:, Kuhn also argues that rival paradigms are
424:. After leaving Harvard, Kuhn taught at the
320:criteria but is defined by a consensus of a
2051:The Ashtray (Or the Man Who Denied Reality)
1116:, University of Chicago Press, 2016, p. 47.
23:American philosopher of science (1922–1996)
5122:
5108:
4184:
4170:
3309:
3295:
2225:
2211:
1027:
943:, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 87.
38:
4591:Relationship between religion and science
3965:
3928:Relationship between religion and science
3316:
1781:
1752:1983/32dee9c6-622c-40ed-ae78-735c87060561
1750:
1538:
1485:The Structure of the Keynesian Revolution
1400:. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp.
444:from 1969 to 1970. In 1979 he joined the
5554:Deaths from lung cancer in Massachusetts
1680:Andersen, H., Barker, P., and Chen, X.,
1212:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
4912:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
2501:
2232:
2134:p. 9 vol 116 no 28, June 26, 1996)
1841:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1713:Kuhn's Evolutionary Social Epistemology
1064:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1007:(see D. Ginev, Robert S. Cohen (eds.),
941:Kuhn's Evolutionary Social Epistemology
851:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
763:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
748:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
702:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
643:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
638:, and in debates in political science.
582:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
469:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
464:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
457:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
434:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
397:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
300:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
5486:
4267:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2184:Thomas Kuhn on Information Philosopher
2138:Review in the New York Review of Books
2067:, The Myth of the Kuhnian Revolution.
1724:
1696:J. Conant; J. Haugeland, eds. (2000).
1450:
1345:
1125:
789:in 1979, and, in 1982 was awarded the
785:in 1974, elected to the United States
737:
5103:
4639:
4165:
3290:
2206:
1634:Bird, Alexander (September 1, 2002).
1424:
1388:
1325:Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie
779:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
446:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
324:. Competing paradigms are frequently
193:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1949:, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
1820:"Polanyi vs. Kuhn: Worldviews Apart"
1633:
1518:
1243:Oral History Transcript – Niels Bohr
1230:
1203:
371:in Watertown, Connecticut, in 1940.
295:historian and philosopher of science
2114:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2101:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1715:, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
1686:, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
1273:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
982:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
921:The Last Writings of Thomas S. Kuhn
13:
5524:20th-century American philosophers
5519:20th-century American male writers
4544:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
1936:
1912:"Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift Award"
1348:"Profile: Reluctant Revolutionary"
1162:"Jewish Philosophers and Thinkers"
426:University of California, Berkeley
185:University of California, Berkeley
14:
5655:
5639:Writers from Berkeley, California
5584:Jewish American social scientists
5534:American male non-fiction writers
4872:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
4856:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
4712:The Course in Positive Philosophy
3948:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3943:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3896:History and philosophy of science
2075:
1372:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-40
632:sociology of scientific knowledge
18:Thomas Kuhn (Michigan politician)
5539:American philosophers of science
5509:20th-century American historians
4145:
4133:
3270:
3261:
3260:
2086:
1945:, Peter Barker, and Xiang Chen.
1725:Politi, Vincenzo (May 1, 2018).
1504:, Oxford University Press, 2014.
808:
386:in 1943, where he also obtained
336:Early life, family and education
275:
4864:History and Class Consciousness
1904:
1879:
1854:
1829:
1812:
1790:. Routledge. pp. 134–152.
1782:Kuukkanen, Jouni-Matti (2012).
1775:
1718:
1705:
1689:
1674:
1627:
1580:
1560:
1532:
1490:
1477:
1444:
1425:Green, Elliott (May 12, 2016).
1418:
1382:
1339:
1309:
1279:
1257:
1197:
1172:
819:
700:Years after the publication of
5529:American historians of science
4728:Critical History of Philosophy
4191:
3337:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2473:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1154:
1099:
1014:
997:
966:
959:and William J. Devlin (eds.),
946:
933:
783:American Philosophical Society
1:
4936:Knowledge and Human Interests
4272:Rankean historical positivism
2189:Works by or about Thomas Kuhn
2035:. AV Akademikerverlag, 2012.
1660:10.1016/S0039-3681(02)00028-6
1613:10.1016/S0039-3681(98)00003-X
927:
171:Historiographical externalism
5619:Princeton University faculty
5609:Philosophers from California
5054:
4720:A General View of Positivism
787:National Academy of Sciences
7:
4920:Conjectures and Refutations
4752:The Logic of Modern Physics
4569:Deductive-nomological model
3670:Hypothetico-deductive model
3645:Deductive-nomological model
3630:Constructivist epistemology
10:
5660:
5624:Scientists from Cincinnati
5579:Jewish American historians
5569:Historians from California
5514:20th-century American Jews
5295:Charles Coulston Gillispie
5206:Charles Albert Browne, Jr.
5132:History of Science Society
4880:The Poverty of Historicism
4776:The Universe in a Nutshell
4760:Language, Truth, and Logic
4744:The Analysis of Sensations
2372:Causal theory of reference
2168:Daniel Laskowski Tozzini,
2163:The Ashtray: The Ultimatum
2110:Thomas S. Kuhn (1922–1996)
2071:, Vol. 1, (1983), 293–305.
1011:, Springer, 2012, p. 313).
795:History of Science Society
461:
442:History of Science Society
361:Croton-on-Hudson, New York
15:
5559:Harvard University alumni
5406:
5257:
5146:Lawrence Joseph Henderson
5138:
5088:
5036:
4970:
4960:The Rhetoric of Economics
4847:
4786:
4703:
4650:
4646:
4641:Positivist-related debate
4635:
4462:
4431:
4346:
4290:
4234:
4203:
4199:
4124:
3956:
3858:
3788:
3731:Semantic view of theories
3650:Epistemological anarchism
3602:
3587:dependent and independent
3324:
3256:
3231:
3193:
3167:
3141:
3113:
3057:
3029:
2966:
2945:
2884:
2842:
2819:
2796:
2698:
2642:
2604:
2548:
2455:
2359:
2309:
2283:
2247:
2240:
2177:Maurício Cavalcante Rios,
2124:January 20, 2019, at the
1920:American Chemical Society
1743:10.1007/s11229-017-1339-6
1346:Horgan, John (May 1991).
802:American Chemical Society
768:
415:
264:
256:Transcendental nominalism
228:
212:
198:
176:
156:
139:
129:
125:
102:
79:
49:
37:
30:
5313:Lynn Townsend White, Jr.
4896:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
4613:Structural functionalism
4539:Naturalism in literature
3473:Intertheoretic reduction
3462:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3439:Functional contextualism
2432:Scientific structuralism
1698:The Road Since Structure
1451:Harris, Matthew (2010).
1140:10.1177/0959354307079306
781:in 1963, elected to the
777:in 1954, elected to the
566:in the third edition of
16:Not to be confused with
5644:Writers from Cincinnati
5379:Sally Gregory Kohlstedt
5230:Louis Charles Karpinski
5200:Harvey Williams Cushing
5023:Willard Van Orman Quine
4736:Idealism and Positivism
4328:Critique of metaphysics
4262:Sociological positivism
3958:Philosophers of science
3736:Scientific essentialism
3685:Model-dependent realism
3620:Constructive empiricism
3513:Evidence-based practice
2031:Jouni-Matti Kuukkanen,
1993:Matthew Edward Harris.
1796:10.4324/9780203103159-9
1128:Theory & Psychology
1061:Thomas S. Kuhn (1970).
625:International Relations
450:Laurance S. Rockefeller
134:20th-century philosophy
5614:Philosophers from Ohio
5068:
5037:Concepts in contention
4678:
4668:
4658:
4549:Objectivity in science
4447:Non-Euclidean geometry
4413:Methodological dualism
4374:
4041:Alfred North Whitehead
4031:Charles Sanders Peirce
2488:Reflective equilibrium
1636:"Kuhn's wrong turning"
1483:E.g. Ghanshyam Mehta,
1378:on September 20, 2011.
1333:10.1515/agph-2020-0160
1020:Aviezer Tucker (ed.),
727:
605:scientific revolutions
511:
5242:Vilhjalmur Stefansson
5194:J. Playfair McMurrich
4944:The Poverty of Theory
4564:Philosophy of science
4453:Uncertainty principle
4140:Philosophy portal
3891:Hard and soft science
3886:Faith and rationality
3755:Scientific skepticism
3535:Scientific Revolution
3318:Philosophy of science
3159:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2614:David Malet Armstrong
1519:Kuhn, Thomas (1977).
845:, 52 (1961): 161–193.
722:
609:scientific revolution
527:revolutionary science
506:
436:. In 1964, he joined
410:philosophy of science
402:Harvard Junior Fellow
219:Philosophy of science
5574:Historians from Ohio
5456:Angela N. H. Creager
5444:Paul Lawrence Farber
5248:John Farquhar Fulton
5152:James Henry Breasted
4952:The Scientific Image
4623:Structuration theory
4586:Qualitative research
4487:Criticism of science
4482:Critical rationalism
4418:Problem of induction
3866:Criticism of science
3741:Scientific formalism
3625:Constructive realism
3530:Scientific pluralism
3503:Problem of induction
2016:Paul Hoyningen-Huene
1866:search.amphilsoc.org
1862:"APS Member History"
1837:"Thomas Samuel Kuhn"
1502:Forging a Discipline
1297:on December 12, 2013
1184:famousscientists.org
636:Keynesian revolution
438:Princeton University
365:Hessian Hills School
322:scientific community
314:scientific knowledge
189:Princeton University
5589:Jewish philosophers
5331:Richard S. Westfall
4928:One-Dimensional Man
4376:Geisteswissenschaft
4359:Confirmation holism
3933:Rhetoric of science
3871:Descriptive science
3615:Confirmation holism
3508:Scientific evidence
3468:Inductive reasoning
3397:Demarcation problem
2981:Patricia Churchland
2912:Christine Korsgaard
2798:Logical positivists
2690:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2467:paradox of analysis
2234:Analytic philosophy
2069:Sociological Theory
1818:Moleski, Martin X.
1652:2002SHPSA..33..443B
1605:1998SHPSA..29..207I
1540:Borradori, Giovanna
1364:1991SciAm.264e..40H
1352:Scientific American
1087:on January 29, 2016
791:George Sarton Medal
738:Polanyi–Kuhn debate
483:logical positivists
481:, published by the
149:American philosophy
5629:Taft School alumni
5343:Frederic L. Holmes
5337:Robert P. Multhauf
5224:Richard H. Shryock
5158:David Eugene Smith
5130:Presidents of the
5003:Hans-Georg Gadamer
4804:Alexander Bogdanov
4680:Positivismusstreit
4475:Post-behavioralism
4439:history of science
4291:Principal concepts
4247:Logical positivism
4152:Science portal
4081:Carl Gustav Hempel
4036:Wilhelm Windelband
3923:Questionable cause
3746:Scientific realism
3567:Underdetermination
3402:Empirical evidence
3392:Creative synthesis
3154:William Lane Craig
2872:Friedrich Waismann
2829:Carl Gustav Hempel
2788:Timothy Williamson
2748:Alasdair MacIntyre
2606:Australian realism
2586:Russ Shafer-Landau
2447:Analytical Thomism
2402:Logical positivism
2108:James A. Marcum, "
2001:Edwin Mellen Press
1997:Lewiston, New York
1824:polanyisociety.org
1461:Edwin Mellen Press
1457:Lewiston, New York
1106:Robert J. Richards
531:Kuhn-Popper debate
357:progressive school
271:Thomas Samuel Kuhn
243:Incommensurability
223:History of science
181:Harvard University
144:Western philosophy
107:Harvard University
54:Thomas Samuel Kuhn
5481:
5480:
5397:Albert Van Helden
5391:Frederick Gregory
5385:David C. Lindberg
5218:Henry E. Sigerist
5212:Chauncey D. Leake
5097:
5096:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
4978:Theodor W. Adorno
4794:Richard Avenarius
4670:Werturteilsstreit
4631:
4630:
4579:Sense-data theory
4277:Polish positivism
4252:Positivist school
4159:
4158:
4001:
4000:
3913:Normative science
3770:Uniformitarianism
3525:Scientific method
3419:Explanatory power
3284:
3283:
3252:
3251:
2968:Pittsburgh School
2958:Peter van Inwagen
2892:Roderick Chisholm
2880:
2879:
2773:Richard Swinburne
2708:G. E. M. Anscombe
2544:
2543:
2442:Analytic theology
2417:Ordinary language
2355:
2354:
2060:978-0-226-51384-3
2009:978-0-7734-1441-9
1891:www.nasonline.org
1553:978-0-226-06647-9
1470:978-0-7734-1441-9
1411:978-0-19-512942-7
963:, Springer, 2015.
870:Scientific Change
775:Guggenheim Fellow
773:Kuhn was named a
597:Georg Lichtenberg
340:Kuhn was born in
268:
267:
5651:
5468:Bernard Lightman
5438:Jane Maienschein
5373:Stephen G. Brush
5319:Erwin N. Hiebert
5289:Marshall Clagett
5283:I. Bernard Cohen
5182:William H. Welch
5164:Edgar Fahs Smith
5124:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5073:
5059:
4983:Gaston Bachelard
4904:Truth and Method
4888:World Hypotheses
4768:The Two Cultures
4683:
4673:
4663:
4648:
4647:
4637:
4636:
4379:
4333:Unity of science
4242:Legal positivism
4201:
4200:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4111:Bas van Fraassen
4066:Hans Reichenbach
4046:Bertrand Russell
3963:
3962:
3789:Philosophy of...
3572:Unity of science
3365:Commensurability
3311:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3274:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3203:Nancy Cartwright
3044:Nicholas Rescher
3021:Bas van Fraassen
3011:Nicholas Rescher
2834:Hans Reichenbach
2817:
2816:
2783:Bernard Williams
2680:Bertrand Russell
2602:
2601:
2536:Rigid designator
2499:
2498:
2245:
2244:
2241:Related articles
2227:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2193:Internet Archive
2105:
2096:Zalta, Edward N.
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1887:"Thomas S. Kuhn"
1883:
1877:
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1874:
1872:
1858:
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1849:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1816:
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1779:
1773:
1772:
1754:
1737:(5): 2267–2293.
1722:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1693:
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1678:
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1631:
1625:
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1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1399:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:. Archived from
1343:
1337:
1336:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1261:
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1211:
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1169:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1123:
1117:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1080:. Archived from
1069:
1058:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1001:
995:
985:
970:
964:
950:
944:
937:
595:and the work of
551:Popper and After
374:He obtained his
297:whose 1962 book
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
86:
63:
61:
42:
28:
27:
5659:
5658:
5654:
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5650:
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5648:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5402:
5361:William Coleman
5271:Dorothy Stimson
5253:
5188:Berthold Laufer
5134:
5128:
5098:
5093:
5076:
5032:
4998:Paul Feyerabend
4993:Wilhelm Dilthey
4966:
4843:
4782:
4699:
4642:
4627:
4574:Ramsey sentence
4529:Instrumentalism
4458:
4436:
4434:paradigm shifts
4427:
4364:Critical theory
4342:
4338:Verificationism
4286:
4282:Russian Machism
4230:
4195:
4190:
4160:
4155:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4120:
4101:Paul Feyerabend
4061:Michael Polanyi
3997:
3983:Galileo Galilei
3952:
3938:Science studies
3854:
3784:
3775:Verificationism
3680:Instrumentalism
3665:Foundationalism
3640:Conventionalism
3598:
3434:Feminist method
3320:
3315:
3285:
3280:
3271:
3248:
3239:Jan Łukasiewicz
3227:
3195:Stanford School
3189:
3175:Paul Feyerabend
3163:
3149:Alvin Plantinga
3137:
3123:James F. Conant
3109:
3053:
3025:
3016:Wilfrid Sellars
3006:Alexander Pruss
2986:Paul Churchland
2962:
2941:
2897:Donald Davidson
2876:
2838:
2815:
2792:
2718:Michael Dummett
2694:
2685:Frank P. Ramsey
2638:
2600:
2576:Jaakko Hintikka
2561:Keith Donnellan
2540:
2497:
2451:
2412:Neurophilosophy
2397:Logical atomism
2351:
2305:
2279:
2236:
2231:
2126:Wayback Machine
2088:Bird, Alexander
2078:
1939:
1937:Further reading
1934:
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1711:Wray, K. Brad,
1710:
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1471:
1463:. p. 120.
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1431:LSE Impact Blog
1423:
1419:
1412:
1392:(May 6, 1999).
1387:
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1110:Lorraine Daston
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947:
938:
934:
930:
822:
811:
771:
744:Michael Polanyi
740:
698:
617:post-positivist
542:incommensurable
495:paradigm shifts
466:
460:
418:
384:Harvard College
369:The Taft School
338:
326:incommensurable
278:
274:
260:
231:
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191:
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183:
169:
167:Historical turn
165:
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45:
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5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5450:Lynn K. Nyhart
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5414:Ronald Numbers
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5325:John C. Greene
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5301:C. D. O'Malley
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5265:Harcourt Brown
5261:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5170:Lynn Thorndike
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5065:
5060:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4819:Émile Durkheim
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4675:
4665:
4660:Methodenstreit
4654:
4652:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4601:Social science
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4561:
4556:
4554:Operationalism
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4466:
4464:
4463:Related topics
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4371:
4369:Falsifiability
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:Antipositivism
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4257:Postpositivism
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:W. V. O. Quine
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4021:Rudolf Steiner
4018:
4013:
4011:Henri Poincaré
4008:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Exact sciences
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3859:Related topics
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3818:Social science
3815:
3814:
3813:
3811:Space and time
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3710:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Scientific law
3517:
3516:
3515:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Falsifiability
3426:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3358:Mill's Methods
3350:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3223:Patrick Suppes
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3105:Michael Walzer
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Adolf Grünbaum
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Robert Brandom
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:W. V. O. Quine
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2907:Nelson Goodman
2904:
2902:Daniel Dennett
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2867:Moritz Schlick
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2778:Charles Taylor
2775:
2770:
2768:P. F. Strawson
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:Norman Malcolm
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2634:J. J. C. Smart
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:David Chalmers
2616:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:Giuseppe Peano
2578:
2573:
2571:Edmund Gettier
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Possible world
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Counterfactual
2475:
2470:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Paraconsistent
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2248:Areas of focus
2242:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:Color Portrait
2140:
2135:
2119:Thomas S. Kuhn
2116:
2106:
2084:
2077:
2076:External links
2074:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2043:
2041:978-3639444704
2029:
2027:978-0226355511
2013:
1991:
1974:
1960:Alexander Bird
1957:
1955:978-0521855754
1943:Hanne Andersen
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1903:
1878:
1853:
1828:
1811:
1804:
1774:
1717:
1704:
1688:
1673:
1646:(3): 443–463.
1626:
1599:(2): 207–221.
1579:
1559:
1552:
1531:
1506:
1489:
1487:, London, 1977
1476:
1469:
1443:
1417:
1410:
1390:Dyson, Freeman
1381:
1338:
1308:
1278:
1265:Alexander Bird
1256:
1229:
1222:
1196:
1171:
1153:
1134:(5): 721–732.
1118:
1098:
1076:
1026:
1013:
996:
974:Alexander Bird
965:
957:Alisa Bokulich
953:Alexander Bird
945:
939:K. Brad Wray,
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
917:
903:
887:
873:
862:
846:
839:
821:
818:
810:
807:
770:
767:
739:
736:
697:
690:
685:
684:
678:
669:
663:
657:
623:debate within
601:normal science
519:falsifiability
499:normal science
462:Main article:
459:
454:
417:
414:
392:John Van Vleck
337:
334:
306:paradigm shift
266:
265:
262:
261:
259:
258:
253:
250:
248:Normal science
245:
240:
238:Paradigm shift
234:
232:
229:
226:
225:
216:
214:Main interests
213:
210:
209:
202:
196:
195:
178:
174:
173:
160:
154:
153:
152:
151:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
104:
100:
99:
89:
87:(aged 73)
81:
77:
76:
66:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5656:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5426:Michael Sokal
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5349:Gerald Holton
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5277:Henry Guerlac
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5236:Isaiah Bowman
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:György Lukács
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4839:Vienna Circle
4837:
4835:
4834:Berlin Circle
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Eugen Dühring
4812:
4810:
4809:Auguste Comte
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:Contributions
4702:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Structuralism
4616:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Phenomenalism
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4470:Behavioralism
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Human science
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Pseudoscience
4321:
4319:
4318:Justification
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Rudolf Carnap
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
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4006:Auguste Comte
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3244:Alfred Tarski
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3001:Ruth Millikan
2999:
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2852:Rudolf Carnap
2850:
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2844:Vienna Circle
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2092:"Thomas Kuhn"
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1972:1-902683-10-2
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1269:"Thomas Kuhn"
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978:"Thomas Kuhn"
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915:0-226-45798-2
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860:0-226-45808-3
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837:0-674-17100-4
834:
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814:
809:Personal life
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734:revolutions.
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695:
689:
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676:Occam's razor
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487:Vienna Circle
484:
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448:(MIT) as the
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230:Notable ideas
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96:
95:Massachusetts
92:
83:June 17, 1996
82:
78:
73:
69:
64:July 18, 1922
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
19:
5473:Jan Golinski
5462:Janet Browne
5407:2000–present
5355:Edward Grant
5306:
5007:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4694:Science wars
4492:Epistemology
4423:Reflectivism
4383:Hermeneutics
4235:Declinations
4211:Antihumanism
4204:Perspectives
4116:Larry Laudan
4096:Imre Lakatos
4090:
4051:Otto Neurath
4026:Karl Pearson
4016:Pierre Duhem
3988:Isaac Newton
3918:Protoscience
3876:Epistemology
3750:Anti-realism
3748: /
3729: /
3720: /
3706: /
3704:Reductionism
3702: /
3675:Inductionism
3655:Evolutionism
3460:
3347:a posteriori
3346:
3342:
3179:
3133:Cora Diamond
3049:Morton White
2917:Thomas Nagel
2862:Otto Neurath
2811:Ernest Nagel
2758:Gilbert Ryle
2753:Derek Parfit
2713:J. L. Austin
2660:Casimir Lewy
2629:Peter Singer
2624:J. L. Mackie
2596:Barry Stroud
2556:Noam Chomsky
2549:Philosophers
2483:Natural kind
2367:Anti-realism
2327:Mathematical
2301:Performative
2260:Epistemology
2159:Errol Morris
2129:
2113:
2099:
2068:
2049:
2046:Errol Morris
2032:
2018:
1994:
1980:
1977:Steve Fuller
1963:
1946:
1923:. Retrieved
1915:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1831:
1823:
1814:
1787:
1777:
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1720:
1712:
1707:
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1691:
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1592:
1582:
1567:
1566:Kuhn, T. S.
1562:
1543:
1534:
1521:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1452:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:
1420:
1395:
1384:
1376:the original
1358:(5): 40–49.
1355:
1351:
1341:
1324:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:the original
1290:
1281:
1272:
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1242:
1232:
1207:
1199:
1189:November 30,
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1082:the original
1063:
1021:
1016:
1008:
999:
991:
987:
981:
968:
960:
948:
940:
935:
920:
919:Kuhn, T. S.
906:
905:Kuhn, T. S.
890:
889:Kuhn, T. S.
876:
875:Kuhn, T. S.
869:
864:Kuhn, T. S.
849:
848:Kuhn, T. S.
842:
826:
825:Kuhn, T. S.
820:Bibliography
815:
812:
799:
772:
762:
758:
755:epistemology
752:
747:
741:
731:
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686:
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665:
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614:
586:
581:
580:
567:
560:relativistic
549:
537:
535:
526:
522:
512:
507:
503:
491:Ludwik Fleck
476:
472:
468:
467:
456:
433:
422:James Conant
419:
395:
373:
354:
339:
311:
304:
298:
270:
269:
205:
177:Institutions
85:(1996-06-17)
44:Kuhn in 1973
25:
5504:1996 deaths
5499:1922 births
5494:Thomas Kuhn
5464:(2016–2017)
5458:(2014–2015)
5452:(2012–2013)
5446:(2010–2011)
5440:(2008–2009)
5434:(2006–2007)
5432:Joan Cadden
5428:(2004–2005)
5422:(2002–2003)
5420:John Servos
5416:(2000–2001)
5399:(1998–1999)
5393:(1996–1997)
5387:(1994–1995)
5381:(1992–1993)
5375:(1990–1991)
5369:(1988–1989)
5367:Mary Jo Nye
5357:(1985–1986)
5351:(1983–1984)
5345:(1981–1982)
5339:(1979–1980)
5333:(1977-1978)
5327:(1975–1976)
5321:(1973–1974)
5315:(1971–1972)
5309:(1969–1970)
5307:Thomas Kuhn
5303:(1967–1968)
5297:(1965–1966)
5291:(1963–1964)
5285:(1961–1962)
5279:(1957–1960)
5273:(1953–1956)
5267:(1951–1952)
5250:(1947–1950)
5244:(1945–1946)
5232:(1943–1944)
5226:(1940–1942)
5214:(1937–1938)
5208:(1935–1936)
5148:(1924–1925)
5049:Objectivity
5018:Karl Popper
5008:Thomas Kuhn
4988:Mario Bunge
4739:(1879–1884)
4674:(1909–1959)
4408:Metaphysics
4388:Historicism
4303:Demarcation
4298:Consilience
4221:Rationalism
4106:Ian Hacking
4091:Thomas Kuhn
4076:Karl Popper
4056:C. D. Broad
3973:Roger Bacon
3901:Non-science
3843:Linguistics
3823:Archaeology
3718:Rationalism
3708:Determinism
3695:Physicalism
3660:Fallibilism
3610:Coherentism
3540:Testability
3493:Observation
3488:Objectivity
3449:alternative
3380:Correlation
3370:Consilience
3232:Lwow-Warsaw
3218:Ian Hacking
3185:Karl Popper
3180:Thomas Kuhn
3128:Alice Crary
3090:Saul Kripke
3085:Jaegwon Kim
3080:David Lewis
3070:Jerry Fodor
3039:Susan Haack
2953:Robert Audi
2763:John Searle
2733:Peter Geach
2723:Antony Flew
2670:G. E. Moore
2591:Ernest Sosa
2521:Possibility
2270:Mathematics
2255:Metaphysics
2128:(obituary,
2065:Sal Restivo
1964:Thomas Kuhn
1916:acscomp.org
1301:December 4,
1091:February 9,
1005:Ian Hacking
761:edition of
666:Broad Scope
593:linguistics
546:David Stove
515:Karl Popper
406:the history
32:Thomas Kuhn
5488:Categories
5176:Henry Crew
4829:Ernst Mach
4824:Ernst Laas
4799:A. J. Ayer
4787:Proponents
4606:Philosophy
4403:Humanities
4347:Antitheses
4216:Empiricism
4193:Positivism
3993:David Hume
3966:Precursors
3848:Psychology
3828:Economics
3722:Empiricism
3713:Pragmatism
3700:Positivism
3690:Naturalism
3560:scientific
3444:Hypothesis
3407:Experiment
3208:John Dupré
3075:Kurt Gödel
3031:Pragmatism
2946:Notre Dame
2937:John Rawls
2806:A. J. Ayer
2743:R. M. Hare
2738:Paul Grice
2650:Arif Ahmed
2437:Sense data
2422:Pragmatism
2296:Linguistic
1249:October 5,
994:, 213–255.
928:References
696:philosophy
660:Consistent
621:positivist
576:relativism
564:relativism
556:irrational
430:Niels Bohr
378:degree in
342:Cincinnati
330:subjective
68:Cincinnati
60:1922-07-18
5258:1950–1999
5139:1924–1949
5070:Verstehen
5056:Phronesis
5044:Knowledge
5028:Max Weber
4848:Criticism
4596:Sociology
4534:Modernism
4512:pluralism
4497:anarchism
4393:Historism
4313:Induction
4226:Scientism
3833:Geography
3801:Chemistry
3760:Scientism
3555:ladenness
3375:Construct
3353:Causality
3058:Princeton
2857:Hans Hahn
2643:Cambridge
2516:Necessity
2511:Actualism
2382:Emotivism
2347:Predicate
2317:Classical
1896:August 4,
1871:August 4,
1846:August 4,
1769:255062115
1761:1573-0964
1668:0039-3681
1621:0039-3681
1498:Alan Ryan
1166:jinfo.org
1148:145497321
694:Structure
629:Mertonian
318:objective
252:Kuhn loss
103:Education
91:Cambridge
5091:Category
4507:nihilism
4502:idealism
4432:Related
4308:Evidence
4128:Category
3780:Vitalism
3603:Theories
3577:Variable
3498:Paradigm
3385:function
3343:A priori
3332:Analysis
3325:Concepts
3266:Category
3142:Reformed
3115:Quietism
2503:Modality
2463:Analysis
2456:Concepts
2427:Quietism
2387:Feminism
2360:Theories
2265:Language
2131:The Tech
2122:Archived
2003:, 2010.
1731:Synthese
1542:(1994).
1267:(2004).
1112:(eds.),
976:(2004).
714:taxonomy
706:semantic
681:Fruitful
654:Accurate
588:paradigm
163:Analytic
4971:Critics
4696:(1990s)
4690:(1980s)
4684:(1960s)
4664:(1890s)
4517:realism
4449:(1830s)
4437:in the
3838:History
3806:Physics
3796:Biology
3594:more...
3582:control
3478:Inquiry
3168:Science
2885:Harvard
2531:Realism
2407:Marxism
2322:Deviant
2291:Aretaic
2275:Science
2191:at the
2098:(ed.).
1648:Bibcode
1601:Bibcode
1360:Bibcode
793:by the
732:through
485:of the
380:physics
5363:(1987)
5238:(1944)
5220:(1939)
5202:(1934)
5196:(1933)
5190:(1932)
5184:(1931)
5178:(1930)
5172:(1929)
5166:(1928)
5160:(1927)
5154:(1926)
4963:(1986)
4955:(1980)
4947:(1978)
4939:(1968)
4931:(1964)
4923:(1963)
4915:(1962)
4907:(1960)
4899:(1951)
4891:(1942)
4883:(1936)
4875:(1934)
4867:(1923)
4859:(1909)
4779:(2001)
4771:(1959)
4763:(1936)
4755:(1927)
4747:(1886)
4731:(1869)
4723:(1848)
4715:(1830)
4651:Method
4524:Holism
4455:(1927)
3550:choice
3545:Theory
3483:Nature
3412:design
2700:Oxford
2058:
2039:
2025:
2007:
1987:
1970:
1953:
1802:
1767:
1759:
1666:
1619:
1574:
1550:
1467:
1408:
1220:
1216:–245.
1146:
1074:
913:
899:
883:
858:
835:
769:Honors
759:Second
672:Simple
523:crisis
416:Career
350:Jewish
200:Thesis
158:School
140:Region
5063:Truth
3276:Index
2310:Logic
2284:Turns
2094:. In
1765:S2CID
1526:(PDF)
1496:E.g.
1321:(PDF)
1144:S2CID
1085:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
692:Post-
382:from
3454:null
3424:Fact
3345:and
2056:ISBN
2037:ISBN
2023:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1927:2012
1898:2022
1873:2022
1848:2022
1800:ISBN
1757:ISSN
1664:ISSN
1617:ISSN
1572:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1438:2019
1406:ISBN
1303:2013
1251:2015
1218:ISBN
1191:2019
1093:2022
1072:ISBN
911:ISBN
897:ISBN
881:ISBN
856:ISBN
843:Isis
833:ISBN
408:and
346:Ohio
97:, US
80:Died
74:, US
72:Ohio
50:Born
2112:",
1792:doi
1747:hdl
1739:doi
1735:195
1656:doi
1609:doi
1402:144
1368:doi
1356:264
1329:doi
1214:242
1136:doi
710:SSR
647:SSR
568:SSR
538:SSR
536:In
517:'s
473:SSR
412:.
388:MSc
376:BSc
130:Era
119:PhD
115:MSc
111:BSc
5490::
2161:,
2090:.
2048:.
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1979:.
1962:.
1918:.
1914:.
1889:.
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1798:.
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1615:.
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1591:.
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1455:.
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1366:.
1354:.
1350:.
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1323:.
1289:.
1271:.
1241:.
1182:.
1164:.
1142:.
1132:17
1130:.
1108:,
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990:,
980:.
750:.
533:.
352:.
344:,
283:uː
117:,
113:,
93:,
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1900:.
1875:.
1850:.
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992:2
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286:n
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