701:(FVP) deputies, to confound the attempt by the OHL to create a command economy at the expense of the working class. Extensive concessions to the workers were included in the law, with the establishment of a committee to supervise its implementation. Hindenburg later denounced the concessions as insufficient and "positively harmful"; industrialists, looking forward to a captive workforce to exploit, were aghast at being compelled to work with workers' committees and conciliation organisations. The purpose of the law, to deny workers' mobility was thwarted and with it went the possibility of a centralised organisation of manpower. The super-profits anticipated by employers were limited by the prospect of improved pay and conditions being recognised as a valid reason to change jobs. The attempt by the third OHL to reorganise the war economy through compulsion was a failure but the law was effective in substituting workers of lesser physical fitness for those capable of military service. Concessions to organised labour were valuable in retaining the co-operation of the unions during the unrest of 1917.
20:
638:
deportation operations had taken place. The hope of OHL to obtain 20,000 workers per week was not realised and only 60,847 deportations were achieved. The army took the
Belgians to camps where a deliberately harsh regime was imposed to coerce the victims into signing employment contracts under duress to make them "volunteers". Conditions in the camps were so poor that in a few months, 1,316 inmates died; despite the rigours, only 13,376 Belgians capitulated, the odious treatment meted out by the Germans creating anger and bitterness, rather than docility. The Pope condemned the deportations and neutral opinion, particularly in the
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could be found by combing out rear-area units but most would have to be drawn from the pool of replacements, which had been depleted by the losses of 1916. Although new classes of conscripts would top up the pool of replacements, keeping units up to strength would become much more difficult once the pool had to maintain a larger number of divisions. By calling up the 1898 class of recruits early in
November 1916, the pool was increased to
711:
that
Germany could not win; the programme worsened the labour shortage in Germany. The theoretical changes in German defensive tactics had greater effect than the increase in the size of the army and the output of weapons. British attacks in 1917 were much more competent than those of 1916 but German defensive methods were adapted to negate the effect of the maturing of the
605:(MGA, machine-gun sharpshooter detachments) to be increased. The greater output was insufficient to equip the new divisions and existing divisions which still had two artillery brigades with two regiments each, lost a regiment and the brigade headquarters, leaving three regiments. Against the new scales of equipment, British divisions in early 1917 had
229:
enemy against eight German on the battlefield) for our infantry feel completely the superiority of the
English and French in close battle. The most difficult factor in the battle is the enemy's superiority in munitions. This allows their artillery, which is excellently supported by aircraft, to level
124:
and intrigued against
Falkenhayn over his refusals. Falkenhayn held that decisive military victory against Russia was impossible and that the Western Front was the decisive theatre of the war. Soon after taking over from Falkenhayn, Hindenburg and Ludendorff had no choice but to recognise the wisdom
710:
had managed to withstand the attacks of the French and the
British, while offensive operations had been conducted on the eastern and southern fronts. The coalition against Germany increased its output of war materiel even more than the increase of the Hindenburg Programme, an industrial competition
406:
old subject to compulsory service. The new programme was intended to treble artillery and machine-gun output and double munitions and trench mortar production. Expansion of the German Army and output of war materials caused increased competition for manpower by the army and industry. In early 1916,
318:
in
Flanders into the army group structure on the active part of the Western Front. The administrative reorganisation eased the distribution of men and equipment, yet made no difference to the lack of numbers and to the growing Franco-British superiority in weapons and ammunition. New divisions were
514:
demand and the extra 2,000 t (2,000 long tons) of output demanded by
Hindenburg and Ludendorff could never match the doubling and trebling of artillery, machine-guns and trench mortars. The industrial mobilisation needed to fulfil the Hindenburg Programme increased demand for skilled workers,
504:
for the synthesis of nitrates from atmospheric nitrogen but this took time to achieve. Under
Falkenhayn, the procurement of ammunition and artillery had been based on the output of propellants, since the manufacture of ammunition without sufficient propellants and explosive fillings was pointless.
441:
The men for the divisions created by
Falkenhayn had come from reducing square divisions with four infantry regiments to triangular divisions with three, rather than a net increase in the number of men in the army. Troops for the extra divisions of the expansion ordered by Hindenburg and Ludendorff
637:
and deported Belgian and Polish workers began in August 1915. Three decrees of increasing severity were issued between 15 August 1915 and 13 May 1916. On 26 October 1916, 729 people who were unemployed or "work-shy" were picked up and by the time that deportations ceased on 10 February 1917, 115
570:
from conscription from September 1916 to July 1917. Steel production in February 1917 was 252,000 long tons (256,000 t) short of expectations and explosives production was 1,100 long tons (1,100 t) below the target, which added to the pressure on Ludendorff to retreat to the Hindenburg
513:
To meet existing demand and to feed new weapons, Hindenburg and Ludendorff wanted a big increase in propellant output to 12,000 t (12,000 long tons) a month. In July 1916, the output target had been raised from 8,000–10,000 t (7,900–9,800 long tons) which was expected to cover existing
147:
364:, a railway expert, as the head. The new body was intended to by-pass the War Ministry as well as create the structure of a command economy, with a militaristic organisation intended to facilitate management and a subordinate level of six departments organised along bureaucratic lines.
650:
massacres of August 1914. Well-attended rallies were held in many cities and attempts by the US President, Woodrow Wilson, to mediate a peace deal with the combatants were a failure. US opinion became overwhelmingly pro-Entente over the winter of 1916–1917.
431:
The costly battles at Verdun and the Somme had been much more demanding on German divisions and they had to be relieved after only a few days in the front line, lasting about 14 days on the Somme. A larger number of divisions might reduce the strain on the
303:
I spoke...with Ludendorff alone (about the overall situation). We were in agreement that a large-scale, positive outcome is now no longer possible. We can only hold on and take the best opportunity for peace. We made too many serious errors this
265:
fresh. The French manpower situation was not as buoyant but by combing out rear areas and recruiting more troops from the colonies, the French could replace losses until the 1918 conscription class became available in the summer of 1917. Of the
768:
each just for daily maintenance. The change to a defence based on firepower, using the extra weapons and munitions produced by the Hindenburg Programme, needed more trains to carry ammunition to the front. On 28 July, the 4th Army fired
170:(army of the west) as part of a tour of inspection of the Western Front. Both men were dismayed at the nature of trench warfare that they found, in such contrast to the conditions on the Eastern Front and the dilapidated state of the
319:
needed and the manpower for them and replacements for the losses of 1916 had to be found. The superiority in manpower enjoyed by the Entente and its allies could not be surpassed but Hindenburg and Ludendorff drew on ideas from
791:. Men, horses and fuel were taken from agricultural production for the army and munitions, which caused food shortages and food price inflation, leading to Germany coming to the verge of starvation at the close of 1918.
257:(conscription) on 27 January 1916 and that despite the huge losses on the Somme, there would be no shortage of reinforcements. At the end of August, German military intelligence calculated that of the
671:. Enterprises "not important to the war economy" were closed to supply more workers. In 2014, Alexander Watson wrote that the Auxiliary Service Law was drastically revised in the Reichstag by
704:
The German army had reached its peak of manpower in 1916 and the Hindenburg Programme had been intended to reduce the burden on the remaining men by substituting machines. In 1917, the
490:
trains a day to replace consumption. The Battle of the Somme further reduced the German reserve of ammunition and when the infantry was forced out of the front position, the need for
2998:
3013:
3197:
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and realise a surplus for offensives on other fronts. Hindenburg and Ludendorff ordered the creation of another 22 divisions, to have an army of 179 divisions by early 1917.
230:
our trenches and to wear down our infantry systematically.... The destruction of our positions is so thorough that our foremost line merely consists of occupied shell-holes.
785:
shells being fired during the battle. The trains had to compete for space on the railways with food supplies and troop transports, which created severe difficulties for
548:
being kv. The demands of the Hindenburg Programme exacerbated the manpower crisis and constraints on the availability of raw materials meant that targets were not met.
3095:
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200:(Army Group German Crown Prince) reported that conditions at Verdun were little better and that the recruit depots behind the army group front could supply only
3202:
1709:
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1767:
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500:, nitrates for explosives manufacture had been imported from Chile. Production of propellants could continue only because of the industrialisation of the
3405:
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102:, who had commanded the armies of Germany since September 1914. The new commanders, who became known as the Third OHL, had spent two years in command of
3400:
3090:
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heavy artillery shells for the beginning of the Battle of Verdun. Four million rounds were fired in the first fortnight and the 5th Army needed about
3244:
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1874:
1936:
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The Hindenburg Programme was provided with a legal basis in the Auxiliary Service Law, implemented on 6 December. The German Army returned
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section responsible for raising new units), had grave doubts about the wisdom of expanding the army but was over-ruled by Ludendorff.
388:
Hindenburg and Ludendorff demanded domestic changes to complement their changes of strategy. German workers were to be subjected to a
2067:
712:
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in March, when the 1897 class of conscripts was called up. The army was so flush with men that plans were made to demobilise older
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and in October, congestion on the railway lines behind the 4th Army led to more shortages. The 4th Army had a ration strength of
696:
833:
A munitions train was a term of accounting for a standard delivery of ammunition. A field gun train carried twenty-six thousand
3519:
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1372:. Pelican History of World Economics in the Twentieth Century. Translated by Ross, B. (New pbk. ed.). London: Penguin.
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On 29 August, Hindenburg and Ludendorff reorganised the army groups on the Western Front, by incorporating all but the
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and by September, one division each day had to be withdrawn and replaced by a fresh one. The Chief of Staff of the new
3311:
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Hindenburg and Ludendorff wanted firepower to replace manpower and ignored the principle of matching means and ends.
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Casualties in the Third Battle of Ypres led to the average number of men in an infantry battalion falling from
339:(battle of equipment/battle of attrition) being inflicted on it in France, which would only intensify in 1917.
195:
496:(defensive barrages), to compensate for the lack of obstacles, increased. Before the war and the Allied naval
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1941:
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1800:
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120:. Hindenburg and Ludendorff had demanded reinforcements from Falkenhayn to fight a decisive campaign against
377:
A German poster from January 1917 quotes a speech by Kaiser Wilhelm II, against the Allied rejection of the
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The complications of the entire battle lay only in part with the superiority in number of enemy divisions
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on 28 August 1916 and intended to double German industrial production, to greatly increase the output of
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guns, many being newer models of superior performance. Machine-gun output enabled each division to have
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of the emphasis given by Falkenhayn to the Western Front, despite the crisis in the east caused by the
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2708:
2516:
2511:
2433:
1842:
1815:
1519:
467:
315:
152:
352:
Following the adoption of the programme, the main administrative novelty of the third OHL was the
3492:
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2318:
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2199:
1864:
1825:
1805:
1616:
1509:
682:
1462:
1209:
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000
478:
The German Army had begun 1916 equally well provided for in artillery and ammunition, massing
3249:
2903:
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2568:
2531:
2461:
2408:
2330:
2298:
2272:
2222:
2153:
2055:
2008:
1792:
1661:
1544:
738:
372:
89:
40:
3599:
3514:
2194:
2168:
2118:
1475:
188:
casualties had been suffered from 24 June to 28 August. The battle had required the use of
99:
95:
58:
46:
2143:
8:
3581:
2720:
2584:
2536:
2413:
2373:
2368:
2313:
1996:
1990:
1891:
181:
79:
50:
3534:
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2815:
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2002:
1961:
1641:
1411:
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1317:
130:
126:
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could be obtained by swapping tired units for fresh ones on quiet parts of the front.
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2702:
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1951:
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116:, Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East) on the German section of the
83:
54:
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2173:
2148:
1847:
1755:
1594:
1133:
The German High Command at War: Hindenburg and Ludendorff and the First World War
668:
361:
1389:
The Age of Internationalism and Belgium, 1880–1930: Peace, Progress and Prestige
3274:
3254:
2925:
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2267:
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2014:
1918:
1901:
1355:(Report). Coventry: Department of Economics, University of Warwick. WWItoronto2
1150:
121:
1305:
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3385:
2673:
2667:
2103:
2020:
1931:
1463:
A. Ritschl, The Pity of Peace: Germany’s Economy at War, 1914–1918 and beyond
1313:
645:
639:
501:
2835:
2262:
1202:
1281:"The Hindenburg Program of 1916: A Central Experiment in Wartime Planning"
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2951:
2649:
2077:
1498:
1406:
1252:
221:
The 1st Army, on the north side of the Somme, reported on 28 August that
715:(BEF). The Battle of the Somme (1 July – 18 November 1916) had cost the
402:
Auxiliary Services Law) which from November 1916, made all Germans from
1191:
Foley, R. T. "The Other Side of the Wire: The German Army in 1917". In
62:
520:(recalled from the army) or exempted from conscription. The number of
2841:
2608:
809:
423:
classes and in the summer, Falkenhayn ordered the raising of another
355:
326:
3101:
837:
field gun rounds, a light field howitzer train had twelve thousand
418:
333:, for a further industrial mobilisation, to equip the army for the
146:
111:
16:
Armaments and economic policy of the Central Powers in World War I
1350:
The Economics of World War I: A Comparative Quantitative Analysis
161:
446:
men in February 1917 but the larger army would become a wasting
360:(Supreme War Office), founded on 1 November 1916, with General
160:
On 8 September, Hindenburg and Ludendorff held a conference at
34:
1467:
1157:(Berg repr. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
329:
of the Operations Section at OHL, the supreme headquarters in
299:(Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria) who wrote in his diary that
3269:
447:
204:
of the casualty replacements needed. From July to August the
105:
Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten
24:
Paul von Hindenburg (l.) and Erich Ludendorff, September 1916
1249:
Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914–1918
253:
It was known in Germany that the British had introduced the
544:
men in October 1917 and more than two million by November,
955:
953:
1176:. Loftus, NSW: Australian History Military Publications.
1076:
1066:
1064:
1037:
965:
841:
shells and a heavy howitzer train contained six thousand
571:
Line. Despite the shortfalls, by the summer of 1917, the
1100:
1025:
989:
977:
540:(kv, fit for front line service), at the end of 1916 to
950:
940:
938:
911:
887:
1061:
1013:
1001:
877:
875:
873:
57:. The two were appointed after the sacking of General
214:
of field gun ammunition, against the receipt of only
1088:
1049:
935:
923:
777:
on the Somme. On 9 October, the 4th Army was firing
37:
and economic policy begun in late 1916 by the Third
1135:(Warner Books ed.). New York: William Morrow.
899:
870:
858:
98:) of the German army, after the sacking of General
1434:Pandora's Lab: Seven Stories of Science Gone Wrong
1410:
1344:
1206:
773:trains' worth of ammunition, exceeding the record
3612:
2444:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1413:The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation
642:, was more outraged than at any time since the
218:Germany; the munitions shortage was worsening.
184:had been extraordinarily costly; on the Somme,
729:(16 April – 9 May 1917), the main part of the
164:with the chiefs of staff of the armies of the
1483:
1155:Army, Industry and Labor in Germany 1914–1918
786:
716:
705:
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243:
235:
205:
193:
171:
165:
109:
103:
87:
38:
2934:
1391:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1289:The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics
392:Gesetz über den vaterländischen Hilfsdienst
295:Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern
1490:
1476:
1192:
1171:
602:Maschinengewehr-Scharfschützen-Abteilungen
463:kaiserlicher Oberst und Landsknechtsführer
1458:Auxiliary Service Law 1916 (English text)
1251:(pbk. repr. Penguin ed.). New York:
2733:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1227:
971:
566:workers to the war economy and exempted
371:
145:
33:of August 1916 is the name given to the
18:
3110:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1436:. Washington, DC: National Geographic.
1367:
1201:
1149:
1070:
1019:
1007:
675:Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
342:
3613:
1278:
1246:
1174:1917: Tactics, Training and Technology
1127:
1082:
1055:
1043:
944:
929:
3063:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
2399:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
1471:
1431:
1405:
1386:
1190:
1106:
1094:
1031:
995:
983:
959:
917:
905:
893:
881:
864:
141:
3467:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
820:
3396:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
2190:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1172:Dennis, P.; Grey, G., eds. (2007).
599:machine-guns and for the number of
13:
2129:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1338:
1332:– via www mises org library.
667:called the Hindenburg Programme a
577:artillery park had increased from
14:
3652:
1451:
281:Ludendorff admitted privately to
133:declaration of war on 28 August.
78:On 29 August 1916, Field Marshal
2492:Second Battle of the Piave River
2114:Russian invasion of East Prussia
1348:; Harrison, M. (2 August 2005).
803:(est. 1880–1881) established by
788:Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht
196:Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz
129:(4 June – 20 September) and the
3626:Economic history of World War I
3563:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
2763:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1497:
1427:– via Archive Foundation.
1363:– via Warwick University.
1223:– via Archive Foundation.
624:
3386:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
3245:Deportations from East Prussia
3042:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1370:The First World War, 1914–1918
827:
741:(31 July – 10 November) added
551:
411:in recruit depots and another
347:
1:
3297:Ukrainian Canadian internment
1115:
558:Auxiliary Services Act (1916)
508:
473:
68:
3636:German Empire in World War I
3631:Economy of the German Empire
3452:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
2751:Estonian War of Independence
2419:Southern Palestine offensive
1232:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP.
1230:The First World War: To Arms
852:
697:Fortschrittliche Volkspartei
654:
613:machine-guns and the French
210:had fired the equivalent of
73:
7:
3621:Economic history of Germany
3406:USA against Austria-Hungary
2805:Turkish War of Independence
2757:Latvian War of Independence
2482:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
2073:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
1417:. London: Clarendon Press.
1271:
815:Military–industrial complex
794:
713:British Expeditionary Force
659:
86:were appointed as heads of
10:
3657:
3489:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3037:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
2497:Second Battle of the Marne
2384:Second battle of the Aisne
2253:Second Battle of Champagne
2094:German invasion of Belgium
1298:Ludwig von Mises Institute
727:Second Battle of the Aisne
555:
136:
45:(OHL, headquarters of the
3595:
3554:
3475:
3414:
3376:
3320:
3309:
3270:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3213:
3185:
3133:
3055:
3029:
2981:
2874:
2867:
2799:Irish War of Independence
2695:
2577:
2542:Armistice of Villa Giusti
2527:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
2452:
2354:
2281:
2182:
2139:First Battle of the Marne
2086:
2048:
1983:
1974:
1917:
1791:
1780:
1746:
1718:
1680:
1632:
1585:
1578:
1505:
1306:10.1007/s12113-999-1012-0
1279:Tooley, T. Hunt (2014) .
801:National Economic Council
255:Military Service Act 1916
3422:Constantinople Agreement
2715:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
2578:Co-belligerent conflicts
2547:Second Romanian campaign
2517:Third Transjordan attack
2228:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
2134:Battle of Grand Couronné
1193:Dennis & Grey (2007)
1120:
468:Prussian Ministry of War
291:, the Chief of Staff of
3485:Modus vivendi of Acroma
3437:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
2745:Greater Poland Uprising
2645:National Protection War
2522:Meuse–Argonne offensive
2472:German spring offensive
2467:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2243:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
2218:Second Battle of Artois
2099:Battle of the Frontiers
367:
274:in reserve and another
3510:Paris Peace Conference
3498:Ukraine–Central Powers
3292:Massacres of Albanians
3260:Late Ottoman genocides
3067:Bulgarian occupations
2775:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2739:Hungarian–Romanian War
2557:Naval Victory Bulletin
2552:Armistice with Germany
2502:Hundred Days Offensive
2429:Battle of La Malmaison
2379:Second battle of Arras
2346:Battle of Transylvania
2200:Second Battle of Ypres
2068:Sarajevo assassination
1957:South African Republic
1387:Laqua, Daniel (2015).
787:
717:
706:
695:
689:
681:
673:
644:
601:
573:
537:kriegsverwendungsfähig
536:
522:
516:
492:
462:
456:
434:
417:
398:
390:
385:
379:
354:
335:
321:
312:
293:
283:
251:
244:
236:
206:
194:
172:
166:
157:
110:
104:
88:
39:
26:
3520:Treaty of St. Germain
3493:Russia–Central Powers
3447:Sykes–Picot Agreement
3275:Pontic Greek genocide
3250:Destruction of Kalisz
3226:Eastern Mediterranean
2787:Polish–Lithuanian War
2569:Armistice of Belgrade
2532:Armistice of Salonica
2462:Operation Faustschlag
2409:Third Battle of Oituz
2331:Baranovichi offensive
2299:Lake Naroch offensive
2273:Battle of Robat Karim
2248:Vistula–Bug offensive
2223:Battles of the Isonzo
2154:First Battle of Ypres
1432:Offit, P. A. (2017).
1228:Strachan, H. (2001).
1213:. New York: Fontana.
739:Third Battle of Ypres
375:
325:(Lieutenant-Colonel)
301:
287:(Lieutenant-General)
270:divisions in France,
261:divisions in France,
223:
149:
90:Oberste Heeresleitung
41:Oberste Heeresleitung
22:
3515:Treaty of Versailles
3231:Mount Lebanon famine
3146:in the United States
3114:Russian occupations
2828:Turkish–Armenian War
2769:Polish–Ukrainian War
2709:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2656:Central Asian Revolt
2439:Armistice of Focșani
2169:Battle of Sarikamish
2119:Battle of Tannenberg
1515:Military engagements
1368:Hardach, G. (1987).
1247:Watson, A. (2015) .
407:the German Army had
343:Hindenburg Programme
245:Beurteilung der Lage
100:Erich von Falkenhayn
96:German General Staff
59:Erich von Falkenhayn
47:German General Staff
31:Hindenburg Programme
3641:Paul von Hindenburg
3582:They shall not pass
3505:Treaty of Bucharest
3462:Treaty of Bucharest
3401:USA against Germany
3378:Declarations of war
3082:German occupations
2995:British casualties
2854:Soviet–Georgian War
2781:Egyptian Revolution
2721:Armeno-Georgian War
2585:Somaliland campaign
2537:Armistice of Mudros
2414:Battle of Caporetto
2404:Battle of Mărășești
2374:Zimmermann telegram
2369:February Revolution
2314:Battle of the Somme
2238:Bug-Narew Offensive
2213:Battle of Gallipoli
2205:Sinking of the RMS
1997:Scramble for Africa
1991:Franco-Prussian War
1647:Sinai and Palestine
1109:, pp. 175–176.
1085:, pp. 383–384.
1046:, pp. 385–388.
1034:, pp. 161–162.
998:, pp. 160–161.
986:, pp. 159–160.
962:, pp. 158–159.
920:, pp. 157–158.
896:, pp. 156–157.
498:Blockade of Germany
238:Armeeoberkommando 1
182:Battle of the Somme
80:Paul von Hindenburg
51:Paul von Hindenburg
3542:Treaty of Lausanne
3457:Paris Economy Pact
3391:UK against Germany
3321:Entry into the war
3287:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3006:Ottoman casualties
2816:Franco-Turkish War
2696:Post-War conflicts
2680:Russian Revolution
2662:Invasion of Darfur
2627:Kelantan rebellion
2615:Kurdish rebellions
2591:Mexican Revolution
2424:October Revolution
2389:Kerensky offensive
2364:Capture of Baghdad
2341:Monastir offensive
2326:Brusilov offensive
2164:Battle of Kolubara
2003:Russo-Japanese War
723:500,000 casualties
629:The imposition of
452:Ernst von Wrisberg
386:
158:
142:Cambrai conference
127:Brusilov Offensive
27:
3608:
3607:
3591:
3590:
3575:The Golden Virgin
3569:Mutilated victory
3550:
3549:
3530:Treaty of Trianon
3525:Treaty of Neuilly
3432:Damascus Protocol
3305:
3304:
3265:Armenian genocide
3222:Allied blockades
3194:Belgian refugees
2977:
2976:
2887:Strategic bombing
2863:
2862:
2848:Franco-Syrian War
2822:Greco-Turkish War
2810:Anglo-Turkish War
2793:Polish–Soviet War
2727:German Revolution
2703:Russian Civil War
2686:Finnish Civil War
2512:Battle of Megiddo
2487:Battle of Goychay
2434:Battle of Cambrai
2394:Battle of Mărăști
2309:Battle of Jutland
2289:Erzurum offensive
2144:Siege of Przemyśl
2124:Siege of Tsingtao
2109:Battle of Galicia
2039:Second Balkan War
2027:Italo-Turkish War
1984:Pre-War conflicts
1970:
1969:
1860:Portuguese Empire
1776:
1775:
1738:German New Guinea
1720:Asian and Pacific
1443:978-1-4262-1798-2
1424:978-0-19821-946-0
1398:978-0-7190-9737-9
1379:978-0-14-022679-9
1296:(2). Auburn, AL:
1262:978-0-14-104203-9
1239:978-0-19-926191-8
1220:978-0-67972-019-5
1183:978-0-9803-7967-9
1164:978-0-85496-764-3
1142:978-0-7515-1038-6
821:Explanatory notes
805:Otto von Bismarck
731:Nivelle Offensive
631:compulsory labour
399:Hilfsdienstgesetz
383:(peace proposal).
49:), Field Marshal
3648:
3535:Treaty of Sèvres
3427:Treaty of London
3318:
3317:
3096:Northeast France
3027:
3026:
2999:Parliamentarians
2932:
2931:
2894:Chemical weapons
2872:
2871:
2633:Senussi campaign
2603:Muscat rebellion
2597:Maritz rebellion
2565:
2507:Vardar offensive
2336:Battle of Romani
2304:Battle of Asiago
2294:Battle of Verdun
2258:Kosovo offensive
2033:First Balkan War
1981:
1980:
1880:Russian Republic
1789:
1788:
1583:
1582:
1525:Economic history
1492:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1447:
1428:
1416:
1402:
1383:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1285:
1266:
1243:
1224:
1212:
1196:
1187:
1168:
1146:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
974:, p. 1,025.
969:
963:
957:
948:
942:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
868:
862:
846:
844:
840:
836:
831:
790:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
736:
724:
720:
709:
700:
692:
686:
678:
665:Ludwig von Mises
649:
635:prisoners of war
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
569:
565:
547:
543:
539:
533:
529:
525:
519:
495:
489:
485:
481:
465:
459:
445:
437:
430:
426:
422:
414:
410:
405:
401:
395:
382:
359:
338:
336:Materialschlacht
324:
310:
309:8 September 1916
298:
289:Hermann von Kuhl
286:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
249:
248:, 28 August 1916
247:
241:
228:
217:
213:
209:
203:
199:
191:
187:
178:Battle of Verdun
175:
169:
115:
107:
93:
84:Erich Ludendorff
55:Erich Ludendorff
44:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3587:
3546:
3478:
3471:
3442:Treaty of Darin
3410:
3372:
3328:Austria-Hungary
3314:
3301:
3282:Rape of Belgium
3209:
3181:
3129:
3123:Western Armenia
3118:Eastern Galicia
3051:
3025:
2989:
2988:Civilian impact
2987:
2973:
2930:
2859:
2691:
2621:Ovambo Uprising
2573:
2559:
2448:
2350:
2277:
2195:Battle of Łomża
2178:
2174:Christmas truce
2149:Race to the Sea
2082:
2044:
1966:
1937:Austria-Hungary
1913:
1848:Empire of Japan
1785:
1783:
1772:
1756:U-boat campaign
1742:
1714:
1676:
1628:
1574:
1555:Popular culture
1501:
1496:
1454:
1444:
1425:
1399:
1380:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1341:
1339:Further reading
1336:
1327:
1325:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1240:
1221:
1184:
1165:
1143:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
951:
943:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
871:
863:
859:
855:
850:
849:
842:
838:
834:
832:
828:
823:
797:
782:
781:worth per day,
778:
774:
770:
765:
761:
758:200,000 horses,
757:
753:
749:
742:
734:
733:, cost another
722:
669:command economy
662:
657:
627:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
568:800,000 workers
567:
564:125,000 skilled
563:
560:
554:
545:
541:
531:
527:
526:increased from
523:Zurückgestellte
517:Zurückgestellte
511:
487:
483:
479:
476:
443:
428:
427:for an army of
424:
412:
408:
403:
384:
380:Friedensangebot
370:
362:Wilhelm Groener
350:
345:
311:
308:
284:Generalleutnant
276:10–11 divisions
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
250:
234:
226:
215:
211:
201:
189:
185:
156:
153:Nord department
151:Cambrai in the
144:
139:
76:
71:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3477:Peace treaties
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3363:United Kingdom
3360:
3355:
3353:Ottoman Empire
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3255:Sack of Dinant
3252:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3203:United Kingdom
3200:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3163:
3157:POW locations
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2957:United Kingdom
2954:
2952:Ottoman Empire
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2926:Trench warfare
2923:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2642:
2639:Volta-Bani War
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Zeebrugge Raid
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2268:Battle of Loos
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Black Sea raid
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2061:Historiography
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2015:Bosnian Crisis
2012:
2009:Tangier Crisis
2006:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Ottoman Empire
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:Central Powers
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:British Empire
1897:United Kingdom
1894:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1875:Russian Empire
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1793:Entente Powers
1786:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1761:North Atlantic
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1672:Central Arabia
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1634:Middle Eastern
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Historiography
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1452:External links
1450:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1429:
1423:
1403:
1397:
1384:
1378:
1365:
1346:Broadberry, S.
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1275:
1273:
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1261:
1244:
1238:
1225:
1219:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1182:
1169:
1163:
1151:Feldman, G. D.
1147:
1141:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1097:, p. 177.
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1073:, p. 349.
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1024:
1022:, p. 271.
1012:
1010:, p. 301.
1000:
988:
976:
964:
949:
947:, p. 285.
934:
932:, p. 378.
922:
910:
908:, p. 157.
898:
886:
884:, p. 156.
869:
867:, p. 155.
856:
854:
851:
848:
847:
825:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
812:
807:
796:
793:
743:217,000 German
683:Zentrumspartei
661:
658:
656:
653:
626:
623:
621:machine-guns.
584:guns and from
556:Main article:
553:
550:
510:
507:
475:
472:
457:Abteilungschef
429:175 divisions.
404:16 to 50 years
376:
369:
366:
349:
346:
344:
341:
322:Oberstleutnant
306:
232:
212:587 trainloads
186:122,908 German
150:
143:
140:
138:
135:
75:
72:
70:
67:
23:
15:
9:
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4:
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2:
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3634:
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3468:
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3407:
3404:
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3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
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3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3368:United States
3366:
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3354:
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3349:
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3308:
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3204:
3201:
3199:
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3184:
3176:
3173:
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3159:
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3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
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3077:
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3017:
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3011:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
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2993:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:United States
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:Convoy system
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:Naval warfare
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
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2879:
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2873:
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2800:
2797:
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2737:
2734:
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2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:Kaocen revolt
2672:
2669:
2668:Easter Rising
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
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2523:
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2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
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2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
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2457:
2455:
2451:
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2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
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2427:
2425:
2422:
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2412:
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2400:
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2377:
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2334:
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2329:
2327:
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2320:
2317:
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2312:
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2300:
2297:
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2287:
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2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Great Retreat
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Battle of Cer
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:Agadir Crisis
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1909:United States
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:French Empire
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1779:
1769:
1768:Mediterranean
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1748:Naval warfare
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1624:Italian Front
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:Eastern Front
1610:
1608:
1607:Western Front
1605:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Puppet states
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:Kennedy, Paul
1200:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Asprey, R. B.
1126:
1125:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1058:, p. 59.
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
985:
980:
973:
972:Strachan 2001
968:
961:
956:
954:
946:
941:
939:
931:
926:
919:
914:
907:
902:
895:
890:
883:
878:
876:
874:
866:
861:
857:
830:
826:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
802:
799:
798:
792:
789:
760:which needed
746:
740:
732:
728:
719:
714:
708:
702:
699:
698:
691:
685:
684:
677:
676:
670:
666:
652:
648:
647:
646:francs-tireur
641:
640:United States
636:
632:
622:
603:
575:
559:
549:
538:
530:men, of whom
524:
518:
506:
503:
502:Haber process
499:
494:
488:34 ammunition
471:
469:
466:(head of the
464:
458:
453:
449:
439:
436:
425:18 divisions,
421:
420:
400:
394:
393:
381:
374:
365:
363:
358:
357:
340:
337:
332:
328:
323:
317:
305:
300:
297:
296:
290:
285:
279:
256:
246:
240:
239:
231:
222:
219:
208:
202:50–60 percent
198:
197:
183:
179:
174:
168:
163:
154:
148:
134:
132:
128:
123:
119:
118:Eastern Front
114:
113:
106:
101:
97:
92:
91:
85:
81:
66:
65:and weapons.
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
42:
36:
32:
21:
3580:
3573:
3561:
3168: /
3100:
2935:Conscription
2899:Cryptography
2836:Iraqi Revolt
2263:Siege of Kut
2206:
1784:participants
1733:German Samoa
1667:South Arabia
1433:
1412:
1388:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1328:15 September
1326:. Retrieved
1324:. 4633501923
1293:
1287:
1248:
1229:
1208:
1173:
1154:
1132:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1071:Kennedy 1989
1051:
1039:
1027:
1020:Feldman 1992
1015:
1008:Feldman 1992
1003:
991:
979:
967:
925:
913:
901:
889:
860:
829:
771:19 munitions
747:
745:casualties.
703:
663:
628:
625:Slave labour
561:
546:1.16 million
542:1.64 million
532:740,000 were
512:
477:
440:
387:
351:
313:
302:
280:
252:
224:
220:
190:29 divisions
159:
82:and General
77:
53:and General
30:
28:
3198:Netherlands
3175:Switzerland
3056:Occupations
3047:Spanish flu
2824:(1919–1922)
2818:(1918–1921)
2812:(1918–1923)
2801:(1919–1921)
2795:(1919–1921)
2789:(1919–1920)
2765:(1918–1920)
2759:(1918–1920)
2753:(1918–1920)
2735:(1918–1920)
2717:(1918–1920)
2711:(1917–1921)
2705:(1917–1921)
2652:(1916-1918)
2650:Arab Revolt
2641:(1915–1917)
2635:(1915–1917)
2623:(1914-1917)
2617:(1914–1917)
2611:(1914–1921)
2605:(1913–1920)
2593:(1910–1920)
2587:(1900–1920)
2560: [
2078:July Crisis
1999:(1880–1914)
1662:Mesopotamia
1540:Home fronts
1499:World War I
1253:Basic Books
1083:Watson 2015
1056:Tooley 2014
1044:Watson 2015
945:Asprey 1994
930:Watson 2015
754:800,000 men
589:4,300 heavy
582:6,700 field
552:War economy
528:1.2 million
484:2.7 million
480:8.5 million
413:300,000 due
409:900,000 men
348:Bureaucracy
3615:Categories
3415:Agreements
3215:War crimes
3091:Luxembourg
2984:Casualties
1855:Montenegro
1690:South West
1570:Technology
1560:Propaganda
1550:Opposition
1359:9 December
1116:References
1107:Foley 2007
1095:Foley 2007
1032:Foley 2007
996:Foley 2007
984:Foley 2007
960:Foley 2007
918:Foley 2007
906:Foley 2007
894:Foley 2007
882:Foley 2007
865:Foley 2007
783:18 million
779:27 trains'
775:16 trains'
750:750 to 640
693:) and the
509:Explosives
493:Sperrfeuer
482:field and
474:Ammunition
268:110 French
259:58 British
69:Background
3312:Diplomacy
3019:Olympians
2942:Australia
2909:Logistics
2842:Vlora War
2771:(1918–19)
2747:(1918–19)
2741:(1918–19)
2729:(1918–19)
2676:(1916–17)
2658:(1916–17)
2609:Zaian War
2599:(1914–15)
2319:first day
2207:Lusitania
2035:(1912–13)
2029:(1911–12)
2017:(1908–09)
2011:(1905–06)
1993:(1870–71)
1782:Principal
1642:Gallipoli
1545:Memorials
1530:Geography
1520:Aftermath
1407:Offer, A.
1322:154532407
1314:1098-3708
1300:: 51–62.
1153:(1992) .
1131:(1994) .
853:Citations
810:Total war
766:35 wagons
762:52 trains
655:Aftermath
619:432 light
611:192 light
597:108 light
356:Kriegsamt
327:Max Bauer
227:(12 or 13
74:Third OHL
63:munitions
35:armaments
3600:Category
3187:Refugees
3153:Italians
3142:Germans
3102:Ober Ost
2882:Aviation
1976:Timeline
1947:Bulgaria
1728:Tsingtao
1705:Togoland
1652:Caucasus
1587:European
1579:Theatres
1409:(1989).
1272:Journals
1205:(1989).
795:See also
735:163,000.
725:and the
718:Westheer
707:Westheer
660:Analysis
615:88 heavy
607:64 heavy
593:54 heavy
586:3,700 to
579:5,300 to
574:Westheer
435:Westheer
419:Landwehr
331:Mézières
316:4th Army
307:—
242:(AOK 1)
233:—
216:470 from
207:Westheer
180:and the
173:Westheer
167:Westheer
155:, France
131:Romanian
112:Ober Ost
3338:Germany
3238:Germany
3166:Germany
3086:Belgium
3071:Albania
3030:Disease
3010:Sports
2962:Ireland
2875:Warfare
2868:Aspects
2056:Origins
2049:Prelude
1952:Senussi
1932:Germany
1927:Leaders
1865:Romania
1806:Belgium
1801:Leaders
1700:Kamerun
1682:African
1617:Romania
1595:Balkans
1510:Outline
845:rounds.
690:Zentrum
679:(SPD),
534:deemed
460:of the
444:763,000
272:16 were
263:18 were
162:Cambrai
137:Prelude
3358:Russia
3333:France
3161:Canada
3076:Serbia
2947:Canada
2904:Horses
2856:(1921)
2850:(1920)
2844:(1920)
2838:(1920)
2830:(1920)
2783:(1919)
2777:(1919)
2723:(1918)
2688:(1918)
2682:(1917)
2670:(1916)
2664:(1916)
2629:(1915)
2041:(1913)
2023:(1911)
2005:(1905)
1962:Darfur
1887:Serbia
1870:Russia
1833:Greece
1821:France
1811:Brazil
1657:Persia
1600:Serbia
1440:
1421:
1395:
1376:
1320:
1312:
1259:
1236:
1217:
1180:
1161:
1139:
843:150 mm
839:105 mm
721:about
176:. The
122:Russia
94:(OHL,
3555:Other
3348:Japan
3343:Italy
3170:camps
3014:Rugby
2564:]
1843:Japan
1838:Italy
1816:China
1710:North
1353:(PDF)
1318:S2CID
1284:(PDF)
1121:Books
835:77 mm
448:asset
304:year.
3135:POWs
2454:1918
2356:1917
2282:1916
2183:1915
2087:1914
1892:Siam
1695:East
1438:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1361:2017
1330:2017
1310:ISSN
1257:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1137:ISBN
756:and
737:The
633:for
617:and
609:and
595:and
368:Army
29:The
1302:doi
764:of
3617::
2562:It
1316:.
1308:.
1292:.
1286:.
1255:.
1063:^
952:^
937:^
872:^
454:,
450:.
2986:/
1491:e
1484:t
1477:v
1446:.
1401:.
1382:.
1304::
1294:2
1265:.
1242:.
1195:.
1186:.
1167:.
1145:.
687:(
396:(
108:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
