Herat (1793–1863)

2263: 1236: 1734: 1196: 1224:, only to be put into slavery by Mizrab Khan. Herat's fortifications were seriously damaged by years of war, and wouldn't survive a serious assault. The few thousand troops Herat did have were badly equipped. Because of this, Kamran Shah was planning to flee as soon as the Iranians invaded. However, Sher Mohammad Khan Hazara vowed to fight to the death for him and promised Kamran safety among his tribe if Herat were to fall, therefore preventing his flight. He attempted to revive the tribal confederacy that defended Herat against the Iranians in 1833. 'Abd al-Rahman Khalifa, the Turkmen governor of Merv and the successor of Sufi Eslam's movement, played a key role in reviving the confederacy. 1028:, and then 6 months later fled across the Murghab to seek the aid of the Jamshidi tribes. Kamran Shah needed help, so he requested the aid of Iran. In July 1826 Hasan Ali Mirza Qajar sent 6,000 or 10,000 men with 4 guns to the aid of Kamran Shah. When they reached Herat on July 16, 1826, they combined with 2,000 of Kamran's troops and marched towards the Murghab. However, spies leaked Kamran's plans to Mahmud, who set up an ambush. The Aimaqs and Uzbeks completely routed the Iranians, and Mahmud marched onward to Herat. However, Mahmud refused to storm the citadel, instead camping outside, meaning that "all the benefit of the Badghis victory quickly dissipated" and his siege of Herat failed. 1061:

obsessed on obtaining more and more wealth. He imposed heavy taxes upon the populace, as he "not only bathed himself in luxury, but he also built up a large war chest to meet any threat to his power from Iran or from Kabul." He developed a variety of ways to extract wealth that included at least 4 different methods of torture. As Kamran got older, he spent more and more time chasing pleasure. He would use his power to embark on numerous sexual adventures involving both boys and girls, as well as drinking copious amounts of alcohol. However, the populace still preferred him rather than be under the suzerainty of the Barakzais, as they were even more despotic.

408: 1858:, realizing that according to the treaty they would have to reinstall Mohammad Yusuf as ruler of Herat, instead turned Yusuf over to relatives of Sa'id Mohammad Khan and promptly killed him. Two days after Mohammad Yusuf's execution, Sultan Ahmad Khan left Tehran and was installed onto the throne of Herat in April 1857. Thus, the Iranians violated the treaty before it was even ratified on 2 May 1857. Iranian forces evacuated Herat in September 1857 and left Sultan Ahmad Khan to govern the area. They destroyed the city's defenses, took the crops, and seized 6,000 muskets. 2305:

in Khorasan, and around 3,000 people died during the forced march. In addition, their property was looted and were forced to pay 22,000 tomans. The Jews were living in poverty in Mashhad, imprisoned in a dilapidated inn known as Baba Qudrat. Many Jews were forced to beg in the streets. Many Mashhadis sympathized with the Jews and some risked their lives to bring food to them. Since many of the Jews were previous exiles from Mashhad during the 1839 forced conversion, the Iranian government claimed the Jews were Iranian subjects who betrayed their country.

43: 1252:. Tensions between Kamran Shah and Yar Mohammad Khan became tense. Kamran was jealous of Yar Mohammad Khan's power and both tried to find an excuse to eliminate the other and gain control. In 1841, Kamran entered the citadel of Herat and started a rebellion against Yar Mohammad Khan. However, Kamran Shah was eventually defeated and was placed under surveillance in Kohsan. In early 1842, Kamran was brutally murdered under the orders of Yar Muhammad Khan Alakozai, thus ending the Sadozai dynasty. 383: 2704: 1273: 50: 2646: 1081: 1703: 1455: 68: 1912: 1766: 2262: 1136:" Yar Mohammad Khan refused the ultimatum and 'Abbas Mirza responded by placing him under arrest. 'Abbas Mirza forced Yar Mohammad Khan to agree to his demands by taking out two of Yar Mohammad's teeth, at which point he was allowed to return to Herat after paying a ransom and a hostage exchange. However, Kamran Shah refused the ultimatum, gave 'Abbas Mirza a present of 15,000 tuman, and asked him to prepare for war if he wanted to demand any more. 1008:

then turned against his allies, imprisoned Saleh Khan, and forced Mahmud Shah out the city. However, Kamran and Mahmud Shah then united against Mustafa Khan and within a month deposed him. In the winter of 1824 Mustafa Khan was executed. Kamran Mirza put a paper hat on Mustafa Khan's head and then poured lamp oil on top of it. In the Islamic year 1240 (August 1824 to August 1825), Mahmud Shah marched into Jamshidi lands and occupied

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intervention of the Chahar Wilayat. As a result, Rustam Khan received no help and Shebarghan was annexed by Sar-i Pul. Ghazanfar Khan was re-instated as the ruler of Andkhui. However, after he was placed back on the throne Ghazanfar refused to pay tribute to Bukhara. As a result, Nasrullah supported Rustam Khan in recapturing Sherbarghan and deposing Ghazanfar Khan. Once more Sufi Khan was reinstated as head of the Andkhui Khanate.

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with ones loyal to him. The Hazara Aimaq formed a conspiracy with Kohandil Khan and Mohammad Yusuf bin Malik Qasim Mirza to end Sa'id Mohammad Khan's rule once and for all. However, Sa'id Mohammad Khan heard about the plot and executed the Hazara chieftain Karimdad Khan Hazara, replacing him with a more loyal chieftain. This action alienated his Shi'a supporters even more, as well as increasing tensions with Iran.

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April 2 and forcing him to retreat. The Iranian army occupied Herat until the third week of May, but they stayed another three months in the province to put down any opposition to Sa'id Mohammad Khan. When the invasion was crushed, Sa'id Mohammad Khan pressured the Iranian forces to leave the country, but not before he agreed to make coins and have the Khutbah read in the Shah's name. By August 22,

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shaved his beard, and put it on in front of the soldiers. There were also defectors in the Iranian military who went to find service in Herat. In 1854, Husayn Khan, who was a Na'ib in the Iranian artillery corps, defected to Sa'id Mohammad Khan. He was then put in charge of Herat's artillery. He would serve Sa'id Mohammad Khan well and was present during the 1856 siege of Herat.

1750:, where his mother lived, to be bombarded. He repeatedly insulted his father and the members of his household. When people asked him what he wanted from his mother, he would reply: "I want a world from her; unless she gives it, I will not stop." For a time Sa'id Mohammad Khan's insanity was tolerable by the nobility but when Karimdad Khan was executed, the people had enough. 652:

Mahmud Shah and Kamran were completely deceived, and fled in the dead of the night. The following morning, seeing that Mahmud and Kamran had fled, chaos erupted in the camp, and taking advantage of this, Qaizar had marched out, and routed the Persian army from besieging Herat. Following this victory, Zaman Shah had returned to Punjab, recapturing Lahore and also placed

1120:. Yar Muhammad Khan Alakozai played a key role in starting the revolt that occurred after the Khorasan governor Shuja as-Sultana was recalled to Tehran in January 1827. In 1830 he led a 6,000-man army into Khorasan and terrorized the population. However, he eventually retreated back to Herat seeing that any minor incident could be used by Iran as a 1811:

his own name." A son of Sa'id Mohammad Khan established his control around Qutub-i Chaq. 'Abbas Khan Rayhan established a republican emirate around the neighborhood of Khwaja 'Abdullah Misri. (Both Khwaja 'Abdullah Misri and Qutub-i Chaq are historic neighborhoods of Herat.) However, 'Isa Khan eventually managed to defeat these rivals for power.

697:, to keep his rule stable. Ishaq was easily able to take advantage of this weakness to expand his dominion at the expense of his neighbors. The Herati-Iranian wars of 1804, 1807, and 1811 were fought over the strategic border fort of Ghourian, as the Qara'i chieftains sought to use the rivalry between Mashhad and Herat to their own advantage. 1262:"Kamran Mirza very clearly saw that in order to maintain the independence of Herat and to reconquer his father's throne in Kabul, it would be necessary to neutralize any threat from Iran by asking for the assistance of the Qajar court. Partly because of his efforts, the Qajars did not attack Herat from 1823 to 1833." 2443:

in December 1804, lost Ghourian and was forced to pay tribute. Rebelled again in May 1807, lost again. Rebelled unsuccessfully three other times in 1811, 1814 and 1817, at one point expanding his influence into Jam and Bakharz before being defeated. Herat was conquered by Fateh Khan Barakzai in April

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The city of Herat had a small population of Jews. 600 Jews made the city their home. In 1839, when the Jews of Mashhad were forcibly converted to Islam, many fled to Herat rather than abandon their beliefs. During the Iranian occupation of the city in 1857, the Jews were forced to relocate to Mashhad

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There is a general consensus on the number of provinces Herat had. The principality was centered around the Herat oasis and had outlying provinces dependent on it. There were reportedly 446 villages in the 8 districts (buluk) that made up the Herat province. According to Christine Noelle-Karimi these

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tax) than Sunni citizens. It was termed as sar khanah in the 19th century. Afghans didn't have to pay the sar khanah but they did have to give up the equivalent of two shillings for every house they possessed. Taxes were levied on the city's shops (especially those in the central marketplace). Duties

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In Herat, most land was held free or held on condition of military service. Only cultivated land was taxed, and the ruler of Herat often took as much produce as he wanted from yields. Under Kamran Shah, taxes were heavy and oftentimes grain farmers would be subject to additional taxes that were added

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Sultan Ahmad Khan aspired to be independent but his position was like "that of a clay pot between two iron ones." He was seen as an Iranian puppet by his people and there were multiple plots against him. There was one faction led by Mohammad Yusuf's brother, Mohammad Reza, and was an associate of the

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tribes (as well as 100 from other tribes.) Even members of his own Alakozai tribe weren't spared. Notably, Hashim and Karimdad Khan Alakozai were brutally killed on his orders (the first one by being beaten with sticks on his belly until it burst, the second by having boiling oil placed on a crown of

1629:

Sam Ilkhani marched with 800 horsemen and convinced Sa'id Mohammad Khan to arrest 7 Afghan notables who were opposed to his rule. Meanwhile, another Iranian army with 10 to 12,000 troops led by 'Abbas Qoli Khan moved into Herat and approached to within 12 miles of the city, defeating Kohandil Khan on

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In November 1849, Yar Mohammad demanded Hukumat Khan to pay tribute to Herat. When this offer was refused, Maimana was besieged with a force of 6,000 men and the city was surrounded for 11 months. However, Maimana continued to hold out and it was detrimental to Herat's future as an independent state.

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In the Islamic year 1238 (equivalent to October 1822 to September 1823) or 1824, Kamran Mirza attempted to conquer Qandahar, leaving the administration of Herat in the hands of Husain Khan and Mustafa Khan Zori. However, while Kamran was on route to Qandahar, allies of Firuz al-Din placed him back on

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With the death of Mohammad Yusuf Sadozai on April 28, Herat broke into chaos. Four contenders emerged. 'Isa Khan managed to overthrow Mohammad Yusuf but his rule was challenged inside the city. Ghulam Khan Qufaza'i revolted and "beat the drum of kingship in the vicinity of the grey tower of Herat in

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However, in April 1847, Yar Mohammad Khan attacked the Hazaras again, and this time the capital fell and 10,000 or 12,000 Hazara families were resettled in the Herat valley. Qala-e Naw lost half of its population as a result of the attack, and their chieftain Karimdad Khan Hazara fled to Iran, later

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on October 28, 1837. They planned a four-pronged attack, with some marching on Herat in 3 different columns, while some troops would march into Maimana and neutralize the tribes in the area. The situation in Herat was favourable to the Iranians. Kamran and Yar Mohammad both terrorized the population

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was sent with 4,000 troops as a reinforcement. Kamran Shah only had around 5,000 men at his disposal. Sher Mohammad Khan Hazara organized a confederacy of Aimaq, Uzbek, and Turkmen tribes to defend Herat against the Shi'ites. He managed to convince Mizrab Khan of Maimana to overcome his suspicion of

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In 1811, Firuz al-Din Mirza refused to pay his annual tribute to Iran. As a result, in July 1811 Mohammad Vali Mirza marched from Bakharz to Ghourian, and from there to Pul-i Nuqrah. He gave the order to sack the surrounding area, forcing Firuz al-Din to come to peace terms. He paid his taxes to the

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During Zaman Shah's campaigns in Punjab against the Sikhs, the British had seen this as a threat, where Zaman Shah could align the Muslim powers of India against the British in a coalition, as a result, the British had given 10,000 rupees to the Shah of Persia. Seeing opportunity, Mahmud Shah, along

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reported the size of the Hindu population of Herat to be around 600. In 1845, French visitor Joseph-Pierre Ferrier reported that the Hindu merchants controlled most of the trade with India and farmed taxes in service of Yar Mohammad Khan. When Kamran Shah attempted to collect funds for an attack on

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were still a booming center of trade. The French scholar Louis Massignon was able to say that Herat's bazaars were the center of the city's "economic, social, political, administrative, and religious" life. In particular, the city's trade prospered under Firuz al-Din Sadozai. There were many Hindu

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The Iranians quickly intervened and launched an invasion of Herat. In February 1856, Iranian forces under Sam Khan Ilkhani entered Herat. In March 1856 Iran captured Ghourian. In desperation, Mohammad Yusuf hoisted the British flag and declared himself a subject of Britain. April 28, 1856, Mohammad

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The Hazaras wrote a letter to Mohammad Yusuf bin Malik Qasim Mirza to take his place as the rightful ruler of Herat. As a result, Mohammad Yusuf sent his brother, Mohammad Reza, to Herat. On September 15, 1855, Sartib 'Abbas Khan and some Hazaras defected to Mohammad Yusuf, starting a revolt in the

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Sa'id Mohammad Khan was effectively dependent on Iran. The Iranian government sought to back up his position and shortly after the Qandahari invasion sent 3,000 military uniforms, 2,000 rifles, two cannons, standard military belts and knapsacks to beef up Herat's army. In August 1853 Sa'id Mohammad

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into their kingdom, and if all of the region was to fall then Herat could be simultaneously attacked from Maimana and Qandahar. The siege of Maimana also helped the Barakzais because it made sure that Maimana's powerful army wouldn't come to the aid of the petty states of the region. Eventually, in

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tribesmen eager for loot). When the army reached Chichaktu (on the frontier between Herat and Maimana), it quickly fell and the town was sacked. When Hukumat Khan heard of this, he quickly rushed to tender his submission and provided the army with supplies, preventing the Heratis from sacking other

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At the same time as these events were occurring, the truce between Hukumat Khan and Sher Mohammad Khan broke down and they fought for the control of Maimana. Yar Mohammad Khan intervened and temporarily settled the dispute. Sher Mohammad was given control of Maimana while Hukumat Khan would control

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When the pro-Yar Mohammad leader of the Jamshidis was assassinated, he sent a Herati army that captured Kushk. 5,000 Jamshidi families were relocated to the Herat valley but the majority of the Jamshidis managed to escape to Panjdeh and went under the protection of Khiva. He also campaigned against

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However, not everyone responded positively to these changes. Under Sa'id Mohammad Khan there was an incident where the troops refused to wear their new Austrian uniforms shipped in from Tehran and didn't want to shave their beards. In response to this, Sa'id Mohammad Khan took one of the uniforms,

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In January 1863 Ahmad Khan's wife, Nawab Dokhtar, died. Since she was also Dost Mohammad Khan's daughter, both sides mourned her death. Ahmad Khan ended up dying from grief on March 6, 1863, being succeeded by his son Shah Nawaz Khan. On May 27 Dost Mohammad made a final assault on Herat. The city

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An envoy from Qandahar arrived, promising not to interfere in Herat and give back the city of Farah if Sa'id Mohammad Khan would cut ties with his Iranian backers. Sa'id Mohammad Khan refused and kicked the envoy out of the city. In the fall of 1853, Sa'id Mohammad Khan would take advantage of the

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When Iranian forces left Herat, Sa'id Mohammad Khan tried to re-assert his dominance over the Aimaq tribes in the northeast. The Hazaras and Jamshidis were loyal to the Qajar governor of Khorasan, so Sa'id Mohammad Khan tried to change that by deposing the chiefs of those tribes and replacing them

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Iran, not wanting to lose its influence in Herat, intervened and sent an ultimatum to Kohandil Khan to withdraw from Farah. Kohandil Khan rejected the ultimatum and as a result, the Iranian army marched towards Herat, planning to stay for 6 months to put down opposition to Sa'id Mohammad Khan. The

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In the late fall of 1851 Ghulam Khan Qufaza'i (Sa'id Mohammad Khan's cousin) rebelled in the streets of Herat. The revolt was eventually crushed and the two reconciled but it showed how the Alakozai chiefs were increasingly disapproving of Sa'id Mohammad Khan's rule. In addition to Sa'id's lack of

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cavalry, and 5 cannons. (British reports suggest 10,000 troops in total). They defeated the Sardar of Lash-Joveyn, Ahmad Khan Lashi, and besieged the fort of Lash for around a month. The defenders eventually surrendered the fort and Ahmad Khan Lashi fled. As a result, Yar Mohammad Khan was able to

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Iran also helped modernize the Herati military. The Shahs of Iran gave many presents to Yar Mohammad Khan. When the governor of Afghan Turkestan sacked Maimana in 1876, he gifted the Amir Sher Ali Khan with a Persian sword that the Iranians gave to Yar Mohammad Khan. Yar Mohammad Khan later gifted

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and attempted to besiege the fort of Ghourian. This siege was unsuccessful however, and Qa'im Maqam left 2,000 troops at Ghoruian to continue the siege while he and Mohammad Mirza moved towards Herat. Although it was doubtful that the army could take Herat since it couldn't even take Ghourian, the

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When Kamran Shah returned from Qandahar, Mahmud refused to let him back in. As a result, Kamran, with the support of the Qandahar Sardars, besieged Herat. Mahmud then recruited the help of Saleh Khan, who sent Mustafa Khan Zori to break the siege of the city. They were successful, but Mustafa Khan

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In 1819, Saleh Khan, a noble who gained favour with Kamran, tried to convince him to reconquer Qandahar. However, Kamran said he didn't have enough money and blamed Saleh Khan for his past troubles. Mahmud and Kamran Shah both united to extort Saleh Khan, and in response Saleh Khan secretly sent a

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Under Kamran Shah and Yar Mohammad Khan trade declined and they heavily taxed the populace. According to one contemporary observer, he reduced Herat's trade "from 1000 parts to one." This meant that when the Iranians attacked Herat in 1837 the city was left virtually defenseless and only with the

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To prepare against the Iranian siege, 'Isa Khan directed the construction of tunnels and earthworks. Iranian gunners showered the city daily with cannonballs. Hasan 'Ali Khan took some of the Herati earthworks but wasn't able to take the city. 'Abbas Khan made a few initial attacks on the Iranian

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During the Iranian rule there were conflicts between his Shi'a and Sunni supporters, one incident resulting in the death of 20 people. Since he was unpopular with many of the Sunni Afghans, he ended up siding with the Shi'a (later rulers like Sultan Ahmad Khan also derived their main support base

1072:) was unquestionably loyal to Kamran Shah and had prevented Yar Mohammad Khan from overthrowing him. As a result, he was granted the title of Nizam al-Daula (نظام الدوله). In addition to this, the British also supported Kamran Shah as an attempt to prevent the Iranians from conquering the region. 722:

and other Afghan mullahs for instigating Firuz al-Din to declare war on the Iranians, for Firuz al-Din's advisors were against fighting with Iran. When Firuz al-Din heard of the approach of the Iranian troops, his support for war faded and his general Badal Khan Afghan preferred submitting to the

1618:. Since Sa'id Mohammad Khan couldn't pay his troops due to the bad economy, it caused chaos in the Herati ranks, allowing Kohandil Khan's rapid advance. Reportedly, Kohandil Khan advanced to within 100 kilometres (60 miles) of Herat. Soon after, the city was besieged as Kohandil Khan reached the 1394:

defected and attacked Shebarghan. Rustam Khan requested help from Mizrab Khan, however, in early 1845, Mizrab Khan died after he was poisoned by one of his wives. His two sons (Hukumat Khan and Sher Mohammad Khan) unexpectedly made peace with each other for the time being and supported Bukhara's

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marched against Qandahar with 22,000 men. The city was then besieged but Dost Mohammad Khan intervened on the side of the Qandahar Sardars and forced Shuja to flee to Herat with only 50 cavalry. Kamran was suspicious of his intentions and refused to let him enter the city, for he was a potential

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Kamran Shah was initially a generous ruler when he first came to Herat. He spent time into ruling his kingdom in his early years. But after fighting with multiple contenders to gain the throne, his personality changed and he became more demanding. Kamran was well known for his greed, and became

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Firuz al-Din requested aid against the Iranian invasion. As a result, Fateh Khan Barakzai took the opportunity to conquer Herat. At the end of April 1818 he entered Herat and deposed Firuz al-Din Shah. He sent his half brother Kohandil Khan towards Ghourian and made alliances with Khiva and the

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In 1807, Yusuf 'Ali Khan defected to Hajji Firuz al-Din Mirza and abandoned the Qara'i chieftain. He had been encouraging Firuz al-Din Mirza to conquer Khorasan for some time. Therefore, the Vali of Khorasan, Mohammad Vali Mirza, marched with an army to recapture Khorasan in the spring of 1807.

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as a result of this. Despite Herat in large support of Mahmud Shah, Qaizar had held out. In an attempt to undermine the Persian alliance, Qaizar's Wazir had sent a letter to Mahmud Shah's ally, Mir Ali, and had offered to assassinate Mahmud Shah. However Mahmud's spies intercepted this message,

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They soon marched on Sher Mohammad Khan's stronghold of Khairabad and the fortress was torn apart. Sher Mohammad initially fled and eventually reconciled with his brother. Ghazanfar Khan of Andkhui also requested Yar Mohammad Khan's aid in overthrowing Sufi Khan. Sufi Khan was put to death and

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However, Mohammad Mirza hadn't forgotten his promise once he took the throne as Mohammad Shah Qajar in 1834. He began preparations to build an army to conquer Herat during the spring of 1836. However, a cholera epidemic in Khorasan forced Mohammad Shah to postpone his plans. He instead made a

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fell on November 15, 1837. The siege began on November 23, 1837, Mohammad Shah arrived before Herat. His intention was to take Herat then move on to Kandahar. With him was the Russian Envoy Count Simonich, seconded Russian officers and a regiment of Russian deserters under the Polish general

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arrived, he quickly worked to crush the revolt. In the summer and fall of 1832 the Qara'i and Zafaranlu chieftains were forced to submit and then he moved against Herat. When the vizier returned, Kamran Shah again prepared for an attack on Qandahar and collected funds from Herati merchants.

1572:. Yar Mohammad Khan's sickness only got worse and when he reached Ribat-i Mir he died (either on 7 June 1851, 11 June 1851, or 29 June 1851), allowing Lash-Joveyn to secede. Twelve days after Yar Mohammad Khan's demise, his mentally unstable son, Sa'id Mohammad Khan, was put on the throne. 2744:

of Herat from 1829 onwards, de facto ruler of Herat from 1829 to 1842. Deposes Kamran Shah Durrani in 1842, rapidly attempts to expand the influence and borders of the principality. Conquers Chahar Aimaq lands 1842–1847, invades Chahar Wilayat twice in 1847 and 1850, intervenes in the

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In the year 1231 A.H, equivalent to 1815 A.D., due to the killing of the late Sardar Muhammad Ishaq Khan Qara'i and Hasan 'Isa Khan, his son, the state of affairs in Khurasan and its frontiers became chaotic. The tribal chiefs and leaders of the inhabitants of each locality and clan

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In the summer of 1813 relations between Mohammad Vali Mirza, the governor of Khorasan, and the Khorasani tribal chieftains worsened. Eventually, the khans held a conference on the Turkmen steppe where they decided to revolt and depose Mohammad Vali Mirza. On August 25, 1813,

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British-Afghan spy Zayn al-Abdin. In 1858 a plot began to overthrow Sultan Ahmad Khan and replace him with Mohammad Reza, which was supported by the British. However the Sadr-i Azam caught wind of it and informed Sultan Ahmad Khan, who promptly imprisoned the conspirators.

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Sa'id Mohammad Khan lacked his father's leadership abilities. He relied on his Iranian mother, Nawabah, for guidance, and he had a reputation for being incompetent and weak. He didn't have the support of the Pashtuns or Hazaras of the province, and although his mother was

647:. Instead of the Shah joining directly, he supported Mahmud and Firoz. The two princes captured Farah, and also defeated Qaizar Mirza, Zaman Shah's son, and also besieged Herat. Zaman Shah had abandoned his Punjab campaign and pulled back to Peshawar, the Sikhs recaptured 4836: 996:) were killed during a battle on May 22. In the end, Herat withstood the siege by Iranian forces. However, although the Qajar troops had ravaged the province dearly it doesn't seem to have much of an effect on Kamran, as within a year or two he was to attack Qandahar. 1928:

Even though Herat was annexed into Afghanistan, attempts were made at restoring descendants of the former rulers. The last such event was during Ayub Khan's reign over Herat. A rebellion broke out in the city and the Kabul troops massacred all the descendants of

992:. In 1822, Iranian forces invaded Herat and besieged the city, aiming to restore Firuz al-Din to the throne. In the process, Ibrahim Khan Jamshidi, Khalil Khan Taymani, and Qilich Khan Timuri (one of the leaders on the Iranian side and the autonomous governor of 813:

In 1814, Firuz al-Din took advantage of the chaos in Khorasan to renew his designs on Ghourian at the urging of Ebrahim Khan Ilkhani Hazara. Firuz's son, Malik Qasim Manda, marched to Ghourian with a large army and besieged it. Since the governor of Ghourian,

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was occupied and the Qajars killed so many Hazaras that they were able to create a tower of skulls. Hasan 'Ali Mirza then marched towards Ghourian and then reached the village of Shakiban and set camp at Pul-i Nuqrah. Firuz al-Din's troops and some Afghan

765:. On May 19, May 30, June, or June 29, 1807, the Herati army reached the Rubat Charkah field and attacked the Qajars, beginning the battle of Shahdih. The Herati army was annihalated (with between 3,800 and 6,000 Afghan troops killed) and Sufi Eslam was 614:. Zaman Shah defeated Mahmud Shah and this allowed him to besiege Herat. The city however, held out. Eventually, Mahmud Shah's mother had broken a deal between the two brothers. The terms of which would be Zaman Shah being recognized as King of the 847:." Firuz al-Din used the revolt as an opportunity to seize Ghourian. Mohammad Khan Qajar was defeated by an alliance between Mohammad Khan Qara'i and Bunyad Khan Hazara and fled to Mashhad. Bunyad Khan Hazara then raided the city's suburbs. When 2438:

When Mahmud Shah Sadozai was restored on 25 July 1801 Firuz al-Din was appointed governor of Herat and Farah, and he acted quite independent in this position due to the chaos prevailing in the rest of Afghanistan during this time. Battled with

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Iranian forces were led by the Za'faranlu Kurdish chieftain Sam Ilkhani, hoping that as Sunnis the Afghans would be less antagonistic towards the Kurds. However, many of the Heratis didn't want the Qandaharis or the Iranians to enter the city.

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On July 23, 1837, Mohammad Shah marched out of Tehran towards Herat. According to Mohammad Yusuf, the army consisted of 80,000 infantry and cavalry as well as 40 artillery pieces led by Habibullah Khan Shahsevan. They coalesced at the city of

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Yar Mohammad obtained British support for his plans to conquer the Chahar Wilayat and Sistan. Owing to lack of British knowledge on the area, Yar Mohammad was able to convince them into supporting the extension of Herat's frontiers as far as

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The prince then marched into the territory of the Aimaq tribes, to punish the Aimaq Hazaras for hosting Bunyad Khan as a refugee from Iranian troops. However, in the summer of 1817 they were defeated at Darra-yi Bum and forced to retreat.

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Khan made plans to recapture Farah and Qandahar, and wrote to the governor of Khorasan for approval. However, Sultan Murad Mirza refused this request, and the Qajar court was beginning to see Sa'id Mohammad Khan as a disobedient servant.

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was a velayat also, but Conolly disagrees and lists the region of Shafilan as a velayat. Both Kamran Shah Sadozai and Yar Mohammad Khan appointed their relatives as governors to peripheral regions, and they aren't considered as velayat.

935:. Reportedly, he reached Herat with only 11 men under his command. Mahmud Shah, when reaching Herat, turned over its administration to Kamran Mirza, who also consulted him on political matters. Ata Mohammad Khan Alakozai also became the 838:. As a result, when Qajar troops approached Herat and attacked Kamran Mirza's troops, he did not even attempt a defense and retreated back to Qandahar. Firuz al-Din then fulfilled his promise and paid Isma'il Khan Damghani 50,000 tuman. 1663:

from Shi'a and isolated their fellow Afghans.) In addition to this, when he sent a Turkman army to attack Farah in January 1853, they sold many of the locals into slavery, which decreased his support among the Sunni Afghans even more.

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By the time Mohan Lal visited the town in 1834, he was to note the city was majority Sunni. The explanation for this is that by this time the Shi'a were being oppressed by the Sadozais and many no longer openly practiced their faith.

1821:

In the same month, a conspiracy was formed where the Shi'a population of the city would open the gates to the Iranians. The Iranians attempted to breach the city, but it failed with 250 Iranians killed, and many Shi'a were massacred.

1406:

In the summer of 1847, Hukumat Khan requested assistance against Sher Mohammad Khan, becoming the pretext for war Yar Mohammad needed. Yar Mohammad marched against Maimana with 20,000 troops (half of those being composed of Aimaq and

1043:

rather than being taken prisoner. In 1827 Kamran took pity on Mahmud and invited him back to Herat. In 1828–29 Ata Muhammad Khan Alakozai died. His son, Sardar Din Muhammad Khan Alakozai, succeeded him as vazir. However, due to the

829:

Kamran Mirza surrounded Herat and set up camp in the village of Ruzah Bagh. As a result, Firuz al-Din withdrew from Ghourian and requested aid from the Qajar general Isma'il Khan Damghani, promising to pay 50,000 tuman and have the

2270:

The city of Herat had declined since Timurid times. Ravaged by war, many of its old monuments were by this time ruins. However, it was still a formidable city. Before the 1837 siege, between 50 and 60,000 people resided in Herat.

4800: 1605:

In December 1851, as a response to the discontent in Herat, the Qandahar Sardars made plans to conquer Herat. In March 1852, with a 10–12,000 or 16,000-man army, they marched into Herat and within a short period of time occupied

2852:

Vizier of Herat, deposes Mohammad Yusuf due to an agreement between 'Isa Khan and the Persians. The Persians don't follow through with the agreement though and continue to besiege Herat until the city falls on 25 October 1856.

1973:

the Herati army was reformed based on the Iranian military. In 1849, with the help of Iran he created five infantry regiments composed of 500 men each, who were issued felt hats. They were given muskets and were commanded by a

673:

With Mahmud Mirza's restoration to the throne on 25 July 1801, Hajji Firuz al-Din Mirza was appointed the governor of Herat. However, due to the internal conflicts in Afghanistan at the time, he became effectively independent.

841:

In the Summer of 1816 Ishaq Khan Qara'i and his son were strangled on the orders of Mohammad Vali Mirza due to his secret support of the Khorasani rebels. As a result, this made his situation worse and as stated by Riyazi:

2898:, triggers an intervention that results in Herat being besieged from 28 July 1862 to 27 May 1863. His wife (Dost Mohammad Khan's daughter) dies in January 1863. He dies on 6 March 1863, being succeeded by Shah Navaz Khan. 1597:

support among the population, Herat's roads were insecure and Hazara and Turkmen bandits were able to stop traffic coming to and from Herat. As a result, most caravan traffic avoided the area, wrecking Herat's economy.

713:

from Firuz al-Din Mirza. He appointed his nephew Yusuf 'Ali Khan Qara'i as governor. He was able to exert his influence in the regions of Jam and Bakharz and in a crucial location to get involved in matters with Herat.

1773:

However, Mohammad Yusuf broke his promise by having Sa'id Mohammad Khan executed. Two assassins (Mohammad Bayraqchi Pahlavan and Bafi 'Abbas Rayhan) went to Sa'id Mohammad Khan in the citadel and strangled him with a

959:

Ever since 1816, Herat had refused to pay tribute to Persia. Kamran Mirza made multiple excuses on why he wasn't able to pay. In addition to that, Herat had actively supported the revolt of Banyad Khan Hazara (the

1495:, Yar Mohammad Khan intervened on the side of the Qajars, providing protection to Hamza Mirza and in return received the title of Zahir al-Daula from the Shah. In January 1850, he requested that Iran cede to him 521:

took control of Herat, making the town and the surrounding region independent. In 1801, the principality was revived by Firuz al-Din Mirza. Herat was prosperous under his reign in spite of multiple invasions by

1324:

the Taymanis of Ghor. Yar Mohammad Khan made the two main rulers of Ghor (Mustafa Khan and Ibrahim Khan) fight against each other, and as a result was able to extend his influence in Ghor up to Karz and Nazli.

2279:

The population of Herat was of a various ethnic background, and was primarily Persian-speaking. When Mohan Lal visited the city, he noted that the main 3 components of the city's population were Bardurranis,

2933:

Succeeds his father Sultan Ahmad Khan in March 1863. A final assault is launched on the city of Herat on 27 May 1863 that results in the city falling to Dost Mohammad Khan, ending the Principality of Herat.

1833:

on 30 October 1856. 'Isa Khan surrendered on the condition that his family and property would be spared. However, the Iranians did not keep their promise and as a direct order from the Shah he was executed.

1064:

Kamran was in a power struggle with his Vizier, Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai. His attempts at usurping Kamran's throne were only prevented due to the efforts of Sher Mohammad Khan Hazara (the chieftain of the

1681:

war between Kohandil Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan to capture Farah, which had been under Qandahar since 1851. He sent 1,500 cavalry and 500 infantry towards the city, expelling the governor Mir Afzal Khan.

951:, a city in the south controlled by a supporter of Kamran, and captured it. Saleh Khan was able to make a compromise where he would control Farah and Firuz al-Din Mirza would return into exile in Mashhad. 1420:

but failed to take Sheberghan and was forced to retreat to Maimana. The population refused to open their gates, so Hukumat Khan guided the army through a route going around the capital. The march back to

4006:"A partial translation of "'Ayn al-Vaqayi'" (Wellspring of Events): The third of twelve works in "Bahr al-Fava'id: Kuliyat-i Riyazi" (Unlimited Benefits: The Complete Works of Riyazi) of Muhammad Yusuf" 3986:"A partial translation of "'Ayn al-Vaqayi'" (Wellspring of Events): The third of twelve works in "Bahr al-Fava'id: Kuliyat-i Riyazi" (Unlimited Benefits: The Complete Works of Riyazi) of Muhammad Yusuf" 3966:"A partial translation of "'Ayn al-Vaqayi'" (Wellspring of Events): The third of twelve works in "Bahr al-Fava'id: Kuliyat-i Riyazi" (Unlimited Benefits: The Complete Works of Riyazi) of Muhammad Yusuf" 594:

rebelled in Herat and minted coins in the name of the dead Timur Shah. On June 19, Zaman Shah marched out of Kabul headed for Qandahar. He soon captured Qandahar and forced Humayun Mirza to flee to

1952:

to the ones already in place. Land rentals in Herat demanded that a large share of the produce (4/5ths) went to the landlord and the rest to the tenant. Livestock were annually taxed. 10 percent

1280:

Yar Mohammad Khan, when taking the throne, notably didn't proclaim himself a king but instead took the title of "Vizier-i Kabir", or the "Great Vizier". He was popular with the people of Herat.

1442:

In the late summer of 1846 Asif al-Daula planned to invade Herat and depose Yar Mohammad Khan with the support of Mohammad Yusuf bin Malik Qasim Mirza and Shah Pasand Khan of Lash and Joveyn.

1425:

was devastating and many Herati soldiers died due to the cold or hunger. Yar Mohammad Khan returned to Herat in late February or early March 1848, and attempted to recover from the defeat.

1532:

was a semi-independent state that was ruled by members of the Durrani tribe and had traditionally paid tribute to Herat. With the collapse of the Sadozais the area became independent. In

2598: 2526: 2451: 2358: 1000:

the throne. However, Mahmud was soon able to convince them to desert Firuz and install him instead, thus ending Firuz al-Din's 18 day rule. Firuz al-Din Mirza would flee to the city of

851:

heard of the loss of Ghourian, he recalled Mohammad Vali Mirza and appointed Hasan 'Ali Mirza "Shuja al-Saltana" as governor, sending 10,000 men with him to put Khorasan back in order.

854:

On April 4, 1817, Hasan 'Ali Mirza marched towards Herat with the support of the Za'faranlu and Qara'i tribes. The Qajar army marched through the district of Jam and took the fort of

1778:. His mother and two of his sisters were also killed. In addition to that, he forcibly married Sa'id Mohammad Khan's wife and mistreated her children, which worsened relations with 1235: 1814:'Isa Khan renewed the ceremony hoisting the British flag. 'Isa Khan was determined to resist and reportedly wouldn't give up the fight until the last dog in the town was eaten. 1134:"that he should give up Herat and present himself at the Qājār court or perform sikka and khuṭba in the name of the Iranian king, submit taxes (manāl-i dīvān) and give hostages. 586:

was to be the successor of Timur Shah and was crowned on May 23. However, two of Zaman Shah's relatives would oppose his ascension to the throne. Humayun Mirza (the governor of

2890:

Placed on the throne of Herat, effectively dependent on support and aid from Iran. Mints coins in the Shahanshah's name throughout his reign and even pays tribute. Reoccupies

582:

When Timur Shah died on May 18 or May 21, 1793, Afghanistan fell into civil war. Timur Shah had 25 sons. 5 of those would become contenders for power in the following years.

4478: 4749: 1185:. This action caused Kamran Shah to summon the Aimaq tribal chieftains to Herat and secured promises from them that they would cooperate against the Iranian government. 3640: 2749:

on the side of the Persians. Enacts multiple military reforms with help from the Persians. He died on 11 June 1851 at the age of 61 after a campaign into Lash-Juwain.

3003: 3044: 1746:

In the last 6 months of Sa'id Mohammad Khan's rule, the situation in Herat deteriorated. His mind became more and more unstable and during drills he would order the

2292:

Before the Afghan takeover of Herat, the city of Herat was majority Shi'a, and many early-19th century travellers note the predominantly Shi'a character of Herat.

1164:." He demanded that Kamran Shah pay tribute and demolish the fort of Ghourian. Although Kamran Shah did accept these demands, he never followed through with them. 1416:

Andkhui was subjected to a brutal sacking. Yar Mohammad intended to continue his advance to Aqcha and Balkh even though it was in the winter. He swiftly occupied

3082: 758:

with 366 bodyguards (corresponding to the days in a year) around him. The Iranian army was composed of 14,000 infantry and cavalry with 12 pieces of artillery.

2817:

Deposes Sa'id Mohammad Khan in 1855, requests Persian help which triggers a Persian siege of Herat. Turned over to the Persians on 28 April 1856 and killed.

2591:

Imprisoned Saleh Khan and forced Mahmud Shah out of the city. Was soon defeated by a coalition of Kamran and Mahmud Shah and executed in the winter of 1824.

1593:. The Pashtun chieftains turned to Kohandil Khan of Qandahar and Mohammad Yusuf bin Malik Qasim Mirza, a descendant of the Sadozai ruler Firuz al-Din Mirza. 1375:, Ghazanfar Khan. Ghazanfar was overthrown and his uncle, Sufi Khan, was installed as the new ruler. Ghazanfar fled to Bukhara and agreed to pay tribute if 1162:

Muhammad Mirza vowed that, once he had secured the throne of Persia, he would return and avenge himself on the city that had the timerity to resist his army

2486:

Ruler of Herat after being expelled from most of Afghanistan by the Barakzais in late 1818. The real ruler of the country however was his son Kamran Shah.

2115:

also adopted military reforms, and his son Shahnavaz Khan would dress his infantry in British-style uniforms and train them in European infantry tactics.

1412:

regions of Maimana. Yar Mohammad punished the looters by amputating their noses and ears even though it was quite obvious he had approved of the sacking.

685:

fell to Qajar's troops and the 15-year-old Mohammad Vali Mirza was appointed governor. His government was weak, however, he was dependent on the powerful

553:. With his death in 1851 the principality began to decline due to a series of incompetent rulers as well as a civil war and an Iranian invasion in 1856. 1088:

Herat supported a rebellion in Qajar Khorasan at the time. The local chieftains (mainly of the Qara'i and Za'faranlu) rebelled, and were in control of

2989:

Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 1

4877: 1638:

that Iranian troops had withdrawn from Herat. In late August 1852 Iranian troops withdrew from Herat, taking several anti-Iranian Afghans with them.

255: 754:

joined his army to fight the holy war against the Iranians. Sufi Eslam was given command of the army. Reportedly, Sufi Eslam was placed in a golden

1733: 498:) was a state in Afghanistan from 1793 to 1863, and one of the three main khanates that existed in 19th century Afghanistan (the others being the 1195: 2962: 1796:

Yusuf's vizier, 'Isa Khan Bardurrani, gave him to the Iranian camp. On September 30, 1856, he was put in prison reserved for the worst crimes.

1004:

after being deposed. In the Islamic year 1247 A.H. (June 12, 1831 – May 30, 1832), he would be assassinated at the instigation of Kamran Shah.

1264:

In addition to that, the Iranians also aided Kamran and was a significant factor in placing him on the throne and removing his father Mahmud.

1758:. The next day, Sa'id Mohammad Khan surrendered on the condition that he and his family would be spared. They were then sent as prisoners to 56:

Flag of Herat from 1818 until 1842 (left) and the flag of Herat in 1856 (right) when Mohammad Yusuf and 'Isa Khan declared Herat a vassal of

1039:

but Kamran sent an army after him. The Herati army starved the Hazaras of supplies and forced them to hand over Mahmud. However, he fled to

4326: 904: 4565: 875:

and prepared to defend the city. Hasan 'Ali Mirza ordered half of the army to attack and the other half to set up earthworks behind the

626:

in place for Kamran while he was on his campaign had led a rebellion and opened the gates to Zaman Shah. Mahmud and Kamran then fled to

622:. Kamran, noticing Zaman Shah leaving back to Helmand, had led his armies in pursuit, and once he had left, Qilij Khan, the governor of 1403:. In addition to this, Yar Mohammad also attempted to create two Tajik battalions in the hopes that they would be more loyal to Herat. 1379:

would restore him to the throne of Andkhui. Nasrullah agreed and sent Ghazanfar to the Mir Wali of Khulm (who was an ally of Bukhara).

4887: 2313:

Around 700 or 1,000 Hindus lived in Herat. Many of them were merchants. The size of the Hindu population changed over time. In 1810,

1961:

were imposed on almost anything sold in the bazaars, and things like articles and meat had to be sold with the Shah's stamp on them.

777:

Iranian government and promised to pay his yearly tribute. In addition to this Firuz sent his son, Malik Husayn Mirza, as a hostage.

773:. The Iranians then besieged Herat for 40 days before Firuz al-Din capitulated and sent 3 years of taxes to the Iranian government. 4294: 1232:

Berowski. Pottinger stiffened the defences of Herat and despite the presence of the Russian advisers the siege lasted eight months.

1239:

Qajar lacquer book cover, attributable to Muhammad Ismail, Qajar Iran, circa 1865, depicting the preparation of the siege of Herat

1355:. With the conquest of the Aimaq complete, Yar Mohammad Khan was able to pursue his expansionist policies in the Chahar Wilayat. 4470: 4882: 2689:

intervention forced the Persians out, although Persia continued to occupy the strategic fort of Ghourian. Rebelled against his

1052:. The first act Yar Mohammad Khan did in 1829 was to depose Mahmud Shah, who died shortly after. Kamran then became the ruler. 4733: 4152: 3823: 4822: 4743: 4705: 4634: 4267: 3759: 3599: 3533: 3477: 3076: 3038: 2997: 1243: 3630: 1622:. The situation was so dire that Sa'id Mohammad Khan ordered the shopkeepers of Herat to arm themselves to defend the city. 1020:

After Mustafa Khan's death, Mahmud Shah and Kamran Shah immediately started fighting each other for control. Mahmud fled to

4902: 4897: 2987: 1220:

and pushed the area into an economic decline, and as a result many people left the city. 10,000 Aimaq families fled to the

4778: 3028: 1335:. Herat recognized Bukharan sovereignty over Kabul, Khulm, and Balkh while Bukhara recognized Yar Mohammad's right to the 4666: 855: 590:) opposed Zaman Shah's claim to the throne and rebelled upon receiving news of Timur Shah's death. In addition to this, 1646:

When Iranian troops left, Sa'id Mohammad Khan began purging those opposed to his rule. He arrested 22 chiefs from the

1292:. When Yar Mohammad Khan deposed and executed Kamran in early 1842, he also sent a campaign into the territory of the 4221: 3066: 1568:

tribe. However he got sick from a dish of cucumbers and sour milk and was forced to retreat back to Herat by way of

606:

Zaman Shah, seeing Mahmud as a future threat if the Persians had ever invaded again, had decided to try and retake

564:. Ultimately they were able to capture the city on May 27, 1863, ending Herat's existence as an independent state. 4536: 4449: 4384: 1818:

camp but eventually switched sides and joined Husam al-Saltanah. In September 1856 Iranian troops captured Farah.

4867: 1714: 1466: 4892: 4592: 2682: 2194:

merchants selling goods among the bazaars of Herat. The city was a hub for trade, with products such as wheat,

538: 1854:

forbade Iran to interfere in the affairs of Herat unless necessary and respect the region's independence. The

1785: 618:

in exchange for keeping his governorship of Herat. However, nobody had seemed to give notice to Mahmud's son,

67: 561: 4801:"Minorities, Commerce and the Legacy of Muslim Asia's Urban Cosmopolitanism: Afghanistan's Hindus and Sikhs" 4862: 3299:

THE AFGHAN – IRANIAN CONFLICT OVER HERAT PROVINCE AND EUROPEAN INTERVENTION 1796 – 1863: A REINTERPRETATION

2401:

but was defeated. In 1797 he made another attempt but was locked out of Herat and was forced to flee, with

1192:

region, disputed between the Qandahar Sardars and Iran. As a result, relations with Iran worsened further.

815: 762: 1244:

Aftermath of the Siege of Herat and deposition by Yar Muhammad Khan Alakozai (September 1838 – March 1842)

1437: 4127: 4005: 3985: 3965: 3297: 2746: 2711: 2314: 1970: 1930: 1492: 1352: 1049: 1025: 790:

and his forces sacked the royal stables at Chenaran, beginning what would be a 5-year long revolt. The

542: 1540:

to invade Lash-Joveyn to provide security to the area. The Qandahar Sardars conquered Lash-Joveyn and

1188:

While Iran was planning to conquer Herat once and for all, troops under Yar Muhammad Khan subdued the

1897: 1879: 1144: 787: 706: 534:

and Qajars. However, the region was devastated by constant infighting and further Iranian invasions.

2954: 2639:

in 1826 and deposed by Kamran's vizier, Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai, in 1829 and died shortly after.

4260:

State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)

1904:

was captured. By July 28, Herat was besieged. At the same time Mohammadzai forces advanced through

1434:

September 1850, the siege of Maimana was lifted and Yar Mohammad Khan returned in defeat to Herat.

1376: 1363:

In 1844, Yar Mohammad Khan would get his chance to intervene in the Chahar Wilayat. Mizrab Khan of

1332: 1048:

being against this appointment, he was forced to give up the viziership to his 40-year-old cousin,

503: 2397:

death on 18 May 1793, he became a contender for the throne. In 1795 he made an attempt to conquer

4907: 2189:

Herat's trade had declined since Timurid times when it was at its height. However, Herat and its

2042: 2016: 1990: 1611: 1529: 1040: 742:. Sufi Eslam called upon 50,000 infantry and cavalry to oppose the Iranian advance. Thousands of 550: 42: 4318: 1075: 1851: 1799: 1391: 1293: 1021: 985: 973: 610:

and strip Mahmud of his administrative titles. Zaman Shah had met Mahmud Shah at a battle near

557: 545:

to overthrow Kamran, the last ruler in 1842, and expand the principality's borders towards the

499: 401: 1160:

on October 25. Mohammad Mirza, as the heir-apparent, was abliged to lift the siege. However, "

4562: 4213: 4206: 4186: 3068:

Iranian Hospitality, Afghan Marginality: Spaces of Refuge and Belonging in the City of Shiraz

1805: 1659:

dough on his head.) He confiscated the wealth of his opposition to pay government officials.

918: 1956:

were imposed on all animals. Shi'a citizens of Herat were forced to pay more taxes(like the

1559:

In early 1851, Yar Mohammad Khan as a result invaded Lash-Joveyn with 2,500 infantry, 4,000

4661: 4588:

Evolution of Eastern Iranian boundaries: Role of the Khozeimeh Amirdom of Qaenat and Sistan

4289: 1786:

Reign of Mohammad Yusuf Sadozai, 'Isa Khan Bardurrani, and the Iranian invasion (1855–1857)

1327:

In January 1843, Yar Mohammad Khan turned against Iran and made a treaty with the ruler of

900: 8: 3626: 2860: 2653: 2636: 2605: 2533: 2458: 2365: 1855: 1769:

1879 depiction of the citadel of Herat, where Sa'id Mohammad Khan was besieged for 3 days

1631: 1541: 1173: 1140: 894: 848: 835: 819: 619: 591: 527: 518: 240: 4055: 4828: 4627:

The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama

4528: 4441: 4376: 2895: 2891: 2686: 2402: 2394: 2168: 2027: 1889: 1885: 1830: 1779: 1607: 1549: 1328: 1109: 948: 928: 879:. After repreated attacked by Iranian forces, Firuz al-Din capitulated and sent 50,000 690: 678: 640: 583: 514: 1438:

Intervention in the affairs of Khorasan and the revolt of Hasan Khan Salar (1844–1850)

4832: 4818: 4739: 4630: 4520: 4433: 4368: 4263: 4217: 4178: 3755: 3595: 3529: 3473: 3072: 3034: 2993: 2112: 1975: 1288:

He pursued expansionist policies towards the traditionally independent tribes of the

795: 213: 4284: 4808: 4512: 4425: 4360: 4175:

The Sariq Turkmens of Merv and the Khanate of Khiva in the early nineteenth century

3636: 2928: 2910: 2885: 2867: 2829: 2794: 2761: 2718: 2659: 2612: 2572: 2539: 2497: 2464: 2416: 2371: 2247: 2246:

as products sold in Herat. Heratis participated in the silk trade with the city of

2160: 2156: 2031: 2005: 1979: 1737:

Hajji Khair Allah Khan, Sa'id Mohammad Khan's ambassador to Kabul. Watercolor, 1854

1537: 1430: 694: 595: 531: 489: 475: 461: 447: 155: 103: 99: 91: 4698: 4144: 3815: 2284:, and Farsiwan (Shi'a Persian speakers), in which the Farsiwan were the majority. 1969:

Many military reforms in Herat were helped by Iran or by Iranian defectors. Under

1015: 4569: 3752:

The 'Ancient Supremacy': Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901

2812: 2676: 2630: 2556: 2514: 2481: 2433: 2388: 2164: 2145: 1905: 1364: 1339:. With the backing of Bukhara, in the winter of 1843–44, Yar Mohammad forced the 1221: 4190: 1790: 1167: 954: 4872: 4770: 3470:

The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th–19th Centuries)

2519:

Ruled for 18 days in 1824. He would be assassinated by Kamran Shah in 1831–32.

2133: 1920:

was conquered by the Emirate of Afghanistan, ending the Principality of Herat.

1387: 1372: 1336: 1305: 1267: 876: 615: 546: 530:

took over, attempting to keep the region stable as a buffer region between the

507: 388: 57: 4813: 4807:, Asian Connections, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 162–188, 4656: 4516: 4429: 4364: 1754:

city. His Alakozai tribesmen refused to help him, and the rebels besieged the

1429:

In 1849 and 1850, the Barakzais had already incorporated significant parts of

943:

letter to Firuz al-Din Mirza (the previous ruler of Herat who was in exile in

4856: 4524: 4437: 4372: 2703: 1755: 1747: 1504: 1297: 1272: 1148:

Yar Mohammad Khan and join the confederacy in fighting against the Iranians.

1076:

Involvement in the Second Khorasan Rebellion and Persian Invasion (1829–1833)

880: 872: 868: 210: 151: 49: 4182: 2326:

Herat had a small population of Armenians. Hazaras also inhabited the city.

1900:. On July 6, Farah was captured by the Mohammadzais. On July 19 or July 22, 1800:

Reign of 'Isa Khan Bardurrani and Siege of Herat (April 1856 – October 1856)

2645: 2243: 2219: 2001: 1635: 1619: 1560: 1500: 1422: 1340: 1309: 1289: 1216: 1157: 1113: 1080: 1032: 1009: 989: 977: 965: 961: 859: 807: 799: 766: 743: 731: 668: 653: 434: 135: 131: 110: 919:

Restored reign and disputes with Saleh Khan and Kamran Sadozai (1818–1821)

726:

However, in the end, Firuz sided with Sufi Eslam's war party (composed of

2693:

Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai in 1841, his rebellion failed and was sent to

1911: 1893: 1826: 1600: 1207: 1156:

answer to that was never resolved since 'Abbas Mirza ended up dying from

1125: 1121: 791: 686: 633: 430: 177: 1765: 1702: 1454: 4532: 4500: 4445: 4413: 4380: 4348: 3030:

Space, Territory, and the State: New Readings in International Politics

2847: 2440: 2223: 1953: 1923: 1837: 1670: 1582: 1536:

1267 (December 1850 – January 1851) the Qajar government requested the

1507:

in recognition for his services in the revolt. The Qajars did neither.

1496: 1400: 1399:

agriculture and mercantile trade, effectively becoming Sher Mohammad's

1368: 1344: 1301: 1200: 1066: 1036: 993: 770: 719: 523: 288: 181: 4057:

Men and events : through 18th and 19th century : Afghanistan

2597: 2525: 2450: 2357: 2155:) in the principality, but the areas that were velayats are disputed. 1143:, with 27,000 or 30,000 troops to attack Herat in the summer of 1833. 947:), and invited him to claim the throne. Together they both marched on 895:

Fateh Khan's rule and deposition of Shah Mahmud (April 1818–Late 1818)

4501:"The Key to India? Britain and the Herat Problem, 1830–1863: Part II" 4349:"The Key to India?: Britain and the Herat Problem 1830–1863 – Part 1" 2955:"Iran Chamber Society: History of Iran: The Siege of Herat 1837–1838" 2281: 2239: 2227: 2207: 2203: 1445: 981: 167: 127: 4586: 1575: 1382:

The Mir Wali was eager to settle old scores. Aided by the Ishans of

972:). On June 25, 1821, a Qajar force of 3,000 shattered Banyad Khan's 4010: 3990: 3970: 2778: 2735: 2398: 2172: 1901: 1861: 1775: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1615: 1590: 1569: 1565: 1552:

and Rudbar.) They also planned to conquer Herat and sent troops to

1545: 1408: 1313: 1097: 1045: 924: 823: 780: 751: 727: 587: 189: 159: 123: 913: 822:

to defeat Firuz al-Din Mirza. Mahmud sent his son and governor of

681:

and other independent Khorasani chieftains. On December 24, 1803,

2235: 2211: 2199: 2152: 1842:

Iranian sources portray Qajar rule over Herat in a rosy picture.

1249: 1228: 1203: 1117: 1105: 1101: 1089: 1069: 1001: 969: 944: 884: 831: 803: 710: 682: 611: 572: 197: 185: 139: 119: 115: 2697:

where he was strangled, effectively ending the Sadozai dynasty.

1523: 1283: 663: 2741: 2694: 2690: 2231: 2215: 2195: 2190: 1957: 1759: 1586: 1553: 1317: 1189: 1182: 1152: 1093: 1016:

Civil War in Herat and final victory of Kamran Shah (1823–1829)

936: 864: 755: 747: 657: 648: 627: 163: 147: 95: 4699:"The Demise of the Jewish Community in Afghanistan, 1933–1952" 1358: 1908:

and the Aimaq lands, eventually reaching the city in August.

1791:

Reign of Mohammad Yusuf Sadozai (September 1855 – April 1856)

1533: 1517: 1417: 1383: 1168:

Intervention in Sistan and Persian Siege of Herat (1834–1838)

1132:

In early 1833 'Abbas Mirza sent an ultimatum to Kamran Shah

955:

Iranian invasions and revolt of Mustafa Khan Zori (1821–1823)

932: 739: 735: 644: 623: 607: 81: 1873: 1268:

Reign of Yar Muhammad Khan Alakozai (March 1842 – June 1851)

639:

with his brother, Firoz Mirza, had mobilized and marched on

2052:) and Yawars were also appointed for the cavalry platoons. 1825:

On October 25, 1856, Herat fell to the Iranian forces. The

677:

The Qajars had conquered Khorasan relatively recently from

601: 426: 143: 1347:

to pay tribute, although this tribute was pretty nominal.

761:

The Qajar army encamped at the village of Shahdih, led by

2561:

Restored to the throne but then deposed by Mustafa Khan.

1520:, although he failed in making that objective a reality. 4563:

The cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia

1936: 669:

Ascension to the throne and early challenges (1801–1804)

4208:

Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics

1181:

campaign towards the Turkmen tribes in the vicinity of

818:, had no hope of aid from Iran, he requested help from 2681:

Ruler of Herat from 1829, fought with Persia 1833 and

1601:

War with Qandahar and Iranian intervention (1851–1852)

1255: 810:, and other tribal groups participated in the revolt. 634:

Second attempt at gaining Qandahar and exile (1797–98)

3790: 3788: 3775: 3773: 3771: 2047: 2021: 1995: 1276:

A depiction of Yar Mohammad Khan. He was described as

700: 4471:"محله‌ی "خواجه ‌عبدالله مصری" زادگاه احمدشاه ابدالی" 3590:

McChesney, Robert; Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi (2012).

2318:

Qandahar in 1830, many Hindus left rather than pay.

2254:

help of the Aimaq tribes was Herat able to survive.

1924:

Attempts at reviving Herati independence (1863–1881)

1838:

Iranian rule over Herat (October 1856 – August 1857)

1671:

Foreign Relations under Sa'id Mohammad Khan Alakozai

656:, as an attempt to divide the Sikhs as the nawab of 4735:

Caravans: Punjabi Khatri Merchants on the Silk Road

1055: 826:, Kamran Mirza, with a large army to attack Herat. 4205: 3785: 3768: 2257: 2222:being traded in Herat. Stack lists silk, saffron, 1610:(although the fort of Farah continued to resist), 1564:reconquer Lash-Joveyn along with the lands of the 1446:Foreign Relations under Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai 3589: 1641: 1576:Reign of Sa'id Mohammad Khan Alakozai (1851–1855) 1491:that sword to Mizrab Khan of Maimana. During the 4854: 4060:. Robarts – University of Toronto. Kabul : 2179: 1865:Map of afghanistan and surrounding nations, 1860 1845: 1390:, the Mir Wali marched into the Chahar Wilayat. 1199:Sher Mohammad Khan Hazara, the chieftain of the 781:Khorasan rebellion and war with Iran (1813–1818) 3632:The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch 3526:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present 1124:to reconquer the state. When in December 1831 ' 914:Second reign of Mahmud Shah Durrani (1818–1829) 541:weakened the principality, eventually allowing 4584: 2985: 1585:he had a hard time gaining the loyalty of the 1248:On 31 March 1841 Iranian forces withdrew from 573:First reign of Mahmud Shah Durrani (1793–1801) 556:The weakening of the principality allowed the 4282: 3467: 2056:Sartibs and Yavars in Herat's Infantry, 1849 1524:Conquest of Lash-Joveyn and death (1850–1851) 1284:Policies Against the Chahar Aimaq (1842–1844) 664:Reign of Hajji Firuz al-Din Mirza (1801–1818) 3625: 2234:, dried fruit, gold and silverwork, swords, 1915:Illustration of Herat from the citadel, 1863 905:Torture and execution of Fateh Khan Barakzai 4557: 4555: 4553: 1371:mounted a joint attack on the new ruler of 1359:Campaigns in the Chahar Wilayat (1844–1850) 1260:As Champagne mentions in his dissertation, 883:in tribute as well as agreeing to read the 4319:"'The History of Seistan and Lash-Jowain'" 2915: 2872: 2834: 2799: 2766: 2723: 2664: 2617: 2577: 2544: 2502: 2469: 2421: 2376: 2036: 2010: 1984: 1888:soon after on 11 March 1862, which became 1675: 1139:As a response, 'Abbas Mirza sent his son, 494: 480: 466: 452: 66: 26: 4812: 4624: 4591:(phd thesis). SOAS University of London. 3295: 3064: 3026: 1874:Mohammadzai conquest of Herat (1862–1863) 1510: 910:Qara'is and the Hazaras of the province. 4878:Former political entities in Afghanistan 4550: 4411: 2702: 2644: 2596: 2524: 2449: 2356: 2261: 1910: 1860: 1764: 1732: 1684: 1271: 1234: 1194: 1079: 738:that declared the war against Iran as a 602:First attempt at gaining Qandahar (1795) 4798: 4253: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4053: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 2405:entering Herat on the 14th of October. 1693: 988:. He was pursued into the lands of the 734:chieftains). Firuz managed to obtain a 4855: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4654: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4580: 4578: 4313: 4311: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4142: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4069: 4067: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3813: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3472:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 2789:Mohammad Yusuf b. Malik Qasim Sadozai 2266:Russian map of the city of Herat, 1911 2250:, although it wasn't very profitable. 1485: 1296:. The Jamshidi were settled along the 923:After the Barakzais expelled him from 660:, and Zaman had returned to Peshawar. 577: 4727: 4725: 4620: 4618: 4612:Other sources give June 29 or July 8. 4498: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4346: 4203: 4125: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 2981: 2979: 1937:Government, military and subdivisions 1210:coalition that defended Herat in 1837 4731: 4172: 3998: 3978: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3022: 3020: 2287: 2202:, tobacco, and tea. Champagne lists 2136:, Khiyaban, Sabqar, Ghurvan-Pashtan 1697: 1548:Baloch tribe, which also controlled 1449: 4680: 4643: 4575: 4308: 4230: 4129:HERAT: A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDY 4092: 4075:"یاد داشتهای تاریخی منشی محمد عظیم" 4064: 3837: 3794: 3779: 3749: 3654: 3523: 3065:Yarbakhsh, Elisabeth (2021-02-11). 2914: 2908: 2871: 2865: 2833: 2827: 2798: 2792: 2765: 2722: 2663: 2616: 2610: 2576: 2543: 2501: 2468: 2420: 2375: 2035: 2009: 1983: 1964: 1256:Foreign relations under Kamran Shah 718:Iranian sources blame the preacher 493: 479: 465: 451: 269:1793, independent state established 13: 4722: 4615: 4398: 4276: 4018: 3800: 3542: 3486: 2976: 2809:15 September 1855 – 28 April 1856 2308: 1829:took advantage of this to capture 1084:A depiction of Kamran Shah Durrani 701:Conflict over Ghourian (1804–1813) 72:Map of Herat at its height in 1848 14: 4919: 4283:Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2000). 3608: 3468:Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). 3306: 3296:CHAMPAGNE, DAVID CHARLES (1981). 3096: 3017: 2775:23 June 1851 – 15 September 1855 2329: 16:State in 19th-century Afghanistan 4888:Former countries in Central Asia 4126:STACK, SHANNON CAROLINE (1975). 2844:28 April 1856 – 25 October 1856 2299: 1782:as she was the Amir's daughter. 1701: 1453: 1056:Reign of Kamran Shah (1829–1842) 406: 381: 48: 41: 4839:from the original on 2021-11-23 4792: 4781:from the original on 2021-11-23 4763: 4752:from the original on 2022-04-27 4711:from the original on 2021-11-23 4669:from the original on 2022-05-17 4606: 4595:from the original on 2021-08-11 4585:Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (1993). 4539:from the original on 2021-08-23 4492: 4481:from the original on 2021-11-10 4463: 4452:from the original on 2021-11-19 4387:from the original on 2021-09-09 4340: 4329:from the original on 2022-10-02 4297:from the original on 2021-09-24 4197: 4166: 4155:from the original on 2021-10-02 4149:Culminating Projects in History 4145:"The Siege of Herat: 1837–1838" 4136: 4081:from the original on 2021-11-30 3826:from the original on 2021-10-02 3820:Culminating Projects in History 3816:"The Siege of Herat: 1837–1838" 3643:from the original on 2021-09-11 3085:from the original on 2022-10-02 3047:from the original on 2022-02-03 3006:from the original on 2022-02-03 2986:Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2007). 2965:from the original on 2021-09-10 2767:سعید محمد خان الکوزی ظاهرالدوله 2321: 2258:Herat in the Nineteenth century 2118: 887:in the name of Fath 'Ali Shah. 4771:"Herat | Silk Roads Programme" 4657:"HERAT vi. THE HERAT QUESTION" 4629:. Cambridge University Press. 4414:"The Persian War of 1856–1857" 3058: 2947: 2882:September 1857 – 6 March 1863 2724:یار محمد خان الکوزی ظاهرالدوله 2385:18 May 1793 – 14 October 1797 2124:districts were the following: 1642:Increasing discontent in Herat 1: 4883:Modern history of Afghanistan 4799:Marsden, Magnus, ed. (2021), 4173:Wood, William Arthur (1998). 2940: 2756:Sa'id Mohammad Khan Alakozai 2740:Also known as Amin al-Daula. 2274: 2180:Trade, society and population 1941: 1846:Sultan Ahmad Khan (1857–1862) 1741: 927:in 1818, Mahmud Shah fled to 3071:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3027:Samāddāra, Raṇabīra (2002). 526:. In 1818, Mahmud and later 60:and hoisted the British flag 7: 4903:19th century in Afghanistan 4898:18th century in Afghanistan 4143:Nelson, John (1976-05-01). 4054:Kuhzad, Ahmad Ali (1950s). 3814:Nelson, John (1976-05-01). 2925:6 March 1863 – 27 May 1863 2800:محمد یوسف بن ملک قاسم سدوزی 2151:There were four provinces ( 2093:Sartip Shah Jahan Alakozai 2048: 2022: 1996: 1946: 816:Sardar Mohammad Khan Qara'i 562:intervene and besiege Herat 506:) after the breakup of the 10: 4924: 4732:Levi, Scott (2016-01-15). 4625:Markovits, Claude (2000). 4477:(in Persian). 2019-10-06. 4258:Noelle, Christine (2012). 3592:The History of Afghanistan 2747:Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar 2732:March 1842 – 11 June 1851 2712:Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai 2430:25 July 1801 – April 1818 2167:are agreed on as velayat. 1971:Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai 1931:Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai 1877: 1803: 1544:(ruled by the independent 1493:Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar 1353:Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar 1050:Yar Muhammad Khan Alakozai 898: 567: 543:Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai 4814:10.1017/9781108974387.007 4517:10.1080/00263207408700277 4430:10.1080/00263206608700060 4365:10.1080/00263207408700270 4212:. HarperCollins. p. 3750:Lee, Jonathan L. (1996). 3524:Lee, Jonathan L. (2019). 1898:launch an attack on Herat 1880:Herat Campaign of 1862-63 1206:and a participant in the 422: 360: 356: 346: 336: 332: 328: 318: 310:• Dependent on Iran 308: 300:• Independent state 298: 285: 281: 273: 265: 261: 246: 231: 227: 219: 206: 196: 173: 109: 87: 77: 65: 38: 33: 21: 4572:. Bernard Quaritch, 1885 4412:Standish, J. F. (1966). 2992:. Universal-Publishers. 2184: 984:troops at the battle of 539:Iranian invasion of 1837 2444:1818, ending his rule. 2218:, spices, leather, and 1676:Relations with Qandahar 549:, Aimaq territory, and 4868:1863 disestablishments 4655:Amanat, Abbas (2003). 4505:Middle Eastern Studies 4418:Middle Eastern Studies 4353:Middle Eastern Studies 4204:Ewans, Martin (2002). 2707: 2649: 2601: 2529: 2454: 2361: 2267: 2140:South of the Hari Rud: 2128:North of the Hari Rud: 2077:Sartip Muhammad Aslam 1916: 1866: 1770: 1738: 1511:Relations with Britain 1277: 1240: 1211: 1177:rival for the throne. 1085: 402:Emirate of Afghanistan 348:• Disestablished 320:• Disestablished 248:• March–May 1863 4893:Former principalities 4805:Beyond the Silk Roads 4499:Alder, G. J. (1974). 4347:Alder, G. J. (1974). 4323:Qatar Digital Library 2824:'Isa Khan Bardurrani 2706: 2648: 2600: 2528: 2493:Firuz al-Din Sadozai 2453: 2412:Firuz al-Din Sadozai 2360: 2265: 2104:Yawar Muhammad 'Umar 2069:Sartip Muhammad Iyaz 1914: 1864: 1806:Siege of Herat (1856) 1768: 1736: 1275: 1238: 1227:After a brief siege, 1198: 1083: 444:Principality of Herat 23:Principality of Herat 4662:Encyclopedia Iranica 4290:Encyclopedia Iranica 3627:Passman Tate, George 3033:. Orient Blackswan. 1694:Relations with Kabul 1151:Mohammad Mirza took 901:Battle of Kafir Qala 834:read in the name of 763:Mohammad Khan Qara'i 723:Iranian government. 287:• Tributary to 4863:1793 establishments 2959:www.iranchamber.com 2894:in March 1862 from 2654:Kamran Shah Sadozai 2606:Mahmud Shah Sadozai 2534:Mahmud Shah Sadozai 2459:Mahmud Shah Sadozai 2366:Mahmud Shah Sadozai 2335: 2057: 2028:Lieutenant colonels 1685:Relations with Iran 1634:was able to inform 1632:Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri 1503:or give him 60,000 1486:Relations with Iran 1367:and Rustam Khan of 1031:Mahmud fled to the 578:Death of Timur Shah 338:• Established 241:Mahmud Shah Durrani 4568:2021-08-12 at the 3528:. Reaktion Books. 2896:Dost Mohammad Khan 2708: 2673:1829 – March 1842 2650: 2602: 2530: 2455: 2362: 2334: 2268: 2055: 1917: 1890:Dost Mohammad Khan 1867: 1780:Dost Mohammad Khan 1771: 1739: 1713:. You can help by 1556:for that purpose. 1465:. You can help by 1278: 1241: 1212: 1086: 705:In December 1804, 691:Turbat-i Heydarieh 679:Nader Mirza Afshar 515:Timur Shah Durrani 111:Ethnic groups 4824:978-1-108-83831-3 4745:978-93-5118-916-9 4636:978-0-511-05054-1 4269:978-1-136-60317-4 3761:978-90-04-10399-3 3601:978-90-04-23498-7 3535:978-1-78914-010-1 3479:978-3-7001-7202-4 3078:978-1-7936-2475-8 3040:978-81-250-2209-1 2999:978-1-58112-933-5 2938: 2937: 2861:Sultan Ahmad Khan 2835:عیسی خان باردرانی 2714:"Zahir al-Daula" 2635:Defeated his son 2503:فیروز الدین سدوزی 2478:Late 1818 – 1824 2422:فیروز الدین سدوزی 2288:Shi'ites of Herat 2113:Sultan Ahmad Khan 2108: 2107: 2046: 2020: 1994: 1976:brigadier general 1731: 1730: 1483: 1482: 788:Ishaq Khan Qara'i 707:Ishaq Khan Qara'i 500:Khanates of Kabul 453:شاهزاده‌نشین هرات 440: 439: 418: 417: 414: 413: 394: 393: 233:• 1793–1797 214:Absolute monarchy 92:Persian (primary) 27:شاهزاده‌نشین هرات 4915: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4816: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4652: 4641: 4640: 4622: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4582: 4573: 4561:Edward Balfour. 4559: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4409: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4285:"JAMSHIDI TRIBE" 4280: 4274: 4273: 4255: 4228: 4227: 4211: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4051: 4016: 4015: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3962: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3811: 3798: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3766: 3765: 3747: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3637:Bennett, Coleman 3623: 3606: 3605: 3587: 3540: 3539: 3521: 3484: 3483: 3465: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2951: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2905:Shah Navaz Khan 2877: 2875: 2874: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2769: 2768: 2758:"Zahir al-Daula" 2726: 2725: 2667: 2666: 2665:کامران شاه سدوزی 2622: 2620: 2619: 2580: 2579: 2547: 2546: 2505: 2504: 2472: 2471: 2424: 2423: 2379: 2378: 2336: 2333: 2315:Charles Christie 2080:Yawar 'Ali Khan 2058: 2054: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2012: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1965:Military reforms 1726: 1723: 1705: 1698: 1538:Qandahar Sardars 1478: 1475: 1457: 1450: 1431:Afghan Turkestan 1172:In January 1834 873:Citadel of Herat 796:Za'faranlu Kurds 497: 496: 483: 482: 469: 468: 458:Emirate of Herat 455: 454: 410: 409: 398: 397: 385: 384: 378: 377: 362: 361: 251: 236: 120:Ghilzai Pashtuns 116:Durrani Pashtuns 70: 52: 45: 28: 19: 18: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4842: 4840: 4825: 4797: 4793: 4784: 4782: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4753: 4746: 4730: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4681: 4672: 4670: 4653: 4644: 4637: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4598: 4596: 4583: 4576: 4570:Wayback Machine 4560: 4551: 4542: 4540: 4497: 4493: 4484: 4482: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4410: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4300: 4298: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4256: 4231: 4224: 4202: 4198: 4171: 4167: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4124: 4093: 4084: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4052: 4019: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3964: 3963: 3838: 3829: 3827: 3812: 3801: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3769: 3762: 3748: 3655: 3646: 3644: 3624: 3609: 3602: 3588: 3543: 3536: 3522: 3487: 3480: 3466: 3307: 3294: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3079: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3048: 3041: 3025: 3018: 3009: 3007: 3000: 2984: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2618:محمود شاه سدوزی 2545:محمود شاه سدوزی 2470:محمود شاه سدوزی 2377:محمود شاه سدوزی 2339:Image of Ruler 2332: 2324: 2311: 2309:Hindus of Herat 2302: 2290: 2277: 2260: 2187: 2182: 2121: 2096:Yawar Muhammad 1967: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1926: 1882: 1876: 1852:Treaty of Paris 1848: 1840: 1808: 1802: 1793: 1788: 1744: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1711:needs expansion 1696: 1687: 1678: 1673: 1644: 1603: 1578: 1526: 1513: 1488: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1463:needs expansion 1448: 1440: 1361: 1308:(the capital), 1300:and controlled 1286: 1270: 1258: 1246: 1222:Maimana Khanate 1170: 1078: 1058: 1022:Khwaja Ansari's 1018: 957: 921: 916: 907: 897: 783: 703: 671: 666: 636: 604: 580: 575: 570: 433: 429: 407: 382: 349: 339: 321: 311: 301: 291: 256:Shah Navaz Khan 252: 249: 237: 234: 73: 61: 54: 53: 46: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4921: 4911: 4910: 4908:Herat Province 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4849: 4848: 4823: 4791: 4762: 4744: 4738:. Penguin UK. 4721: 4679: 4642: 4635: 4614: 4605: 4574: 4549: 4511:(3): 287–311. 4491: 4462: 4397: 4359:(2): 186–209. 4339: 4325:. 2016-03-10. 4307: 4275: 4268: 4229: 4222: 4196: 4165: 4135: 4091: 4063: 4017: 3997: 3977: 3836: 3799: 3797:, p. 161. 3784: 3782:, p. 160. 3767: 3760: 3653: 3607: 3600: 3541: 3534: 3485: 3478: 3305: 3095: 3077: 3057: 3039: 3016: 2998: 2975: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2873:سلطان احمد خان 2858: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2709: 2699: 2698: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2651: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2603: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2531: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2456: 2446: 2445: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2363: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2331: 2330:List of rulers 2328: 2323: 2320: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2289: 2286: 2276: 2273: 2259: 2256: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2120: 2117: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2085:Sartip Mukham 2082: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2062: 1966: 1963: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1925: 1922: 1884:Khan captured 1875: 1872: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1743: 1740: 1729: 1728: 1708: 1706: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1643: 1640: 1602: 1599: 1577: 1574: 1528:The region of 1525: 1522: 1512: 1509: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1460: 1458: 1447: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1388:Mazar-i Sharif 1377:Nasrullah Khan 1360: 1357: 1337:Chahar Wilayat 1333:Nasrullah Khan 1285: 1282: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1245: 1242: 1169: 1166: 1141:Mohammad Mirza 1077: 1074: 1057: 1054: 1017: 1014: 956: 953: 920: 917: 915: 912: 896: 893: 858:. A day later 849:Fath 'Ali Shah 836:Fath 'Ali Shah 782: 779: 702: 699: 670: 667: 665: 662: 635: 632: 616:Durrani Empire 603: 600: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 558:Barakzai State 547:Chahar Wilayat 508:Durrani Empire 438: 437: 424: 420: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 404: 395: 392: 391: 389:Durrani Empire 386: 374: 373: 368: 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 347: 344: 343: 340: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 319: 316: 315: 312: 309: 306: 305: 302: 299: 296: 295: 292: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 259: 258: 253: 247: 244: 243: 238: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 208: 204: 203: 200: 194: 193: 175: 171: 170: 113: 107: 106: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 71: 63: 62: 55: 47: 40: 39: 36: 35: 31: 30: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4920: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4780: 4776: 4775:en.unesco.org 4772: 4766: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4728: 4726: 4707: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4619: 4609: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4265: 4262:. 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2811: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2796: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2568:Mustafa Khan 2567: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2327: 2319: 2316: 2306: 2300:Jews of Herat 2297: 2293: 2285: 2283: 2272: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2144:Udvan-Tizan, 2142: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2116: 2114: 2103: 2101:Sartip Zabir 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1934: 1932: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1797: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1735: 1725: 1716: 1712: 1709:This section 1707: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1682: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1477: 1468: 1464: 1461:This section 1459: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1443: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1419: 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675: 661: 659: 655: 650: 646: 642: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 565: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 520: 516: 511: 509: 505: 501: 491: 487: 481:خان‌نشین هرات 477: 473: 472:Herat Khanate 463: 459: 449: 445: 436: 432: 428: 425: 423:Today part of 421: 405: 403: 400: 399: 396: 390: 387: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 359: 355: 351: 345: 341: 335: 331: 327: 323: 317: 313: 307: 303: 297: 293: 290: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 266:Establishment 264: 260: 257: 254: 245: 242: 239: 230: 226: 222: 218: 215: 212: 209: 205: 201: 199: 195: 192:as a minority 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 112: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 69: 64: 59: 51: 44: 37: 32: 20: 4841:, retrieved 4804: 4794: 4783:. 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Retrieved 2958: 2949: 2916:شاه نواز خان 2907: 2906: 2864: 2863: 2826: 2825: 2791: 2790: 2759: 2757: 2716: 2715: 2657: 2656: 2609: 2608: 2570: 2569: 2537: 2536: 2495: 2494: 2462: 2461: 2414: 2413: 2395:Timur Shah's 2369: 2368: 2325: 2322:Other groups 2312: 2303: 2294: 2291: 2278: 2269: 2252: 2188: 2150: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2119:Subdivisions 2109: 2088:Yawar A'zam 2072:Yawar 'Alam 1968: 1950: 1927: 1918: 1883: 1868: 1849: 1841: 1827:Mohammadzais 1824: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1794: 1772: 1752: 1748:Arg of Herat 1745: 1719: 1715:adding to it 1710: 1688: 1679: 1665: 1661: 1645: 1636:Justin Sheil 1628: 1624: 1604: 1595: 1579: 1558: 1527: 1514: 1489: 1471: 1467:adding to it 1462: 1441: 1427: 1423:Bala Morghab 1414: 1405: 1397: 1381: 1362: 1351:joining the 1349: 1326: 1322: 1310:Bala Morghab 1290:Chahar Aimaq 1287: 1279: 1261: 1259: 1247: 1226: 1217:Torbat-e Jam 1213: 1187: 1179: 1171: 1161: 1158:tuberculosis 1150: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1122:causus belli 1087: 1063: 1059: 1030: 1019: 1010:Bala Murghab 1006: 998: 990:Chahar Aimaq 958: 941: 931:and then to 922: 908: 889: 871:outside the 853: 843: 840: 828: 812: 792:Qara'i Turks 784: 775: 760: 725: 716: 704: 676: 672: 654:Ranjit Singh 637: 620:Kamran Mirza 605: 592:Mahmud Mirza 581: 555: 536: 512: 485: 484:) or simply 471: 457: 443: 441: 435:Turkmenistan 371:Succeeded by 370: 365: 2637:Kamran Shah 2342:Ruler Name 2238:, carpets, 2148:, Kamburaq 1894:casus belli 1856:Sadr-i Azam 1722:August 2024 1620:Pul-i Malan 1612:Lash Joveyn 1530:Lash-Joveyn 1474:August 2024 1145:Qa'im Maqam 1126:Abbas Mirza 1041:Lash-Juwain 877:Injil River 820:Shah Mahmud 596:Baluchistan 551:Lash-Joveyn 528:Kamran Shah 519:Mahmud Shah 431:Afghanistan 366:Preceded by 178:Sunni Islam 4857:Categories 4843:2021-11-23 4785:2021-11-23 4756:2021-12-15 4715:2021-11-23 4673:2022-05-26 4599:2021-09-11 4543:2021-09-11 4485:2021-11-10 4456:2021-11-19 4391:2021-09-11 4333:2021-09-09 4301:2021-09-11 4177:(Thesis). 4159:2021-09-11 4085:2021-11-30 3830:2021-09-11 3647:2021-09-11 3089:2022-06-21 3051:2021-11-17 3010:2021-11-17 2969:2021-09-10 2941:References 2848:Bardurrani 2627:1824–1829 2403:Zaman Shah 2275:Population 2228:pistachios 2224:assafetida 1942:Government 1878:See also: 1804:See also: 1742:Deposition 1369:Sheberghan 1345:Qala-e Naw 1201:Qala e Naw 1067:Qala e Naw 1037:Qala-e Naw 939:of Herat. 899:See also: 869:earthworks 856:Mahmudabad 771:cannonball 720:Sufi Eslam 695:Ishaq Khan 584:Zaman Shah 524:Qajar Iran 467:امارت هرات 207:Government 198:Demonym(s) 182:Shia Islam 4833:239690740 4525:0026-3206 4438:0026-3206 4373:0026-3206 4191:304448359 4132:(Thesis). 3754:. BRILL. 3594:. BRILL. 3302:(Thesis). 2578:مصطفى خان 2282:Qizilbash 2248:Shikarpur 2244:metalwork 2240:glassware 2208:porcelain 2169:Mohan Lal 2132:Alanjan, 2043:romanized 2017:romanized 1991:romanized 1566:Sanjarani 1550:Khash Rud 1546:Sanjarani 1542:Chakansur 1401:diwanbegi 1392:Sar-i Pul 1314:Marouchaq 1183:Astarabad 1046:courtiers 982:Firozkohi 532:Barakzais 517:died and 513:In 1793, 174:Religion 168:Armenians 128:Qizilbash 88:Languages 34:1793–1863 4837:archived 4779:Archived 4750:Archived 4706:Archived 4667:Archived 4593:Archived 4566:Archived 4537:Archived 4479:Archived 4450:Archived 4385:Archived 4327:Archived 4295:Archived 4187:ProQuest 4183:41449146 4153:Archived 4079:Archived 4011:ProQuest 3991:ProQuest 3971:ProQuest 3824:Archived 3795:Lee 2019 3780:Lee 2019 3641:Archived 3629:(1911). 3083:Archived 3045:Archived 3004:Archived 2963:Archived 2929:Barakzai 2886:Barakzai 2779:Alakozai 2736:Alakozai 2399:Qandahar 2348:Dynasty 2198:, rice, 2173:Sabzawar 2157:Ghourian 2061:Sartips 1947:Taxation 1902:Sabzawar 1776:kerchief 1656:Achakzai 1652:Popalzai 1648:Barakzai 1616:Sabzawar 1591:Farsiwan 1570:Sabzawar 1294:Jamshidi 1250:Ghourian 1098:Nishapur 1026:Gazurgah 1024:tomb at 974:Jamshidi 925:Qandahar 845:revolted 824:Qandahar 767:beheaded 752:Turkmens 711:Ghourian 588:Qandahar 504:Qandahar 190:Hinduism 156:Sistanis 124:Farsiwan 4533:4282538 4446:4282185 4381:4282525 2911:Persian 2868:Persian 2830:Persian 2813:Sadozai 2795:Persian 2762:Persian 2719:Persian 2687:British 2677:Sadozai 2660:Persian 2631:Sadozai 2613:Persian 2573:Persian 2557:Sadozai 2540:Persian 2515:Sadozai 2498:Persian 2482:Sadozai 2465:Persian 2434:Sadozai 2417:Persian 2389:Sadozai 2372:Persian 2236:cutlery 2232:almonds 2200:saffron 2191:bazaars 2153:velayat 2064:Yawars 2049:Sarhang 2045:: 2032:Persian 2019:: 2006:Persian 1993:: 1980:Persian 1906:Maimana 1756:citadel 1554:Gereshk 1409:Turkmen 1373:Andkhui 1365:Maimana 1341:Hazaras 1329:Bukhara 1302:Panjdeh 1229:Ghurian 1204:Hazaras 1118:Bakharz 1106:Serakhs 1102:Mashhad 1090:Bojnord 1070:Hazaras 1033:Hazaras 1002:Torshiz 970:Bakharz 945:Mashhad 885:Khutbah 867:set up 865:sipahis 832:khutbah 804:Bakharz 709:seized 683:Mashhad 612:Girishk 568:History 490:Persian 476:Persian 470:), the 462:Persian 456:), the 448:Persian 274:History 235:(first) 211:Unitary 186:Judaism 160:Turkmen 140:Hazaras 104:Balochi 100:Turkmen 78:Capital 58:Britain 4831: 4821: 4742: 4633: 4531: 4523: 4444: 4436: 4379: 4371: 4266: 4220: 4189: 4181: 3758: 3598: 3532: 3476: 3075: 3037: 2996: 2742:Vizier 2695:Kohsan 2691:vizier 2441:Persia 2393:After 2351:Notes 2345:Reign 2242:, and 2220:pepper 2216:muslin 2196:barley 2165:Karokh 2163:, and 2146:Guzara 2000:) and 1997:Sartīp 1958:kharaj 1954:duties 1760:Kohsan 1654:, and 1614:, and 1587:Tajiks 1318:Karokh 1316:, and 1190:Sistan 1153:Kohsan 1116:, and 1110:Torbat 1094:Quchan 980:, and 978:Hazara 962:Hazara 798:, the 756:howdah 750:, and 748:Uzbeks 744:Aimaqs 728:Afghan 687:Qara'i 658:Lahore 649:Lahore 628:Tehran 277: 250:(last) 223: 202:Herati 164:Uzbeks 152:Baloch 148:Hindus 136:Tajiks 96:Pashto 4873:Herat 4829:S2CID 4709:(PDF) 4702:(PDF) 4529:JSTOR 4442:JSTOR 4377:JSTOR 2892:Farah 2586:1824 2553:1824 2511:1824 2212:cloth 2204:sugar 2185:Trade 2171:said 2161:Awbeh 2134:Injil 2037:سرهنگ 2023:Yāwar 2002:major 1985:سرتیپ 1886:Farah 1831:Farah 1608:Farah 1583:Shi'a 1561:Aimaq 1534:Safar 1518:Balkh 1505:tuman 1497:Khvaf 1418:Aqcha 1384:Balkh 1306:Kushk 1208:Sunni 994:Khvaf 986:Kariz 949:Farah 937:vazir 933:Herat 929:Farah 881:tuman 769:by a 740:jihad 736:fatwa 732:Aimaq 645:Herat 641:Farah 624:Herat 608:Herat 486:Herat 184:with 132:Aimaq 82:Herat 4819:ISBN 4740:ISBN 4631:ISBN 4521:ISSN 4434:ISSN 4369:ISSN 4264:ISBN 4218:ISBN 4179:OCLC 3756:ISBN 3596:ISBN 3530:ISBN 3474:ISBN 3073:ISBN 3035:ISBN 2994:ISBN 2683:1837 2011:یاور 1850:The 1589:and 1499:and 1386:and 968:and 903:and 806:and 730:and 643:and 537:The 502:and 495:هرات 442:The 427:Iran 352:1863 342:1793 324:1863 314:1856 304:1818 294:1804 289:Iran 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Knowledge

Herat (1793–1863)

Index