Opiliones - Knowledge

668: 407: 999: 656: 160: 1253: 421: 137: 6481: 713: 576: 1236: 699: 6469: 681: 568:), and one lateral pair (homologous to facetted eyes of horseshoe crabs and insects). This discovery suggests that the neuroanatomy of harvestmen is more primitive than derived arachnid groups, like spiders and scorpions. It also showed that the four-eyed fossil harvestman previously discovered is most likely a member of the suborder 435: 1019:

The legs continue to twitch after they are detached because 'pacemakers' are located in the ends of the first long segment (femur) of their legs. These pacemakers send signals via the nerves to the muscles to extend the leg and then the leg relaxes between signals. While some harvestman's legs twitch

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suborder, use two mechanisms. One is bobbing, for which these particular individuals bounce their bodies. It potentially serves to confuse and deflect any identification of the exact location of their bodies. This can be a deceiving mechanism to avoid predation when they are in a large aggregation of

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in opiliones probably evolved due to natural selection, while paternal care appears to be the result of sexual selection. Depending on circumstances such as temperature, the eggs may hatch at any time after the first 20 days, up to about half a year after being laid. Harvestmen variously pass through

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Armored harvestmen in Laniatores can often use their modified morphology as weapons. Many have spines on their pedipalps, back legs, or bodies. By pinching with their chelicerae and pedipalps, they can cause harm to a potential predator. Also this has been proven to increase survival against recluse

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Some animals respond to attacks by simulating an apparent death to avoid either detection or further attacks. Arachnids such as spiders practise this mechanism when threatened or even to avoid being eaten by female spiders after mating. Thanatosis is used as a second line of defence when detected by

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Domínguez, M., Escalante, I., Carrasco-Rueda, F., Figuerola-Hernández, C.E., Marta Ayup, M., Umaña, M.N., Ramos, D., González-Zamora, A., Brizuela, C., Delgado, W., Pacheco-Esquivel, J., 2016. Losing legs and walking hard: effects of autotomy and different substrates in the locomotion of harvestmen

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Predators of harvestmen include a variety of animals, including some mammals, amphibians, and other arachnids like spiders and scorpions. Opiliones display a variety of primary and secondary defences against predation, ranging from morphological traits such as body armour to behavioral responses to

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The female lays her eggs shortly after mating to several months later. Some species build nests for this purpose. A unique feature of harvestmen is that some species practice parental care, in which the male is solely responsible for guarding the eggs resulting from multiple partners, often against

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involves direct copulation. The females store the sperm, which is aflagellate and immobile, at the tip of her ovipositor. The eggs are fertilized during oviposition. The males of some species offer a secretion (nuptial gift) from their chelicerae to the female before copulation. Sometimes, the male

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material. Such a broad range is unusual in arachnids, which are typically pure predators. Most hunting harvestmen ambush their prey, although active hunting is also found. Because their eyes cannot form images, they use their second pair of legs as antennae to explore their environment. Unlike most

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Most Opiliones, except for Cyphophthalmi, have long been thought to have a single pair of camera-type eyes in the middle of the head, oriented sideways. Eyes in Cyphophthalmi, when present, are located laterally, near the ozopores. A 305-million-year-old fossilized harvestman with two pairs of eyes

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of the family Pholcidae, (commonly referred to as "daddy long-leg spiders") most likely because of their similar appearance. Harvestmen are also referred to as "shepherd spiders" in reference to how their unusually long legs reminded observers of the ways that some European shepherds used stilts to

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Shear, W.A., Jones, T.H., Guidry, H.M., Derkarabetian, S., Richart, C.H., Minor, M., Lewis, J.J., 2014. Chemical defenses in the opilionid infraorder Insidiatores: divergence in chemical defenses between Triaenonychidae and Travunioidea and within travunioid harvestmen (Opiliones) from eastern and

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The interfamilial relationships within Opiliones are not yet fully resolved, although significant strides have been made in recent years to determine these relationships. The following list is a compilation of interfamilial relationships recovered from several recent phylogenetic studies, although

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Some harvestmen have elaborate and brightly coloured patterns or appendages which contrast with the body colouration, potentially serving as an aposematic warning to potential predators. This mechanism is thought to be commonly used during daylight, when they could be easily seen by any predators.

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Autotomised legs provide a further defence from predators because they can twitch for 60 seconds to an hour after detachment. This can also potentially serve as deflection from an attack and deceive a predator from attacking the animal. It has been shown to be successful against ants and spiders.

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Autotomy is the voluntary amputation of an appendage and is employed to escape when restrained by a predator. Eupnoi individuals, more specifically sclerosomatid harvestmen, commonly use this strategy in response to being captured. This strategy can be costly because harvestmen do not regenerate

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Particular patterns or colour markings on harvestmen's bodies can reduce detection by disrupting the animals' outlines or providing camouflage. Markings on legs can cause an interruption of the leg outline and loss of leg proportion recognition. Darker colourations and patterns function as

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guards the female after copulation, and in many species, the males defend territories. In some species, males also exhibit post-copulatory behavior in which the male specifically seeks out and shakes the female's sensory leg. This is believed to entice the female into mating a second time.

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Ballesteros, Jesús A; Santibáñez-López, Carlos E; Baker, Caitlin M; Benavides, Ligia R; Cunha, Tauana J; Gainett, Guilherme; Ontano, Andrew Z; Setton, Emily V W; Arango, Claudia P; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Harvey, Mark S; Wheeler, Ward C; Hormiga, Gustavo; Giribet, Gonzalo; Sharma, Prashant P

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position within the Arachnida is disputed; their closest relatives may be camel spiders (Solifugae) or a larger clade comprising horseshoe crabs, Ricinulei, and Arachnopulmonata (scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and Tetrapulmonata). Although superficially similar to and often misidentified as

1406:, 410 million years ago, already show characteristics like tracheae and sexual organs, indicating that the group has lived on land since that time. Despite being similar in appearance to, and often confused with, spiders, they are probably closely related to the 5598:

Pomini, A.M., Machado, G., Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Macías-Ordóñez, R., Marsaioli, A.J., 2010. Lines of defence in the harvestman Hoplobunus mexicanus (Arachnida: Opiliones): Aposematism, stridulation, thanatosis and irritant chemicals. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 38,

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Despite their long history, few harvestman fossils are known. This is mainly due to their delicate body structure and terrestrial habitat, making them unlikely to be found in sediments. As a consequence, most known fossils have been preserved within

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Eisner, T., Alsop, D., Meinwald, J., 1978. Secretions of Opilionids, Whip Scorpions and Pseudoscorpions, in: Arthropod Venoms, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology / Handbuch Der Experimentellen Pharmakologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp.

441: 647:), grows as long as 22 mm (0.87 in). The leg span of many species is much greater than the body length and sometimes exceeds 160 mm (6.3 in) and to 340 mm (13 in) in Southeast Asia. Most species live for a year. 5819:

Machado, G., Raimundo, R.L.G., Oliveira, P.S., 2000. Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): Journal of Natural History: Vol 34, No

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of Scotland, and 305-million-year-old rocks in France. These fossils look surprisingly modern, indicating that their basic body shape developed very early on, and, at least in some taxa, has changed little since that time.

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Machado, Glauco; Carrera, Patricia C.; Pomini, Armando M.; Marsaioli, Anita J. (2005). "Chemical Defence in Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): Do Benzoquinone Secretions Deter Invertebrate and Vertebrate Predators?".

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Kury, Adriano B.; Villarreal M., Osvaldo (2015-05-01). "The prickly blade mapped: establishing homologies and a chaetotaxy for macrosetae of penis ventral plate in Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores)".

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Freezing – or the complete halt of movement – has been documented in the family Sclerosomatidae. While this can mean an increased likelihood of immediate survival, it also leads to reduced food and water intake.

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for a minute, others have been recorded to twitch up to an hour. The twitching has been hypothesised to function as an evolutionary advantage by keeping the attention of a predator while the harvestman escapes.

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Houghton, J.E., Townsend, V.R., Proud, D.N., 2011. The Ecological Significance of Leg Autotomy for Climbing Temperate Species of Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae). Southeast. Nat. 10, 579–590.

372:), the Opiliones are a distinct order that is not closely related to spiders. They can be easily distinguished from long-legged spiders by their fused body regions and single pair of eyes in the middle of the 804:

Many species of harvestmen easily tolerate members of their own species, with aggregations of many individuals often found at protected sites near water. These aggregations may number 200 individuals in the

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Gnaspini, P., Rodrigues, G.S., 2011. Comparative study of the morphology of the gland opening area among Grassatores harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores)of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary

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Escalante, I., Albín, A., Aisenberg, A., 2013. Lacking sensory (rather than locomotive) legs affects locomotion but not food detection in the harvestman Holmbergiana weyenberghi. Can. J. Zool. 91, 726–731.

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Hara, M.R., Gnaspini, P., 2003. Comparative study of the defensive behavior and morphology of the gland opening area among harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) under a phylogenetic perspective.

476:. The most easily discernible difference between harvestmen and spiders is that in harvestmen, the connection between the cephalothorax and abdomen is broad, so that the body appears to be a single 5412:

Gnaspini, P., Cavalheiro, A.J., 1998. Chemical and Behavioral Defensces of a Neotropical Cavernicolous Harvestman: Goniosoma spelaeum (Opiliones, Laniatores, Gonyleptidae). J. Arachnol. 26, 81–90.

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behavior is likely a strategy against climatic odds, but also against predators, combining the effect of scent secretions, and reducing the probability of any particular individual being eaten.

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other arachnids, harvestmen do not have a sucking stomach or a filtering mechanism. Rather, they ingest small particles of their food, thus making them vulnerable to internal parasites such as

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Giribet, Gonzalo; Sharma, Prashant P.; Benavides, Ligia R.; Boyer, Sarah L.; Clouse, Ronald M.; De Bivort, Benjamin L.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Kawauchi, Gisele Y.; Murienne, Jerome (2012-01-01).

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Mattoni, C.I., García Hernández, S., Botero-Trujillo, R., Ochoa, J.A., Ojanguren-Affilastro, A.A., Outeda-Jorge, S., Pinto-da-Rocha, R. and Yamaguti, H.Y., 2001. Perder la cola o la vida. In

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work). In England, the Opiliones are called harvestmen, not because they appear at that season, but from a superstitious belief that if one is killed there will be a bad harvest that year.

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Albín, A.; Toscano-Gadea, C. A. (2015). "Predation among armored arachnids: Bothriurus bonariensis (Scorpions, Bothriuridae) versus four species of harvestmen (Harvestmen, Gonyleptidae)".

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Jones, T.C., Akoury, T.S., Hauser, C.K., Moore, D., 2011. Evidence of circadian rhythm in antipredator behaviour in the orb-weaving spider Larinioides cornutus. Anim. Behav. 82, 549–555.

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was reported in 2014. This find suggested that the eyes in Cyphophthalmi are not homologous to the eyes of other harvestmen. Many cave-adapted species are eyeless, such as the Brazilian

376:. Spiders have a distinct abdomen that is separated from the cephalothorax by a constriction, and they have three to four pairs of eyes, usually around the margins of the cephalothorax. 5690:

Chelini, M.-C., Willemart, R.H., Hebets, E.A., 2009. Costs and benefits of freezing behaviour in the harvestman Eumesosoma roeweri (Arachnida, Opiliones). Behav. Processes 82, 153–159.

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Pereira, W., Elpino-Campos, A., Del-Claro, K., Machado, G., 2004. Behavioral repertory of the neotropical harvestman ilhaia cuspidata (opiliones, gonyleptidae). J. Arachnol. 32, 22–30.

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The Opiliones are known for having exceptionally long legs relative to their body size; however, some species are short-legged. As in all Arachnida, the body in the Opiliones has two

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Hansen, L.S., Gonzales, S.F., Toft, S., Bilde, T., 2008. Thanatosis as an adaptive male mating strategy in the nuptial gift–giving spider Pisaura mirabilis. Behav. Ecol. 19, 546–551.

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and is about 10 mm (0.39 in) long, whilst the male had a discernable penis. Whether both specimens belong to the same species is not definitely known. They have long legs,

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The oldest known harvestman, from the 410-million-year-old Devonian Rhynie chert, displayed almost all the characteristics of modern species, placing the origin of harvestmen in the

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Fernández R, Sharma PP, Tourinho AL, Giribet G. 2017 The Opiliones tree of life: shedding light on harvestmen relationships through transcriptomics. Proc. R. Soc. B 284: 20162340.

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Gainett, Guilherme; Klementz, Benjamin C.; Blaszczyk, Pola; Setton, Emily V.W.; Murayama, Gabriel P.; Willemart, Rodrigo; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Sharma, Prashant P. (February 2024).

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English speakers may colloquially refer to species of Opiliones as "daddy longlegs" or "granddaddy longlegs", but this name is also used for two other distantly related groups of

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Holmberg, R.G., Angerilli, N.P.D., LaCasse, L.J., 1984. Overwintering Aggregations of Leiobunum paessleri in Caves and Mines (Arachnida, Opiliones). J. Arachnol. 12, 195–204.

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Segovia, J.M.G., Del-Claro, K., Willemart, R.H., 2015. Defences of a Neotropical harvestman against different levels of threat by the recluse spider. Behaviour 152, 757–773.

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Machado, G., Pomini, A.M., 2008. Chemical and behavioral defences of the neotropical harvestman Camarana flavipalpi (Arachnida: Opiliones). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 36, 369–376.

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Cáceres, N.C.; Monteiro-Filho, E.L.A (2001). "Food Habits, Home Range and Activity of Didelphis aurita (Mammalia, Marsupialia) in a Forest Fragment of Southern Brazil".

2952: 2770: 437: 4930:"Reproductive Behavior of Chavesincola inexpectabilis (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) with Description of a New and Independently Evolved Case of Paternal Care in Harvestmen" 2802: 2612: 4348:

Glauco Machado, Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha & Gonzalo Giribet (2007). "What are harvestmen?". In Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha, Glauco Machado & Gonzalo Giribet (ed.).

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has evolved at least three times independently: once in the clade Progonyleptoidellinae + Caelopyginae, once in the Gonyleptinae, and once in the Heteropachylinae.

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Macias-Ordonez, R., 1998. The mating system of Leiobunum vittatum Say 1821 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Palpatores): Resource defense polygyny in the striped harvestman.

2912: 2864: 2650: 2590: 2575: 412: 1426:, fossilized by fine-grained volcanic ash around 165 million years ago, is hardly discernible from modern-day harvestmen and has been placed in the extant family 2836: 2693: 2631: 2469: 1032:

clade that either drop and run, or drop and remain motionless. This is also seen when disturbing an aggregation of multiple individuals, where they all scatter.

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is located between the base of the fourth pair of legs and the abdomen, with one opening on each side. In more active species, spiracles are also found upon the

528: 2560: 2545: 518:) differs from most arachnids in that Opiliones can swallow chunks of solid food, not only liquids. The stomotheca is formed by extensions of the coxae of the 5853:

Eisner, T., Eisner, M., Siegler, M., 2005. Secret Weapons: Defenses of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions, and Other Many-legged Creatures. Harvard University Press.

2332:, or even earlier. A recent molecular study of Opiliones, however, dated the origin of the order at about 473 million years ago (Mya), during the Ordovician. 1157:

is apparently endangered through human action. So far, no harvestman has been included in any kind of a Red List in Argentina, so they receive no protection.

6087:"Evolutionary and biogeographical history of an ancient and global group of arachnids (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi) with a new taxonomic arrangement" 2446: 1242:(pincer-like) chelicerae typical of harvestmen (200× magnification); these chelicerae are homologous to chelicerae that take the form of fangs in spiders or 560:

and some Laniatores revealed that harvestman in addition to a pair median eyes also have two sets of vestigial eyes: one median pair (homologous to those of

6517: 6184:"Polyphyly of Caddoidea, reinstatement of the family Acropsopilionidae in Dyspnoi, and a revised classification system of Palpatores (Arachnida, Opiliones)" 4304: 3033: 3014: 3003: 2925: 2878: 2530: 3442: 5635:

Cokendolpher, J.C., 1987. Observations on the defensive behavior of a Neotropical Gonyleptidae (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revue Arachnologique, 7, pp.59–63.

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Machado, G., Vital, D.M., 2001. On the Occurrence of Epizoic Cyanobacteria and Liverworts on a Neotropical Harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) | BIOTROPICA

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Huber, B.A., Eberhard, W.G., 1997. Courtship, copulation, and genital mechanics in Physocyclus globosus (Araneae, Pholcidae). Can. J. Zool. 75, 905–918.

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da Silva Souza, E.; Willemart, R.H. (2011). "Harvest-ironman: heavy armature and not its defensive secretions, protects a harvestman against a spider".

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use substances like naphthoquinones, methyl- and ethyl-ketones. These secretions have successfully protected the harvestmen against wandering spiders (

503:. Some such Opiliones only have this shield in the males. In some species, the two posterior abdominal segments are reduced. Some of them are divided 4059: 2799: 2058: 1280:, which are both also called a "daddy longlegs"). This is untrue on several counts. None of the known species of harvestmen have venom glands; their 5942: 5862:

Shultz, J.W., Pinto-da-Rocha, R., 2007. Morphology and functional anatomy. Harvest. Biol. Opiliones Harv. Univ. Press Camb. Mass. Lond. Engl. 14–61.

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Harvestmen are a scientifically neglected group. Description of new taxa has always been dependent on the activity of a few dedicated taxonomists.

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animal in the world but possesses fangs too short or a mouth too round and small to bite a human, rendering it harmless (the same myth applies to

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They also have no silk glands and therefore do not build webs. In some highly derived species, the first five abdominal segments are fused into a

6715: 4084: 3968: 3915: 3592: 2892: 2854: 2103: 1928: 1485: 4820: 990:) that are commonly mistaken for daddy long-legs (Opiliones) also exhibit this behavior when their webs are disturbed or even during courtship. 4044: 3996: 2481: 2031: 637:

Typical body length does not exceed 7 mm (0.28 in), and some species are smaller than 1 mm, although the largest known species,

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Guffey, C., 1998. Leg Autotomy and Its Potential Fitness Costs for Two Species of Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). J. Arachnol. 26, 296–302.

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Fleming, P.A., Muller, D., Bateman, P.W., 2007. Leave it all behind: a taxonomic perspective of autotomy in invertebrates. Biological Reviews.

1446:(1638–1712) by adopting Lister's term Opiliones for this order, known in Lister's days as "harvest spiders" or "shepherd spiders", from Latin 6754: 4885:

Machado, G.; Raimundo, R. L. G. (2001). "Parental investment and the evolution of subsocial behaviour in harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones)".

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species are known, some of which have vivid patterns in yellow, green, and black with varied reddish and blackish mottling and reticulation.

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Dias, B.C., Willemart, R.H., 2013. The effectiveness of post-contact defenses in a prey with no pre-contact detection. Zoology 116, 168–174.

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Humphreys, R.K., Ruxton, G.D., 2018. A review of thanatosis (death feigning) as an anti-predator behaviour. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72, 22.

3030: 1554: 1302:(Harvestmen of the World) in 1923, with descriptions of all species known to that time. Other important taxonomists in this field include: 1028:

Individuals that are able to detect potential threats can flee rapidly from attack. This is seen with multiple long-legged species in the

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showing its body structure and long legs: one pair of eyes and broadly joined body tagma differentiate it from similar-looking arachnids.

6859: 5149:"The spider Enoploctenus cyclothorax (Araneae, Ctenidae) avoids preying on the harvestman Mischonyx cuspidatus (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)" 4039: 2909: 2022: 911:. This may have an aposematic role by mimicking the colouration of glandular emissions of two other quinone-producing species. Mimicry ( 1069:, that act as a shield against predators; this is the most effective defense they use which creates a strong and unpleasant taste. In 6387: 872:

used at each life stage. Many species have also been able to camouflage their bodies by covering with secretions and debris from the

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ants. However, these chemical irritants are not able to prevent four species of harvestmen being preyed upon by the black scorpion

6058:. Ed. John Parker and Basil Hartley (1992). Colchester, Essex: Harley Books. pp. 26 & 30. (Translation of the Latin original, 2429:

was shown in 2004 to be a harvestman, after residing for almost one hundred years in its own arachnid order, the "Kustarachnida".

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Primer caso de autotomía en escorpiones (Scorpiones: Buthidae). III Congreso Latinoamericano de Aracnología, Memorias y Resúmenes

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described about a third (2,260) of today's known species from the 1910s to the 1950s, and published the landmark systematic work

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Harvestmen are well known for being chemically protected. They exude strongly odored secretions from their scent glands, called

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that has yielded many other terrestrial arachnids. An unnamed long-legged harvestman was reported from the Early Cretaceous of

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Cáceres, N.C. (2002). "Food Habits and Seed Dispersal by the White-Eared Opossum, Didelphis albiventris, in Southern Brazil".

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their legs, and leg loss reduces locomotion, speed, climbing ability, sensory perception, food detection, and territoriality.

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is in rainforest patches in northwest Argentina which are in an area being dramatically destroyed by humans. The cave-living

1422:. The Opiliones have remained almost unchanged morphologically over a long period. Indeed, one species discovered in China, 6733: 6495:—A synoptic taxonomic arrangement of the order Opiliones, down to family-group level, including some photos of the families 1347: 2701:

dating from approximately 100 Mya. It has been suggested that this may be related to the Ortholasmatinae (Nemastomatidae).

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Secondary defences allow for harvestmen to escape and survive from a predator after direct or indirect contact, including

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Misslin, R., 2003. The defence system of fear: behaviour and neurocircuitry. Neurophysiol. Clin. Neurophysiol. 33, 55–66.

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Other harvestmen may exhibit mimicry to resemble other species' appearances. Some Gonyleptidae individuals that produce

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growing on their bodies that suggest potential benefits for camouflage against large backgrounds to avoid detection by

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on the surface to form two plates beside each other. The second pair of legs is longer than the others and function as

4487:"A Critical Appraisal of the Placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with Account of Known Sources of Phylogenetic Error" 2688:

etc. Bartel et al, 2023 report "These new records bring the total number of Burmese amber laniatorean species to ten"

5959: 5241: 5433:"A new species of pseudotrogulus roewer and assignment of the genus to the hernandariinae (opiliones, gonyleptidae)" 6816: 6668: 1284:

are not hollowed fangs but grasping claws that are typically very small and not strong enough to break human skin.

1167:. It is included in the Catálogo Nacional de especies amenazadas (National catalog of threatened species) from the 6759: 2412:

in Scotland is almost 340 million years old. Its placement is rather uncertain, apart from it being a harvestman.

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chemical secretions. Some of these defences have been attributed and restricted to specific groups of harvestmen.

6681: 4312: 1120:. Four species of Opiliones are on the Brazilian national list of endangered species, all of them cave-dwelling: 317:. As of July 2024, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of 31: 6357:

Dunlop, Jason A. (2007). "Paleontology". In Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha, Glauco Machado & Gonzalo Giribet (ed.).

5448: 4726: 1450:, "shepherd"; Lister characterized three species from England (although not formally describing them, being a 6741: 5489:"Epizoic cyanobacteria associated with a Neotropical harvestman (Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae) from Costa Rica" 904: 583:), showing the almost fused arrangement of abdomen and cephalothorax that distinguishes these arachnids from 5764:

Roth, V.D., Roth, B.M., 1984. review of appendotomy in spiders and other arachnids. Bull.-Br. Arachnol. Soc.

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A Novel Class of Defensive Compounds in Harvestmen: Hydroxy-γ-Lactones from the Phalangiid Egaenus convexus

4537:"Comprehensive Species Sampling and Sophisticated Algorithmic Approaches Refute the Monophyly of Arachnida" 1326: 504: 492: 465: 454: 6241:"World Checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 1: Laniatores – Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea" 5487:

Proud, Daniel N.; Wade, Ryan R.; Rock, Philip; Townsend, Victor R.; Chavez, Donald Jiménez (August 2012).

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Naturally, most finds are from comparatively recent times. More than 20 fossil species are known from the

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To deflect attacks and enhance escape, long-legged species – commonly known as daddy long-legs – from the

6598: 6575: 5939: 5432: 4645:"A Paleozoic Stem Group to Mite Harvestmen Revealed through Integration of Phylogenetics and Development" 4384:"A Paleozoic Stem Group to Mite Harvestmen Revealed through Integration of Phylogenetics and Development" 1343: 6603: 6473: 2402:, after it was discovered that living daddy-longlegs have the same arrangement of eyes as the fossils. 17: 6821: 6808: 159: 6769: 6392: 4438:"Anatomically modern Carboniferous harvestmen demonstrate early cladogenesis and stasis in Opiliones" 598:) that secrete a peculiar-smelling fluid when disturbed. In some species, the fluid contains noxious 5316: 1306: 6849: 6492: 6362: 4353: 4280: 2304: 1367:

Early work on the developmental biology of Opiliones from the mid-20th century was resurrected by

4756: 3520: 3083: 35: 6795: 6504: 1104:). These secretions contain multiple volatile compounds that vary among individuals and clades. 814: 6528: 5311: 4701: 4619: 2922: 1360:

Since the 1990s, study of the biology and ecology of harvestmen has intensified, especially in

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the scent glands release naphthoquinones, chloro-naphthoquinones and aliphatic methyl ketones,

1048:

and have also been shown to be used as a second line of defense when restrained by a predator.

623: 5913: 4694:"Third species of Guasiniidae (Opiliones, Laniatores) with comments on familial relationships" 4593: 6790: 1339: 1293: 1272: 1191: 774: 611: 6720: 5541:"Mimicry: imitative depiction of discharged defensive secretion on carapace of an opilionid" 4347: 6637: 6416:"First identifiable Mesozoic harvestman (Opiliones: Dyspnoi) from Cretaceous Burmese amber" 6000: 5552: 5303: 5068: 5025: 4894: 4656: 4486: 4449: 4395: 2725: 2379: 1463: 1439: 1390: 1045: 1003: 916: 667: 607: 226: 6782: 5699:

Field, L.H., Glasgow, S., 2001. The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies. CABI

4976: 4757:"Vestigial organs alter fossil placements in an ancient group of terrestrial chelicerates" 1227:

are being considered for listing as endangered species, but as yet receive no protection.

912: 8: 6844: 6566: 5991: 5421:

Edgar, A.L., 1971. Studies on the biology and ecology of Michigan Phalangida (Opiliones).

4795:"SENCKENBERG world of biodiversity | About us | Communications | Newsroom" 2496: 2477: 1141:

Several Opiliones in Argentina appear to be vulnerable, if not endangered. These include

837:

Primary defences help the harvestmen avoid encountering a potential predator and include

820:

Harvestmen clean their legs after eating by drawing each leg in turn through their jaws.

753: 6004: 5871: 5556: 5307: 5072: 5029: 4898: 4660: 4453: 4399: 6442: 6415: 6334: 6299: 6275: 6240: 6221: 6152: 6024: 5576: 5516: 5460: 5337: 5214: 5168: 5126: 5084: 5041: 4957: 4949: 4910: 4867: 4718: 4569: 3716: 3698: 3513: 3076: 2813: 2538: 1717: 1697: 1368: 426: 406: 154: 145: 1185:

are listed as endangered species in the United States. Both are from caves in central

1077:

use nitrogen-containing substances, terpenes, aliphatic ketones, and phenolics, while

868:

are multiple species with cryptic colouration that changes over ontogeny to match the

6777: 6624: 6447: 6366: 6339: 6321: 6280: 6262: 6213: 6205: 6144: 6108: 6103: 6086: 6016: 5919: 5568: 5508: 5452: 5381: 5329: 5237: 5206: 4998: 4826: 4776: 4674: 4599: 4574: 4556: 4516: 4508: 4467: 4413: 4382:

Garwood, Russell J.; Sharma, Prashant P.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2014).

4357: 3925: 3762: 3752: 3724: 3706: 3402: 2507: 2299: 1879: 1782: 1764: 1726: 1706: 1451: 1373: 1122: 932: 686: 556: 542: 508: 401: 6225: 6156: 5580: 5520: 5464: 5341: 5172: 5130: 5088: 5045: 4961: 4914: 4871: 4850:(Arachnida: Opiliones): from premating struggles to solicitous tactile engagement". 4722: 964:

suborders, with individuals becoming rigid with legs either retracted or stretched.

915:) occurring between Brazilian harvestmen that resemble others could be explained by 6437: 6429: 6329: 6311: 6270: 6252: 6195: 6136: 6098: 6028: 6008: 5560: 5500: 5444: 5321: 5270: 5218: 5198: 5160: 5118: 5076: 5033: 4988: 4977:"Reproductive Behavior in Harvestman (Arachnida): Mating Systems and Parental Care" 4941: 4902: 4859: 4768: 4710: 4664: 4598:, vol. 5: Harvester ant to leaf-cutting ant, Marshall Cavendish, p. 263, 4564: 4548: 4498: 4457: 4403: 3907: 3485: 2710: 1870: 1316: 1312: 1175: 1086: 639: 599: 5981: 5148: 5122: 4906: 6629: 6580: 5946: 5202: 4436:

Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Sutton, Mark D. (2011).

4191: 3930: 3887: 3838: 3655: 3617: 2885: 2781: 2713: 2598: 2583: 2374:

is known from two specimens, one a female, the other a male. The female bears an

2309: 2246: 1888: 1841: 1674: 1543: 1514: 1427: 1353: 998: 884: 749: 627: 450: 290: 6746: 1332: 6676: 6663: 5540: 4150: 4114: 4089: 3892: 3882: 3757: 3637: 3490: 3394: 3384: 3379: 3239: 3214: 3149: 2982: 2902: 2454: 2197: 2150: 2112: 1850: 1832: 1773: 1534: 1411: 1181: 1164: 1146: 928: 798: 655: 561: 6511: 6012: 5564: 5325: 5080: 5037: 4993: 4863: 4846:

Fowler-Finn, K.D.; Triana, E.; Miller, O.G. (2014). "Mating in the harvestman

4772: 4669: 4644: 4408: 4383: 2717: 2347:, and the latter having probably diverged from the Dyspnoi more than 300 Mya. 344:

Representatives of each extant suborder can be found on all continents except

6838: 6325: 6316: 6266: 6209: 6148: 6112: 5572: 5512: 5456: 5002: 4560: 4552: 4512: 4160: 4122: 4034: 4026: 3833: 3823: 3810: 3673: 3605: 3581: 2960: 2833: 2698: 2681: 2662: 2643: 2624: 2416: 2387: 2336: 2208: 2159: 2013: 2004: 1665: 1647: 1629: 1586: 1503: 1475: 1443: 1361: 1252: 1243: 1239: 1057:

spiders by causing injury, allowing the harvestman to escape from predation.

880: 782: 778: 761: 631: 457: 373: 360: 338: 322: 263: 242: 84: 6498: 6170: 5275: 5258: 4503: 4485:

Ballesteros, Jesús A; Sharma, Prashant P (2019-11-01). Halanych, Ken (ed.).

3505: 2343:

much older than 50 million years are known, despite the former presenting a

6551: 6451: 6433: 6343: 6284: 6217: 6020: 5964: 5333: 5210: 4780: 4678: 4578: 4520: 4471: 4417: 4186: 4168: 4104: 4094: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4006: 3920: 3874: 3865: 3828: 3818: 3420: 2844: 2827: 2515: 2458: 2237: 2217: 2139: 2121: 2094: 2085: 2076: 1975: 1823: 1814: 1656: 1638: 1403: 1263: 1101: 1041: 940: 547: 352: 318: 272: 1149:, the highest peak in the Sierras Chicas chain (provincia de Cordoba) and 420: 6702: 6590: 6560: 4533: 4201: 4196: 3988: 3955: 3946: 3897: 3744: 3729: 3645: 3407: 3371: 3124: 2945: 2568: 2553: 2344: 2264: 2255: 1957: 1910: 1901: 1859: 1755: 1735: 1563: 1116:

species (of all animal taxa) are considered to be at least threatened in

1113: 944: 873: 842: 672: 591: 554:. However, recent work studying the embryonic development of the species 551: 533: 481: 473: 298: 201: 59: 6257: 4953: 4929: 1469:

the placement and even monophyly of several taxa are still in question.

321:

species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders:

6239:

Kury, Adriano B.; Mendes, Amanda Cruz; Souza, Daniele R. (2014-11-05).

4462: 4437: 4211: 4049: 4016: 4011: 4001: 3963: 3854: 3767: 3625: 3480: 3298: 3157: 3057: 3044: 2756: 2375: 2340: 2282: 2040: 1993: 1984: 1966: 1919: 1804: 1791: 1523: 1281: 1277: 1224: 1095: 986:

individuals, which are all trembling at the same time. Cellar spiders (

961: 888: 859: 806: 721: 706: 644: 603: 565: 515: 485: 384: 345: 334: 257: 136: 104: 69: 6616: 6200: 6183: 6140: 5488: 4975:

Machado, Glauco; Requena, Gustavo S.; Buzatto, Bruno A. (2009-12-06).

4945: 2423:

species are currently grouped as Dyspnoi, they look more like Eupnoi.

6707: 6650: 5984:"Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the Middle Jurassic of China" 5504: 5164: 4206: 4140: 4132: 4099: 4054: 3792: 3734: 3650: 3600: 3558: 3552: 3339: 3276: 3222: 3170: 3118: 2996: 2968: 2875: 2792: 2760: 2721: 2519: 2409: 2359: 2312:

is sometimes misplaced in the Phalangioidea. It is not a harvestman.

2273: 2179: 2170: 2130: 2049: 1744: 1609: 1572: 1494: 1419: 1377:

as a model system for the study of arachnid comparative genomics and

1247: 1029: 987: 864: 794: 757: 742: 733: 712: 691: 480:

structure. Other differences include the fact that Opiliones have no

388: 380: 191: 171: 109: 53: 6522: 6501:—Diagnostic photographs and information on North American harvestmen 550:) from caves, most species of Cyphophthalmi, and all species of the 6694: 6655: 6611: 6545: 6480: 4714: 4145: 3800: 3264: 3195: 3099: 3068: 2823: 2777: 2745: 2706: 2500: 2462: 2355: 2351: 2329: 2188: 1618: 1415: 1407: 1400: 1396: 1235: 936: 908: 877: 619: 575: 519: 500: 351:

Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million-year-old

294: 211: 126: 122: 99: 94: 79: 74: 64: 30:

For other arthropods called "daddy longlegs", and other uses, see

3689: 3306: 2935: 2764: 2677: 2658: 2639: 2620: 2433: 1687: 1322: 1066: 957: 869: 846: 838: 760:

species in the suborder Cyphophthalmi, where the males deposit a

595: 537: 469: 461: 369: 330: 252: 114: 89: 5539:

González, Andrés; Rossini, Carmen; Eisner, Thomas (2004-03-01).

5259:"Determining the fitness consequences of antipredation behavior" 4620:"4-Eyed Daddy Longlegs Helps Explain Arachnid Evolution (Video)" 6468: 3783: 3546: 3251: 3112: 2851: 2737: 2523: 2399: 1599: 1117: 982: 810: 790:

to reach maturity, with most known species having six instars.

787: 765: 725: 698: 584: 569: 365: 326: 247: 181: 6507:—Diagnostic photographs and information on European harvestmen 4754: 4260:

Kury, A. et al. (2023). WCO-Lite: World Catalogue of Opiliones

876:

found in their environments. Some hard-bodied harvestmen have

511:

or feelers. In short-legged species, this may not be obvious.

6803: 5380:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 374–399. 5292: 3352: 3053: 2382:, and no median eyes. Together with the 305-million-year-old 2322: 1267: 1223:

from around springs and other restricted habitats of central

1186: 1168: 737: 729: 660: 615: 496: 6642: 5915:

The Earwig's Tail: a modern bestiary of multi-legged legends

5234:

Defence in Animals : a Survey of Anti-predator Defences

4309:

Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog (Archive version. August 2017)

680: 6300:"A revised dated phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones" 6084: 5982:

Diying Huang, Paul A. Selden & Jason A. Dunlop (2009).

5449:

10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0173:ansopr]2.0.co;2

5430: 3412: 3049: 2436:

are possibly harvestmen, but these are not well preserved.

1040:

Multiple species within the Laniatores and Dyspnoi possess

702: 477: 5146: 4642: 4435: 4381: 1258:

Opilionid chelae shown in context to the rest of the body.

6388:"Ancient four-eyed wonder resolves daddy longleg mystery" 956:

a potential predator and is commonly observed within the

5376:

Gnaspini, P.; Hara, M. R. (2007). "Defense mechanisms".

4643:

Garwood, RJ; Sharma, PP; Dunlop, JA; Giribet, G (2014).

6518:

Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog (Archive only before 2017

5431:

Leandro Firmo, Carlos; Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo (2002).

5108: 4845: 3010:(Eupnoi: Sclerosomatidae) — Florissant, USA (Oligocene) 694:(the many small segments making up the end of each leg) 392:

better observe their wandering flocks from a distance.

4255: 2697:, a long-legged Dyspnoi with large eyes, was found in 5538: 5486: 5058: 4974: 2419:

of North America and Europe. While the two described

3064: 736:, feeding upon dead organisms, bird dung, and other 2705:Currently, no fossil harvestmen are known from the 1356:, Adriano Brilhante Kury, Tone Novak (21st century) 797:and colored in hues of brown, although a number of 445:

Harvestmen (Opiliones sp.) filmed in Hesse, Germany

5743:in the genus Prionostemma. J. Arachnol. 44, 76–82. 5188: 4692:Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Kury, Adriano B. (2003). 4691: 6125: 4484: 2736:Unless otherwise noted, all species are from the 6836: 6491:Adriano Kury: National Museum of Rio de Janeiro 2277:Pérez González, Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, 2007 6238: 5902:western North America | Journal of Arachnology. 5147:Willemart, R.H.; Pellegatti-Franco, F. (2006). 4927: 4884: 4591: 2415:From about 300 Mya, several finds are from the 1081:use alkylated phenolics and benzoquinones, and 590:Harvestmen have a pair of prosomatic defensive 499:, which in most such species is fused with the 6298:Sharma, Prashant P.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2014). 4617: 3567: 862:when they remain motionless. Within the genus 6413: 6297: 6182:Groh, Selina; Giribet, Gonzalo (2015-06-01). 5905: 5256: 3535: 3521: 3084: 5375: 2586:) — Upper Carboniferous (Commentary, France) 1297: 1251: 6414:Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunlop, Jason A. (2005). 6181: 4928:Nazareth, Taís M.; Machado, Glauco (2009). 2601:) — Upper Carboniferous (Mazon Creek, U.S.) 4585: 3528: 3514: 3091: 3077: 894: 630:, unlike other arachnids. All species lay 135: 6441: 6333: 6315: 6274: 6256: 6199: 6171:https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2340 6129:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6102: 6091:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5918:. Harvard University Press. p. 143. 5911: 5315: 5274: 4992: 4668: 4568: 4502: 4461: 4407: 1438:The Swedish naturalist and arachnologist 907:secretions have orange markings on their 5977: 5975: 3040:(Laniatores: Samoidae) — Dominican amber 2965:Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument 2931:(Dyspnoi: Nemastomatidae) — Baltic amber 2918:(Dyspnoi: Nemastomatidae) — Baltic amber 2809:(Laniatores: Samoidae) — Dominican amber 2709:. So far, they are also absent from the 1338:James C. Cokendolpher, Raymond Forster, 1234: 997: 823: 711: 697: 679: 666: 654: 574: 433: 419: 405: 6855:Extant Early Devonian first appearances 6073:Curious Facts in the History of Insects 5957: 5912:Berenbaum, May R. (30 September 2009). 5231: 5015: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4248: 2537:(Tetrophthalmi) — Upper Carboniferous ( 1266:claims that the harvestman is the most 1163:has only been found in one cave in the 14: 6837: 6385: 6356: 5840: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5797: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5760: 5758: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5686: 5684: 5371: 4818: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4431: 4429: 4427: 3048:species (Eupnoi: Phalangiidae) — near 2871:(Eupnoi: Phalangiidae?) — Baltic amber 2860:(Eupnoi: Phalangiidae?) — Baltic amber 622:on the ventral cephalothorax, and the 6527: 6526: 6056:Martin Lister's English Spiders, 1678 5972: 5656: 5654: 5643: 5641: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5408: 5406: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5288: 5286: 5257:Lind, Johan; Cresswell, Will (2005). 5184: 5182: 5142: 5140: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 4297: 3509: 3469: 3137: 3072: 922: 383:, the crane flies of the superfamily 34:. For the novel by Jean Webster, see 6809:022087FF-3A6B-980B-4FDC-84C4FD85F944 6770:be640fe4-ffd8-4b4d-a2bf-9323c3b71ff0 6682:535a87e2-e40b-4209-9156-f7f119df3b16 6359:Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones 5378:Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones 4618:Blaszczak-Boxe, Agata (2014-04-10). 4370: 4350:Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones 4326: 3098: 2728:, Australia, which may be a Eupnoi. 2439: 2398:are in fact members of the suborder 1590:Karaman, Mitov & Snegovaya, 2024 1107: 728:and all kinds of plant material and 5835: 5823: 5792: 5780: 5755: 5711: 5681: 4743: 4535:(2022-02-03). Teeling, Emma (ed.). 4424: 1442:(1801–1875) honored the naturalist 1418:; these four orders form the clade 832: 777:, and cleaning the eggs regularly. 24: 6860:Taxa named by Carl Jakob Sundevall 6421:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5651: 5638: 5587: 5527: 5403: 5348: 5283: 5179: 5137: 5095: 1379:evolutionary-developmental biology 809:, and more than 70,000 in certain 752:species do occur, most harvestmen 25: 6871: 6461: 6386:Tepper, Fabien (April 11, 2014). 3065:Further internal navigation links 1195:from a cave in central Texas and 6479: 6467: 6104:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01774.x 4887:Ethology Ecology & Evolution 4595:Insects and spiders of the world 4278: 3450:are possibly paraphyletic groups 2567:(Eupnoi) — Upper Carboniferous ( 2552:(Eupnoi) — Upper Carboniferous ( 2315: 1335:, William Sørensen (1880s–1890s) 1230: 1145:, which is found only on top of 1089:), wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and 716:Gregarious behavior in Opiliones 690:, showing the long legs and the 279:5 suborders, > 6,650 species 158: 57: 6407: 6379: 6350: 6291: 6232: 6175: 6163: 6119: 6078: 6065: 6049: 5951: 5932: 5895: 5886: 5876: 5865: 5856: 5847: 5813: 5804: 5767: 5746: 5736: 5727: 5702: 5693: 5672: 5663: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5480: 5471: 5424: 5415: 5394: 5250: 5225: 5061:Stud. Neotropical Fauna Environ 5052: 5018:Stud. Neotropical Fauna Environ 5009: 4968: 4921: 4878: 4839: 4812: 4787: 4685: 4636: 4611: 4541:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2976:Proholoscotolemon nemastomoides 2807:Cokendolpher & Poinar, 1998 1845:Derkarabetian & Hedin, 2018 1348:Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão 1035: 488:, so pose no danger to humans. 32:Daddy longlegs (disambiguation) 5958:Perkins, Sid (June 23, 2009). 4825:. Princeton University Press. 4819:Cowles, Jillian (2018-06-12). 4527: 4478: 4272: 2358:, and at least seven from the 1863:Absolon & Kratochvil, 1932 1827:Absolon & Kratochvil, 1932 1457: 1143:Pachyloidellus fulvigranulatus 1051: 395: 13: 1: 5960:"Long-lasting daddy longlegs" 5123:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.023 4907:10.1080/08927014.2001.9522780 4592:Joyce Tavolacci, ed. (2003), 4281:"Classification of Opiliones" 4242: 3026:— Florissant, USA (Oligocene) 2308:) from underground waters in 1642:Kury & Cokendolpher, 2020 950: 289:(formerly Phalangida) are an 5203:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.003 3441:Classification is based on 2489:Echinopustulus samuelnelsoni 2365: 1433: 1384: 1340:Clarence and Marie Goodnight 1327:Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell 522:and the first pair of legs. 341:, which were named in 2014. 7: 6512:The Rhynie Chert Harvestmen 6505:Harvestman: Order Opiliones 6499:Harvestman: Order Opiliones 6493:Classification of Opiliones 5296:Journal of Chemical Ecology 3470: 3301:(shorttailed whipscorpions) 2731: 2605: 1691:Hansen & Sørensen, 1904 1603:Hansen & Sørensen, 1904 1507:Hansen & Sørensen, 1904 1344:Reginald Frederick Lawrence 1287: 1060: 1046:intraspecific communication 993: 967: 650: 628:male Opiliones have a penis 424:North European harvestman ( 10: 6876: 4934:The Journal of Arachnology 3138: 2841:(Koch & Berendt, 1854) 1461: 1388: 1044:organs, which are used as 1023: 976: 852: 399: 29: 6535: 6393:Christian Science Monitor 6245:Biodiversity Data Journal 6013:10.1007/s00114-009-0556-3 5565:10.1007/s00049-003-0252-2 5326:10.1007/s10886-005-7611-0 5081:10.1076/snfe.36.2.85.2138 5038:10.1076/snfe.37.2.97.8582 4994:10.4257/oeco.2009.1301.05 4864:10.1163/1568539x-00003209 4773:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.011 4670:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.039 4409:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.039 4285:www.museunacional.ufrj.br 4177: 4159: 4131: 4113: 4025: 3987: 3954: 3943: 3906: 3873: 3862: 3851: 3809: 3791: 3780: 3743: 3715: 3697: 3686: 3664: 3634: 3614: 3589: 3578: 3541: 3536:Extant Opiliones Families 3476: 3465: 3437: 3393: 3370: 3351: 3335: 3326: 3288: 3279:(tailless whip scorpions) 3272: 3263: 3247: 3238: 3207: 3180: 3169: 3148: 3144: 3133: 3107: 2953:Petrunkevitchiana oculata 2771:Philacarus hispaniolensis 2518:) — Upper Carboniferous ( 2370:The 410-million-year-old 2221:Özdikmen & Kury, 2007 2212:Özdikmen & Kury, 2007 2035:Kury & Carvalho, 2020 1299:Die Weberknechte der Erde 1007:with several missing legs 947:and chemical secretions. 724:, eating primarily small 618:of the legs. They have a 278: 271: 239: 234: 155:Scientific classification 153: 143: 134: 45: 6510:University of Aberdeen: 6363:Harvard University Press 6317:10.3389/fgene.2014.00255 5400:Cokendolpher pers. comm. 4354:Harvard University Press 2676:(Insidiatores indet.) — 2613:Burmalomanius circularis 2386:, it forms the suborder 2305:Stygophalangium karamani 1997:Sharma and Giribet, 2011 1979:Sharma and Giribet, 2011 1932:Sharma and Giribet, 2011 1132:Pachylospeleus strinatii 5938:The Spider Myths Site: 2408:from East Kirkton near 1395:Harvestmen are ancient 1201:Microcina edgewoodensis 895:Aposematism and mimicry 572:(true daddy-longlegs). 514:The feeding apparatus ( 36:Daddy-Long-Legs (novel) 6434:10.1098/rspb.2005.3063 5493:Journal of Arachnology 5437:Journal of Arachnology 4702:Journal of Arachnology 4553:10.1093/molbev/msac021 2865:Cheiromachus coriaceus 2651:Mesodibunus tourinhoae 2591:Nemastomoides longipes 2576:Nemastomoides elaveris 2432:Some fossils from the 2268:Kury & Pérez, 2002 2241:Kury & Pérez, 2003 1810:(about 4,200 species) 1605:(about 1,800 species) 1307:Pierre André Latreille 1298: 1259: 1256: 1136:Spaeleoleptes spaeleus 1008: 786:four to eight nymphal 717: 709: 695: 677: 664: 606:, and breathe through 587: 446: 431: 417: 413:Pachyloidellus goliath 6791:Paleobiology Database 6304:Frontiers in Genetics 5276:10.1093/beheco/ari075 5236:. New York: Longman. 4504:10.1093/sysbio/syz011 4442:Nature Communications 3160:(microwhip scorpions) 3024:(Petrunkevitch, 1922) 2957:(Petrunkevitch, 1922) 2791:species (Laniatores: 2694:Halitherses grimaldii 2632:Petroburma tarsomeria 2550:(Petrunkevitch, 1913) 2470:Brigantibunum listoni 2406:Brigantibunum listoni 2259:Gonzalez-Sponga, 1997 1294:Carl Friedrich Roewer 1273:Pholcus phalangioides 1255: 1238: 1192:Texella cokendolpheri 1155:Picunchenops spelaeus 1001: 824:Antipredator defences 715: 701: 683: 676:sp. cleaning its legs 670: 658: 579:A harvestman (a male 578: 529:Caecobunus termitarum 444: 423: 409: 6677:Fauna Europaea (new) 6476:at Wikimedia Commons 6365:. pp. 247–265. 6060:Tractatus de Araneis 5232:Edmunds, M. (1974). 4858:(12–13): 1663–1686. 3342:(hooded tickspiders) 2999:) — Bitterfeld amber 2561:Kustarachne tenuipes 2546:Kustarachne longipes 2427:Kustarachne tenuipes 1693:(about 400 species) 1582:Infraorder (indet). 1481:(about 200 species) 1464:Harvestman phylogeny 1440:Carl Jakob Sundevall 1391:Harvestman phylogeny 1151:Pachyloides borellii 1004:Rilaena triangularis 917:convergent evolution 756:. Except from small 659:Harvestman eating a 410:Chilean harvestman ( 6428:(1567): 1007–1013. 6258:10.3897/BDJ.2.e4094 6005:2009NW.....96..955H 5992:Naturwissenschaften 5557:2004Checo..14....5G 5308:2005JCEco..31.2519M 5073:2001SNFE...36...85C 5030:2002SNFE...37...97C 4981:Oecologia Australis 4899:2001EtEcE..13..133M 4767:(6): 1258–1270.e5. 4661:2014CBio...24.1017G 4454:2011NatCo...2..444G 4400:2014CBio...24.1017G 2795:) — Dominican amber 2674:Bartel et al, 2023 2655:Bartel et al, 2023 2636:Bartel et al, 2023 2617:Bartel et al, 2023 2595:Petrunkevitch, 1913 2497:Upper Carboniferous 2478:Early Carboniferous 2447:Eophalangium sheari 2372:Eophalangium sheari 1399:. Fossils from the 1091:Formica exsectoides 602:. They do not have 5945:2007-07-14 at the 5263:Behavioral Ecology 4848:Lieobunum vittatum 4491:Systematic Biology 4463:10.1038/ncomms1458 3717:Ischyropsalidoidea 3699:Acropsopilionoidea 3215:Pseudoscorpionida 3038:Cokendolpher, 1987 3015:Amauropilio lacoei 3004:Amauropilio atavus 2539:Montceau-les-Mines 2531:Hastocularis argus 2453:(Tetrophthalmi) — 2384:Hastocularis argus 2335:No fossils of the 1718:Ischyropsalidoidea 1698:Acropsopilionoidea 1424:Mesobunus martensi 1371:, who established 1369:Prashant P. Sharma 1346:, Jochen Martens, 1260: 1257: 1221:Microcina tiburona 1009: 923:Secondary defences 775:egg-eating females 754:reproduce sexually 718: 710: 696: 678: 665: 588: 495:shield called the 447: 432: 427:Leiobunum rotundum 418: 146:Hadrobunus grandis 27:Order of arachnids 6832: 6831: 6778:Open Tree of Life 6529:Taxon identifiers 6472:Media related to 6372:978-0-674-02343-7 6201:10.1111/cla.12087 6141:10.1111/zoj.12225 5925:978-0-674-05356-4 5387:978-0-674-02343-7 5302:(11): 2519–2539. 4946:10.1636/ST08-32.1 4832:978-1-4008-9018-7 4822:Amazing Arachnids 4605:978-0-7614-7334-3 4363:978-0-674-02343-7 4356:. pp. 1–13. 4279:Kury, Adriano B. 4236: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4219: 3939: 3938: 3926:Synthetonychiidae 3847: 3846: 3776: 3775: 3763:Nipponopsalididae 3753:Dicranolasmatidae 3725:Ischyropsalididae 3707:Acropsopilionidae 3682: 3681: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3416: 3403:Opilioacariformes 3363: 3343: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3280: 3255: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3217:(pseudoscorpions) 3199: 3191: 3161: 3039: 3025: 3009: 3008:(Cockerell, 1907) 2994: 2990:Siro platypedibus 2980: 2958: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2900: 2883: 2870: 2859: 2842: 2821: 2808: 2775: 2754: 2675: 2656: 2638:(Petrobunidae) — 2637: 2618: 2596: 2581: 2566: 2551: 2536: 2513: 2508:Eotrogulus fayoli 2494: 2475: 2452: 2440:Described species 2354:, three from the 2300:Stygophalangiidae 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2222: 2213: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2164: 2155: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1893: 1884: 1880:Synthetonychiidae 1875: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1809: 1796: 1787: 1783:Nipponopsalididae 1778: 1769: 1765:Dicranolasmatidae 1760: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1727:Ischyropsalididae 1722: 1711: 1707:Acropsopilionidae 1702: 1692: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1623: 1614: 1604: 1591: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1548: 1539: 1528: 1519: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1480: 1374:Phalangium opilio 1342:, Jürgen Gruber, 1123:Giupponia chagasi 1108:Endangered status 913:Müllerian mimicry 793:Most species are 720:Many species are 687:Phalangium opilio 581:Phalangium opilio 557:Phalangium opilio 543:Giupponia chagasi 442: 402:Opiliones anatomy 283: 282: 230: 129: 16:(Redirected from 6867: 6825: 6824: 6812: 6811: 6799: 6798: 6786: 6785: 6773: 6772: 6763: 6762: 6750: 6749: 6747:NBNSYS0000160574 6737: 6736: 6724: 6723: 6711: 6710: 6698: 6697: 6685: 6684: 6672: 6671: 6659: 6658: 6646: 6645: 6633: 6632: 6620: 6619: 6607: 6606: 6594: 6593: 6584: 6583: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6524: 6523: 6484:Data related to 6483: 6471: 6456: 6455: 6445: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6337: 6319: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6278: 6260: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6203: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6106: 6082: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6037: 6031:. Archived from 5988: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5955: 5949: 5940:"Daddy-Longlegs" 5936: 5930: 5929: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5833: 5830: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5790: 5787: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5753: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5709: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5679: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5649: 5645: 5636: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5585: 5584: 5536: 5525: 5524: 5505:10.1636/b11-24.1 5484: 5478: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5401: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5373: 5346: 5345: 5319: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5191:Behav. Processes 5186: 5177: 5176: 5165:10.1636/S05-70.1 5144: 5135: 5134: 5106: 5093: 5092: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4996: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4797:. Archived from 4791: 4785: 4784: 4752: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4725:. Archived from 4698: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4572: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4506: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4465: 4433: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4394:(9): 1017–1023. 4379: 4368: 4367: 4345: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4311:. Archived from 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4252: 3952: 3951: 3908:Triaenonychoidea 3871: 3870: 3860: 3859: 3789: 3788: 3695: 3694: 3587: 3586: 3576: 3575: 3565: 3564: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3486:Phalangiotarbida 3467: 3466: 3449: 3414: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3355: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3308: 3300: 3278: 3270: 3269: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3224: 3216: 3197: 3189: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3159: 3146: 3145: 3135: 3134: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3037: 3023: 3007: 2995:(Cyphophthalmi: 2993: 2985:) — Baltic amber 2979: 2956: 2948:) — Baltic amber 2942: 2929: 2916: 2905:) — Baltic amber 2899: 2888:) — Baltic amber 2882: 2868: 2858: 2847:) — Baltic amber 2840: 2820: 2806: 2774: 2752: 2711:Lower Cretaceous 2673: 2654: 2635: 2616: 2594: 2579: 2564: 2549: 2534: 2511: 2492: 2473: 2450: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2220: 2211: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2162: 2153: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2071:Bragagnolo, 2015 2070: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1871:Triaenonychoidea 1862: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1807: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1748:Schönhofer, 2013 1747: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1709: 1700: 1690: 1677: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1632: 1621: 1612: 1602: 1589: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1546: 1537: 1526: 1517: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1478: 1317:Maximilian Perty 1313:Carl Ludwig Koch 1301: 1176:Texella reddelli 1161:Maiorerus randoi 833:Primary defences 640:Trogulus torosus 484:glands in their 443: 225: 163: 162: 139: 120: 119: 56: 49:Temporal range: 43: 42: 21: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6850:Arachnid orders 6835: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6820: 6815: 6807: 6802: 6794: 6789: 6781: 6776: 6768: 6766: 6758: 6753: 6745: 6740: 6732: 6727: 6719: 6714: 6706: 6701: 6693: 6688: 6680: 6675: 6667: 6662: 6654: 6649: 6641: 6636: 6628: 6623: 6615: 6610: 6602: 6597: 6589: 6587: 6579: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6531: 6464: 6459: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6355: 6351: 6296: 6292: 6237: 6233: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6124: 6120: 6083: 6079: 6070: 6066: 6054: 6050: 6041: 6039: 6035: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5956: 5952: 5947:Wayback Machine 5937: 5933: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5588: 5537: 5528: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5374: 5349: 5317:10.1.1.384.1362 5291: 5284: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5230: 5226: 5187: 5180: 5145: 5138: 5107: 5096: 5057: 5053: 5014: 5010: 4973: 4969: 4926: 4922: 4883: 4879: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4761:Current Biology 4753: 4744: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4641: 4637: 4628: 4626: 4624:livescience.com 4616: 4612: 4606: 4590: 4586: 4532: 4528: 4483: 4479: 4434: 4425: 4388:Current Biology 4380: 4371: 4364: 4346: 4327: 4318: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4216: 4192:Fissiphalliidae 4173: 4155: 4127: 4109: 4060:Cryptogeobiidae 4021: 3983: 3945: 3935: 3931:Triaenonychidae 3902: 3888:Cryptomastridae 3864: 3853: 3843: 3839:Sclerosomatidae 3805: 3782: 3772: 3739: 3711: 3688: 3678: 3666: 3660: 3656:Troglosironidae 3636: 3630: 3618:Scopulophthalmi 3616: 3610: 3591: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3537: 3534: 3504: 3495: 3472: 3453: 3447: 3425: 3389: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3327: 3314: 3284: 3259: 3230: 3225:(camel spiders) 3203: 3171: 3165: 3140: 3129: 3103: 3097: 3067: 2886:Sclerosomatidae 2800:Hummelinckiolus 2782:Dominican amber 2734: 2714:Crato Formation 2657:(Epedanidae) — 2619:(Podoctidae) — 2608: 2599:Nemastomoididae 2584:Nemastomoididae 2442: 2368: 2318: 2310:North Macedonia 2296: 2247:Fissiphalliidae 2080:Sundevall, 1833 2059:Cryptogeobiidae 2008:Sundevall, 1833 1889:Triaenonychidae 1842:Cryptomastridae 1795:Sundevall, 1833 1759:Sundevall, 1833 1675:Sclerosomatidae 1660:Latreille, 1802 1633:Latreille, 1802 1544:Troglosironidae 1515:Scopulophthalmi 1466: 1460: 1436: 1428:Sclerosomatidae 1412:pseudoscorpions 1393: 1387: 1354:Gonzalo Giribet 1290: 1233: 1209:Microcina jungi 1110: 1063: 1054: 1038: 1026: 996: 979: 970: 953: 925: 897: 855: 835: 826: 750:parthenogenetic 705:parasitising a 653: 562:horseshoe crabs 434: 404: 398: 311:harvest spiders 224: 157: 130: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 51: 50: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6873: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6813: 6800: 6787: 6774: 6764: 6751: 6738: 6725: 6712: 6699: 6686: 6673: 6664:Fauna Europaea 6660: 6647: 6634: 6621: 6608: 6595: 6585: 6572: 6557: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6489: 6488:at Wikispecies 6477: 6463: 6462:External links 6460: 6458: 6457: 6406: 6378: 6371: 6349: 6290: 6231: 6194:(3): 277–290. 6174: 6162: 6118: 6077: 6064: 6048: 5999:(8): 955–962. 5971: 5950: 5931: 5924: 5904: 5894: 5885: 5875: 5864: 5855: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5812: 5803: 5791: 5779: 5766: 5754: 5745: 5735: 5726: 5710: 5701: 5692: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5650: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5586: 5526: 5499:(2): 259–261. 5479: 5470: 5423: 5414: 5402: 5393: 5386: 5347: 5282: 5269:(5): 945–956. 5249: 5242: 5224: 5178: 5159:(3): 649–652. 5136: 5094: 5051: 5008: 4967: 4940:(2): 127–134. 4920: 4893:(2): 133–150. 4877: 4838: 4831: 4811: 4786: 4742: 4715:10.1636/H02-59 4709:(3): 394–399. 4684: 4655:(9): 1017–23. 4635: 4610: 4604: 4584: 4526: 4497:(6): 896–917. 4477: 4423: 4369: 4362: 4325: 4296: 4271: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4151:Stygnommatidae 4148: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4115:Phalangodoidea 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4090:Otilioleptidae 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3979:Trionyxellidae 3976: 3971: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3893:Paranonychidae 3890: 3885: 3883:Cladonychiidae 3879: 3877: 3868: 3857: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3758:Nemastomatidae 3755: 3749: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3670: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3638:Sternophthalmi 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3584: 3573: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3491:Trigonotarbida 3488: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3448:Items in green 3445: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3395:Parasitiformes 3391: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3385:Trombidiformes 3382: 3380:Sarcoptiformes 3376: 3374: 3365: 3360:(ticks, mites) 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3248: 3242: 3240:Tetrapulmonata 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3150:Incertae sedis 3142: 3141: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3041: 3027: 3011: 3000: 2986: 2983:Cladonychiidae 2972: 2949: 2932: 2919: 2906: 2903:Nemastomatidae 2889: 2872: 2861: 2848: 2830: 2810: 2796: 2784: 2767: 2733: 2730: 2703: 2702: 2686: 2685: 2666: 2647: 2628: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2587: 2580:Thevenin, 1901 2572: 2557: 2542: 2527: 2512:Thevenin, 1901 2504: 2485: 2466: 2455:Early Devonian 2441: 2438: 2367: 2364: 2317: 2314: 2302:(one species, 2295: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2286:Sørensen, 1886 2279: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2232:Sørensen, 1886 2225: 2224: 2223: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2198:Stygnommatidae 2194: 2192:Sørensen, 1886 2185: 2174:Sørensen, 1886 2167: 2166: 2165: 2151:Phalangodoidea 2147: 2146: 2145: 2143:Sørensen, 1932 2136: 2127: 2118: 2113:Otilioleptidae 2109: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1970:Sørensen, 1886 1961:Sørensen, 1886 1954: 1953: 1952: 1947:Trionyxellidae 1943: 1934: 1925: 1923:Sørensen, 1884 1914:Sørensen, 1884 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1892:Sørensen, 1886 1885: 1874:Sørensen, 1886 1867: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1851:Paranonychidae 1847: 1838: 1833:Cladonychiidae 1801: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1774:Nemastomatidae 1770: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1651:Lawrence, 1931 1644: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1569: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1535:Sternophthalmi 1531: 1530: 1529: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1500: 1471: 1462:Main article: 1459: 1456: 1435: 1432: 1389:Main article: 1386: 1383: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1350:(20th century) 1336: 1330: 1320: 1310: 1309:(18th century) 1289: 1286: 1232: 1229: 1217:Microcina lumi 1213:Microcina leei 1205:Microcina homi 1197:Calicina minor 1182:Texella reyesi 1165:Canary Islands 1147:Cerro Uritorco 1128:Iandumoema uai 1109: 1106: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1037: 1034: 1025: 1022: 995: 992: 978: 975: 969: 966: 952: 949: 924: 921: 896: 893: 854: 851: 834: 831: 825: 822: 652: 649: 400:Main article: 397: 394: 389:cellar spiders 315:daddy longlegs 281: 280: 276: 275: 269: 268: 267: 266: 260: 255: 250: 245: 237: 236: 232: 231: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 151: 150: 141: 140: 132: 131: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6872: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6823: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6410: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6097:(1): 92–130. 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6071:Frank Cowan, 6068: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6038:on 2016-03-05 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5985: 5978: 5976: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5935: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5908: 5898: 5889: 5879: 5873: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5776: 5770: 5761: 5759: 5749: 5739: 5730: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5685: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5655: 5644: 5642: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5287: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5243:0-582-44132-3 5239: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5024:(2): 97–104. 5023: 5019: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4815: 4801:on 2015-11-19 4800: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4732:on 2016-03-28 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315:on 2017-08-04 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4161:Sandokanoidea 4158: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4123:Phalangodidae 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4085:Nomoclastidae 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4035:Agoristenidae 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4027:Gonyleptoidea 4024: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3969:Pyramidopidae 3967: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3942: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916:Buemarinoidae 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3850: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3834:Protolophidae 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:Neopilionidae 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3811:Phalangioidea 3808: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3779: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3675: 3674:Parasironidae 3672: 3671: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3606:Stylocellidae 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3593:Boreophthalmi 3588: 3585: 3583: 3582:Cyphophthalmi 3577: 3574: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3468: 3464: 3446: 3444: 3443:Shultz (2007) 3440: 3439: 3436: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3311: 3309:(vinegaroons) 3305: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3289:Thelyphonida 3287: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2981:(Laniatores: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961:Phalangioidea 2955: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2893:Histricostoma 2890: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834:Dicranopalpus 2831: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2776:(Laniatores: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716:of Brazil, a 2715: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2699:Burmese amber 2696: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2682:Burmese amber 2679: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2663:Burmese amber 2660: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2644:Burmese amber 2641: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2625:Burmese amber 2622: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2600: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2565:Scudder, 1890 2563: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2535:Garwood, 2014 2533: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2495:(Dyspnoi?) — 2491: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2421:Nemastomoides 2418: 2417:Coal Measures 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Tetrophthalmi 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337:Cyphophthalmi 2333: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2316:Fossil record 2313: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2250:Martens, 1988 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2209:Sandokanoidea 2206: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2183:Thorell, 1889 2181: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2160:Phalangodidae 2157: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2104:Nomoclastidae 2101: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2017:Šilhavý, 1973 2015: 2014:Agoristenidae 2011: 2010: 2006: 2005:Gonyleptoidea 2002: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1941:Martens, 2020 1939: 1935: 1930: 1929:Pyramidopidae 1926: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1883:Forster, 1954 1881: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1808:Thorell, 1876 1806: 1802: 1793: 1789: 1786:Martens, 1976 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1666:Protolophidae 1663: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1648:Neopilionidae 1645: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1630:Phalangioidea 1627: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1587:Parasironidae 1584: 1583: 1581: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1538:Giribet, 2012 1536: 1532: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1518:Giribet, 2012 1516: 1512: 1505: 1504:Stylocellidae 1501: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1489:Giribet, 2012 1487: 1486:Boreophthalmi 1483: 1482: 1477: 1476:Cyphophthalmi 1473: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:Martin Lister 1441: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1362:South America 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1329:(1860s–1870s) 1328: 1324: 1321: 1319:(1830s–1850s) 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1231:Misconception 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Cyphophthalmi 1068: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1006: 1005: 1000: 991: 989: 984: 974: 965: 963: 959: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 892: 890: 886: 882: 881:cyanobacteria 879: 875: 871: 867: 866: 861: 850: 848: 844: 840: 830: 821: 818: 816: 812: 808: 802: 800: 796: 791: 789: 784: 783:Maternal care 780: 779:Paternal care 776: 770: 767: 763: 762:spermatophore 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 714: 708: 704: 700: 693: 689: 688: 682: 675: 674: 669: 662: 657: 648: 646: 642: 641: 635: 633: 629: 626:is direct as 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 586: 582: 577: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558: 553: 549: 545: 544: 539: 535: 531: 530: 523: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 468:10-segmented 467: 463: 459: 458:cephalothorax 456: 452: 429: 428: 422: 415: 414: 408: 403: 393: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 374:cephalothorax 371: 367: 362: 357: 354: 353:Rhynie cherts 349: 347: 342: 340: 339:Tetrophthalmi 336: 332: 328: 324: 323:Cyphophthalmi 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 277: 274: 270: 265: 264:Tetrophthalmi 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 243:Cyphophthalmi 241: 240: 238: 233: 228: 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 161: 156: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 133: 128: 124: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6536: 6425: 6419: 6409: 6397:. Retrieved 6391: 6381: 6358: 6352: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6251:(2): e4094. 6248: 6244: 6234: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6165: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6072: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6040:. Retrieved 6033:the original 5996: 5990: 5965:Science News 5963: 5953: 5934: 5914: 5907: 5897: 5888: 5878: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5815: 5806: 5777:(pp. 83–84). 5774: 5769: 5748: 5738: 5729: 5704: 5695: 5674: 5665: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5548: 5545:Chemoecology 5544: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5473: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5417: 5396: 5377: 5299: 5295: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5233: 5227: 5194: 5190: 5156: 5152: 5114: 5110: 5067:(2): 85–92. 5064: 5060: 5054: 5021: 5017: 5011: 4987:(1): 58–79. 4984: 4980: 4970: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4821: 4814: 4803:. Retrieved 4799:the original 4789: 4764: 4760: 4734:. Retrieved 4727:the original 4706: 4700: 4687: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4627:. Retrieved 4623: 4613: 4594: 4587: 4544: 4540: 4529: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4445: 4441: 4391: 4387: 4349: 4317:. Retrieved 4313:the original 4308: 4299: 4288:. Retrieved 4284: 4274: 4263:. Retrieved 4259: 4250: 4238: 4187:Escadabiidae 4169:Sandokanidae 4105:Stygnopsidae 4095:Prostygnidae 4080:Metasarcidae 4075:Manaosbiidae 4070:Gonyleptidae 4045:Askawachidae 4007:Petrobunidae 3997:Beloniscidae 3921:Lomanellidae 3875:Travunioidea 3866:Insidiatores 3829:Phalangiidae 3819:Globipedidae 3570: 3421:Mesostigmata 3290: 3208:Haplocnemata 3190:(harvestmen) 3187: 3181:Stomothecata 3043: 3029: 3019: 3013: 3002: 2988: 2974: 2951: 2934: 2921: 2913:denticulatum 2908: 2896:tuberculatum 2891: 2874: 2863: 2850: 2845:Phalangiidae 2832: 2828:Baltic amber 2812: 2798: 2786: 2769: 2744: 2735: 2704: 2692: 2687: 2684:(Cenomanian) 2668: 2665:(Cenomanian) 2649: 2646:(Cenomanian) 2630: 2627:(Cenomanian) 2611: 2597:(Dyspnoi: † 2589: 2582:(Dyspnoi: † 2574: 2559: 2544: 2529: 2516:Eotrogulidae 2514:(Dyspnoi: † 2506: 2493:Dunlop, 2004 2487: 2482:East Kirkton 2476:(Eupnoi?) — 2474:Dunlop, 2005 2468: 2451:Dunlop, 2004 2445: 2431: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2371: 2369: 2349: 2334: 2327: 2319: 2303: 2297: 2238:Escadabiidae 2227:Superfamily 2218:Sandokanidae 2207:Superfamily 2201:Roewer, 1923 2169:Superfamily 2149:Superfamily 2140:Stygnopsidae 2125:Roewer, 1913 2122:Prostygnidae 2116:Acosta, 2019 2107:Roewer, 1943 2095:Metasarcidae 2089:Roewer, 1943 2086:Manaosbiidae 2077:Gonyleptidae 2053:Roewer, 1913 2032:Askawachidae 2003:Superfamily 1988:Roewer, 1912 1976:Petrobunidae 1956:Superfamily 1950:Roewer, 1912 1909:Superfamily 1869:Superfamily 1854:Briggs, 1971 1824:Travunioidea 1822:Superfamily 1815:Insidiatores 1754:Superfamily 1739:Dresco, 1970 1716:Superfamily 1710:Roewer, 1923 1701:Roewer, 1923 1696:Superfamily 1657:Phalangiidae 1639:Globipedidae 1628:Superfamily 1608:Superfamily 1553:Superfamily 1467: 1452:pre-Linnaean 1447: 1437: 1423: 1404:Rhynie chert 1394: 1372: 1366: 1359: 1333:Eugène Simon 1291: 1271: 1264:urban legend 1261: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1171:government. 1160: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1111: 1102:Bothriuridae 1094: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1075:Insidiatores 1074: 1070: 1064: 1055: 1042:stridulating 1039: 1036:Stridulation 1027: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 980: 971: 954: 941:stridulation 926: 902: 898: 870:microhabitat 863: 856: 836: 827: 819: 803: 792: 771: 747: 719: 685: 671: 638: 636: 610:. A pair of 592:scent glands 589: 580: 555: 548:Gonyleptidae 541: 527: 524: 513: 490: 448: 425: 411: 378: 361:phylogenetic 358: 350: 343: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299:colloquially 286: 284: 221: 144: 40: 6703:iNaturalist 6561:Wikispecies 6135:(1): 1–46. 5153:J. Arachnol 5117:: 127–133. 5111:Anim. Behav 4305:"Opiliones" 4256:"Opiliones" 4202:Icaleptidae 4197:Guasiniidae 4179:Zalmoxoidea 4065:Gerdesiidae 3989:Epedanoidea 3974:Suthepiidae 3956:Assamioidea 3947:Grassatores 3898:Travuniidae 3745:Troguloidea 3730:Sabaconidae 3646:Neogoveidae 3408:Holothyrida 3372:Acariformes 3328:Acaromorpha 3299:Schizomida 3198:(scorpions) 3196:Scorpiones 3158:Palpigradi 3125:Chelicerata 3123:Subphylum: 2946:Sabaconidae 2869:Menge, 1854 2817:dentipalpis 2753:Haupt, 1956 2718:Lagerstätte 2569:Mazon Creek 2554:Mazon Creek 2484:, Scotland) 2345:basal clade 2298:The family 2265:Icaleptidae 2256:Guasiniidae 2229:Zalmoxoidea 2163:Simon, 1879 2154:Simon, 1879 2134:Simon, 1879 2068:Gerdesiidae 1958:Epedanoidea 1938:Suthepiidae 1911:Assamioidea 1902:Grassatores 1900:Infraorder 1860:Travuniidae 1836:Hadži, 1935 1818:Loman, 1900 1813:Infraorder 1777:Simon, 1872 1768:Simon, 1879 1756:Troguloidea 1736:Sabaconidae 1730:Simon, 1879 1721:Simon, 1879 1678:Simon, 1879 1669:Banks, 1893 1622:Banks, 1892 1613:Banks, 1892 1576:Shear, 1980 1567:Shear, 1980 1564:Neogoveidae 1558:Shear, 1980 1547:Shear, 1993 1533:Infraorder 1527:Shear, 1980 1513:Infraorder 1498:Simon, 1879 1484:Infraorder 1479:Simon, 1879 1458:Systematics 1114:troglobitic 1098:bonariensis 1079:Grassatores 1052:Retaliation 945:retaliation 939:, fleeing, 935:, bobbing, 891:predators. 874:leaf litter 843:aposematism 732:. Some are 673:Protolophus 566:sea spiders 552:Guasiniidae 534:Grassatores 474:opisthosoma 396:Description 202:Chelicerata 198:Subphylum: 52:410–0 6845:Harvestmen 6839:Categories 6188:Cladistics 6042:2012-12-21 5551:(1): 5–7. 5443:(1): 173. 4805:2015-05-29 4736:2007-08-27 4629:2023-07-16 4319:2024-07-10 4290:2017-11-29 4265:2024-07-10 4243:References 4212:Zalmoxidae 4050:Cosmetidae 4017:Tithaeidae 4012:Podoctidae 4002:Epedanidae 3964:Assamiidae 3944:Infraorder 3863:Infraorder 3855:Laniatores 3768:Trogulidae 3665:Infraorder 3635:Infraorder 3626:Pettalidae 3615:Infraorder 3590:Infraorder 3553:Arthropoda 3340:Ricinulei 3277:Amblypygi 3223:Solifugae 3188:Opiliones 3119:Arthropoda 3058:Quaternary 3045:Phalangium 3031:Pellobunus 2944:(Dyspnoi: 2901:(Dyspnoi: 2757:Trogulidae 2755:(Dyspnoi: 2376:ovipositor 2341:Laniatores 2283:Zalmoxidae 2098:Kury, 1994 2062:Kury, 2014 2044:Koch, 1839 2041:Cosmetidae 2026:Kury, 2003 1994:Tithaeidae 1985:Podoctidae 1967:Epedanidae 1920:Assamiidae 1905:Kury, 2002 1805:Laniatores 1792:Trogulidae 1555:Ogoveoidea 1524:Pettalidae 1282:chelicerae 1225:California 1096:Bothriurus 1083:Palpatores 962:Laniatores 951:Thanatosis 929:thanatosis 905:translucid 885:liverworts 860:camouflage 815:Gregarious 807:Laniatores 743:gregarines 734:scavengers 722:omnivorous 707:harvestman 692:tarsomeres 645:Trogulidae 624:copulation 604:book lungs 516:stomotheca 486:chelicerae 464:, and the 387:, and the 385:Tipuloidea 381:arthropods 346:Antarctica 335:Laniatores 307:harvesters 303:harvestmen 258:Laniatores 235:Suborders 192:Arthropoda 18:Harvestmen 6581:Opiliones 6567:Opiliones 6537:Opiliones 6514:(fossils) 6486:Opiliones 6474:Opiliones 6399:April 16, 6326:1664-8021 6267:1314-2836 6210:1096-0031 6149:1096-3642 6113:1095-8312 5883:Research. 5573:0937-7409 5513:0161-8202 5457:0161-8202 5312:CiteSeerX 5003:2177-6199 4852:Behaviour 4649:Curr Biol 4561:0737-4038 4513:1063-5157 4207:Kimulidae 4141:Biantidae 4133:Samooidea 4100:Stygnidae 4055:Cranaidae 4040:Ampycidae 3793:Caddoidea 3735:Taracidae 3651:Ogoveidae 3601:Sironidae 3571:Opiliones 3559:Arachnida 3545:Kingdom: 3481:Haptopoda 3265:Pedipalpi 3254:(spiders) 3172:Dromopoda 3100:Arachnida 2997:Sironidae 2969:Oligocene 2959:(Eupnoi: 2923:Nemastoma 2910:Mitostoma 2884:(Eupnoi: 2876:Leiobunum 2843:(Eupnoi: 2822:(Eupnoi: 2793:Kimulidae 2761:Geiseltal 2722:Koonwarra 2541:, France) 2520:Commentry 2499:(Western 2410:Edinburgh 2392:E. sheari 2366:Paleozoic 2360:Paleozoic 2274:Kimulidae 2180:Biantidae 2171:Samooidea 2131:Stygnidae 2050:Cranaidae 2023:Ampycidae 1803:Suborder 1745:Taracidae 1686:Suborder 1610:Caddoidea 1598:Suborder 1573:Ogoveidae 1495:Sironidae 1474:Suborder 1434:Etymology 1420:Dromopoda 1416:solifuges 1408:scorpions 1397:arachnids 1385:Phylogeny 1278:crane fly 1248:Solifugae 1030:Leiobunum 988:Pholcidae 909:carapaces 865:Leiobunum 795:nocturnal 758:fossorial 748:Although 612:spiracles 520:pedipalps 466:posterior 301:known as 295:arachnids 287:Opiliones 273:Diversity 227:Sundevall 222:Opiliones 212:Arachnida 178:Kingdom: 172:Eukaryota 46:Opiliones 6612:BugGuide 6588:BioLib: 6546:Wikidata 6452:16024358 6344:25120562 6285:25425936 6226:85408627 6218:34772266 6157:84029705 6021:19495718 5943:Archived 5599:300–308. 5581:31558441 5521:83994309 5465:85822815 5342:10906916 5334:16273426 5211:26470886 5173:85621336 5131:54254258 5089:83850344 5046:85961182 4962:85846440 4954:40233818 4915:18019589 4872:49329266 4781:38401545 4723:85918640 4679:24726154 4579:35137183 4521:30917194 4472:21863011 4418:24726154 4146:Samoidae 3852:Suborder 3801:Caddidae 3781:Suborder 3687:Suborder 3667:(Indet.) 3579:Suborder 3551:Phylum: 3547:Animalia 3413:Ixodida 3307:Uropygi 3252:Araneae 3117:Phylum: 3113:Animalia 3111:Kingdom 3020:A. lawei 2939:claviger 2926:incertum 2879:longipes 2824:Caddidae 2803:silhavyi 2778:Samoidae 2749:longipes 2746:Trogulus 2732:Cenozoic 2726:Victoria 2707:Triassic 2606:Mesozoic 2501:Missouri 2463:Scotland 2396:H. argus 2380:tracheae 2356:Mesozoic 2352:Cenozoic 2330:Silurian 2189:Samoidae 1619:Caddidae 1401:Devonian 1288:Research 1276:and the 1268:venomous 1087:Ctenidae 1067:ozopores 1061:Chemical 994:Autotomy 968:Freezing 937:autotomy 933:freezing 651:Behavior 620:gonopore 608:tracheae 600:quinones 596:ozopores 509:antennae 505:medially 501:carapace 455:anterior 188:Phylum: 182:Animalia 168:Domain: 127:Holocene 123:Devonian 6822:1300999 6443:1599874 6335:4112917 6310:: 255. 6276:4238074 6075:, p.321 6029:9570512 6001:Bibcode 5553:Bibcode 5304:Bibcode 5219:1994257 5197:: 1–7. 5069:Bibcode 5026:Bibcode 4895:Bibcode 4657:Bibcode 4570:8845124 4450:Bibcode 4448:: 444. 4396:Bibcode 3690:Dyspnoi 3557:Class: 3471:Extinct 3415:(ticks) 3034:proavus 2967:, USA ( 2936:Sabacon 2837:ramiger 2765:Germany 2678:Myanmar 2659:Myanmar 2640:Myanmar 2621:Myanmar 2571:, U.S.) 2556:, U.S.) 2503:, U.S.) 2434:Permian 2281:Family 2272:Family 2263:Family 2254:Family 2245:Family 2236:Family 2216:Family 2196:Family 2187:Family 2178:Family 2158:Family 2138:Family 2129:Family 2120:Family 2111:Family 2102:Family 2093:Family 2084:Family 2075:Family 2066:Family 2057:Family 2048:Family 2039:Family 2030:Family 2021:Family 2012:Family 1992:Family 1983:Family 1974:Family 1965:Family 1945:Family 1936:Family 1927:Family 1918:Family 1887:Family 1878:Family 1858:Family 1849:Family 1840:Family 1831:Family 1790:Family 1781:Family 1772:Family 1763:Family 1743:Family 1734:Family 1725:Family 1705:Family 1688:Dyspnoi 1673:Family 1664:Family 1655:Family 1646:Family 1637:Family 1617:Family 1585:Family 1571:Family 1562:Family 1542:Family 1522:Family 1502:Family 1493:Family 1323:L. Koch 1246:in the 1240:Chelate 1169:Spanish 1024:Fleeing 977:Bobbing 958:Dyspnoi 889:diurnal 878:epizoic 853:Crypsis 847:mimicry 839:crypsis 799:diurnal 788:instars 726:insects 684:A male 585:spiders 540:nests, 538:termite 536:) from 470:abdomen 462:prosoma 451:tagmata 370:Araneae 368:(order 366:spiders 331:Dyspnoi 253:Dyspnoi 218:Order: 208:Class: 6796:133884 6767:NZOR: 6656:1OPIOO 6552:Q19116 6450: 6440: 6369: 6342: 6332: 6324: 6283: 6273: 6265: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6155: 6147: 6111: 6027: 6019: 5922: 5648:87–99. 5579: 5571: 5519: 5511: 5463: 5455: 5384: 5340: 5332: 5314: 5240: 5217: 5209: 5171: 5129: 5087: 5044: 5001: 4960: 4952: 4913: 4870: 4829: 4779: 4721: 4677: 4602: 4577: 4567: 4559: 4519: 4511: 4470: 4416: 4360: 3784:Eupnoi 3568:Order 3139:Extant 3102:orders 2855:ovalis 2852:Opilio 2788:Kimula 2738:Eocene 2524:France 2459:Rhynie 2400:Eupnoi 1600:Eupnoi 1448:opilio 1414:, and 1244:chelae 1219:, and 1118:Brazil 983:Eupnoi 845:, and 811:Eupnoi 766:mating 570:Eupnoi 497:scutum 493:dorsal 453:, the 430:) body 359:Their 337:, and 327:Eupnoi 319:extant 248:Eupnoi 229:, 1833 121:Early 6817:WoRMS 6804:Plazi 6760:43271 6734:82753 6721:10452 6716:IRMNG 6708:47367 6669:15591 6604:24643 6591:16797 6222:S2CID 6153:S2CID 6036:(PDF) 6025:S2CID 5987:(PDF) 5577:S2CID 5517:S2CID 5461:S2CID 5338:S2CID 5215:S2CID 5169:S2CID 5127:S2CID 5085:S2CID 5042:S2CID 4958:S2CID 4950:JSTOR 4911:S2CID 4868:S2CID 4730:(PDF) 4719:S2CID 4697:(PDF) 4547:(2). 3354:Acari 3054:Italy 2814:Caddo 2780:?) — 2670:indet 2323:amber 1187:Texas 738:fecal 730:fungi 703:Mites 661:skink 616:tibia 482:venom 313:, or 291:order 6783:4428 6755:NCBI 6729:ITIS 6690:GBIF 6651:EPPO 6617:2405 6599:BOLD 6448:PMID 6401:2014 6367:ISBN 6340:PMID 6322:ISSN 6281:PMID 6263:ISSN 6214:PMID 6206:ISSN 6145:ISSN 6109:ISSN 6017:PMID 5920:ISBN 5569:ISSN 5509:ISSN 5453:ISSN 5382:ISBN 5330:PMID 5238:ISBN 5207:PMID 4999:ISSN 4827:ISBN 4777:PMID 4675:PMID 4600:ISBN 4575:PMID 4557:ISSN 4517:PMID 4509:ISSN 4468:PMID 4414:PMID 4358:ISBN 3291:s.l. 3050:Rome 2963:) — 2826:) — 2759:) — 2394:and 1179:and 1134:and 1112:All 960:and 883:and 663:tail 632:eggs 564:and 478:oval 285:The 60:PreꞒ 6742:NBN 6695:907 6643:249 6638:EoL 6630:3Q2 6625:CoL 6576:AFD 6438:PMC 6430:doi 6426:272 6330:PMC 6312:doi 6271:PMC 6253:doi 6196:doi 6137:doi 6133:174 6099:doi 6095:105 6009:doi 5561:doi 5501:doi 5445:doi 5322:doi 5271:doi 5199:doi 5195:121 5161:doi 5119:doi 5077:doi 5034:doi 4989:doi 4942:doi 4903:doi 4860:doi 4856:151 4769:doi 4711:doi 4665:doi 4565:PMC 4549:doi 4499:doi 4458:doi 4404:doi 3022:?) 2339:or 1262:An 1250:. 472:or 460:or 293:of 6841:: 6819:: 6806:: 6793:: 6780:: 6757:: 6744:: 6731:: 6718:: 6705:: 6692:: 6679:: 6666:: 6653:: 6640:: 6627:: 6614:: 6601:: 6578:: 6563:: 6548:: 6446:. 6436:. 6424:. 6418:. 6390:. 6361:. 6338:. 6328:. 6320:. 6306:. 6302:. 6279:. 6269:. 6261:. 6247:. 6243:. 6220:. 6212:. 6204:. 6192:31 6190:. 6186:. 6151:. 6143:. 6131:. 6107:. 6093:. 6089:. 6062:.) 6023:. 6015:. 6007:. 5997:96 5995:. 5989:. 5974:^ 5962:. 5837:^ 5825:^ 5820:4. 5794:^ 5782:^ 5757:^ 5713:^ 5683:^ 5653:^ 5640:^ 5589:^ 5575:. 5567:. 5559:. 5549:14 5547:. 5543:. 5529:^ 5515:. 5507:. 5497:40 5495:. 5491:. 5459:. 5451:. 5441:30 5439:. 5435:. 5405:^ 5350:^ 5336:. 5328:. 5320:. 5310:. 5300:31 5298:. 5285:^ 5267:16 5265:. 5261:. 5213:. 5205:. 5193:. 5181:^ 5167:. 5157:34 5155:. 5151:. 5139:^ 5125:. 5115:81 5113:. 5097:^ 5083:. 5075:. 5065:36 5063:. 5040:. 5032:. 5022:37 5020:. 4997:. 4985:13 4983:. 4979:. 4956:. 4948:. 4938:37 4936:. 4932:. 4909:. 4901:. 4891:13 4889:. 4866:. 4854:. 4775:. 4765:34 4763:. 4759:. 4745:^ 4717:. 4707:31 4705:. 4699:. 4673:. 4663:. 4653:24 4651:. 4647:. 4622:. 4573:. 4563:. 4555:. 4545:39 4543:. 4539:. 4515:. 4507:. 4495:68 4493:. 4489:. 4466:. 4456:. 4444:. 4440:. 4426:^ 4412:. 4402:. 4392:24 4390:. 4386:. 4372:^ 4352:. 4328:^ 4307:. 4283:. 4258:. 3052:, 2763:, 2740:. 2724:, 2680:, 2661:, 2642:, 2623:, 2522:, 2461:, 2362:. 2325:. 1430:. 1410:, 1381:. 1364:. 1325:, 1315:, 1215:, 1211:, 1207:, 1203:, 1199:, 1189:. 1138:. 1130:, 1126:, 943:, 931:, 919:. 849:. 841:, 813:. 764:, 745:. 634:. 348:. 333:, 329:, 325:, 309:, 305:, 297:, 125:– 110:Pg 54:Ma 6454:. 6432:: 6403:. 6375:. 6346:. 6314:: 6308:5 6287:. 6255:: 6249:2 6228:. 6198:: 6159:. 6139:: 6115:. 6101:: 6045:. 6011:: 6003:: 5968:. 5928:. 5583:. 5563:: 5555:: 5523:. 5503:: 5467:. 5447:: 5390:. 5344:. 5324:: 5306:: 5279:. 5273:: 5246:. 5221:. 5201:: 5175:. 5163:: 5133:. 5121:: 5091:. 5079:: 5071:: 5048:. 5036:: 5028:: 5005:. 4991:: 4964:. 4944:: 4917:. 4905:: 4897:: 4874:. 4862:: 4835:. 4808:. 4783:. 4771:: 4739:. 4713:: 4681:. 4667:: 4659:: 4632:. 4581:. 4551:: 4523:. 4501:: 4474:. 4460:: 4452:: 4446:2 4420:. 4406:: 4398:: 4366:. 4322:. 4293:. 4268:. 3529:e 3522:t 3515:v 3092:e 3085:t 3078:v 3060:) 3056:( 3018:( 2971:) 2526:) 2480:( 2465:) 2457:( 1100:( 643:( 594:( 546:( 532:( 416:) 262:† 115:N 105:K 100:J 95:T 90:P 85:C 80:D 75:S 70:O 65:Ꞓ 38:. 20:)

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