523:, shares several features in common with Cyphophthalmi, and these two suborders may represent sister taxa. They are grouped into the following infraorders: Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi. The Boreophthalmi and Sternophthalmi together form a monophyletic clade, and comprise 5 of the 6 families of Cyphphthalmi. The Scopulophthalmi, with only 1 family, the Pettalidae, forms the sister group to all the other families. Within the Sternophthalmi, the families Ogoveidae and Neogoveidae are most closely related, and form the superfamily Ogoveoidea, which is the sister group to the family Troglosironidae. The systematics of the Boreophthalmi, however, is not yet fully resolved. In one recent analysis, the Boreophthalmi were recovered as paraphyletic with respect to the Sternophthalmi. Even within the Boreophthalmi, the Sironidae has been recovered either as sister family to Stylocellidae, or as paraphyletic with respect to Stylocellidae. In addition, there are 3 genera of Cyphophthalmi with uncertain affinities that have not been placed in any family or infraorder.
495:. It was also assigned to Sironidae but is now thought to belong to Stylocellidae (a more typical Asian family). As the fossil record for Cyphophthalmi is so sparse, recent studies have attempted to predict the diversification time of the suborder by using molecular clocks and comparing gene sequences among living taxa. One 2012 study estimated the earliest diversification of the suborder at approximately 332 MYA, in the Carboniferous. Another study, in 2014, recovered a diversification age of approximately 340 MYA. A more recent study in 2017, however, recovered the diversification of the modern Cyphophthalmi lineages to have occurred more recently, during the Jurassic, with the emergence of the suborder as a whole at less than 300 MYA.
111:
322:
depending on species. The function of the adenostyle is currently unknown, but is presumably associated with chemical glands. Aside from the adenostyle, males in many species possess glandular pores on either the underside of the opisthosoma or the anal region, although these glands are not present in all species. Males in several families also possess structural modifications of the anal plate and males of certain species in the family
Stylocellidae possess a modified patch of cuticle near the adenostyle known as the Rambla's organ. The exact function of these glands and structures is currently unknown.
132:
305:, a structure which is not inserted inside the female, but used to deposit a spermatophore. In addition, they are the only harvestmen to lack a genital operculum, and instead exhibit a completely open gonopore. Mating in Cyphophthalmi is not well studied, but in some species at least, males and females do engage in direct contact. They further differ from most harvestmen in that the first 8 opisthosomal tergites and the prosomal carapace are fused together in what is known as a
301:
members of most families are eyeless, most members of the families
Pettalidae and Stylocellidae do have eyes located on or near the ozophores. These eyes, however, are not homologous to the eyes of other harvestmen, and are instead derived from ancestral lateral eyes, instead of ancestral median eyes, as is the case for other harvestmen. The male genitalia of Cyphophthalmi is unique among harvestmen, as males lack a true penis, and instead have a short
1826:
1814:
330:
Like most harvestmen, Cyphophthalmi rely heavily on chemical secretions for defense. This defensive character is particularly well developed in
Cyphophthalmi, when compared to the more familiar Eupnoi and Dyspnoi. Cyphophthalmi possess more elaborate musculature associated with the defensive glands
908:
The
Cyphophthalmi are currently represented by the following taxa, which represent approximately 200 species, although there are a significant number of undescribed species that have been collected, and the current number of species is believed to be a severe under-representation. The monophyly of
899:
Originally, Cyphophthalmi was recognized as a single family consisting of two subfamilies, Sironini and
Stylocellini. This classification scheme existed until 1980, when a new taxonomy was proposed, separating 5 families into the now-defunct infraorders Temperophthalmi (consisting of Petallidae,
321:
Like most animals, Cyphophthalmi express morphological distinctions between male and female individuals. Male
Cyphophthalmi possess a structure on their fourth pair of tarsi known as an adenostyle. The adenostyle usually appears as a small hornlike projection, but can take a variety of shapes,
300:
Cyphophthalmi differ from other harvestmen in a number of key ways. Like all harvestmen, they have a pair of ozopores located on the sides of the prosoma. Unlike other harvestmen, however, the ozopores in
Cyphophthalmi are located on elevated cone-shaped structures known as ozophores. Although
900:
Sironidae and, later, Troglosironidae) and
Tropicophthalmi (consisting of Stylocellidae, Ogoveidae and Neogoveidae). These two infraorders were never recovered as monophyletic in subsequent studies, and, following a 2012 phylogenetic analysis, a new Cyphophthalmi taxonomy was proposed.
288:. Many Cyphophthalmi are eyeless, and presumably rely on olfactory cues to find food and mates. Very little is known about their behavior, though they likely subsist mostly by scavenging and preying on minute arthropods. They have low dispersal rates and consequently high
275:
Cyphophthalmi are smaller than the more familiar "daddy long-legs" harvestmen, with adults ranging from 1 to 7 mm in length. Moreover, their legs are relatively short compared to most other harvestmen, typically shorter than the body. Some superficially resemble
1632:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Benavides, Ligia R.; Merino-Sáinz, Izaskun (2017-08-30). "The systematics and biogeography of the mite harvestman family
Sironidae (Arachnida : Opiliones : Cyphophthalmi) with the description of five new species".
1398:
Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2014. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In
Platnick, N. I. (ed.) The world spider catalog, version 15.0 American Museum of Natural History, online at
267:. Cyphophthalmi comprises 36 genera, and more than two hundred described species. The six families are currently grouped into three infraorders: the Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi.
343:, where they probably also once lived. As they did not disperse onto any oceanic islands, and it is believed that they did not travel between separate landmasses, they make an interesting subject for
1152:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Sharma, Prashant P.; Benavides, Ligia R.; Boyer, Sarah L.; Clouse, Ronald M.; De Bivort, Benjamin L.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Kawauchi, Gisele Y.; Murienne, Jerome (2012-01-01).
1676:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Boyer, Sarah L.; Baker, Caitlin M.; Fernández, Rosa; Sharma, Prashant P.; de Bivort, Benjamin L.; Daniels, Savel R.; Harvey, Mark S.; Griswold, Charles E. (2016-11-01).
280:, which is where they get their common name. Their coloration is almost always some shade of brown, with a heavily sclerotized body, and they are quite inconspicuous, residing in
1370:"An Illustrated Catalogue Of The South American Species Of The Cyphophthalmid Family Neogoveidae (Arthropoda, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) With A Report On 37 Undescribed Species"
331:
than other harvestmen, and the secretions, which primarily consist of a variety of naphthoquinones and ketones, are thought to be more potent than in Eupnoi and Dyspnoi.
1154:"Evolutionary and biogeographical history of an ancient and global group of arachnids (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi) with a new taxonomic arrangement"
957:
1730:
1799:
1245:
937:
2390:
947:
909:
most subgroups of Cyphophthalmi is well supported, although both Boreophthalmi and Sironidae have been recovered as paraphyletic in recent analyses.
2309:
2415:
2299:
2246:
1923:
973:
224:
2375:
2327:
1678:"A molecular phylogeny of the temperate Gondwanan family Pettalidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) and the limits of taxonomic sampling"
2739:
2509:
2395:
2304:
1074:
516:
2370:
1323:"The Chemical Defenses of a Stylocellid (Arachnida, Opiliones, Stylocellidae) from Sulawesi with Comparisons to Other Cyphophthalmi"
2726:
1830:
2731:
1858:
435:
shows the largest diversity of cyphophthalmids among countries in South America. This could reflect the large number of
1227:
2692:
2744:
1579:"A new species of Metagovea Rosas Costa, 1950 from Napo Province, Ecuador (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Neogoveidae)"
2705:
1818:
1532:
Shultz, Jeffrey W. & Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo (2007): Morphology and Functional Anatomy. In: Pinto-da-Rocha
1761:
1119:
2805:
131:
2625:
1266:"A Paleozoic Stem Group to Mite Harvestmen Revealed through Integration of Phylogenetics and Development"
110:
1778:
Dunlop, Jason A. & Mitov, Plamen G. The first fossil cyphophthalmid harvestman from Baltic amber.
2754:
2616:
1851:
1400:
2767:
1478:"The Opiliones tree of life: shedding light on harvestmen relationships through transcriptomics"
2578:
1242:
1217:
2777:
2762:
2674:
1114:
1550:: A remarkable new cyphophthalmid from a limestone cave in Kenya (Arachnida, Opiliones)".
1476:
Fernández, Rosa; Sharma, Prashant P.; Tourinho, Ana Lúcia; Giribet, Gonzalo (2017-02-22).
8:
2800:
1786:
503:
Cyphophthalmi is one of the two major lineages of harvestmen; the other, containing the
2047:
2029:
1844:
1753:
1731:"The first fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany"
1707:
1658:
1609:
1510:
1477:
1448:
1413:
1350:
1342:
1303:
1183:
126:
2661:
2630:
2256:
2093:
2083:
2055:
2037:
1699:
1650:
1614:
1596:
1515:
1497:
1453:
1435:
1369:
1295:
1287:
1223:
1175:
1170:
1153:
1757:
1711:
1662:
1354:
1307:
1187:
2238:
1745:
1689:
1642:
1604:
1586:
1559:
1505:
1489:
1443:
1425:
1381:
1334:
1277:
1165:
1322:
2666:
2522:
2261:
2218:
2169:
1986:
1948:
1249:
1060:
1014:
229:
99:
208:
2700:
2687:
2601:
2481:
2445:
2420:
2223:
2213:
2088:
1968:
1045:
439:
found there, but could also be due to a high rate of sampling in this country.
234:
1282:
1265:
2794:
2491:
2453:
2365:
2357:
2164:
2154:
2141:
2004:
1936:
1703:
1654:
1600:
1591:
1501:
1439:
1430:
1291:
1179:
998:
923:
520:
492:
425:
410:
379:
347:. Each of the six currently recognized families has a distinct distribution:
62:
1836:
1578:
2517:
2499:
2435:
2425:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2337:
2251:
2205:
2196:
2159:
2149:
1618:
1519:
1493:
1457:
1299:
383:
344:
310:
243:
1577:
Kury, Adriano Brilhante; Giupponi, Alessandro Ponce de LeĂŁo (2015-01-26).
1385:
2713:
2640:
2610:
2532:
2527:
2319:
2286:
2277:
2228:
2075:
2060:
1976:
1083:
395:
281:
173:
37:
2653:
1346:
2542:
2380:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2294:
2185:
2098:
1956:
1029:
504:
488:
484:
458:
356:
340:
260:
82:
47:
2718:
1694:
1677:
1338:
1243:
Cyphophthalmi Research page at Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology
2537:
2471:
2463:
2430:
2385:
2123:
2065:
1981:
1931:
1901:
1889:
1883:
1563:
1093:
988:
455:
436:
391:
387:
193:
163:
143:
87:
31:
2572:
1646:
2648:
2595:
2476:
2131:
1825:
1749:
1216:
Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Machado, Glauco; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007).
465:. A slightly older representative of this genus was described from
432:
418:
399:
339:
Cyphophthalmids are found on all continents, with the exception of
289:
183:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
2020:
508:
462:
369:
365:
92:
67:
2679:
309:, although this feature is also known from the unrelated family
2114:
1877:
1813:
512:
466:
406:
373:
153:
1475:
1401:
http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html
1321:
Jones, Tappey H.; Shear, William A.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2009).
414:
352:
1631:
1215:
1414:"A revised dated phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones"
1151:
285:
277:
1675:
1482:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1368:
Benavides Silva, Ligia; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007-06-18).
1367:
364:
Neogoveidae: found in Neotropical ecosystems between
447:
A fossil cyphophthalmid assigned to a modern genus,
1320:
2792:
1898:
1412:Sharma, Prashant P.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2014).
1866:
1852:
1728:
1411:
1576:
1729:Dunlop, Jason A.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2003).
361:Ogoveidae: found exclusively in West Africa
1859:
1845:
1526:
109:
1798:Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology:
1693:
1682:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1608:
1590:
1509:
1447:
1429:
1281:
1169:
1158:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1263:
2793:
894:
424:Troglosironidae: found exclusively in
295:
2577:
2576:
1840:
1545:
883:Recovered by Fernandez et al. (2017)
316:
16:Suborder of harvestmen/daddy longlegs
2755:672e1cf5-4fac-4c3c-ac64-feff9fddad17
2706:6966b65c-85a5-4510-b631-fd7eb7094325
1471:
1469:
1467:
1259:
1257:
1219:Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
927:Karaman, Mitov & Snegovaya, 2024
454:(Sironidae), was described from the
325:
1806:
903:
702:Recovered by Giribet et al. (2012)
13:
1722:
1264:Garwood, Russell J. (2014-05-05).
14:
2817:
1791:
1464:
1254:
1194:
1132:
1824:
1812:
1171:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01774.x
498:
442:
130:
35:
1669:
1625:
1570:
1539:
334:
1405:
1392:
1361:
1314:
1236:
483:, has been described from the
405:Sironidae: found in temperate
270:
1:
1120:List of Cyphophthalmi species
250:6 families, > 200 species
1780:Arachnologische Mitteilungen
1222:. Harvard University Press.
1125:
372:, and in western equatorial
7:
1800:Cyphophthalmi Research page
1108:
889:
10:
2822:
1738:The Journal of Arachnology
1327:The Journal of Arachnology
452:Dunlop & Giribet, 2003
351:Stylocellidae: found from
2585:
2508:
2490:
2462:
2444:
2356:
2318:
2285:
2274:
2237:
2204:
2193:
2182:
2140:
2122:
2111:
2074:
2046:
2028:
2017:
1995:
1965:
1945:
1920:
1909:
1872:
1867:Extant Opiliones Families
1552:American Museum Novitates
1283:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.039
1002:Hanson and Sørenson, 1904
830:
808:
795:
788:
780:
766:
759:
746:
739:
726:
718:
658:
636:
623:
616:
608:
585:
572:
565:
557:
544:
536:
249:
242:
221:
216:
127:Scientific classification
125:
117:
108:
23:
1635:Invertebrate Systematics
1592:10.3897/zookeys.477.8706
1431:10.3389/fgene.2014.00255
942:Shear & Gruber, 1996
519:. The extinct suborder,
474:Dunlop & Mitov, 2011
263:, colloquially known as
1089:(11 genera, 40 species)
1035:(11 genera, 80 species)
1004:(6 genera , 41 species)
1494:10.1098/rspb.2016.2340
994:(9 genera, 60 species)
2763:Paleobiology Database
1546:Shear, W.A. (1985). "
1418:Frontiers in Genetics
1386:10.5281/zenodo.177215
1066:(1 genus, 17 species)
478:Palaeosiro burmanicum
378:Pettalidae: found in
2701:Fauna Europaea (new)
1821:at Wikimedia Commons
1115:Harvestman phylogeny
1099:(1 genus, 3 species)
929:(1 genus, 3 species)
2806:Arthropod suborders
895:History of taxonomy
296:Diagnostic features
2048:Ischyropsalidoidea
2030:Acropsopilionoidea
1488:(1849): 20162340.
1248:2010-07-16 at the
958:Sheargovea mexasca
476:. A third fossil,
417:, demonstrating a
398:, demonstrating a
317:Sexual dimorphisms
2788:
2787:
2579:Taxon identifiers
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2270:
2269:
2257:Synthetonychiidae
2178:
2177:
2107:
2106:
2094:Nipponopsalididae
2084:Dicranolasmatidae
2056:Ischyropsalididae
2038:Acropsopilionidae
2013:
2012:
1817:Media related to
1695:10.1111/zoj.12419
1339:10.1636/sh08-48.1
1098:
1088:
1079:
1065:
1050:
1034:
1019:
1003:
993:
978:
963:
953:
943:
928:
887:
886:
877:
876:
868:
867:
859:
858:
850:
849:
841:
840:
819:
818:
706:
705:
696:
695:
687:
686:
678:
677:
669:
668:
647:
646:
596:
595:
482:
475:
461:amber of eastern
453:
449:Siro platypedibus
326:Chemical defenses
259:is a suborder of
254:
253:
212:
103:
2813:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2574:
2573:
2283:
2282:
2239:Triaenonychoidea
2202:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2120:
2119:
2026:
2025:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1829:Data related to
1828:
1816:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1760:. Archived from
1735:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1594:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1433:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1285:
1276:(9): 1017–1023.
1261:
1252:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1192:
1191:
1173:
1149:
1096:
1086:
1077:
1063:
1048:
1032:
1017:
1001:
991:
976:
961:
951:
941:
938:Ankaratra franzi
926:
904:Current taxonomy
832:Troglosironidae
791:
790:
783:
782:
762:
761:
742:
741:
724:Scopulophthalmi
721:
720:
713:
712:
708:
707:
660:Troglosironidae
619:
618:
611:
610:
568:
567:
560:
559:
542:Scopulophthalmi
539:
538:
531:
530:
526:
525:
480:
473:
469:Baltic amber as
451:
307:scutum completum
207:
135:
134:
113:
98:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2547:
2523:Fissiphalliidae
2504:
2486:
2458:
2440:
2391:Cryptogeobiidae
2352:
2314:
2276:
2266:
2262:Triaenonychidae
2233:
2219:Cryptomastridae
2195:
2184:
2174:
2170:Sclerosomatidae
2136:
2113:
2103:
2070:
2042:
2019:
2009:
1997:
1991:
1987:Troglosironidae
1967:
1961:
1949:Scopulophthalmi
1947:
1941:
1922:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1868:
1865:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1733:
1725:
1723:Further reading
1720:
1719:
1674:
1670:
1647:10.1071/IS16086
1630:
1626:
1575:
1571:
1548:Marwe coarctata
1544:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1474:
1465:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1366:
1362:
1319:
1315:
1270:Current Biology
1262:
1255:
1250:Wayback Machine
1241:
1237:
1230:
1214:
1195:
1150:
1133:
1128:
1111:
1106:
1061:Troglosironidae
1015:Scopulophthalmi
948:Marwe coarctata
906:
897:
892:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
820:
778:Sternophthalmi
697:
688:
679:
670:
648:
606:Sternophthalmi
597:
501:
445:
337:
328:
319:
303:spermatopositor
298:
273:
265:mite harvestmen
230:Scopulophthalmi
206:
129:
104:
100:Late Cretaceous
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2759:
2749:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2688:Fauna Europaea
2684:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2635:
2622:
2607:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2482:Stygnommatidae
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2446:Phalangodoidea
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Otilioleptidae
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2310:Trionyxellidae
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2224:Paranonychidae
2221:
2216:
2214:Cladonychiidae
2210:
2208:
2199:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Nemastomatidae
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1969:Sternophthalmi
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1915:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1833:at Wikispecies
1822:
1808:
1807:External links
1805:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1792:External links
1790:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1750:10.1636/h03-03
1744:(3): 371–381.
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1688:(3): 523–545.
1668:
1641:(4): 456–491.
1624:
1569:
1538:
1525:
1463:
1404:
1391:
1360:
1333:(2): 147–150.
1313:
1253:
1235:
1228:
1193:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1052:
1051:
1046:Sternophthalmi
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
995:
980:
979:
970:
969:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:
954:
944:
931:
930:
916:incertae sedis
914:Cyphophthalmi
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
891:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
875:
874:
871:
870:
866:
865:
862:
861:
857:
856:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
835:
834:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
817:
816:
813:
812:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
794:
789:
787:
781:
779:
775:
774:
771:
770:
765:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
748:Stylocellidae
745:
740:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
725:
719:
717:
716:Cyphophthalmi
711:
704:
703:
699:
698:
694:
693:
690:
689:
685:
684:
681:
680:
676:
675:
672:
671:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
645:
644:
641:
640:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
622:
617:
615:
609:
607:
603:
602:
599:
598:
594:
593:
590:
589:
587:Stylocellidae
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
571:
566:
564:
563:Boreophthalmi
558:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
537:
535:
534:Cyphophthalmi
529:
515:, is known as
500:
497:
444:
441:
430:
429:
422:
403:
376:
362:
359:
336:
333:
327:
324:
318:
315:
297:
294:
272:
269:
252:
251:
247:
246:
240:
239:
238:
237:
235:Sternophthalmi
232:
227:
219:
218:
214:
213:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
115:
114:
106:
105:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2818:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2631:Cyphophthalmi
2627:
2623:
2618:
2617:Cyphophthalmi
2612:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2587:Cyphophthalmi
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2492:Sandokanoidea
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2454:Phalangodidae
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Nomoclastidae
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Agoristenidae
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2358:Gonyleptoidea
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Pyramidopidae
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Buemarinoidae
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Protolophidae
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Neopilionidae
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2142:Phalangioidea
2139:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2005:Parasironidae
2003:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:Stylocellidae
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1924:Boreophthalmi
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Cyphophthalmi
1908:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1832:
1831:Cyphophthalmi
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:Cyphophthalmi
1815:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1767:on 2021-03-01
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1585:(477): 1–15.
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1229:9780674023437
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1164:(1): 92–130.
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1049:Giribet, 2012
1047:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1018:Giribet, 2012
1016:
1012:
1011:
1000:
999:Stylocellidae
996:
990:
986:
985:
984:
983:
982:
981:
977:Giribet, 2012
975:
974:Boreophthalmi
971:
962:Giribet, 2011
960:
959:
955:
950:
949:
945:
940:
939:
935:
934:
933:
932:
925:
924:Parasironidae
921:
920:
919:
918:
917:
913:
912:
910:
901:
882:
881:
873:
872:
864:
863:
855:
854:
846:
845:
837:
836:
833:
828:
827:
824:
823:
815:
814:
811:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
793:
792:
785:
784:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
764:
763:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
744:
743:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
723:
722:
715:
714:
710:
709:
701:
700:
692:
691:
683:
682:
674:
673:
665:
664:
661:
656:
655:
652:
651:
643:
642:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
621:
620:
613:
612:
605:
604:
601:
600:
592:
591:
588:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
570:
569:
562:
561:
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
533:
532:
528:
527:
524:
522:
521:Tetrophthalmi
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:Relationships
496:
494:
493:Burmese amber
490:
486:
479:
472:
471:Siro balticus
468:
464:
460:
457:
450:
443:Fossil record
440:
438:
434:
427:
426:New Caledonia
423:
420:
416:
412:
411:North America
408:
404:
402:distribution.
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:South America
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
358:
354:
350:
349:
348:
346:
342:
332:
323:
314:
312:
308:
304:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
268:
266:
262:
258:
257:Cyphophthalmi
248:
245:
241:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:Boreophthalmi
223:
222:
220:
215:
210:
205:
204:Cyphophthalmi
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
24:Cyphophthalmi
22:
19:
2586:
2569:
2518:Escadabiidae
2500:Sandokanidae
2436:Stygnopsidae
2426:Prostygnidae
2411:Metasarcidae
2406:Manaosbiidae
2401:Gonyleptidae
2376:Askawachidae
2338:Petrobunidae
2328:Beloniscidae
2252:Lomanellidae
2206:Travunioidea
2197:Insidiatores
2160:Phalangiidae
2150:Globipedidae
1912:
1782:
1779:
1769:. Retrieved
1762:the original
1741:
1737:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1582:
1572:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1485:
1481:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1394:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1273:
1269:
1238:
1218:
1161:
1157:
1073:Superfamily
956:
946:
936:
915:
907:
898:
831:
809:
797:Neogoveidae
796:
767:
747:
727:
659:
637:
625:Neogoveidae
624:
586:
573:
545:
502:
481:Poinar, 2008
477:
470:
448:
446:
431:
421:distribution
384:South Africa
345:biogeography
338:
335:Distribution
329:
320:
311:Sandokanidae
306:
302:
299:
274:
264:
256:
255:
217:Infraorders
203:
118:
18:
2714:iNaturalist
2611:Wikispecies
2533:Icaleptidae
2528:Guasiniidae
2510:Zalmoxoidea
2396:Gerdesiidae
2320:Epedanoidea
2305:Suthepiidae
2287:Assamioidea
2278:Grassatores
2229:Travuniidae
2076:Troguloidea
2061:Sabaconidae
1977:Neogoveidae
1097:Shear, 1980
1087:Shear, 1980
1084:Neogoveidae
1078:Shear, 1980
1064:Shear, 1993
1044:Infraorder
1033:Shear, 1980
1013:Infraorder
992:Simon, 1879
972:Infraorder
952:Shear, 1985
786:Ogoveoidea
728:Pettalidae
614:Ogoveoidea
546:Pettalidae
396:New Zealand
282:leaf litter
271:Description
174:Chelicerata
170:Subphylum:
2801:Harvestmen
2795:Categories
2543:Zalmoxidae
2381:Cosmetidae
2348:Tithaeidae
2343:Podoctidae
2333:Epedanidae
2295:Assamiidae
2275:Infraorder
2194:Infraorder
2186:Laniatores
2099:Trogulidae
1996:Infraorder
1966:Infraorder
1957:Pettalidae
1946:Infraorder
1921:Infraorder
1884:Arthropoda
1771:2007-08-26
1536:2007: 15ff
1075:Ogoveoidea
1030:Pettalidae
810:Ogoveidae
768:Sironidae
638:Ogoveidae
574:Sironidae
517:Phalangida
505:Laniatores
489:Cenomanian
485:Cretaceous
459:Bitterfeld
437:ecosystems
357:New Guinea
341:Antarctica
261:harvestmen
200:Suborder:
164:Arthropoda
30:99–0
2538:Kimulidae
2472:Biantidae
2464:Samooidea
2431:Stygnidae
2386:Cranaidae
2371:Ampycidae
2124:Caddoidea
2066:Taracidae
1982:Ogoveidae
1932:Sironidae
1902:Opiliones
1890:Arachnida
1876:Kingdom:
1704:1096-3642
1655:1447-2600
1601:1313-2970
1564:2246/3584
1502:0962-8452
1440:1664-8021
1292:0960-9822
1180:1095-8312
1126:Footnotes
1094:Ogoveidae
989:Sironidae
456:Oligocene
419:Laurasian
400:Gondwanan
392:Australia
388:Sri Lanka
244:Diversity
194:Opiliones
184:Arachnida
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
121:sp., USA
2649:BugGuide
2638:BioLib:
2602:Q1953074
2596:Wikidata
2477:Samoidae
2183:Suborder
2132:Caddidae
2112:Suborder
2018:Suborder
1998:(Indet.)
1910:Suborder
1882:Phylum:
1878:Animalia
1785:: 47-54
1758:55761131
1712:49331211
1663:90781847
1619:25685003
1520:28228511
1458:25120562
1355:86547414
1347:40233821
1308:14841693
1300:24726154
1246:Archived
1188:86347821
1109:See also
890:Taxonomy
433:Colombia
290:endemism
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
102:-Present
2778:4976776
2732:1012396
2680:9067815
2021:Dyspnoi
1888:Class:
1610:4319056
1583:ZooKeys
1558:: 1–6.
1511:5326524
1449:4112917
1424:: 255.
1374:Zootaxa
1092:Family
1082:Family
1059:Family
1028:Family
997:Family
987:Family
922:Family
509:Dyspnoi
491:) aged
463:Germany
370:Ecuador
366:Florida
190:Order:
180:Class:
2775:uBio:
2768:184813
2752:NZOR:
2719:202279
2654:253973
2115:Eupnoi
1899:Order
1756:
1710:
1702:
1661:
1653:
1617:
1607:
1599:
1534:et al.
1518:
1508:
1500:
1456:
1446:
1438:
1353:
1345:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1226:
1186:
1178:
513:Eupnoi
467:Eocene
413:, and
407:Europe
374:Africa
284:or in
211:, 1879
2745:43277
2693:16022
2641:18895
1765:(PDF)
1754:S2CID
1734:(PDF)
1708:S2CID
1659:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1343:JSTOR
1304:S2CID
1184:S2CID
415:Japan
353:India
286:caves
278:mites
209:Simon
2740:NCBI
2727:ITIS
1700:ISSN
1651:ISSN
1615:PMID
1597:ISSN
1556:2830
1516:PMID
1498:ISSN
1454:PMID
1436:ISSN
1378:1509
1296:PMID
1288:ISSN
1224:ISBN
1176:ISSN
511:and
394:and
368:and
119:Siro
38:Preęž’
2675:EoL
2667:4D7
2662:CoL
2626:AFD
1746:doi
1690:doi
1686:178
1643:doi
1605:PMC
1587:doi
1560:hdl
1506:PMC
1490:doi
1486:284
1444:PMC
1426:doi
1382:doi
1335:doi
1278:doi
1166:doi
1162:105
355:to
2797::
2765::
2742::
2729::
2716::
2703::
2690::
2677::
2664::
2651::
2628::
2613::
2598::
1783:40
1752:.
1742:31
1740:.
1736:.
1706:.
1698:.
1684:.
1680:.
1657:.
1649:.
1639:31
1637:.
1613:.
1603:.
1595:.
1581:.
1554:.
1514:.
1504:.
1496:.
1484:.
1480:.
1466:^
1452:.
1442:.
1434:.
1420:.
1416:.
1380:.
1376:.
1372:.
1349:.
1341:.
1331:37
1329:.
1325:.
1302:.
1294:.
1286:.
1274:24
1272:.
1268:.
1256:^
1196:^
1182:.
1174:.
1160:.
1156:.
1134:^
507:,
409:,
390:,
386:,
382:,
313:.
292:.
88:Pg
32:Ma
1860:e
1853:t
1846:v
1774:.
1748::
1714:.
1692::
1665:.
1645::
1621:.
1589::
1566:.
1562::
1522:.
1492::
1460:.
1428::
1422:5
1388:.
1384::
1357:.
1337::
1310:.
1280::
1232:.
1190:.
1168::
487:(
428:.
93:N
83:K
78:J
73:T
68:P
63:C
58:D
53:S
48:O
43:ęž’
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
