102:
122:
458:
Distribution of subunits of
Laniatores is very interesting from the biogeographic point of view. The Travunioidea are typical of northern temperate regions while the Triaenonychoidea make their counterpart in the southern temperate regions. The other superfamilies are tropical, with many noteworthy
265:
with over 4,200 described species worldwide. The majority of the species are highly dependent on humid environments and usually correlated with tropical and temperate forest habitats.
1015:
934:
450:
Definitions and limits of superfamilies are still in a state of flux. The largest by far is the
Gonyleptoidea, with over 2,000 described species.
1040:
924:
871:
548:
300:
1000:
952:
327:. Some of the sclerites are movable, with a single penial muscle present. For the most part, the penis is without muscles, instead working by
1398:
1134:
1020:
929:
439:
241:
995:
1385:
101:
1390:
483:
1239:
1351:
268:
Laniatores are typically (relatively) short-legged, hard-plated, spiny
Opiliones, common under logs and stones, in
1403:
1364:
1472:
121:
1413:
1467:
476:
1439:
1250:
1434:
1426:
1333:
1288:
280:
and paired or branched claws on the third and fourth pairs of legs. The largest family is
8:
1462:
672:
654:
469:
116:
1421:
1320:
1235:
881:
718:
708:
680:
662:
291:, with over 800 valid species and showing many cases of maternal and paternal care.
1325:
863:
365:
217:
198:
1147:
886:
843:
794:
611:
573:
320:
319:
is short and unsegmented (derived character state shared with the
Dyspnoi). The
1359:
1346:
1106:
1070:
1045:
848:
838:
713:
593:
412:
229:
1456:
1273:
1116:
1078:
990:
982:
789:
779:
766:
629:
561:
537:
430:
403:
245:
237:
59:
461:
1142:
1124:
1060:
1050:
1035:
1030:
1025:
962:
876:
830:
821:
784:
774:
356:
349:
341:
281:
213:
1372:
1299:
1282:
1157:
1152:
944:
911:
902:
853:
700:
685:
601:
394:
385:
376:
269:
225:
221:
163:
34:
1312:
1167:
1005:
972:
967:
957:
919:
723:
581:
316:
312:
288:
79:
44:
1377:
1162:
1096:
1088:
1055:
1010:
748:
690:
606:
556:
526:
514:
508:
421:
328:
308:
262:
233:
183:
153:
133:
84:
1244:
1307:
1267:
1101:
756:
324:
304:
277:
258:
173:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
645:
89:
64:
1338:
739:
502:
143:
273:
1231:(eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones.
315:
is usually robust and armed with strong spines. The
1229:Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G.
1454:
523:
459:endemisms and transcontinental relationships.
491:
477:
484:
470:
453:
311:entirely fused with abdominal scutum. The
100:
1455:
1249:
1248:
465:
303:consists of a single piece, with the
16:Suborder of harvestmen/daddy longlegs
1414:80ffe92c-2879-4330-9934-80f78ff3af54
1365:61d54048-309e-4d5e-a2b8-a2dfd5a7d4c0
13:
14:
1484:
294:
120:
32:
257:is the largest suborder of the
1205:
360:Absolon & Kratochvil, 1932
1:
1222:
1198:
7:
10:
1489:
334:
1257:
1133:
1115:
1087:
1069:
981:
943:
910:
899:
862:
829:
818:
807:
765:
747:
736:
699:
671:
653:
642:
620:
590:
570:
545:
534:
497:
492:Extant Opiliones Families
434:Ă–zdikmen & Kury, 2007
211:
206:
117:Scientific classification
115:
108:
99:
23:
1233:Harvard University Press
276:. They often have spiny
454:Geographic distribution
323:is complex, with many
1435:Paleobiology Database
1360:Fauna Europaea (new)
110:Pellobunus insularis
1473:Arthropod suborders
673:Ischyropsalidoidea
655:Acropsopilionoidea
30:Cretaceous–present
1450:
1449:
1422:Open Tree of Life
1251:Taxon identifiers
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
895:
894:
882:Synthetonychiidae
803:
802:
732:
731:
719:Nipponopsalididae
709:Dicranolasmatidae
681:Ischyropsalididae
663:Acropsopilionidae
638:
637:
444:
435:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
381:
370:
361:
347:
287:, endemic of the
286:
252:
251:
202:
1480:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1341:
1329:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1246:
1245:
1230:
1216:
1209:
908:
907:
864:Triaenonychoidea
827:
826:
816:
815:
745:
744:
651:
650:
543:
542:
532:
531:
521:
520:
486:
479:
472:
463:
462:
442:
433:
424:
415:
406:
397:
388:
379:
368:
366:Triaenonychoidea
359:
345:
284:
218:Triaenonychoidea
197:
125:
124:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1253:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1211:Pinto-da-Rocha
1210:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1172:
1148:Fissiphalliidae
1129:
1111:
1083:
1065:
1016:Cryptogeobiidae
977:
939:
901:
891:
887:Triaenonychidae
858:
844:Cryptomastridae
820:
809:
799:
795:Sclerosomatidae
761:
738:
728:
695:
667:
644:
634:
622:
616:
612:Troglosironidae
592:
586:
574:Scopulophthalmi
572:
566:
547:
536:
525:
519:
493:
490:
456:
407:Sundevall, 1833
369:Sørensen, 1886
337:
297:
285:Sundevall, 1833
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
196:
119:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1468:Cave arachnids
1465:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1347:Fauna Europaea
1343:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1294:
1279:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1107:Stygnommatidae
1104:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1071:Phalangodoidea
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:Otilioleptidae
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
947:
941:
940:
938:
937:
935:Trionyxellidae
932:
927:
922:
916:
914:
905:
897:
896:
893:
892:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
868:
866:
860:
859:
857:
856:
851:
849:Paranonychidae
846:
841:
839:Cladonychiidae
835:
833:
824:
813:
805:
804:
801:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
769:
763:
762:
760:
759:
753:
751:
742:
734:
733:
730:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
714:Nemastomatidae
711:
705:
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
688:
683:
677:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
659:
657:
648:
640:
639:
636:
635:
633:
632:
626:
624:
618:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
598:
596:
594:Sternophthalmi
588:
587:
585:
584:
578:
576:
568:
567:
565:
564:
559:
553:
551:
540:
529:
518:
517:
511:
505:
498:
495:
494:
489:
488:
481:
474:
466:
455:
452:
448:
447:
446:
445:
443:Sørensen, 1886
436:
427:
425:Sørensen, 1886
418:
413:Phalangodoidea
409:
400:
398:Sørensen, 1886
391:
389:Sørensen, 1884
373:
372:
371:
362:
336:
333:
296:
295:Identification
293:
250:
249:
230:Phalangodoidea
209:
208:
207:Superfamilies
204:
203:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
113:
112:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1485:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1240:0-674-02343-9
1237:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1117:Sandokanoidea
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1079:Phalangodidae
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Nomoclastidae
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:Agoristenidae
989:
988:
986:
984:
983:Gonyleptoidea
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
948:
946:
942:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:Pyramidopidae
923:
921:
918:
917:
915:
913:
909:
906:
904:
898:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:Buemarinoidae
870:
869:
867:
865:
861:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
834:
832:
828:
825:
823:
817:
814:
812:
806:
796:
793:
791:
790:Protolophidae
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:Neopilionidae
778:
776:
773:
772:
770:
768:
767:Phalangioidea
764:
758:
755:
754:
752:
750:
746:
743:
741:
735:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
702:
698:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
676:
674:
670:
664:
661:
660:
658:
656:
652:
649:
647:
641:
631:
630:Parasironidae
628:
627:
625:
619:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
597:
595:
589:
583:
580:
579:
577:
575:
569:
563:
562:Stylocellidae
560:
558:
555:
554:
552:
550:
549:Boreophthalmi
544:
541:
539:
538:Cyphophthalmi
533:
530:
528:
522:
516:
512:
510:
506:
504:
500:
499:
496:
487:
482:
480:
475:
473:
468:
467:
464:
460:
451:
441:
437:
432:
431:Sandokanoidea
428:
423:
419:
414:
410:
405:
404:Gonyleptoidea
401:
396:
392:
387:
383:
382:
378:
374:
367:
363:
358:
354:
353:
351:
343:
339:
338:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:dorsal scutum
292:
290:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
248:
247:
246:Gonyleptoidea
243:
239:
238:Sandokanoidea
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
123:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1258:
1232:
1212:
1207:
1194:
1143:Escadabiidae
1125:Sandokanidae
1061:Stygnopsidae
1051:Prostygnidae
1036:Metasarcidae
1031:Manaosbiidae
1026:Gonyleptidae
1001:Askawachidae
963:Petrobunidae
953:Beloniscidae
877:Lomanellidae
831:Travunioidea
822:Insidiatores
810:
785:Phalangiidae
775:Globipedidae
457:
449:
438:Superfamily
429:Superfamily
420:Superfamily
416:Simon, 1879
411:Superfamily
402:Superfamily
393:Superfamily
384:Superfamily
364:Superfamily
357:Travunioidea
355:Superfamily
342:Insidiatores
340:Infraorder "
298:
282:Gonyleptidae
267:
254:
253:
214:Travunioidea
212:
193:
109:
18:
1373:iNaturalist
1283:Wikispecies
1158:Icaleptidae
1153:Guasiniidae
1135:Zalmoxoidea
1021:Gerdesiidae
945:Epedanoidea
930:Suthepiidae
912:Assamioidea
903:Grassatores
854:Travuniidae
701:Troguloidea
686:Sabaconidae
602:Neogoveidae
440:Zalmoxoidea
395:Epedanoidea
386:Assamioidea
377:Grassatores
375:Infraorder
346:Loman, 1901
270:leaf litter
242:Zalmoxoidea
226:Epedanoidea
222:Assamioidea
164:Chelicerata
160:Subphylum:
1463:Harvestmen
1457:Categories
1289:Laniatores
1259:Laniatores
1223:References
1168:Zalmoxidae
1006:Cosmetidae
973:Tithaeidae
968:Podoctidae
958:Epedanidae
920:Assamiidae
900:Infraorder
819:Infraorder
811:Laniatores
724:Trogulidae
621:Infraorder
591:Infraorder
582:Pettalidae
571:Infraorder
546:Infraorder
509:Arthropoda
380:Kury, 2002
350:diphyletic
348:(probably
331:pressure.
317:ovipositor
313:pedipalpus
289:Neotropics
255:Laniatores
194:Laniatores
190:Suborder:
154:Arthropoda
24:Laniatores
1199:Footnotes
1163:Kimulidae
1097:Biantidae
1089:Samooidea
1056:Stygnidae
1011:Cranaidae
996:Ampycidae
749:Caddoidea
691:Taracidae
607:Ogoveidae
557:Sironidae
527:Opiliones
515:Arachnida
501:Kingdom:
422:Samooidea
329:hemolymph
325:sclerites
309:peltidium
278:pedipalps
263:Opiliones
234:Samooidea
184:Opiliones
174:Arachnida
140:Kingdom:
134:Eukaryota
1308:BugGuide
1297:BioLib:
1268:Wikidata
1215:2007: 17
1102:Samoidae
808:Suborder
757:Caddidae
737:Suborder
643:Suborder
623:(Indet.)
535:Suborder
507:Phylum:
503:Animalia
305:carapace
259:arachnid
150:Phylum:
144:Animalia
130:Domain:
1391:1012395
1339:9068018
1274:Q746327
646:Dyspnoi
513:Class:
335:Subtaxa
272:and in
199:Thorell
180:Order:
170:Class:
1440:271418
1427:681725
1411:NZOR:
1378:202277
1238:
1213:et al.
740:Eupnoi
524:Order
261:order
201:, 1876
1404:43288
1352:16023
1326:622WQ
1313:27265
1300:18898
321:penis
274:caves
1399:NCBI
1386:ITIS
1236:ISBN
299:The
35:Preęž’
1334:EoL
1321:CoL
307:or
1459::
1437::
1424::
1401::
1388::
1375::
1362::
1349::
1336::
1323::
1310::
1285::
1270::
352:)
344:"
85:Pg
485:e
478:t
471:v
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:ęž’
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