1920:
64:
635:
848:
418:
44:
570:
before the adult form is reached with a length of 6 millimetres (0.24 in). The time taken to reach adulthood is temperature dependent, but takes between 3 and 6 days. For most of the year, reproduction is parthenogenetic, with eggs being produced by females without males being present in the
304:
cladocerans native to North
America; reports vary concerning the largest size, but adult females typically grow to 12 mm (0.47 in) long, but with some reports of females up to 21 mm (0.83 in). They are about 98% transparent, as a defense against predation by
315:
Das
Weibchen ist in so hohem Grade durchsichtig, in wahrem Sinne »wasserhell», dass oft nur die Bewegungen ihr Dasein in dem Wasser verrathen. Bei auffallendem Sonnenlicht wird gewöhnlich der Schatten früher als das Thier selbst
323:
The female is transparent to such a high degree, literally "as clear as water", that her presence is often only given away by her movements. In bright sunlight, the shadow is normally seen before the animal
971:
1480:
1351:
538:
1213:
Cladocera
Sueciae; oder Beiträge zur kenntniss der in Schweden lebenden Krebsthiere von der Ordnung der Branchiopoden und der Unterordnung der Cladoceren
1072:
987:
878:
2277:
676:
1625:
Lilljeborg (Crustacea: Bracnhiopoda: Cladocera) is not monotypic: description of a new species from the Amur River basin (Far East of Russia)"
2329:
817:
1565:
924:
2393:
2264:
2290:
1822:
1700:
1522:
Jacobus
Vijverberg; Hans Peter Koelewijn (2004). "Effect of temperature on development and growth of the raptorial cladoceran
2342:
1740:
700:
was not noticed until Simon
Albrecht Poppe informed Lilljeborg of it in 1889, and Lilljeborg corrected the error in his 1900
437:
is a voracious predator and is capable of controlling numbers of its preferred prey items, which are generally juveniles of
2295:
664:
in 1844 together with the pharmacist Georg
Christian Kindt. He studied the fauna of the ditches surrounding the city (the
672:) and displayed live specimens at the meeting. During the meeting, he also published a description of the species in the
2225:
1727:
Mary D. Balcer; Nancy L. Korda; Stanley I. Dodson (1984). "Life history and ecology of the major crustacean species".
1124:
2243:
2355:
2334:
487:
is brought forward to close the feeding basket. In many cases, the prey escapes this haphazard response. Juvenile
2256:
2316:
1732:
594:
is so distinct from other cladocerans that some authors have suggested grouping all other cladocerans into a
223:
2388:
1436:
1171:
622:. Features which separate it from other families include its large size, the lack of branchial appendages (
1729:
Zooplankton of the Great Lakes: a guide to the identification and ecology of the common crustacean species
2186:
2177:
1430:
Howard I. Browman; Silke Kruse; W. John O'Brien (1989). "Foraging behavior of the predaceous cladoceran,
1136:
983:
932:
916:
886:
276:, with males only appearing late in the season, to produce winter eggs which hatch the following spring.
491:
are slower than adults to respond to the predator's attack, and are therefore more likely to be caught.
2191:
1815:
1245:
1018:
862:
571:
population. In the autumn, parthenogenetically produced males begin to appear; males and females then
63:
2360:
870:
17:
2308:
333:
626:) on its legs, the reduction of the carapace, and the fact that the winter eggs hatch as nauplii.
2108:
1659:
1300:
806:
684:
469:
2282:
2139:
1221:
366:, which are spherically arranged, and the whole eye is movable by up to 10° in any direction.
1808:
1762:
936:
901:
812:
is presumed to refer to G. C. Kindt, who worked closely with Focke. The alternative spelling
653:
2212:
1254:
1027:
8:
652:
is "probably the only cladoceran ever described in a newspaper". The German microscopist
572:
355:
249:
1620:
1258:
1031:
2383:
1787:
1691:
1528:
1464:
1412:
1368:
1322:
1291:
1272:
1207:
1089:
1066:
Ted F. Andrews (1953). "Growth studies on parthenogenetically produced male and female
1045:
853:
697:
689:
657:
193:
137:
58:
1919:
1779:
1760:(Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Cladocera), with notes on the phylogeny of the Cladocera".
1736:
1605:
1541:
1499:
1327:
1211:
475:
347:
233:
120:
1791:
1909:
1771:
1709:
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1489:
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1404:
1360:
1317:
1309:
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1180:
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1035:
580:
2016:
1993:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1800:
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559:
273:
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2098:
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1904:
1884:
1449:
1429:
786:
503:
253:
1713:
1645:
1590:(Focke, 1844) from Bremen, Germany: discovered, forgotten, and rediscovered".
1267:
1236:
1040:
1009:
2377:
2230:
2076:
2044:
2008:
1726:
1395:
576:
378:
1556:
1185:
1158:
2162:
2039:
1980:
1962:
1874:
1832:
1783:
1756:
Jørgen Olesen; Stefan
Richter; Gerhard Scholtz (2003). "On the ontogeny of
1331:
603:
511:
457:
451:
394:
359:
351:
237:
105:
1755:
1503:
1393:: efficient predator and preferred prey item in Neusiedler See, Austria".
634:
2303:
2171:
1998:
1592:
1313:
1241:(Focke) in Lago Maggiore as related to variations in prey size selection"
688:. However, this description was ignored by the scientific community, and
2204:
1344:
816:
is sometimes encountered, but is no longer considered correct under the
2269:
2093:
2071:
2066:
2061:
1936:
1928:
1894:
1856:
1775:
1462:
1408:
1372:
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1093:
1049:
716:
712:
611:
530:
229:
1521:
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566:
stage about 2 millimetres (0.079 in) long. There are six further
479:. It seems to encounter its prey by chance, with contact initiating a
2103:
2056:
2034:
2026:
1988:
1970:
1949:
1866:
1850:
941:
910:
847:
701:
518:
499:
463:
343:
328:
The male is similarly transparent. The abdomen is elongated, but the
257:
226:
95:
75:
2133:
1364:
1085:
2199:
2156:
2086:
1345:
Jack R. Holt; David S. White; Alan P. Covich (1978). "Discovery of
534:
406:
386:
329:
301:
362:
which takes up much of the animal's head. It comprises around 500
346:
form a "feeding basket" which is used to capture prey. The second
2049:
1632:
1217:
833:
484:
445:
439:
422:
241:
232:. They grow up to 21 mm (0.83 in) long, with two large
219:
2347:
417:
2217:
1942:
1844:
1696:"An Account of two remarkable Crustacea of the Order Cladocera"
1585:
682:
on Sunday
September 22, 1844, placing the species in the genus
661:
567:
480:
398:
390:
340:
265:
85:
1554:
711:, was described from individuals collected from lakes in the
595:
563:
522:
507:
382:
363:
1473:(Nematoda: Anisakidae), a fish parasite in Lake Biwa, Japan"
1220:: Druck der Akademischen buchdruckerei E. Berling. pp.
1007:
980:
An Image-Based Key to the
Zooplankton of the Northeast (USA)
43:
1234:
623:
543:
402:
306:
354:
in females but elongated in males, where they are used in
1159:"Contrasting life histories of the predatory cladocerans
1349:(Focke) (Crustacea: Clad-Ocera) in Oklahoma and Texas".
1289:
1618:
1389:
Alois Herzig (1995). P. Larsson; L. J. Weider (eds.). "
1463:
F. Moravec; K. Nasagawa; Y. Tanaka; T. Narita (1998).
1667:
Freshwater Animal
Diversity Assessment (FADA) Project
843:
350:
are used for swimming, while the first antennae are
1237:"Seasonal changes in size of the feeding basket of
1156:
885:. Zooplankton-online.net. July 2005. Archived from
645:, and described by the local scientist G. W. Focke.
575:. The resulting eggs sink to the bottom where they
1830:
1690:
1206:
1073:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
1669:. Belgian Biodiversity Platform. October 20, 2010
1558:An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea
252:and is probably the only water flea species ever
2375:
1469:(Cladocera: Leptodoridae) in the life cycle of
1065:
377:is widespread in northern temperate lakes. In
1816:
818:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
1566:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
1388:
692:described the species in 1861 with the name
674:
666:
313:
1586:Henri J. Dumont; Werner Hollwedel (2009). "
1384:
1382:
826:
799:
791:
244:that it comes into contact with by chance.
1823:
1809:
42:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1493:
1321:
1266:
1184:
1061:
1059:
1039:
805:, collectively meaning thin-skinned. The
1686:
1684:
1555:Joel W. Martin; George E. Davis (2001).
1379:
824:, used by Lilljeborg, is from the Greek
633:
562:every 12 hours. These eggs hatch into a
416:
412:
1548:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1434:, and escape responses of their prey".
1423:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1008:Cynthia C. Lunte; Chris Luecke (1990).
248:is found in temperate lakes across the
14:
2376:
1749:
1701:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1572:
1235:Marina Manca; Patrizia Comoli (1995).
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1056:
2138:
2137:
1804:
1681:
614:, being the only genus in the family
280:is the only genus in its family, the
2257:0fcdb931-172d-4fec-b4ed-8cad7ec4f5ac
1510:
1100:
629:
606:. It is now believed, however, that
1292:"The compound eye of a crustacean,
1290:J. J. Wolken; G. J. Gallik (1965).
1193:
24:
25:
2405:
839:
579:, hatching the following year as
27:Genus of small freshwater animals
2394:Taxa named by Wilhelm Lilljeborg
1918:
1619:Nikolai M. Korovchinsky (2009).
1606:10.1163/001121609X12511103974457
1542:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01276.x
846:
558:produce a brood of eggs through
494:The most important predators of
62:
1720:
1660:"Crustacea-Cladocera checkList"
1652:
1612:
1456:
586:
369:
236:used for swimming and a single
1526:under laboratory conditions".
1338:
1283:
1228:
1150:
1133:Zooplankton of the Great Lakes
1001:
964:
426:is an important prey item for
291:
13:
1:
1733:University of Wisconsin Press
1481:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
958:
549:
332:is small and only covers the
240:. The legs are used to catch
1437:Journal of Plankton Research
1172:Journal of Plankton Research
1157:Donn K. Branstrator (2005).
776:
381:, it occurs as far south as
7:
1352:The Southwestern Naturalist
1137:Central Michigan University
984:University of New Hampshire
933:University of New Hampshire
917:University of New Hampshire
722:
707:In 2009, a second species,
598:called "Eucladocera", with
264:is only known from eastern
10:
2410:
1246:Limnology and Oceanography
1019:Limnology and Oceanography
389:. It is also found across
358:. There is a single large
218:is a genus containing two
2146:
2025:
2007:
1979:
1961:
1927:
1916:
1865:
1839:
1714:10.1080/00222936208681196
1646:10.11646/zootaxa.2120.1.5
1471:Raphidascaris biwakoensis
1268:10.4319/lo.1995.40.4.0834
1041:10.4319/lo.1990.35.5.1091
1010:"Trophic interactions of
871:Missouri State University
827:
539:Raphidascaris biwakoensis
199:
192:
166:
161:
59:Scientific classification
57:
50:
41:
34:
1450:10.1093/plankt/11.5.1075
879:"Creature of the Month:
268:. For most of the year,
1301:Journal of Cell Biology
1165:Bythotrephes longimanus
641:was first found in the
800:
792:
675:
667:
646:
498:are fishes, including
431:
326:
320:
314:
1763:Journal of Morphology
1186:10.1093/plankt/fbi033
929:swimming and bending"
654:Gustav Woldemar Focke
637:
420:
413:Ecology and behaviour
321:
311:
2252:Fauna Europaea (new)
1314:10.1083/jcb.26.3.968
309:. Lilljeborg notes:
2389:Branchiopoda genera
1735:. pp. 49–109.
1259:1995LimOc..40..834M
1032:1990LimOc..35.1091L
768:Leptodora pellucida
709:Leptodora richardii
356:sexual reproduction
274:parthenogenetically
250:Northern Hemisphere
181:Leptodora richardii
1831:Families of class
1776:10.1002/jmor.10043
1692:Wilhelm Lilljeborg
1529:Freshwater Biology
1409:10.1007/BF00032021
1208:Wilhelm Lilljeborg
854:Crustaceans portal
690:Wilhelm Lilljeborg
668:Bremer Stadtgraben
658:scientific meeting
647:
643:Bremer Stadtgraben
573:reproduce sexually
432:
185:Korovchinsky, 2009
2371:
2370:
2178:Leptodora kindtii
2148:Leptodora kindtii
2140:Taxon identifiers
2131:
2130:
1900:Streptocephalidae
1758:Leptodora kindtii
1742:978-0-299-09820-9
1600:(11): 1457–1461.
1588:Leptodora kindtii
1536:(11): 1415–1422.
1524:Leptodora kindtii
1495:10.3354/dao032157
1347:Leptodora kindtii
1294:Leptodora kindtii
1239:Leptodora kindtii
1161:Leptodora kindtii
1068:Leptodora kindtii
927:Leptodora kindtii
904:Leptodora kindtii
881:Leptodora kindtii
865:Leptodora kindtii
772:
764:
760:Leptodora hyalina
756:
752:Leptodora angusta
748:
740:
736:Polyphemus kindti
729:Leptodora kindtii
715:basin, including
694:Leptodora hyalina
650:Leptodora kindtii
630:Taxonomic history
618:and the subclass
435:Leptodora kindtii
428:Leptodora kindtii
375:Leptodora kindtii
339:The six pairs of
246:Leptodora kindtii
222:of large, nearly
211:
210:
206:
186:
176:
171:Leptodora kindtii
157:
141:
124:
52:Leptodora kindtii
16:(Redirected from
2401:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2322:NHMSYS0001593660
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
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2285:
2273:
2272:
2260:
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2195:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2167:
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2165:
2135:
2134:
1922:
1910:Thamnocephalidae
1825:
1818:
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1801:
1796:
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1519:
1508:
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1497:
1477:
1467:Leptodora kindti
1460:
1454:
1453:
1444:(5): 1075–1088.
1432:Leptodora kindti
1427:
1421:
1420:
1403:(1–3): 273–282.
1391:Leptodora kindti
1386:
1377:
1376:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1287:
1281:
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1226:
1225:
1204:
1191:
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1154:
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1145:
1143:
1127:Leptodora kindti
1121:
1098:
1097:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1026:(5): 1091–1100.
1014:in Lake Mendota"
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
986:. Archived from
974:Leptodora kindti
968:
954:
952:
951:
945:
935:. Archived from
920:
914:
897:
895:
894:
874:
856:
851:
850:
830:
829:
807:specific epithet
803:
795:
770:
763:Lilljeborg, 1861
762:
754:
746:
738:
680:
670:
542:, a parasite of
318:
300:are the largest
284:, and suborder,
204:
184:
174:
156:Lilljeborg, 1861
155:
136:
119:
67:
66:
46:
32:
31:
21:
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2402:
2400:
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2190:
2185:
2176:
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2161:
2160:
2155:
2142:
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2127:
2045:Pseudopenilidae
2021:
2017:Cyclestheriidae
2003:
1994:Leptestheriidae
1975:
1957:
1923:
1914:
1890:Chirocephalidae
1880:Branchinectidae
1861:
1835:
1829:
1799:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1725:
1721:
1708:(50): 132–136.
1689:
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1627:
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1613:
1584:
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1365:10.2307/3671192
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1233:
1229:
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1194:
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1141:
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1086:10.2307/3223355
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842:
779:
725:
632:
589:
560:parthenogenesis
552:
483:, in which the
415:
372:
294:
154:
135:
118:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2407:
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2366:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2287:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2239:Fauna Europaea
2235:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2183:
2168:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2126:
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2123:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Cercopagididae
2091:
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2089:
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2082:Macrotrichidae
2079:
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1905:Tanymastigidae
1902:
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1887:
1885:Branchipodidae
1882:
1877:
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1837:
1836:
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1805:
1798:
1797:
1770:(3): 235–259.
1748:
1741:
1719:
1704:. 3rd series.
1680:
1651:
1611:
1571:
1568:. p. 132.
1547:
1509:
1488:(2): 157–160.
1455:
1422:
1378:
1359:(4): 686–688.
1337:
1308:(3): 968–973.
1282:
1253:(4): 834–838.
1227:
1224:–658, Tab. 87.
1192:
1179:(6): 569–585.
1149:
1099:
1055:
1000:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
921:
898:
875:
873:. August 2006.
858:
857:
841:
840:External links
838:
820:. The epithet
778:
775:
774:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
724:
721:
631:
628:
588:
585:
583:-like larvae.
551:
548:
414:
411:
405:(north of the
393:, in parts of
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2077:Ilyocryptidae
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2018:
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2009:Cyclestherida
2006:
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1926:
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1895:Parartemiidae
1893:
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1396:Hydrobiologia
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990:on 2010-07-26
989:
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946:on 2006-09-05
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744:Hyalosoma dux
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677:Weser-Zeitung
671:
669:
663:
659:
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651:
644:
640:
636:
627:
625:
621:
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613:
610:is sister to
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56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2147:
2121:Leptodoridae
2120:
2115:
2109:Polyphemidae
2040:Holopediidae
1981:Spinicaudata
1963:Laevicaudata
1948:
1941:
1833:Branchiopoda
1767:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1728:
1722:
1705:
1699:
1671:. Retrieved
1666:
1654:
1637:
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1591:
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1244:
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1176:
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1164:
1160:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1132:
1126:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1003:
992:. Retrieved
988:the original
979:
973:
966:
948:. Retrieved
937:the original
926:
903:
891:. Retrieved
887:the original
880:
864:
832:, and means
825:
821:
813:
809:
798:
790:
785:is from the
782:
780:
771:Joseph, 1882
767:
759:
751:
747:Wagner, 1868
743:
735:
728:
727:Synonyms of
726:
708:
706:
693:
683:
673:
665:
656:organised a
649:
648:
642:
638:
619:
616:Leptodoridae
615:
607:
604:sister group
599:
591:
590:
587:Related taxa
555:
553:
537:
526:
516:
495:
493:
488:
474:
468:
462:
458:Diaphanosoma
456:
452:Ceriodaphnia
450:
444:
438:
434:
433:
427:
421:
395:North Africa
374:
373:
370:Distribution
360:compound eye
338:
327:
322:
312:
297:
295:
285:
282:Leptodoridae
281:
277:
269:
261:
245:
238:compound eye
214:
213:
212:
205:Wagner, 1868
201:
200:
180:
179:
170:
169:
150:
149:
133:Leptodoridae
132:
115:
106:Branchiopoda
51:
35:
29:
2304:NatureServe
2172:Wikispecies
1999:Limnadiidae
1673:November 7,
1621:"The genus
1593:Crustaceana
1080:(1): 9–17.
739:Focke, 1844
531:parasitised
397:, northern
352:rudimentary
334:brood pouch
292:Description
272:reproduces
262:L. richardi
230:water fleas
224:transparent
2378:Categories
2094:Onychopoda
2072:Daphniidae
2067:Chydoridae
2062:Bosminidae
1937:Triopsidae
1929:Notostraca
1875:Artemiidae
1855:Subphylum
1851:Arthropoda
1070:(Focke)".
994:2010-03-19
959:References
950:2010-03-19
893:2010-03-19
755:Sars, 1890
717:Lake Bolon
713:Amur River
685:Polyphemus
612:Onychopoda
577:overwinter
550:Life cycle
527:L. kindtii
470:Polyphemus
344:appendages
302:planktonic
296:Adults of
138:Lilljeborg
121:G. O. Sars
96:Arthropoda
2384:Cladocera
2309:2.1156848
2116:Haplopoda
2104:Podonidae
2057:Anomopoda
2035:Ctenopoda
2027:Cladocera
1989:Cyzicidae
1971:Lynceidae
1950:Lepidurus
1867:Anostraca
1857:Crustacea
1640:: 39–52.
1623:Leptodora
1465:"Role of
1142:March 10,
1012:Leptodora
942:QuickTime
911:QuickTime
906:swimming"
783:Leptodora
781:The name
777:Etymology
731:include:
702:monograph
639:Leptodora
620:Haplopoda
608:Leptodora
600:Leptodora
592:Leptodora
556:Leptodora
519:Lake Biwa
500:whitefish
496:Leptodora
464:Diaptomus
401:, and in
316:entdeckt.
298:Leptodora
286:Haplopoda
278:Leptodora
270:Leptodora
258:newspaper
254:described
227:predatory
215:Leptodora
202:Hyalosoma
151:Leptodora
116:Haplopoda
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
36:Leptodora
18:Haplopoda
2283:10459422
2200:BugGuide
2157:Wikidata
2087:Moinidae
1845:Animalia
1843:Kingdom
1792:24239891
1784:12655608
1694:(1862).
1332:19866691
1210:(1900).
723:Synonyms
698:synonymy
581:nauplius
535:nematode
407:Himalaya
387:Oklahoma
348:antennae
341:thoracic
330:carapace
242:copepods
234:antennae
194:Synonyms
162:Species
129:Family:
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
2270:2234612
2050:Sididae
1849:Phylum
1633:Zootaxa
1504:9676256
1417:7755718
1373:3671192
1323:2106796
1277:2838319
1255:Bibcode
1218:Uppsala
1094:3223355
1050:2837489
1028:Bibcode
822:hyalina
810:kindtii
602:as its
568:instars
554:Female
533:by the
489:Daphnia
485:abdomen
476:Cyclops
446:Bosmina
440:Daphnia
423:Daphnia
324:itself.
220:species
146:Genus:
112:Order:
102:Class:
2361:247980
2348:247980
2244:237253
2231:257995
2218:327210
2205:553821
2163:Q30636
1943:Triops
1790:
1782:
1739:
1502:
1415:
1371:
1330:
1320:
1275:
1092:
1048:
834:glassy
814:kindti
793:leptos
789:words
696:. The
662:Bremen
564:larval
481:reflex
399:Arabia
391:Europe
364:facets
266:Russia
140:, 1861
123:, 1865
2356:WoRMS
2335:77707
2296:83972
2278:IRMNG
2226:EUNIS
1788:S2CID
1663:(PDF)
1628:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1476:(PDF)
1413:S2CID
1369:JSTOR
1273:JSTOR
1090:JSTOR
1046:JSTOR
828:ὕαλος
787:Greek
624:gills
596:clade
523:Japan
512:bleak
508:ziege
504:perch
383:Texas
256:in a
2343:OBIS
2330:NCBI
2291:ITIS
2265:GBIF
2192:8940
2187:BOLD
1780:PMID
1737:ISBN
1675:2010
1638:2120
1500:PMID
1328:PMID
1163:and
1144:2010
801:dora
797:and
544:fish
510:and
473:and
403:Asia
385:and
307:fish
2317:NBN
2213:EoL
1772:doi
1768:256
1710:doi
1642:doi
1602:doi
1538:doi
1490:doi
1446:doi
1405:doi
1401:307
1361:doi
1318:PMC
1310:doi
1263:doi
1222:650
1181:doi
1082:doi
1036:doi
660:in
529:is
517:In
409:).
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