120:
2013:
933:
more favorable times, such as spring, when the reproductive cycle is able to take place once again. Ephippia are part of the back of a mother carrying them until they are fully developed. After molting, the ephippium stays in the water, or in the soil of dried puddles, small ponds, and vernal pools. The resting stages are often called eggs, but are in fact embryos with arrested development. Ephippia can rest for many years before the embryo resumes development upon an appropriate hatching stimulus.
133:
1015:
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1883:
929:
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Ephippia (singular: ephippium) are winter or dry-season eggs of the various species of small crustacean in the order
Cladocera (within the Branchiopoda); they are provided with an extra shell layer, which preserves and protects the resting stages inside from harsh environmental conditions until the
412:
The head is angled downwards, and may be separated from the rest of the body by a "cervical sinus" or notch. It bears a single black compound eye, located on the animal's midline, in all but two genera, and often, a single
425:, while the second are used for swimming by most species. The pattern of setae on the second antennae is useful for identification. The part of the head which projects in front of the first antennae is known as the
1705:
gen. n., sp. n., representative of a new family of freshwater cladocerans (Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) from SW Australia, with a discussion of ancestral traits and a preliminary molecular phylogeny of the order".
529:
of Asia. Fossils from the
Jurassic are assignable to modern as well as extinct groups, indicating that the initial radiation of the group occurred prior to the beginning of the Jurassic, likely during the late
119:
1521:
1845:
Martin, J.W., & Davis, G.E. (2001). An updated classification of the recent
Crustacea. Science Series, 39. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles, CA (USA). 124 pp.
421:â the first antennae are small, unsegmented appendages, while the second antennae are large, segmented, and branched, with powerful muscles. The first antennae bear olfactory
436:
are small, and consist of an unpaired labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and an unpaired labium. They are used to eat "organic detritus of all kinds" and
472:
525:
have been claimed to represent fossils of diplostracans, none of these records can be confirmed. The oldest confirmed records of diplostracans are from the Early
547:
2409:
1863:
2683:
2448:
1613:
Kotov, Alexey A.; Garibian, Petr G.; Bekker, Eugeniya I.; Taylor, Derek J.; Karabanov, Dmitry P. (2020-06-17). "A new species group from the
898:
733:
679:
479:. As the conditions deteriorate, males are produced, and sexual reproduction occurs. This results in the production of long-lasting dormant
487:
eggs can be transported over land by wind, and hatch when they reach favourable conditions, allowing many species to have very wide â even
597:
According to the World
Registry of Marine Species, Cladocera is a synonym of the superorder Diplostraca, which is included in the class
1619:
1203:
2383:
2657:
2422:
1852:(Cladocera, Daphniidae), a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems. Crustaceana, (11-12): 1415-1426.
1234:"Mesozoic fossils (>145 Mya) suggest the antiquity of the subgenera of Daphnia and their coevolution with chaoborid predators"
295:
Eucladocera (no evidence for grouping together all other cladocerans as the sister taxon to the monotypic
Haplopoda (Leptodora))
1915:
1656:"The water flea Daphnia pulex (Cladocera, Daphniidae), a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems"
1802:
1498:
1450:
1410:
1304:
2662:
2427:
1887:
475:. When conditions are favourable, reproduction occurs by parthenogenesis for several generations, producing only female
471:
of diplostracans is dominated by asexual reproduction, with occasional periods of sexual reproduction; this is known as
1842:
Brusca, R.C.; Brusca, G.J. (1990). Invertebrates. Sinauer
Associates: Sunderland, MA (USA). ISBN 0-87893-098-1. 922 pp
988:
The water flea in the photo belongs to the daphnia family. In addition, the photo shows the embryo in her brood pocket
2719:
2623:
2510:
2362:
1482:
370:, which produces resting eggs that allow the species to survive harsh conditions and disperse to distant habitats.
2453:
2752:
2688:
2636:
2375:
1442:
1617:
species complex (Cladocera: Anomopoda) from the eastern
Palaearctic: taxonomy, phylogeny and phylogeography".
2670:
2435:
397:, which can be up to 18 mm (0.71 in) long. The body is not obviously segmented and bears a folded
1875:
1574:"Leaf litter composition and community structure: translating regional species changes into local dynamics"
338:. Some have also adapted to a life in the ocean, the only members of Branchiopoda to do so, though several
2579:
2292:
615:
alone contains around 150 species. Many groups of the water fleas are cryptic species or species flocks.
132:
2757:
1908:
1154:
1109:
17:
2502:
952:
443:
The thorax bears five or six pairs of lobed, leaf-like appendages, each with numerous hairs or setae.
2698:
2515:
2463:
1794:
488:
1090:
199:
2724:
1238:
1152:
Kotov, Alexey (2009). "New finding of
Mesozoic ephippia of the Anomopoda (Crustacea: Cladocera)".
346:. Most are 0.2â6.0 mm (0.01â0.24 in) long, with a down-turned head with a single median
2201:
1534:
1029:
334:, though their modern morphology suggests that they originated substantially earlier, during the
2711:
2489:
2232:
1819:
968:
323:, most of which feed on microscopic chunks of organic matter, though some forms are predatory.
1786:
1434:
1394:
1294:
1105:"Jurassic Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) with a description of an extinct Mesozoic order"
2706:
2484:
2270:
1901:
468:
2476:
2414:
500:
2566:
2331:
2279:
1585:
1546:
1247:
1163:
1118:
515:, being most closely related to the order Cyclestherida, the only living genus of which is
433:
363:
316:
8:
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1402:
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367:
327:
1589:
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1251:
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1535:"The fossil record of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): Evidence and hypotheses"
1504:
1349:
1270:
1233:
1179:
1134:
1006:
697:
280:
127:
1439:
The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal
Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon
2471:
2318:
2012:
1798:
1772:
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1749:
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1721:
1708:
1687:
1675:
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418:
383:
31:
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1729:
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1508:
1353:
1183:
1138:
2297:
2002:
1758:
1745:"Gondwanotrichidae nom. nov. pro Nototrichidae Van Damme, Shiel & Dumont, 2007"
1717:
1667:
1628:
1593:
1554:
1486:
1358:
1341:
1265:
1255:
1212:
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343:
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2323:
2109:
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1992:
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1972:
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907:
791:
762:
492:
402:
359:
355:
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1322:
605:
of 7 orders, about 24 families, and more than 11,000 species. Many more species
391:
They are mostly 0.2â6.0 mm (0.01â0.24 in) long, with the exception of
2631:
2618:
2370:
2357:
2191:
2174:
1997:
1977:
1654:
Norambuena, Juan-Alejandro; FarĂas, Jorge; De los RĂos, Patricio (2019-12-05).
1468:
1324:
851:
715:
444:
1832:
1671:
1345:
1175:
1130:
2741:
2542:
2255:
2169:
2137:
2101:
1679:
1640:
1399:
Pennak's
Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea
1332:
1260:
947:
782:
706:
590:
480:
231:
77:
1655:
2132:
2073:
2055:
1967:
1925:
1279:
880:
869:
822:
811:
753:
688:
598:
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517:
496:
347:
263:
247:
174:
2644:
2551:
2396:
2264:
2091:
1060:
916:
574:
556:
512:
52:
2597:
2310:
30:"Water fleas" redirects here. For the genus of freshwater copepods, see
2186:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2029:
2021:
1987:
1949:
842:
670:
661:
652:
320:
255:
184:
97:
62:
2649:
1848:
Norambuena, J., J. FarĂas & P. De los RĂos. (2019). he water flea
1325:"Global diversity of cladocerans (Cladocera; Crustacea) in freshwater"
1014:
459:
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2401:
2344:
2213:
2208:
2196:
2149:
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1959:
1943:
1000:
943:
889:
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484:
393:
339:
335:
239:
223:
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144:
102:
2226:
1833:
NorthAmericanFishing - "Silent Invaders" Spiny Water Flea PT 1 2013
1598:
1573:
1104:
2610:
2592:
2536:
2388:
2349:
2305:
2249:
2179:
1882:
1742:
1700:
1522:
Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates: Keys to Nearctic Fauna
928:
724:
559:
and other inland water bodies, with only eight species being truly
542:
526:
437:
398:
351:
331:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
1199:"First record of fossil Mesozoic Ctenopoda (Crustacea, Cladocera)"
2142:
1091:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=155670
771:
611:
569:
476:
414:
406:
107:
82:
1392:
585:
2035:
1937:
1870:
1323:
L. ForrĂł; N. M. Korovchinsky; A. A. Kotov; A. Petrusek (2008).
448:
154:
326:
Over 1000 species have been recognised so far, with many more
2497:
1053:
984:
387:
is an unusually large diplostracan, at up to 18 mm long.
2336:
1866:â Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of South Eastern Australia
1469:
Ellen Decaestecker; Luc De Meester; Joachim Mergaey (2009).
378:
1653:
422:
601:. Both names are currently in use. The superorder forms a
1612:
467:
With the exception of a few purely asexual species, the
1479:
Lost Sex: The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis
1477:. In Isa Schön; Koen Martens; Peter van Dijk (eds.).
996:
1923:
1533:Van Damme, Kay; Kotov, Alexey A. (December 2016).
330:. The oldest fossils of diplostracans date to the
1701:K. Van Damme; R. J. Shiel; H. J. Dumont (2007). "
1196:
2739:
1743:K. Van Damme; R. J. Shiel; H. J. Dumont (2007).
1572:Rubbo, Michael J.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. (2004).
1464:
1462:
1437:. In Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton (eds.).
1647:
1571:
1532:
495:. Except for the genus Leptodora, which has a
1909:
1736:
1197:Kotov, Alexey; Korovchinsky, Nikolai (2006).
551:, one of very few marine diplostracan species
463:A cladocera giving birth (100x magnification)
417:is present. The head also bears two pairs of
1694:
1459:
1432:
1393:Douglas Grant Smith; Kirstern Work (2001).
1231:
975:
966:
959:
950:
563:. The marine species are all in the family
1916:
1902:
118:
1762:
1620:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1597:
1269:
1259:
1216:
1204:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1292:
1089:WoRMS (2021). Diplostraca. Accessed at:
983:
927:
584:
541:
458:
377:
358:and abdomen. Most species show cyclical
1395:"Cladoceran Branchiopoda (water fleas)"
1318:
1316:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
619:The following families are recognised:
506:
503:larval stage is absent in Diplostraca.
14:
2740:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1033:(invasive species) - Spiny Water Flea
2231:
2230:
1897:
1817:USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species:
1475:: sexual versus asexual reproduction"
1367:
1232:Kotov, Alexey; Taylor, Derek (2011).
1151:
1102:
2699:c33ba854-7e4d-453e-853c-61749f9d0e12
2637:8c3c03ec-4327-4154-a27f-e652f0e6ab70
2503:FB7FA973-5902-FFAE-56C1-F9A13C68B534
2464:797151b6-a123-41f8-a215-d747609cf048
2376:8e13228b-800f-41d8-8598-bbe9169857af
1313:
1072:
451:taken up, through the body surface.
354:covering the apparently unsegmented
1791:Webster's II New College Dictionary
1419:
1299:. Elsevier Science. pp. 338â.
701:Van Damme, Shiel & Dumont, 2007
24:
555:Most diplostracan species live in
521:. Though several fossils from the
511:Diplostraca are nested within the
25:
2769:
1857:
942:The word "Cladocera" derives via
766:Korovchinsky & Sergeeva, 2008
27:Order of small freshwater animals
2011:
1881:
1869:
1764:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00304.x
1722:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00292.x
1397:. In Douglas Grant Smith (ed.).
1218:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00204.x
1013:
999:
683:Santos-Flores & Dodson, 2003
366:is occasionally supplemented by
131:
50:
1825:
1811:
1779:
1606:
1565:
1559:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.10.009
1526:
1515:
665:Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894
1443:University of California Press
1286:
1225:
1190:
1145:
1096:
373:
13:
1:
1066:
573:. Some diplostracans inhabit
1491:10.1007/978-90-481-2770-2_15
1471:"Cyclical parthenogeness in
1363:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_19
937:
454:
319:of small, mostly freshwater
7:
992:
580:
10:
2774:
1633:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa046
1293:Vernberg, F. John (2014).
1155:Journal of Natural History
1110:Journal of Natural History
864:Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968
855:Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968
537:
29:
2526:
2239:
2118:
2100:
2072:
2054:
2020:
2009:
1958:
1932:
1795:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
1672:10.1163/15685403-00003948
1346:10.1007/s10750-007-9013-5
1296:Environmental Adaptations
1176:10.1080/00222930802003020
1131:10.1080/00222930601164445
967:
951:
286:
279:
212:
207:
128:Scientific classification
126:
117:
41:
1261:10.1186/1471-2148-11-129
1239:BMC Evolutionary Biology
902:Schwentner, et al., 2020
719:Norman & Brady, 1867
473:cyclical parthenogenesis
271:Cladocera incertae sedis
1820:Bythotrephes longimanus
1030:Bythotrephes longimanus
623:Superorder Diplostraca
567:, except for the genus
2753:Freshwater crustaceans
1103:Kotov, Alexey (2007).
989:
976:
960:
934:
594:
552:
464:
388:
2707:Paleobiology Database
2485:Paleobiology Database
1797:. 2005. p. 211.
1539:Earth-Science Reviews
987:
931:
588:
545:
462:
381:
2632:Fauna Europaea (new)
2371:Fauna Europaea (new)
1878:at Wikimedia Commons
1666:(11â12): 1415â1426.
1615:Daphnia curvirostris
1485:. pp. 295â316.
1445:. pp. 414â417.
1433:Denton Belk (2007).
1405:. pp. 453â488.
507:Evolutionary history
364:asexual reproduction
311:, commonly known as
1590:2004Ecol...85.2519R
1551:2016ESRv..163..162V
1403:John Wiley and Sons
1252:2011BMCEE..11..129K
1168:2009JNatH..43..523K
1123:2007JNatH..41...13K
368:sexual reproduction
1924:Families of class
1049:(invasive species)
1041:(invasive species)
1007:Crustaceans portal
990:
935:
698:Gondwanothrichidae
607:remain undescribed
603:monophyletic group
595:
553:
465:
389:
2758:Crustacean orders
2735:
2734:
2472:Open Tree of Life
2233:Taxon identifiers
2224:
2223:
1993:Streptocephalidae
1874:Media related to
1831:(April 16, 2013)
1804:978-0-618-39601-6
1750:Zoologica Scripta
1709:Zoologica Scripta
1500:978-90-481-2769-6
1452:978-0-520-23939-5
1412:978-0-471-35837-4
1306:978-0-323-16282-1
1162:(9â10): 523â528.
1046:Daphnia lumholtzi
1038:Cercopagis pengoi
1021:Arthropods portal
921:
912:
903:
894:
885:
874:
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776:
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749:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
648:
639:
626:
625:Gerstaecker, 1866
401:which covers the
384:Leptodora kindtii
344:hypersaline lakes
301:
300:
292:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
220:
203:
32:Cyclops (copepod)
16:(Redirected from
2765:
2728:
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2715:
2714:
2702:
2701:
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2691:
2679:
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2676:NHMSYS0001592351
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2441:NHMSYS0021049511
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2404:
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2260:
2259:
2258:
2228:
2227:
2015:
2003:Thamnocephalidae
1918:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1886:Data related to
1885:
1873:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1793:(3rd ed.).
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1703:Notothrix halsei
1698:
1692:
1691:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1584:(9): 2519â2525.
1569:
1563:
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1530:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1441:(4th ed.).
1430:
1417:
1416:
1401:(4th ed.).
1390:
1365:
1357:
1329:
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1004:
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965:, "branch") and
963:
956:
955:
920:Burmeister, 1843
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
872:
863:
854:
845:
834:
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815:Lilljeborg, 1861
814:
805:
794:
785:
774:
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756:
747:
736:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
682:
673:
664:
655:
646:
644:Acantholeberidae
637:
624:
548:Evadne spinifera
290:
273:(temporary name)
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
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218:
198:
136:
135:
122:
112:
49:
48:JurassicâPresent
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
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2283:
2278:
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2263:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2138:Pseudopenilidae
2114:
2110:Cyclestheriidae
2096:
2087:Leptestheriidae
2068:
2050:
2016:
2007:
1983:Chirocephalidae
1973:Branchinectidae
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493:distributions
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447:is lost, and
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40:
37:
33:
19:
2527:
2240:
2214:Leptodoridae
2202:Polyphemidae
2133:Holopediidae
2074:Spinicaudata
2056:Laevicaudata
2041:
2034:
1926:Branchiopoda
1849:
1827:
1818:
1813:
1790:
1787:"Cladoceran"
1781:
1754:
1748:
1738:
1713:
1707:
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1696:
1663:
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1147:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
974:
958:
941:
884:Linder, 1945
881:Spinicaudata
870:Polyphemidae
826:Linder, 1945
823:Laevicaudata
812:Leptodoridae
754:Holopediidae
689:Eurycercidae
674:Straus, 1820
622:
621:
617:
610:
609:. The genus
599:Branchiopoda
596:
589:
568:
554:
546:
518:Cyclestheria
516:
510:
497:metanauplius
489:cosmopolitan
466:
442:
431:
411:
392:
390:
382:
348:compound eye
325:
312:
308:
304:
302:
267:Linder, 1945
264:Spinicaudata
251:Linder, 1945
248:Laevicaudata
194:
191:Superorder:
175:Branchiopoda
36:
2645:iNaturalist
2552:Wikispecies
2397:iNaturalist
2298:Diplostraca
2285:Diplostraca
2271:Diplostraca
2265:Wikispecies
2241:Diplostraca
2092:Limnadiidae
1888:Diplostraca
1876:Diplostraca
1660:Crustaceana
1545:: 162â189.
1061:Zooplankton
981:, "horn").
917:Limnadiidae
899:Eocyzicidae
873:Baird, 1845
775:Baird, 1850
734:Ophryoxidae
680:Dumontiidae
656:Baird, 1845
575:leaf litter
557:fresh water
513:clam shrimp
429:or "beak".
374:Description
340:anostracans
328:undescribed
321:crustaceans
313:water fleas
305:Diplostraca
195:Diplostraca
42:Diplostraca
2742:Categories
2187:Onychopoda
2165:Daphniidae
2160:Chydoridae
2155:Bosminidae
2030:Triopsidae
2022:Notostraca
1968:Artemiidae
1948:Subphylum
1944:Arthropoda
1757:(5): 623.
1246:(1): 129.
1067:References
1057:(smallest)
843:Onychopoda
692:Kurz, 1875
671:Daphniidae
662:Chydoridae
653:Bosminidae
434:mouthparts
317:superorder
289:Cladocera
256:Onychopoda
185:Phyllopoda
181:Subclass:
165:Arthropoda
18:Water flea
2748:Cladocera
2585:Cladocera
2572:Cladocera
2558:Cladocera
2528:Cladocera
2209:Haplopoda
2197:Podonidae
2150:Anomopoda
2128:Ctenopoda
2120:Cladocera
2082:Cyzicidae
2064:Lynceidae
2043:Lepidurus
1960:Anostraca
1950:Crustacea
1864:Cladocera
1773:222187102
1688:213266769
1680:0011-216X
1641:0024-4082
946:from the
944:Neo-Latin
938:Etymology
890:Cyzicidae
861:Podonidae
832:Lynceidae
803:Haplopoda
745:Ctenopoda
635:Anomopoda
565:Podonidae
532:Paleozoic
523:Paleozoic
499:stage, a
485:ephippial
469:lifecycle
455:Lifecycle
394:Leptodora
336:Paleozoic
309:Cladocera
240:Haplopoda
224:Ctenopoda
216:Anomopoda
200:Latreille
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
2593:BugGuide
2537:Wikidata
2306:BugGuide
2250:Wikidata
2180:Moinidae
1938:Animalia
1936:Kingdom
1730:83893469
1509:82949264
1483:Springer
1354:45363782
1280:21595889
1184:84144888
1139:83483722
993:See also
725:Moinidae
581:Taxonomy
527:Jurassic
501:nauplius
483:. These
438:bacteria
419:antennae
399:carapace
362:, where
352:carapace
350:, and a
342:live in
332:Jurassic
281:Synonyms
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
2543:Q391240
2256:Q768012
2143:Sididae
1942:Phylum
1586:Bibcode
1578:Ecology
1547:Bibcode
1473:Daphnia
1271:3123605
1248:Bibcode
1164:Bibcode
1119:Bibcode
915:Family
906:Family
897:Family
888:Family
868:Family
859:Family
850:Family
830:Family
810:Family
790:Family
772:Sididae
770:Family
761:Family
752:Family
732:Family
723:Family
714:Family
705:Family
696:Family
687:Family
678:Family
669:Family
660:Family
651:Family
642:Family
612:Daphnia
570:Penilia
561:oceanic
538:Ecology
427:rostrum
415:ocellus
407:abdomen
315:, is a
208:Orders
171:Class:
2712:277029
2696:NZOR:
2650:199509
2611:1CLADO
2598:350302
2516:155670
2490:133222
2477:220273
2461:NZOR:
2350:1DIPLO
2311:350301
2036:Triops
1801:
1771:
1728:
1686:
1678:
1639:
1507:
1497:
1449:
1409:
1352:
1303:
1278:
1268:
1182:
1137:
961:klĂĄdos
953:ÎșλΏΎοÏ
879:Order
841:Order
821:Order
801:Order
781:Order
743:Order
633:Order
477:clones
449:oxygen
403:thorax
356:thorax
202:, 1829
2720:WoRMS
2663:83832
2624:13259
2511:WoRMS
2498:Plazi
2454:84337
2428:83767
2415:10720
2410:IRMNG
2402:68305
2363:13257
1769:S2CID
1726:S2CID
1684:S2CID
1505:S2CID
1350:S2CID
1328:(PDF)
1180:S2CID
1135:S2CID
1054:Moina
977:kéras
969:ÎșÎÏαÏ
423:setae
2725:1076
2689:6665
2684:NCBI
2658:ITIS
2606:EPPO
2449:NCBI
2423:ITIS
2384:GBIF
2345:EPPO
1799:ISBN
1676:ISSN
1637:ISSN
1495:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1276:PMID
577:.
481:eggs
432:The
405:and
303:The
53:Preê
2671:NBN
2580:AFD
2567:ADW
2436:NBN
2389:545
2337:266
2332:EoL
2324:359
2319:CoL
2293:AFD
2280:ADW
1759:doi
1718:doi
1668:doi
1629:doi
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