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and cymbal are deployed. However, materials such as coconut shells and rosewood are employed in the crafting of instruments. Historically, almost all villages in Hainan each had their own Bayin troupe and performances were ubiquitous at weddings and funerals. About 500 musical scores from over the last 1000 years, dating to the time of the Song dynasty, have been preserved until today. The art is currently being transmitted amongst the overseas diaspora in
Malaysia and Singapore.
1006:
2648:
927:
810:
775:
2660:
918:
remote and barbaric backwater, a place of exile for criminals and political malcontents. In reply, the
Hainanese like to emphasize their cultural achievements at the highest, most elite level of the notoriously brutal Imperial examinations. There have been 105 successful Jinshi degree holders from Hainan during its 1,300 years of imperial history, a rate that is five times higher than the national average.
538:
or clan names producing the greatest number of jinshi holders from Hainan island are Wang (Wong, 王), Chen (Tan, 陈), and Lin (Lim, 林). These same records also pay special attention to a single family, surnamed Zhou (Chew, 周 ) from
Wenshan village, that managed to produce 3 jinshi holders during the Ming dynasty, likely the largest number from a single family in Chinese history.
461:
457:
literati, the most notable of whom was Su Dong Po, who made funeral preparations prior to his relocation to Hainan. When he arrived, Su Dong Po expressed dismay at the hardscrabble living conditions and dietary practices of fellow Han
Chinese he found stationed on the island and is credited for introducing improvements to the lifestyle of the inhabitants.
1208:
293:. Relations between the Han and Hlai were tense and often erupted into bloody war, with the consequence that the imperial government deported thousands of Miao tribespeople (themselves captured and spared rebels from Guangxi and Guizhou), who were then tasked with protecting the Han colonists and acting as mediators between the Han and the Li peoples.
852:
1244:
Hainanese Han represent the southernmost branch of the different Han
Chinese subgroups. Although there was a Han presence as early as during the Han dynasty, Han settlers began to immigrate to the island in significant numbers only after the fall of the Northern Song dynasty. At this time, the island
520:
Han
Chinese colonists and Han Chinese Hakka immigrants on Hainan Island faced regular attacks from Li aboriginal peoples, who resisted Sinicization. In order to protect the Han Chinese population on the island, Chinese kings regularly deported "successive detachments of mountaineers" from Guangxi and
511:
The aboriginal Li women were known to practice a form of sorcery that involved keeping specters in subjection. This art was transmitted by their ancestors. It is reported that the art was so secretive that the Li witches would rather be beaten to death by magistrates than to betray one another. These
488:
In characterizing the
Hainanese, Benjamin Couch observes: "the early settlers were exiles, banished from their homelands, to which they ever hoped to return. They were not voluntary colonists, nor were they all criminals and outlaws, but the vassals of a despotic government, who obeying the orders of
317:
and in
Cambodia, where they controlled the hotel and restaurant trade. They also formed a substantial proportion of Chinese communities in Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos, Singapore and Malaysia. The outbreak of war with Japan prompted the departures of 33,000 persons in 1936 and 44,000 in 1937 from Hainan.
537:
Hainamese can often stress their cultural achievements - during the imperial era, the island produced five times the number of elite degree holders in the
Imperial examinations than the national average. Imperial records such as the Records of the Qiongzhou government ("琼州府志") show that the surnames
1081:
Hainanese architecture follows the same design plan as Han
Chinese architecture with buildings aligned around a central courtyard or series of courtyards. The style for public buildings follows essentially that from the southern regions such as Fujian, with upturned eaves and ready use of colour. A
951:
It has also developed unique phonological characteristics such as the use of implosives. Linguists hypothesize this characteristic resulted from the contact between Han Chinese settlers in garrison towns and their Tai-Kradai tribal neighbours. More recently, the island's location close to SE Asia,
917:
The administration of the island was handled by Guangdong for most of its history, and investment in infrastructure was negligible during the imperial era. Hainanese are conscious of their distance from the mainland and mainstream China, and sensitive to the historical perception of the island as a
257:
Hainan Han people, who today form the majority population of the island, trace their origins to Han immigrants and exiles from Fujian and Guangdong province. By and large, they were not voluntary colonists, but were acting on government orders to populate the sparsely populated island. By contrast,
1158:
In addition, Hainan has one of China's oldest musical traditions - known as the "Ba Yin" or "Eight Tone" school of music. It derives from the mainland Chinese musical tradition and was brought over by Han settlers. Traditional Chinese instruments such as string, qin, flute, pipe, flute, gong, drum
480:
Other important figures included Li Gang, the Chancellor of the Song dynasty, who belonged to a pro-war faction of the Song court. During the political purges that followed the fall of Jingkang in 1127 AD, the factional infighting between ministerial factions came to a head, and it was during this
316:
nations, where they worked as cooks, restaurateurs, coffee shop owners, clothes makers, sailors and hoteliers, filling niches left unoccupied by previous groups of immigrants from China. The Hainanese were particularly successful in Thailand, where a large number of tycoons trace Hainanese origin,
320:
Overseas Hainanese have been a significant and particularly active source of remittances to China. This was done through specialized banks called "letter offices" (55 such banks were counted in 1937). The donations of overseas Hainanese helped to build schools, libraries and hospitals not just in
502:
Han Chinese presence on Hainan Island led to friction with Li aborigines (a Tai-Kradai group related to the Lao of Siam and Laos) from the beginning. After its incorporation into China during the Han dynasty in 110 BC, Han colonisation was fairly constant throughout the following two millennia,
456:
Hainan was traditionally regarded as a malaria-infested backwater and unfit for human habitation and was therefore used as a place of exile, and not the tropical paradise it is considered to be today. It acquired a reputation as a place of exile for political prisoners and fallen ministers and
1256:
on 2 March 2020, the Hainanese Han cluster first with the Singapore Chinese and the Minnan Han population, followed by the Cantonese population. The same article states that Han at Haikou city showed a very close genetic relationship with the wider Han population with a pairwise FST of 0.002.
507:
and from of Guangdong. The Li fiercely resisted Sinicization more fiercely than the Taiwanese aborigines and they were ultimately defeated and driven into the mountainous areas of central and southwest Hainan. They subsisted by engaging in barter trade with the Han Chinese, who had settled on
1209:
641:
In Malaysia, notable Hainanese Han businesspersons and philanthropists include famous Malaccan Pang Chin Hin, the founder of popular snack brand Mamee. Former PM Abdullah Badawi is of Hainanese descent, although he comes from the minority Cham-Utsul community, a non-Han ethnic group.
1211:
886:
1212:
630:. In the area of entertainment, Singapore model-turned-photographer and influencer Tan Chuando, known for his good looks and extremely youthful appearance, is of Hainanese Han descent as was the bartender who invented the world-famous
321:
their ancestral towns and villages, but also in Haikou, the provincial capital. Overseas Hainanese introduced rubber, pepper, pineapple, cocoa, palm oil and lemon grass to Hainan Island and ensured its commercial production there.
512:
specters would be used to kill enemies and had a great effect among the Li people themselves. According to Han Chinese records, these spells seemed to work only on Li but had no effect on the Han Chinese of the island whatsoever.
1226:
1248:
According to an analysis of autosomal loci using the Huaxia platinum system, the Hainanese Han grouped together with geographically close Taiwan Han, even while showing subtle differentiation from other Han populations.
296:
In the main, Haikou samples showed that Hainanese Han cluster most closely with Singapore Chinese and Taiwan Han. However, other studies show that Hainanese genetically cluster closely with Guangxi and Guangdong Han
521:
Guizhou known as the Miao to protect Han Chinese colonists. The Miao tribesmen were tasked with warding off attacks by Li aborigines on the Han Chinese, and to act as mediators between the Han and Li peoples.
484:
It was during this tumultuous period that Han immigration from southern mainland China to Hainan Island intensified and during which the island became known as a place for banished ministers and statesmen.
2067:
He, Guanglin; Wang, Zheng; Guo, Jianxin; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Tang, Renkuan; Liu, Jing; Zhang, Han; Li, Yingxiang; Hu, Rong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Hou, Yiping (August 2020).
1210:
1155:
Hainanese opera (Qiong opera) is a passion for many Hainanese, particularly for the older generation. Enriched with local flavours, Hainanese opera is part and parcel of Hainanese culture.
1088:
1082:
well-preserved example of Hainanese architecture can actually be seen in Hoi An, Vietnam in the Hoi An Hainanese Assembly Hall as well as in the Memorial of the Five Lords, Haikou.
277:
and Hainan island, displacing Nanyue aborigines such as Hlai, who moved to mountain areas. Important areas of settlement by immigrants from Fujian include the areas in and around
2171:
529:
Genealogical studies of zupu (clan genealogies) indicate that numerous Hainanese descended from Jinshi (metropolitan scholars) and merchants and colonists from Putian city.
792:
546:
Like other Chinese dialect groups outside of mainland China, individuals of Hainanese Han descent have also become prominent politicians, businesspersons and entertainers.
655:
1902:
1770:
1116:
835:
710:
728:
1835:
360:
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2851:
692:
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869:
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the emperor, left their homes in the more congenial region about Fukien , to occupy and develop the sparsely peopled territory south of the sea."
2698:
2479:
1049:
756:
2069:"Inferring the population history of Tai-Kadai-speaking people and southernmost Han Chinese on Hainan Island by genome-wide array genotyping"
1727:
1193:
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and Guangdong provinces, Hainan has been a source for emigration. Towards the turn of the 20th century, many Hainanese migrated to various
2400:
589:
2950:
995:
and Seah Street are referred to as "Hainan First Street" and "Hainan Third Street" respectively. It is often labelled as Singapore's
952:
and the close ties between local Hainanese and the Hainanese diaspora, have led to the adoption of numerous English and Malay words.
675:
2534:
984:. Hainanese chicken rice is a recognised dish throughout Southeast Asia due to the Hainanese diaspora in these areas who famed it.
17:
2134:
395:
2588:
2345:
2340:
1102:
2529:
1130:
1912:
809:
1245:
was considered a remote garrison and a place of exile. More Han colonists migrated throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.
346:
1774:
1604:
Ling-Nam; or Views on the Interior of southern China, including explorations in the hithereto untraversed island of Hainan
423:
2691:
2365:
2355:
943:. Hainanese is a southern Min language, in the same family of Chinese languages or dialects such as Hokkien and Teochew.
332:
1795:
Denlinger, Paul B. (1992). Ta-an), Ho Dah-an (Ho; Hashimoto, Anne Yue; Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O.; Pang-hsin, Ting (eds.).
1063:
409:
2967:
2938:
2856:
1454:
1411:
238:
speakers often refer to their dialect as Qiongwen to distinguish themselves from other groups of Hainan such as the
2428:
2001:"Genetic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of three Chinese ethnic groups using the Huaxia Platinum System"
1432:
Ling-Nam; or, Interior Views of Southern China, including explorations in the hitherto untraversed island of Hainan
2524:
2496:
991:, within the Hainanese enclave; as a result, Purvis Street is often referred to as "Hainan Second Street", while
1165:
1035:
2684:
2252:
1179:
1545:
1937:
2743:
2408:
2288:
2268:
2127:
1880:
1233:
Vintage skirt with human figures woven by the Run Li people of Hainan, courtesy the Wovensouls collection
1019:
2867:
475:
Effigies of the Five Lords (famous officials who were banished to Hainan island) commemorated in Haikou
300:
3044:
2628:
2598:
2413:
2360:
2197:
1938:"Across China: In China's Hainan, 86-yr-old artist gives modern makeover to traditional music-Xinhua"
2618:
2418:
774:
1797:"ADVANCES IN MINNAN DIALECT STUDIES: The Role of 文/白 Distinctions in Chinese Historical Phonology"
1746:
2664:
2514:
2319:
2283:
1999:
Wang, Mengge; Wang, Zheng; He, Guanglin; Jia, Zhenjun; Liu, Jing; Hou, Yiping (5 February 2018).
549:
In Thailand, prominent individuals of Hainamese Han ancestry include the Thailand Prime Minister
481:
period that Hainan acquired a reputation as a place for exiled literati and political opponents.
1708:
1521:
1404:
Authentic Chinese Christianity: Preludes to Its Development (nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries)
497:
2608:
2557:
2120:
1367:
1277:
1025:
992:
988:
973:
1470:"A comprehensive map of genetic variation in the world's largest ethnic group - Han Chinese".
1274:- resulted in a major wave of Han Chinese immigration to the south, including to Hainan Island
1005:
270:
migrated to the island much earlier and are regarded as part of the Nanyue or Baiyue peoples.
2710:
2519:
2055:
273:
Starting from the Song dynasty, Han settlers from Fujian and Guangdong began settling in the
374:
2809:
2603:
2012:
1471:
8:
2872:
2380:
1355:
663:
593:
558:
550:
2016:
1684:
2955:
2578:
2484:
2176:
2093:
2068:
2033:
2000:
1816:
1660:
1095:
Chinese building in Hainan constructed with traditional Han Chinese building techniques
604:
578:
570:
2911:
2834:
2785:
2726:
2423:
2314:
2309:
2232:
2181:
2166:
2098:
2038:
1961:
1836:"Social status, contact history and the implosives in the Chinese dialects of Hainan"
1808:
1450:
1407:
1350:
1271:
597:
274:
2884:
2768:
2721:
2562:
2433:
2278:
2247:
2237:
2088:
2080:
2028:
2020:
1847:
1328:
981:
977:
955:
610:
In Singapore, notable politicians and statesmen include the current Prime Minister
582:
239:
212:
190:
136:
123:
1986:"Hainan - Chinese Province, Tropical Island, Maritime Silk Road | Britannica"
1985:
3039:
2945:
2933:
2899:
2829:
2780:
2760:
2652:
2375:
2350:
2158:
631:
144:
2904:
470:
441:
3016:
3003:
2916:
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2623:
2613:
2549:
2539:
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2273:
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2207:
2024:
1323:
967:
623:
615:
574:
313:
128:
66:
2753:
2084:
3033:
2928:
2841:
2814:
2797:
2583:
2464:
2227:
2202:
1812:
1333:
996:
980:, Hainanese pork chop, Hainanese mutton soup, Hainanese salted fish soup and
635:
611:
498:
Relationship between the Han Chinese immigrants and the aboriginal Li peoples
186:
140:
98:
987:
All these signature dishes are served at the various eateries located along
2986:
2981:
2824:
2773:
2748:
2736:
2474:
2324:
2102:
2042:
1907:
1851:
1345:
1318:
1296:
554:
267:
243:
194:
173:
161:
958:
is also the lingua franca in the island province as in the rest of China.
2974:
2889:
2731:
2707:
2459:
2454:
2293:
2222:
2212:
2150:
1313:
627:
259:
251:
247:
198:
132:
2676:
1820:
1796:
939:
In Hainan, the lingua franca and language of prestige is referred to as
2993:
2894:
2792:
2633:
2593:
2385:
619:
234:. The term can be used to refer to all residents and of Hainan island.
1866:
China's provinces in reform: class, community, and political structure
1646:
China's provinces in reform: class, community, and political structure
446:
2217:
1301:
940:
926:
263:
235:
119:
94:
86:
62:
3011:
2802:
1476:
1447:
China's Provinces in Reform: Class, Community and Political Culture
1389:
The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Issues 3-7
562:
286:
282:
231:
169:
106:
90:
78:
70:
1617:
2923:
1280:- Chinese chancellor exiled to Hainan, with a retinue of advisors
290:
157:
102:
74:
2112:
2998:
1283:
879:, Thai businessperson and politician, of Hainanese Han ancestry
588:
In Hong Kong, prominent individuals of Hainan ancestry include
504:
309:
278:
227:
165:
82:
58:
740:, former Thai Minister of Education, of Hainanese Han ancestry
2469:
2370:
442:
Garrison and Prison Island for Exiles and Political Criminals
147:
and various other languages of the counties that they inhabit
2056:
https://foa-media.arch.hku.hk/media/upload/ZHANG-Huali.pdf
577:, as well as two of the wealthiest business families, the
460:
802:, famous singer and Kpop star, is of Hainanese Han origin
566:
901:
Thai banker and businessperson, of Hainanese Han origin
508:
Hainan's coastal regions, trading in mountain produce.
451:
Su Dong Po, famous essayist, statesman and calligrapher
1747:"Opening Ceromony of SJK (C) Malim's Basketball Court"
1587:
De Groot (1907). "Chapter V, Other Forms of Sorcery".
524:
2429:
Qiongzhou University/Hainan Tropical Ocean University
668:
Prime Minister of Thailand, of Hainamese Han ancestry
592:, one of the "villain" movie stars that dotted the
1932:
1930:
1744:
3031:
1903:"Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice"
1574:Locating China: Space, Place and Popular Culture
1546:"Temple of Five Lords Haikou, Haikou Attraction"
1109:Garden in the Memorial of the Five Lords, Haikou
2589:Leiqiong/Haikou Volcanic Cluster Global Geopark
1927:
862:, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry
845:, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry
1401:
819:, a famous Kpop star, is of Hainan Han origin.
2692:
2128:
2066:
1998:
1878:
1444:
1200:Musical accompaniment to an opera performance
1391:. Philippine Chinese Historical Association.
1286:- Famous Chinese statesman, exiled to Hainan
1056:Hainanese chicken rice with a condiment tray
1495:. Harvard University Press. pp. 42–43.
2699:
2685:
2135:
2121:
1386:
1137:Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam
430:Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam
2706:
2535:Hainan Exhibition & Convention Center
2092:
2032:
1794:
1475:
1252:According to an article published in the
492:
388:Hainanese assembly halls outside of China
1586:
925:
532:
469:
459:
445:
299:
230:, the southernmost and smallest Chinese
226:is a term referring to the residents of
1510:. Harvard University Press. p. 43.
614:, as well as former education minister
515:
503:especially from Putian city of central
14:
3032:
1900:
1840:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
972:Numerous signature dishes such as the
603:In Laos, former deputy prime minister
402:Hainanese assembly hall in Johor Bahru
2680:
2530:Hainan Centre for the Performing Arts
2116:
1639:
1637:
1601:
1567:
1565:
1429:
1402:Koen De Ridder (2001). "Weiying Gu".
2659:
1728:"Chuando, the fashion revolutionary"
1643:
1571:
1508:The Encyclopedia of Overseas Chinese
1505:
1493:The encyclopedia of overseas Chinese
1425:
1423:
767:Chung Sun, of Hainanese Han ancestry
685:Singapore PM, Hainanese Han ancestry
600:(born Fu Li, 17 March 1963, Macau).
353:Wenchang city, photo of old Wenchang
53:Regions with significant populations
2366:Sanya Phoenix International Airport
2356:Haikou Meilan International Airport
1833:
1589:Religious System of China, Volume 5
1490:
717:Former Prime Minister of Malaysia,
525:Han Chinese genealogical traditions
24:
2073:European Journal of Human Genetics
1881:"Youth camps keep Hainanese alive"
1658:
1634:
1562:
416:Hainanese assembly hall in Malacca
25:
3056:
2142:
1420:
1148:
934:
541:
2658:
2647:
2646:
1745:wackymonsteradmin (2022-10-09).
1725:
1661:"海南进士最多的姓，前三名不出意外，唐氏令人震撼，符氏也不示弱"
1225:
1206:
1192:
1178:
1164:
1129:
1123:Temple of the Five Lords, Haikou
1115:
1101:
1087:
1062:
1048:
1034:
1018:
1004:
885:
868:
851:
834:
808:
791:
773:
755:
727:
709:
691:
674:
654:
465:Li Gang, Song-dynasty chancellor
422:
408:
394:
373:
359:
345:
339:Haikou city, photo of old Haikou
331:
2525:Haikou Great Hall of the People
2060:
2049:
1992:
1978:
1954:
1901:Kugiya, Hugo (March 18, 2010).
1894:
1879:Abigail Ng WY (23 March 2017).
1872:
1858:
1827:
1788:
1763:
1738:
1719:
1701:
1677:
1652:
1610:
1595:
1580:
1219:Ceremonial procession in Hainan
1076:
1538:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1463:
1438:
1395:
1380:
607:is also of Hainanese descent.
573:, the politically influential
13:
1:
2172:Historical and cultural sites
1883:. The Straits Times Singapore
1373:
2253:Yongxing Island/Woody Island
1254:European Journal of Genetics
557:, Bank of Bangkok President
325:Main cities of Hainan island
7:
2409:Haikou College of Economics
2289:Hainan black crested gibbon
2269:Hainan yellow lantern chili
1834:Liu, Chuntao (2023-05-05).
1685:"海南周刊 | 南宋"翰林学士"迁琼 "秀梅公"佳话"
1406:. Leuven University Press.
1260:
1239:
921:
912:
304:Hainanese students playing.
10:
3061:
2025:10.1038/s41598-018-20871-7
1308:Ethnic group and subgroups
965:
961:
907:
634:at the renowned Singapore
436:
2717:
2642:
2629:Yangpu Ancient Salt Field
2599:Mission Hills Star Trophy
2571:
2548:
2507:
2442:
2414:Hainan Medical University
2399:
2333:
2302:
2261:
2190:
2157:
2148:
2085:10.1038/s41431-020-0599-7
1962:"The Forefathers Project"
703:of Hainanese Han ancestry
216:
185:
180:
156:
151:
117:
112:
57:
52:
47:
42:
2619:Temple of the Five Lords
2508:Buildings and structures
2419:Hainan Normal University
1868:. Routledge. p. 56.
1648:. Routledge. p. 57.
1618:"莆田先民移民广东海南缘由初探 - 莆田文化网"
1602:Couch, Benjamin (1886).
1430:Couch, Benjamin (1886).
1172:Hainan opera performance
594:Hong Kong movie industry
27:Natives of Hainan, China
18:Hainanese (ethnic group)
2515:Crown of Beauty Theatre
2346:Hainan Western Ring HSR
2341:Hainan Eastern Ring HSR
2320:Nanguo Metropolis Daily
2284:Hainan peacock-pheasant
1143:
721:of Hainan-Cham ancestry
638:, Mr. Ngiam Tong Boon.
2361:Qionghai Bo'ao Airport
1852:10.1075/jpcl.00107.liu
1644:Feng, Chongyi (1997).
1572:Feng, Chongyi (2005).
1445:David Goodman (2002).
1368:Hainanese chicken rice
1070:Hainanese coconut soup
1042:Hainanese rice noodles
1027:Hainanese chicken rice
974:Hainanese chicken rice
947:Unique characteristics
931:
493:Han-minority relations
477:
467:
453:
305:
2520:Haikou Century Bridge
1550:www.visitourchina.com
929:
664:Prime Minister Thanom
533:Jinshi degree holders
473:
463:
449:
303:
181:Related ethnic groups
2604:Nanwan Monkey Island
1526:The World of Chinese
1522:"The Land of Exiles"
516:Imported Miao tribes
48:6 million+ worldwide
2572:Visitor attractions
2558:Hainan chicken rice
2381:Haikou Xiuying Port
2017:2018NatSR...8.2429W
1709:"Alex Fong, Douban"
1387:Tim Doling (1972).
894:Boonchu Rojanastien
559:Boonchu Rojanastien
553:and Prime Minister
551:Thanom Kittikachorn
39:
2005:Scientific Reports
1506:Lynn, Pan (1999).
1491:Pan, Lynn (1999).
1356:Indonesian Chinese
1314:Han Chinese people
932:
843:Sondhi Limthongkul
736:Jurin Laksanawisit
605:Somsavat Lengsavad
571:Sondhi Limthongkul
478:
468:
454:
306:
33:
3027:
3026:
2963:Teochew Taiwanese
2852:Teochew Taiwanese
2674:
2673:
2579:Statue of Guanyin
2424:Hainan University
2233:Songtao Reservoir
2198:Islands of Hainan
1988:. 11 August 2024.
1732:The Straits Times
1659:网易 (2022-02-28).
1351:Malaysian Chinese
1340:Overseas diaspora
1302:Hainanese dialect
1234:
1220:
1213:
1201:
1187:
1173:
1151:
1138:
1124:
1110:
1096:
1071:
1057:
1043:
1028:
1013:
902:
899:
895:
880:
863:
846:
828:
820:
786:
768:
749:
741:
737:
722:
704:
686:
669:
648:
476:
466:
452:
431:
417:
403:
382:
368:
354:
340:
275:Leizhou Peninsula
205:
204:
38:
16:(Redirected from
3052:
3045:Hainanese people
2971:
2959:
2942:
2860:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2662:
2661:
2650:
2649:
2563:Wenchang chicken
2500:
2488:
2434:Sanya University
2279:Hainan partridge
2248:Yangpu Peninsula
2238:Wuzhizhou Island
2151:Haikou (capital)
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2079:(8): 1111–1123.
2064:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1966:The TENG Company
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1911:. Archived from
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1801:Monumenta Serica
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1773:. Archived from
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1329:Cantonese people
1232:
1229:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1196:
1185:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1149:
1136:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1069:
1066:
1055:
1052:
1041:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1012:Wenchang chicken
1011:
1008:
982:beef noodle soup
978:Wenchang chicken
956:Standard Chinese
900:
897:
893:
889:
875:
872:
858:
855:
841:
838:
826:
815:
812:
795:
780:
777:
762:
759:
747:
739:
735:
731:
719:Abdullah Badawi,
716:
713:
698:
695:
681:
678:
661:
658:
646:
474:
464:
450:
429:
426:
415:
412:
401:
398:
380:
377:
366:
363:
352:
349:
338:
335:
218:
191:Cantonese people
124:Standard Chinese
43:Total population
40:
36:
32:
21:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
2965:
2953:
2936:
2934:Hakka Taiwanese
2854:
2830:Hoklo Taiwanese
2713:
2705:
2675:
2670:
2638:
2567:
2544:
2503:
2494:
2492:Mainland People
2482:
2438:
2395:
2376:Haikou New Port
2351:Hainan Airlines
2329:
2298:
2262:Flora and fauna
2257:
2186:
2153:
2144:
2141:
2111:
2110:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2050:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1942:english.news.cn
1936:
1935:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1832:
1828:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1771:"Wenchang City"
1769:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1739:
1724:
1720:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1653:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1581:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1443:
1439:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1297:Minnan topolect
1263:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1186:Hainanese opera
1183:
1174:
1169:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1120:
1111:
1106:
1097:
1092:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1009:
970:
964:
937:
930:Min dialect map
924:
915:
910:
903:
890:
881:
873:
864:
860:Tos Chirathivat
856:
847:
839:
827:Businesspersons
821:
813:
804:
803:
796:
787:
778:
769:
763:HK-based actor
760:
742:
732:
723:
714:
705:
699:Prime Minister
696:
687:
679:
670:
659:
632:Singapore Sling
544:
535:
527:
518:
500:
495:
444:
439:
432:
427:
418:
413:
404:
399:
383:
378:
369:
364:
355:
350:
341:
336:
314:Southeast Asian
145:Danzhou dialect
126:
35:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2943:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2835:Hui'an maidens
2832:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Tianya Haijiao
2621:
2616:
2614:Phoenix Island
2611:
2609:Nanshan Temple
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2540:Hainan Library
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2391:Port of Yangpu
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2334:Transportation
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:Hainan gymnure
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Wuzhi Mountain
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Haidian Island
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2059:
2048:
1991:
1977:
1953:
1926:
1893:
1871:
1857:
1846:(1): 135–150.
1826:
1787:
1762:
1737:
1718:
1700:
1676:
1651:
1633:
1609:
1606:. p. 343.
1594:
1591:. p. 927.
1579:
1576:. p. 140.
1561:
1537:
1513:
1498:
1483:
1477:10.1101/162982
1462:
1455:
1437:
1434:. p. 334.
1419:
1412:
1394:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Teochew people
1321:
1319:Hokkien people
1316:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1262:
1259:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1152:
1150:Music and Arts
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1003:
968:Hainan cuisine
966:Main article:
963:
960:
936:
935:Classification
933:
923:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
891:
884:
882:
874:
867:
865:
857:
850:
848:
840:
833:
823:
822:
814:
807:
805:
798:
797:
790:
788:
779:
772:
770:
761:
754:
744:
743:
733:
726:
724:
715:
708:
706:
697:
690:
688:
683:Lawrence Wong,
680:
673:
671:
660:
653:
624:Chin Harn Tong
616:Lee Chiaw Meng
575:Sarasin family
569:, media mogul
543:
542:Famous Persons
540:
534:
531:
526:
523:
517:
514:
499:
496:
494:
491:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
428:
421:
419:
414:
407:
405:
400:
393:
385:
384:
379:
372:
370:
365:
358:
356:
351:
344:
342:
337:
330:
203:
202:
183:
182:
178:
177:
154:
153:
149:
148:
133:Lingao dialect
129:Hlai languages
115:
114:
110:
109:
67:Southeast Asia
55:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3057:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2940:
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2914:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
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2898:
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2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
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2879:
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2874:
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2869:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
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2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
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2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
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2742:
2738:
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2725:
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2720:
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2716:
2712:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Hainan Museum
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2480:Lingao people
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
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2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
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2254:
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2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Wanquan River
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Dazhou Island
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:Hainan topics
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
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2074:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1915:on 2011-08-31
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1882:
1875:
1867:
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1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1777:on 2011-06-05
1776:
1772:
1766:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1726:Boey, Dylan.
1722:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1690:
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1623:
1622:www.ptwhw.com
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1509:
1502:
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1487:
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1473:
1466:
1458:
1456:11-347-1270-7
1452:
1449:. Routledge.
1448:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1413:90-586-7102-X
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
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1369:
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1365:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
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1343:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:Putian people
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
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1292:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:Song-Jin wars
1270:
1269:
1268:
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1246:
1228:
1223:
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1113:
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1060:
1051:
1046:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:national dish
994:
990:
989:Purvis Street
985:
983:
979:
975:
969:
959:
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2737:Macau people
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2223:Nandu River
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1689:m.yunnan.cn
1665:www.163.com
993:Middle Road
647:Politicians
628:Mah Bow Tan
199:Hlai people
3034:Categories
3008:Yunnanese
2900:Minh Hương
2815:Fuzhounese
2786:Sichuanese
2727:Taishanese
2634:Yalong Bay
2594:Luobi Cave
2386:Macun Port
2371:Basuo Port
1971:2024-06-19
1947:2024-06-19
1919:August 20,
1887:2017-05-23
1781:2011-04-15
1756:2024-06-19
1694:2024-07-16
1670:2024-07-16
1627:2021-07-14
1555:2024-07-01
1531:2024-07-01
1374:References
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2191:Geography
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1284:Su DongPo
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765:Alex Fong
598:Alex Fong
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113:Languages
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2761:Hunanese
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2177:Politics
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1908:Crosscut
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1291:Language
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581:and the
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