207:(to go) is used to construct the passive voice when used with the perfective participle, shows that the action is completed when it is used with intransitive verbs and shows continuity when it is used with habitual participle.
161:
of the sentence which is marked by the vowel the participles end in. Periphrastic
Hindustani verb forms consist of two elements. The first element is the aspect marker. The second element is the tense-mood marker.
1023:, which follows the verb. This is unlike Mandarin and some other Sinitic languages, which have no grammatical indicators of the habitual aspect, but may express habituality via circumlocution.
77:, "John smokes" being interpretable as "John is a smoker", "Enjoh habitually gets up early in the morning" as "Enjoh is an early bird". The habitual aspect is a type of
73:: the subject performs the action usually, ordinarily, or customarily. As such, the habitual aspect provides structural information on the nature of the subject
189:(to come). These verbs, even when they are used as copula, themselves can be turned into aspectual participles and can be used with the default auxiliary verb
87:
found that the habitual past, the most common tense context for the habitual, occurred in only seven of 60 languages sampled, including
English. Especially in
137:
is marked by the habitual participle. The habitual participle is constructed from the infinitive form of the verb by removing the infinitive marker
81:, which does not depict an event as a single entity viewed only as a whole but instead specifies something about its internal temporal structure.
801:
English can also indicate habituality in a time-unspecific way, referring generically to the past, present, and future, by using the auxiliary
1389:
1347:
405:. Conjugating the auxiliary verbs, which are above in the infinitive form, into their aspectual forms using the auxiliary
878:
1443:
924:
do not have a grammatical form that is specific to the habitual aspect. In the past tense, they have a form called the
732:
710:
402:
1382:
1309:
1227:
1202:
1177:
1071:
921:
723:
construction always refers to the habitual aspect when the infinitive is a non-stative verb; in contrast, when
51:
46:
that defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state. As its name suggests, the
913:
787:
1568:
1375:
715:
Standard
English has two habitual aspectual forms in the past tense. One is illustrated by the sentence
917:
999:
1007:
932:
with the imperfective aspect and indicates that a past ongoing process was habitual or continuous.
17:
112:
982:, not merely that he happens not to be eating meat at that very moment. To imply the latter, the
1063:
1329:
909:
766:
This usage requires a lexical indication of when the action occurred; by itself the sentence
92:
66:
43:
8:
1462:
1448:
1438:
983:
195:(to be), hence forming sub-aspects that combine the nuance of two aspects. The auxiliary
118:
78:
758:
The second way that habituality is expressed in the past is by using the auxiliary verb
1563:
1535:
1398:
1280:
1272:
1150:
1142:
1056:
941:
852:
154:
150:
134:
35:
1530:
1505:
1416:
1343:
1305:
1284:
1264:
1223:
1198:
1173:
1154:
1134:
1067:
1003:
905:
882:
398:
158:
1514:
1458:
1335:
1256:
1126:
955:
947:
795:
100:
96:
88:
62:
1367:
411:(to be) gives subaspectual forms for the habitual aspect in their infintive formː
1509:
1353:
1339:
890:
165:
There are four different copulas with which the habitual participle can be used:
1402:
1325:
1299:
1260:
1130:
1051:
969:
1557:
1484:
1466:
1334:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–221.
1304:. Stanford, California: Stanford (Calif.) : CSLI, 2010. pp. 43–62.
1268:
1138:
979:
1357:
1092:
84:
1431:
1172:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 231–236.
836:
Habitual aspect is frequently expressed in unmarked form in
English, as in
743:
can be used with or without an indicator of temporal location in the past (
728:
99:, he found that the habitual can occur in combination with the predictive
873:
31:
1276:
1146:
1244:
1114:
929:
826:
130:
1453:
1426:
925:
27:
Grammatical aspect which defines a verb as being performed habitually
782:
also has other uses in
English that do not indicate habituality: in
74:
968:"broad time") is a habitual aspect, and is similar to the English
889:
to mark habitual or extended actions in the present tense. Some
751:); but the time indicator cannot be too specific; for example, *
201:(to stay) gives a nuance of continuity of the perfective state,
1421:
978:("I do not eat meat") informs the listener that the speaker is
951:
739:), although Bernard Comrie classifies this, too, as habitual.
122:
70:
735:(that is, it indicates an ongoing, unchanging state, as in
126:
39:
1017:
821:
has other uses as well: as an indicator of future time (
784:
In
January 1986 I knew I would graduate in four months
133:
form to mark the habitual aspect. Habitual aspect in
1297:
1222:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 216–246.
397:
Hindustani has three grammatical aspectsː habitual,
1397:
774:does even though it does not specify when. As with
1055:
1298:Caabredo Hofherr, Patricia; Laca, Brenda (2010).
1011:
861:Every time I visit, he's always making something.
807:He will make that mistake all the time, won't he?
1555:
1197:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 263.
1546:Lexical aspects. Grammatical aspects unmarked.
846:I will walk to work every day after I get well
1383:
986:
973:
959:
1331:Irish English: History and present-day forms
1245:"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb"
1115:"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb"
965:
690:
679:
668:
657:
646:
635:
624:
611:
600:
589:
578:
567:
556:
545:
532:
521:
510:
499:
488:
477:
466:
434:
427:
420:
406:
383:
372:
361:
350:
339:
326:
315:
304:
293:
282:
269:
258:
247:
236:
225:
202:
196:
190:
184:
178:
172:
166:
144:
138:
113:Hindi verbs § Copulas & Subaspects
1390:
1376:
1301:Layers of aspectː Tense and Aspect in Urdu
1242:
1112:
991:("I am not eating meat") is used instead.
831:At this moment I will not tolerate dissent
1318:
753:We used to do that at 3 pm yesterday
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
838:I walked to work every day for ten years
764:Last summer we would go there every day.
1217:
1192:
1167:
1062:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
14:
1556:
1324:
1099:. Blackwell. pp. 95, 99–101, 111.
1087:
1085:
1083:
1050:
1371:
1033:
788:future viewed from a past perspective
1108:
1106:
1091:
900:
770:does not express habituality, while
1211:
1080:
879:African American Vernacular English
731:, the aspect can be interpreted as
69:, specifies an action as occurring
24:
1236:
1186:
855:can be combined in English, as in
823:The sun will rise tomorrow at 6:14
711:English markers of habitual aspect
415:Subaspects of the Habitual Aspect
25:
1580:
1220:A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi
1195:A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi
1170:A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi
1161:
1103:
893:in Ireland uses the construction
539:to habitually have kept happening
528:to habitually have been happening
495:to habitually have kept happening
484:to have habitually kept happening
149:. The participles agree with the
1010:to express the habitual aspect,
517:to habitually keep on happening
265:to progressively keep happening
1291:
897:to mark the habitual present.
143:from the verb root and adding
13:
1:
1026:
972:. For example, the statement
717:I used to go there frequently
697:to habitually have kept dying
686:to habitually have been dying
653:to habitually have kept dying
642:to have habitually kept dying
618:to habitually have kept doing
607:to habitually have been doing
574:to habitually have kept doing
563:to have habitually kept doing
106:
1340:10.1017/CBO9780511551048.005
1218:Shapiro, Michael C. (1989).
1193:Shapiro, Michael C. (1989).
1168:Shapiro, Michael C. (2003).
1018:
994:
942:Turkish grammar § Verbs
473:to habitually keep happening
7:
1243:VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975).
1113:VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975).
1066:, 30, 98–99, 114–115, 124.
792:I would go if I felt better
675:to habitually keep on dying
596:to habitually keep on doing
379:to progressively keep dying
322:to progressively keep doing
61:), not to be confused with
10:
1585:
1444:Continuous and progressive
1261:10.1163/000000075791615397
1131:10.1163/000000075791615397
1012:
939:
935:
871:
749:We used to do that in 1974
708:
704:
110:
1544:
1523:
1498:
1477:
1409:
433:
426:
419:
215:
1097:Tense and Aspect Systems
842:I walk to work every day
631:to habitually keep dying
552:to habitually keep doing
1531:Perfect (Retrospective)
1410:Complete vs. incomplete
987:
974:
960:
857:He used to be playing.
691:
680:
669:
658:
647:
636:
625:
612:
601:
590:
579:
568:
557:
546:
533:
522:
511:
500:
489:
478:
467:
435:
428:
421:
407:
384:
373:
362:
351:
340:
327:
316:
305:
294:
283:
276:to have been happening
270:
259:
248:
237:
226:
203:
197:
191:
185:
179:
177:(to stay, to remain),
173:
167:
145:
139:
928:, which combines the
829:indicating volition (
1499:Beginning vs. ending
1478:Generic vs. episodic
1249:Indo-Iranian Journal
1119:Indo-Iranian Journal
755:is not grammatical.
243:to habitually happen
171:(to be, to happen),
67:frequentative aspect
44:grammatical category
1569:Grammatical aspects
984:present progressive
853:progressive aspects
794:, it indicates the
786:, it indicates the
772:We used to go there
737:I used to know that
648:martā rêh rahā honā
569:kartā rêh rahā honā
416:
79:imperfective aspect
1006:, has a dedicated
745:We used to do that
670:martā jā rahā honā
591:kartā jā rahā honā
506:to go on happening
490:hotā rêh rahā honā
414:
390:to have been dying
333:to have been doing
1551:
1550:
1506:Inchoative aspect
1349:978-0-521-85299-9
906:Romance languages
901:Romance languages
885:use an invariant
883:Caribbean English
851:The habitual and
768:We would go there
702:
701:
692:martā ā rahā honā
613:kartā ā rahā honā
512:hotā jā rahā honā
395:
394:
357:to habitually die
254:to keep happening
219:(infintive forms)
129:) has a specific
16:(Redirected from
1576:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1061:
1048:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1004:Sinitic language
990:
977:
967:
963:
817:, the auxiliary
796:conditional mood
698:
694:
687:
683:
676:
672:
665:
661:
654:
650:
643:
639:
632:
628:
626:martā rêhtā honā
619:
615:
608:
604:
597:
593:
586:
582:
575:
571:
564:
560:
553:
549:
547:kartā rêhtā honā
540:
536:
534:hotā ā rahā honā
529:
525:
518:
514:
507:
503:
496:
492:
485:
481:
474:
470:
438:
431:
424:
417:
413:
410:
391:
387:
380:
376:
369:
365:
358:
354:
347:
343:
334:
330:
323:
319:
312:
308:
301:
300:to habitually do
297:
290:
286:
277:
273:
266:
262:
255:
251:
244:
240:
233:
229:
220:
210:
209:
206:
200:
194:
188:
182:
176:
170:
148:
142:
89:Turkic languages
63:iterative aspect
59:
58:
21:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1519:
1494:
1473:
1405:
1403:lexical aspects
1396:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1326:Hickey, Raymond
1323:
1319:
1312:
1296:
1292:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1166:
1162:
1111:
1104:
1090:
1081:
1074:
1052:Comrie, Bernard
1049:
1034:
1029:
1016:
997:
944:
938:
903:
891:Hiberno-English
876:
868:
727:is used with a
713:
707:
696:
695:
685:
684:
674:
673:
663:
662:
659:martā jātā honā
652:
651:
641:
640:
637:martā rahā honā
630:
629:
617:
616:
606:
605:
595:
594:
584:
583:
580:kartā jātā honā
573:
572:
562:
561:
558:kartā rahā honā
551:
550:
538:
537:
527:
526:
516:
515:
505:
504:
494:
493:
483:
482:
472:
471:
468:hotā rêhtā honā
389:
388:
378:
377:
367:
366:
356:
355:
345:
344:
332:
331:
321:
320:
310:
309:
299:
298:
288:
287:
275:
274:
264:
263:
253:
252:
242:
241:
231:
230:
218:
217:
216:Habitual Aspect
115:
109:
56:
55:
48:habitual aspect
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1348:
1317:
1310:
1290:
1255:(4): 284–301.
1235:
1228:
1210:
1203:
1185:
1178:
1160:
1125:(4): 284–301.
1102:
1079:
1072:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
996:
993:
970:present simple
940:Main article:
937:
934:
902:
899:
872:Main article:
866:
709:Main article:
706:
703:
700:
699:
688:
681:martā āyā honā
677:
666:
664:to go on dying
655:
644:
633:
621:
620:
609:
602:kartā āyā honā
598:
587:
585:to go on doing
576:
565:
554:
542:
541:
530:
519:
508:
501:hotā jātā honā
497:
486:
479:hotā rahā honā
475:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
432:
425:
393:
392:
381:
370:
359:
348:
336:
335:
324:
313:
302:
291:
279:
278:
267:
256:
245:
234:
222:
221:
214:
213:Simple Aspect
111:Main article:
108:
105:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1581:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:Relative time
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1467:frequentative
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1311:9781575865973
1307:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1229:81-208-0475-9
1225:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1204:81-208-0475-9
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1179:81-208-0508-9
1175:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1073:9780521211093
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1005:
1001:
992:
989:
985:
981:
976:
971:
962:
957:
953:
949:
943:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
870:
869:
867:Present tense
863:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
712:
693:
689:
682:
678:
671:
667:
660:
656:
649:
645:
638:
634:
627:
623:
622:
614:
610:
603:
599:
592:
588:
581:
577:
570:
566:
559:
555:
548:
544:
543:
535:
531:
524:
523:hotā āyā honā
520:
513:
509:
502:
498:
491:
487:
480:
476:
469:
465:
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
430:
423:
418:
412:
409:
404:
400:
386:
382:
375:
371:
368:to keep dying
364:
360:
353:
349:
342:
338:
337:
329:
325:
318:
314:
311:to keep doing
307:
303:
296:
292:
285:
281:
280:
272:
268:
261:
257:
250:
246:
239:
235:
228:
224:
223:
212:
211:
208:
205:
199:
193:
187:
183:(to go), and
181:
175:
169:
163:
160:
156:
152:
147:
141:
136:
135:Hindi grammar
132:
128:
124:
120:
114:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1489:
1463:distributive
1449:Delimitative
1439:Imperfective
1432:Semelfactive
1330:
1320:
1300:
1293:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1219:
1213:
1194:
1188:
1169:
1163:
1122:
1118:
1096:
1057:
998:
988:Et yemiyorum
945:
904:
894:
886:
877:
865:
864:
860:
856:
850:
845:
841:
837:
835:
830:
825:), and as a
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
800:
791:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:stative verb
724:
720:
716:
714:
461:Progressive
455:Progressive
449:Progressive
396:
164:
116:
83:
54:
47:
29:
1536:Prospective
1399:Grammatical
1093:Dahl, Östen
961:geniş zaman
874:Habitual be
809:. As with
403:progressive
363:martā rêhnā
306:kartā rêhnā
93:Azerbaijani
52:abbreviated
32:linguistics
1558:Categories
1417:Perfective
1027:References
980:vegetarian
930:past tense
922:Portuguese
827:modal verb
733:continuous
458:Perfective
446:Perfective
399:perfective
374:martā jānā
352:martā honā
317:kartā jānā
295:kartā honā
249:hotā rêhnā
131:participle
119:Hindustani
107:Hindustani
85:Östen Dahl
71:habitually
1564:Semantics
1515:Cessative
1459:Iterative
1454:Imperfect
1427:Momentane
1358:22766540M
1285:161530848
1269:0019-7246
1155:161530848
1139:0019-7246
1000:Cantonese
995:Cantonese
926:imperfect
385:martā ānā
328:kartā ānā
260:hotā jānā
238:hotā honā
232:to happen
1490:Habitual
1328:(2007).
1277:24651488
1147:24651488
1095:(1985).
1054:(1976).
1008:particle
975:Et yemem
762:, as in
721:used to
452:Habitual
443:Habitual
271:hotā ānā
153:and the
91:such as
75:referent
18:Habitual
956:Turkish
948:Turkish
936:Turkish
918:Italian
914:Spanish
811:used to
776:used to
741:Used to
725:used to
705:English
159:subject
157:of the
117:Modern
97:Turkish
1485:Gnomic
1422:Aorist
1356:
1346:
1308:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1226:
1201:
1176:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1070:
1058:Aspect
952:aorist
950:, the
920:, and
910:French
844:, and
805:as in
719:. The
346:to die
155:number
151:gender
36:aspect
34:, the
1281:S2CID
1273:JSTOR
1151:S2CID
1143:JSTOR
908:like
895:do be
815:would
790:; in
780:would
760:would
422:rêhnā
341:marnā
289:to do
284:karnā
198:rêhnā
174:rêhnā
123:Hindi
42:is a
38:of a
1510:verb
1401:and
1344:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1265:ISSN
1224:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1135:ISSN
1068:ISBN
1002:, a
966:lit.
881:and
819:will
813:and
803:will
429:jānā
408:honā
401:and
227:honā
204:jānā
192:honā
180:jānā
168:honā
127:Urdu
125:and
101:mood
95:and
40:verb
1336:doi
1257:doi
1127:doi
1019:hoi
946:In
833:).
436:ānā
186:ānā
146:-tā
140:-nā
65:or
57:HAB
30:In
1560::
1354:OL
1352:.
1342:.
1279:.
1271:.
1263:.
1253:16
1251:.
1247:.
1149:.
1141:.
1133:.
1123:16
1121:.
1117:.
1105:^
1082:^
1064:25
1035:^
964:,
958::
916:,
912:,
887:be
859:.
848:.
840:,
798:.
778:,
747:,
103:.
1508:/
1465:/
1461:/
1391:e
1384:t
1377:v
1360:.
1338::
1314:.
1287:.
1259::
1232:.
1207:.
1182:.
1157:.
1129::
1076:.
1013:開
954:(
121:(
50:(
20:)
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