477:
73:
175:
32:
247:, which describes an action. The difference can be categorized by saying that stative verbs describe situations that are static, or unchanging throughout their entire duration, whereas dynamic verbs describe processes that entail change over time. Many languages distinguish between these two types in terms of how they can be used grammatically.
256:
according to the context. When, in a given context, the verb "play" relates to a state (an interest or a profession), he could be an amateur who enjoys music or a professional pianist. The dynamic interpretation emerges from a specific context in the case "play" describes an action, "what does he do on Friday evening? He plays the piano".
290:). A verb that has both dynamic and stative uses cannot normally be used in the progressive when a stative meaning is intended: e.g. one cannot normally say, idiomatically, "Every morning, I am going to school". In other languages, statives can be used in the progressive as well: in Korean, for example, the sentence 미나가 인호를 사랑하고 있다 (
964:
Semantic divisions mainly involve verbs that express someone's state of mind, or something's properties (of course, things can also be expressed via other language mechanisms as well, particularly adjectives). The precise categories vary by linguist. Huddleston and Pullum, for example, divide stative
342:
is sometimes inchoative. For example, the present-tense verb in the sentence "He understands his friend" is stative, while the past-tense verb in the sentence "Suddenly he understood what she said" is inchoative, because it means "He understood henceforth". On the other hand, the past-tense verb in
255:
Some languages use the same verbs for dynamic and stative situations, and others use different (but often related) verbs with some kind of qualifiers to distinguish between them. Some verbs may act as either stative or dynamic. A phrase like "he plays the piano" may be either stative or dynamic,
1774:
346:
The only way the difference between stative and inchoative can be expressed in
English is through the use of modifiers, as in the above examples ("suddenly" and "at one time").
447:
186:. In particular, the whole article is unclear and characterizes its subject matter via spurious contrasts and uncited claims to a degree that makes editing difficult.
302:
In some languages, stative and dynamic verbs will use entirely different morphological markers on the verbs themselves. For example, in the
Mantauran dialect of
813:
1211:
852:
306:, an indigenous language of Taiwan, the two types of verbs take different prefixes in their finite forms, with dynamic verbs taking
2077:
1004:
structures in which a verb may be used. In the following examples, an asterisk (*) indicates that the sentence is ungrammatical:
365:"I became king"). But the aorist can also simply express the state as a whole, with no focus on the beginning of the state (
137:
808:
109:
1154:
Word
Meaning and Montague Grammar : the Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ
1086:
679:
279:
452:
Apart from Dowty, Z. Vendler and C. S. Smith have also written influential work on aspectual classification of verbs.
278:
In
English and certain other languages, stative and dynamic verbs differ in whether or not they typically occur in a
222:
156:
59:
116:
1204:
757:
2046:
94:
123:
1864:
845:
745:
90:
45:
1856:
609:
1556:
1375:
1272:
1197:
822:
570:
105:
1242:
713:
786:
334:
In
English, a verb that expresses a state can also express the entrance into a state. This is called
1142:
Smith, Carlota S. 1991 ″The parameter of aspect″ Kluwer
Academic Publisher Dordrecht; Boston :
399:
1966:
1466:
838:
486:
193:
1778:
1287:
765:
697:
651:
83:
1541:
1912:
1739:
1648:
717:
358:
1983:
1874:
1869:
1846:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1608:
1401:
1237:
1103:
870:
Dowty gives several tests to decide whether an
English verb is stative. They are as follows:
739:
705:
630:
584:
576:
339:
1988:
1922:
1754:
1711:
1613:
1476:
1436:
1057:
749:
604:
553:
981:). Novakov, meanwhile, uses the slightly different categories: verbs denoting sensations (
130:
8:
2072:
1769:
1749:
1396:
961:
Stative verbs are often divided into sub-categories, based on their semantics or syntax.
777:
701:
668:
565:
189:
1189:
1935:
1902:
1828:
1813:
1798:
1788:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1481:
1411:
1406:
674:
624:
600:
588:
534:
323:
1892:
1818:
1793:
1716:
1581:
1526:
1496:
1456:
1082:
687:
335:
197:
51:
476:
1930:
1823:
1803:
1653:
1618:
1536:
1331:
660:
655:
620:
615:
557:
549:
1838:
1759:
1721:
1706:
1586:
1576:
1491:
1486:
1426:
1292:
1262:
1153:
965:
verbs into the following semantic categories: verbs of perception and sensation (
818:
683:
664:
538:
491:
468:
390:
2020:
1978:
1940:
1842:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1446:
1441:
1421:
1416:
1345:
1220:
1052:
935:
525:
500:
303:
2066:
1945:
1897:
1764:
1744:
1623:
1521:
1471:
1451:
1431:
646:
634:
592:
561:
511:
350:
20:
2034:
2008:
1998:
1971:
1833:
1531:
1506:
1461:
1282:
1129:
Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2000. "Dynamic Vs
Stative Verbs in Mantauran (Rukai)".
782:
709:
244:
259:
The distinction between stative and dynamic verbs can be correlated with:
1691:
1501:
1380:
1341:
1306:
1297:
761:
596:
580:
543:
382:
236:
1179:
Novakov, Predrag. 2009. "Dynamic-stative
Distinction in English Verbs."
2051:
1950:
1907:
1884:
1808:
1643:
1546:
1516:
1511:
1365:
1360:
1267:
1257:
1247:
908:
753:
2041:
2003:
1783:
1600:
1355:
1301:
1277:
378:
72:
2030:
2025:
2015:
1731:
1336:
1252:
1116:
Lee, EunHee. 2006. "Stative
Progressives in Korean and English".
530:
1993:
1678:
1370:
1350:
1001:
794:
734:
729:
506:
495:
790:
386:
282:. Dynamic verbs such as "go" can be used in the progressive (
266:
the possibility of using the progressive aspect with the verb
243:
is a verb that describes a state of being, in contrast to a
1316:
1229:
826:
693:
1219:
907:
They do not occur as imperatives, except when used in an
318:
in the active voice, while the stative verb "love" is
402:
1079:
Time and the verb : a guide to tense and aspect
1157:. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
1101:Michaelis, Laura A. 2011. Stative by Construction.
977:), and verbs of cognition, emotion, and sensation (
263:
the distinction between intransitive and transitive
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
441:
322:. This sort of marking is characteristic of other
184:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
19:"Stative" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1181:Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Filologiju i Lingvistiku
1166:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K Pullum. 2002.
985:), verbs denoting reasoning and mental attitude (
2064:
286:) whereas stative verbs such as "know" cannot (*
188:Please help improve this article, possibly by
1205:
1168:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
846:
343:"At one time, he understood her" is stative.
329:
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1212:
1198:
874:Statives do not occur in the progressive:
853:
839:
361:to express entrance into the state (e.g.,
1000:Syntactic divisions involve the types of
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
297:
1170:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1076:
891:They cannot be complements of "force":
353:, a verb that expresses a state (e.g.,
2065:
1070:
250:
1193:
1081:. New York: Oxford University Press.
372:
273:
989:), verbs denoting positions/stance (
192:the article and/or by introducing a
168:
95:adding citations to reliable sources
66:
25:
16:Verb that describes a state of being
865:
814:AmE and BrE grammatical differences
809:African-American Vernacular English
314:. Thus, the dynamic verb "jump" is
13:
949:What John did was know the answer.
928:(inchoative, not stative; archaic)
14:
2089:
1021:*Joan depends that Fido is a dog.
1008:John believes that Fido is a dog.
993:), and verbs denoting relations (
901:I forced John to know the answer.
718:Transitive and intransitive verbs
41:This article has multiple issues.
475:
173:
71:
30:
1034:Jim loathes that Fido is a dog.
196:, or discuss this issue on the
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
1173:
1160:
1145:
1136:
1123:
1110:
1095:
1013:John believes in Fido barking.
442:{\displaystyle \lambda (x):\ }
436:
421:
412:
406:
1:
1063:
1039:*Jim loathes on Fido barking.
1026:Joan depends on Fido barking.
956:
369:"I ruled for twenty years").
7:
1133:39 (2) (December): 415–427.
1077:Binnick, Robert I. (1991).
1046:
1029:*Joan depends Fido to bark.
1016:John believes Fido to bark.
885:John is knowing the answer.
377:In some theories of formal
10:
2094:
2078:Syntax–semantics interface
2047:Syntax–semantics interface
1042:*Jim loathes Fido to bark.
933:They cannot appear in the
455:
357:"I was king") may use the
330:Difference from inchoative
18:
1959:
1921:
1883:
1855:
1730:
1677:
1599:
1389:
1324:
1315:
1228:
936:pseudo-cleft construction
385:'s, stative verbs have a
310:and stative verbs taking
1467:Exceptional case-marking
288:I am knowing the answer
1273:Initial-stress-derived
1151:Dowty, David R. 1979.
1120:38 (5) (May): 695–717.
943:What John did was run.
443:
294:) is perfectly valid.
1784:Inclusive / Exclusive
1118:Journal of Pragmatics
969:), verbs of hurting (
895:I forced John to run.
746:Conditional sentences
444:
367:eíkosi étē ebasíleusa
298:Morphological markers
269:morphological markers
400:
284:I am going to school
91:improve this article
1664:Relative subsective
1557:Regular / Irregular
1402:Andative / Venitive
1238:Abstract / Concrete
1131:Oceanic Linguistics
987:believe, understand
463:Part of a series on
292:Mina is loving Inho
251:Contrast to dynamic
194:disambiguation page
1223:and their features
1221:Lexical categories
439:
373:Formal definitions
324:Formosan languages
274:Progressive aspect
235:According to some
2060:
2059:
1865:Casally modulated
1770:Formal / Informal
1659:Pure intersective
1609:Anti-intersective
1595:
1594:
1542:Preterite-present
995:resemble, contain
973:), stance verbs (
863:
862:
432:
420:
389:form that is the
336:inchoative aspect
233:
232:
225:
215:
214:
167:
166:
159:
141:
64:
2085:
1639:Non-intersective
1322:
1321:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:52 (2): 187–195.
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
921:Know the answer!
878:John is running.
866:Dowty's analysis
855:
848:
841:
823:Grammar disputes
819:Double negatives
816:
479:
460:
459:
448:
446:
445:
440:
430:
418:
280:progressive form
228:
221:
210:
207:
201:
177:
176:
169:
162:
155:
151:
148:
142:
140:
99:
75:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
1955:
1917:
1879:
1851:
1779:Gender-specific
1726:
1673:
1591:
1477:Germanic strong
1385:
1311:
1224:
1218:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1049:
979:believe, regret
959:
868:
859:
830:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
811:
806:
798:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
770:
769:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
732:
722:
721:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
698:Irregular verbs
696:
692:
673:
654:
652:Auxiliary verbs
649:
639:
638:
637:
633:
629:
614:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
537:
533:
528:
518:
517:
516:
505:
494:
489:
469:English grammar
458:
401:
398:
397:
375:
332:
300:
276:
253:
229:
218:
217:
216:
211:
205:
202:
187:
178:
174:
163:
152:
146:
143:
100:
98:
88:
76:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2023:
2021:Procedure word
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Complementizer
1976:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:Gender-neutral
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1740:Bound variable
1736:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:Ambitransitive
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1159:
1144:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1107:49: 1359-1400.
1094:
1088:978-0195062069
1087:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1053:Lexical aspect
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
958:
955:
954:
953:
952:
951:
945:
931:
930:
929:
923:
917:
905:
904:
903:
897:
889:
888:
887:
881:
867:
864:
861:
860:
858:
857:
850:
843:
835:
832:
831:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
787:Capitalization
781:
776:
775:
772:
771:
733:
728:
727:
724:
723:
650:
645:
644:
641:
640:
589:Interrogatives
562:Demonstratives
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
490:
485:
484:
481:
480:
472:
471:
465:
464:
457:
454:
450:
449:
438:
435:
429:
426:
423:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
374:
371:
331:
328:
299:
296:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
264:
252:
249:
231:
230:
213:
212:
181:
179:
172:
165:
164:
106:"Stative verb"
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2090:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Interrogative
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Interrogative
1901:
1899:
1898:Demonstrative
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1847:Prepositional
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:Strong / Weak
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Interrogative
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Demonstrative
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Prepositional
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Interrogative
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Demonstrative
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:Germanic weak
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Frequentative
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Autocausative
1410:
1408:
1407:Anticausative
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:Transgressive
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
991:lie, surround
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
962:
950:
946:
944:
941:
940:
938:
937:
932:
927:
926:Know thyself!
924:
922:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
896:
893:
892:
890:
886:
882:
880:(non-stative)
879:
876:
875:
873:
872:
871:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
836:
834:
833:
828:
824:
820:
815:
810:
805:Variant usage
802:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:Abbreviations
779:
774:
773:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
725:
719:
715:
711:
710:Phrasal verbs
707:
706:Passive voice
703:
699:
695:
690:
689:
685:
681:
676:
671:
670:
666:
662:
657:
653:
648:
643:
642:
636:
632:
631:Subordinators
627:
626:
622:
617:
612:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:Interjections
582:
578:
573:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
545:
540:
536:
532:
527:
522:
521:
514:
513:
512:frequentative
508:
503:
502:
497:
493:
488:
483:
482:
478:
474:
473:
470:
467:
466:
462:
461:
453:
433:
427:
424:
415:
409:
403:
396:
395:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:ancient Greek
349:Likewise, in
347:
344:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
268:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
248:
246:
242:
238:
227:
224:
209:
199:
195:
191:
185:
182:This article
180:
171:
170:
161:
158:
150:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108: –
107:
103:
102:Find sources:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
74:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
21:Donje Stative
2035:Pro-sentence
2009:Onomatopoeia
1999:Interjection
1972:Measure word
1755:Distributive
1649:Postpositive
1629:Intersective
1582:Unaccusative
1566:
1527:Performative
1497:Intransitive
1457:Ditransitive
1283:Noun adjunct
1180:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1078:
1072:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:
960:
948:
942:
934:
925:
920:
914:
900:
894:
884:
877:
869:
766:Zero-marking
738:
678:
659:
619:
608:
605:Prepositions
597:Portmanteaus
569:
554:Coordinators
542:
510:
499:
451:
381:, including
376:
366:
362:
354:
348:
345:
333:
319:
315:
311:
307:
301:
291:
287:
283:
277:
258:
254:
245:dynamic verb
241:stative verb
240:
239:theories, a
234:
219:
203:
183:
153:
144:
134:
127:
120:
113:
101:
89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
1984:Conjunction
1750:Disjunctive
1687:Conjunctive
1634:Nominalized
1537:Predicative
1381:Verbal noun
1332:Attributive
1104:Linguistics
778:Orthography
762:Periphrasis
702:Modal verbs
669:subjunctive
661:conditional
601:Possessives
581:Intensifier
566:Determiners
393:expression
383:David Dowty
340:simple past
237:linguistics
2073:Verb types
2067:Categories
2052:Yes and no
1967:Classifier
1951:Possessive
1913:Quantifier
1908:Possessive
1885:Determiner
1857:Adposition
1829:Resumptive
1814:Reciprocal
1809:Possessive
1789:Indefinite
1717:Pronominal
1669:Subsective
1644:Possessive
1614:Collateral
1587:Unergative
1577:Transitive
1492:Inchoative
1487:Impersonal
1427:Catenative
1366:Participle
1361:Infinitive
1293:Relational
1263:Collective
1243:Adjectival
1064:References
983:feel, hear
975:stand, sit
971:ache, itch
957:Categories
909:inchoative
754:Do-support
740:in English
714:Verb usage
680:continuous
665:imperative
577:Expletives
535:Adjectives
526:Word types
501:in English
487:Morphology
363:ebasíleusa
355:ebasíleuon
206:March 2024
147:March 2024
117:newspapers
46:improve it
2042:Prop-word
2004:Ideophone
1931:Discourse
1870:Inflected
1819:Reflexive
1794:Intensive
1601:Adjective
1572:Stretched
1562:Separable
1552:Reflexive
1447:Denominal
1442:Defective
1422:Captative
1417:Auxiliary
1356:Gerundive
1346:Nonfinite
1268:Countable
967:see, hear
758:Inversion
610:List here
571:List here
558:Compounds
428:
404:λ
379:semantics
326:as well.
320:ma-ðalamə
198:talk page
190:splitting
52:talk page
2031:Pro-verb
2026:Pro-form
1923:Particle
1875:Stranded
1824:Relative
1804:Personal
1722:Relative
1707:Locative
1697:Genitive
1522:Negative
1452:Deponent
1432:Compound
1047:See also
911:manner.
684:habitual
616:Pronouns
550:Articles
531:Acronyms
507:Suffixes
496:Prefixes
316:o-coroko
2016:Preverb
1893:Article
1839:Subject
1732:Pronoun
1567:Stative
1532:Phrasal
1507:Lexical
1462:Dynamic
1437:Copular
1337:Converb
1253:Animacy
735:Clauses
688:perfect
539:Adverbs
492:Plurals
456:English
387:logical
131:scholar
1994:Coverb
1989:Copula
1843:Object
1760:Donkey
1679:Adverb
1654:Proper
1619:Common
1502:Labile
1371:Supine
1351:Gerund
1342:Finite
1307:Verbal
1298:Strong
1288:Proper
1085:
1058:Copula
1002:clause
795:Hyphen
750:Copula
730:Syntax
675:Aspect
625:person
431:
419:
391:lambda
359:aorist
338:. The
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
1960:Other
1941:Modal
1765:Dummy
1517:Modal
1512:Light
1390:Types
1325:Forms
1248:Agent
791:Comma
647:Verbs
635:Verbs
593:Nouns
425:STATE
304:Rukai
138:JSTOR
124:books
1946:Noun
1692:Flat
1547:Pure
1317:Verb
1302:Weak
1278:Mass
1258:Bare
1230:Noun
1083:ISBN
915:Run!
827:Thou
694:-ing
656:Mood
621:case
544:flat
110:news
997:).
312:ma-
93:by
2069::
2033:/
1845:/
1841:/
1777:/
1344:/
1300:/
939::
686:·
682:·
667:·
663:·
623:·
308:o-
55:.
1213:e
1206:t
1199:v
1091:.
947:*
919:*
899:*
883:*
854:e
847:t
840:v
743:)
737:(
691:)
677:(
672:)
658:(
628:)
618:(
613:)
607:(
574:)
568:(
547:)
541:(
515:)
509:(
504:)
498:(
437:]
434:x
422:[
416::
413:)
410:x
407:(
226:)
220:(
208:)
204:(
200:.
160:)
154:(
149:)
145:(
135:·
128:·
121:·
114:·
87:.
62:)
58:(
23:.
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