Grammatical aspect

4907:. The basic form of this sign is produced with the initial posture of the index finger on the chin, followed by a movement of the hand and finger tip toward the indirect object (the recipient of the telling). Inflected into the unrealized inceptive aspect ("to be just about to tell"), the sign begins with the hand moving from in front of the trunk in an arc to the initial posture of the base sign (i.e., index finger touching the chin) while inhaling through the mouth, dropping the jaw, and directing eye gaze toward the verb's object. The posture is then held rather than moved toward the indirect object. During the hold, the signer also stops the breath by closing the glottis. Other verbs (such as "look at", "wash the dishes", "yell", "flirt") are inflected into the unrealized inceptive aspect similarly: The hands used in the base sign move in an arc from in front of the trunk to the initial posture of the underlying verb sign while inhaling, dropping the jaw, and directing eye gaze toward the verb's object (if any), but subsequent movements and postures are dropped as the posture and breath are held. 1529:(not the same as the perfective), which refers to a state resulting from a previous action (also described as a previous action with relevance to a particular time, or a previous action viewed from the perspective of a later time). This corresponds (roughly) to the "have X-ed" construction in English, as in "I have recently eaten". Languages that lack this aspect (such as Portuguese, which is closely related to Spanish) often use the past perfective to render the present perfect (compare the roughly synonymous English sentences "Have you eaten yet?" and "Did you eat yet?"). 32: 4507:. The choice of being half full represents an optimistic viewpoint while the choice of being half empty represents a pessimistic viewpoint. Not only does viewpoint aspect separate into negative and positive, but rather different point of views. Having two people describe a painting can bring about two different viewpoints. One may describe a situation aspect as a perfect or imperfect. A perfect situation aspect entails an event with no reference to time, while an imperfect situation aspect makes a reference to time with the observation. 1428:, "arrived", indicates that arrival occurred in the past without saying anything about the present status of the arriver – maybe they stuck around, maybe they turned around and left, etc. – nor about the aspect of the past event except insofar as completeness can be considered aspectual. This past verb is clearly similar if not identical to the Greek aorist, which is considered a tense but is more of an aspect marker. In the Arabic, aorist aspect is the logical consequence of past tense. By contrast, the "Verb of Similarity" ( 4499:

based upon one's point of view. For example, a professor may say that a student who comes a minute before each class starts is a punctual student. Based upon the professor's judgment of what punctuality is, he or she may make that assumption of the situation with the student. Situation aspect is firstly divided into states and occurrences, then later subdivided under occurrences into processes and events, and lastly, under events, there are accomplishments and achievements.

4495:

achievements are continue and win. Drive-a-car is an accomplishment while hate is an example of a state. Another way to recognize a state inherent aspect is to note whether or not it changes. For example, if someone were to hate vegetables because they are allergic, this state of hate is unchanging and thus, a state inherent aspect. On the other hand, an achievement, unlike a state, only lasts for a short amount of time. Achievement is the highpoint of an action.

2126: 946: 1212:

used to go, I was going, I had gone"; in the present tense "I lose, I am losing, I have lost, I have been losing, I am going to lose"; and with the future modal "I will see, I will be seeing, I will have seen, I am going to see". What distinguishes these aspects within each tense is not (necessarily) when the event occurs, but how the time in which it occurs is viewed: as complete, ongoing, consequential, planned, etc.

1294:, is an inherent property of a verb or verb-complement phrase, and is not marked formally. The distinctions made as part of lexical aspect are different from those of grammatical aspect. Typical distinctions are between states ("I owned"), activities ("I shopped"), accomplishments ("I painted a picture"), achievements ("I bought"), and punctual, or 4494:

The inherent aspect describes the purpose of a verb and what separates verbs from one another. According to Vendler, inherent aspect can be categorized into four different types: activities, achievements, accomplishments, and states. Simple activities include verbs such as pull, jump, and punch. Some

4502:

The third type of aspect is viewpoint aspect. Viewpoint aspect can be likened to situation aspect such that they both take into consideration one's inferences. However, viewpoint aspect diverges from situation aspect because it is where one decides to view or see such event. A perfect example is the

4097:

Wuvulu language is a minority language in Pacific. The Wuvulu verbal aspect is hard to organize because of its number of morpheme combinations and the interaction of semantics between morphemes. Perfective, imperfective negation, simultaneous and habitual are four aspects markers in Wuvulu language.

1909:, are quite different from those of standard English, and often reflect a more elaborate paradigm of aspectual distinctions (often at the expense of tense). The following table, appearing originally in Green (2002) shows the possible aspectual distinctions in AAVE in their prototypical, negative and 1138:

Sometimes, English has a lexical distinction where other languages may use the distinction in grammatical aspect. For example, the English verbs "to know" (the state of knowing) and "to find out" (knowing viewed as a "completed action") correspond to the imperfect and perfect forms of the equivalent

1130:

For events of short durations in the past, the distinction often coincides with the distinction in the English language between the simple past "X-ed," as compared to the progressive "was X-ing". Compare "I wrote the letters this morning" (i.e. finished writing the letters: an action completed) and

4824:

typically use the unmarked verb for timeless habitual aspect, or for stative aspect, or for perfective aspect in the past. Invariant pre-verbal markers are often used. Non-stative verbs typically can optionally be marked for the progressive, habitual, completive, or irrealis aspect. The progressive

4515:

Aspect in Torau is marked with post-verbal particles or clitics. While the system for marking the imperfective aspect is complex and highly developed, it is unclear if Torau marks the perfective and neutral viewpoints. The imperfective clitics index one of the core arguments, usually the nominative

4498:

Another type of aspect is situation aspect. Situation aspect is described to be what one is experiencing in his or her life through that circumstance. Therefore, it is his or her understanding of the situation. Situation aspect are abstract terms that are not physically tangible. They are also used

3350:

There are a couple of verbs which can be used as the copula to the aspectual participles: होना (honā) , रहना (rêhnā) , आना (ānā) , and जाना (jānā) . Each of these copulas provide a unique nuance to the aspect. The default (unmarked) copula is होना (honā) . These copulas can themselves be conjugated

1211:

In European languages, rather than locating an event time, the way tense does, aspect describes "the internal temporal constituency of a situation", or in other words, aspect is a way "of conceiving the flow of the process itself". English aspectual distinctions in the past tense include "I went, I

1126:

Essentially, the perfective aspect looks at an event as a complete action, while the imperfective aspect views an event as the process of unfolding or a repeated or habitual event (thus corresponding to the progressive/continuous aspect for events of short-term duration and to habitual aspect for

4910:

Other aspects in ASL include the following: stative, inchoative ("to begin to..."), predispositional ("to tend to..."), susceptative ("to... easily"), frequentative ("to... often"), protractive ("to... continuously"), incessant ("to... incessantly"), durative ("to... for a long time"), iterative

2474:

In at least the East Slavic and West Slavic languages, there is a three-way aspect differentiation for verbs of motion with the determinate imperfective, indeterminate imperfective, and perfective. The two forms of imperfective can be used in all three tenses (past, present, and future), but the

1544:

For some verbs in some languages, the difference between perfective and imperfective conveys an additional meaning difference; in such cases, the two aspects are typically translated using separate verbs in English. In Greek, for example, the imperfective sometimes adds the notion of "try to do

1134:

In describing longer time periods, English needs context to maintain the distinction between the habitual ("I called him often in the past" – a habit that has no point of completion) and perfective ("I called him once" – an action completed), although the construct "used to" marks both habitual

2411:

In Slavic languages, a given verb is, in itself, either perfective or imperfective. Consequently, each language contains many pairs of verbs, corresponding to each other in meaning, except that one expresses perfective aspect and the other imperfective. (This may be considered a form of

1714:(While many elementary discussions of English grammar classify the present perfect as a past tense, it relates the action to the present time. One cannot say of someone now deceased that they "have eaten" or "have been eating". The present auxiliary implies that they are in some way 1521:

Grammatical aspect represents a formal distinction encoded in the grammar of a language. Although languages that are described as having imperfective and perfective aspects agree in most cases in their use of these aspects, they may not agree in every situation. For example:

4911:("to... over and over again"), intensive ("to... very much"), resultative ("to... completely"), approximative ("to... somewhat"), semblitive ("to appear to..."), increasing ("to... more and more"). Some aspects combine with others to create yet finer distinctions. 1260:, verbs lack grammatical markers of tense, but are rich in aspect (Heine, Kuteva 2010, p. 10). Markers of aspect are attached to verbs to indicate aspect. Event time is inferred through use of these aspectual markers, along with optional inclusion of adverbs. 1207:

that is found in most languages with aspect. Furthermore, the separation of tense and aspect in English is not maintained rigidly. One instance of this is the alternation, in some forms of English, between sentences such as "Have you eaten?" and "Did you eat?".

2494:

are attached to Russian verbs of motion they become more or less normal imperfective/perfective pairs, with the indeterminate imperfective becoming the prefixed imperfective and the determinate imperfective becoming the prefixed perfective. For example, prefix

4695:

is used in irrealis clauses, the speaker conveys that the event will definitely occur (Palmer, 2007). Although this suffix is not explicitly stated as a perfective viewpoint marker, the meaning that it contributes is very similar to the perfective viewpoint.

4914:

Aspect is unusual in ASL in that transitive verbs derived for aspect lose their grammatical transitivity. They remain semantically transitive, typically assuming an object made prominent using a topic marker or mentioned in a previous sentence. See

1532:

In some languages, the formal representation of aspect is optional, and can be omitted when the aspect is clear from context or does not need to be emphasized. This is the case, for example, in Mandarin Chinese, with the perfective suffix

811:. Aspect can be said to describe the texture of the time in which a situation occurs, such as a single point of time, a continuous range of time, a sequence of discrete points in time, etc., whereas tense indicates its location in time. 1342:

In some languages, aspect and time are very clearly separated, making them much more distinct to their speakers. There are a number of languages that mark aspect much more saliently than time. Prominent in this category are Chinese and

2229:

In the Tyrolean and other Bavarian regiolect the prefix *da can be found, which form perfective aspects. "I hu's gleant" (Ich habe es gelernt = I learnt it) vs. "I hu's daleant" (*Ich habe es DAlernt = I succeeded in learning).

1151:. This is also true when the sense of verb "to know" is "to know somebody", in this case opposed in aspect to the verb "to meet" (or even to the construction "to get to know"). These correspond to imperfect and perfect forms of 1437:), so called because of its resemblance to the active participial noun, is considered to denote an event in the present or future without committing to a specific aspectual sense beyond the incompleteness implied by the tense: 1401:) the verb has two aspect-tenses: perfective (past), and imperfective (non-past). There is some disagreement among grammarians whether to view the distinction as a distinction in aspect, or tense, or both. The past verb ( 4889:, the optional progressive marker follows the verb. Completive markers tend to come from superstrate words like "done" or "finish", and some creoles model the future/irrealis marker on the superstrate word for "go". 4984:(an activity with ongoing nature: combines the meanings of both the continuous and the habitual aspects): 'I was walking to work' (continuous) or 'I walked (used to walk, would walk) to work every day' (habitual). 778:

Grammarians of the Greek and Latin languages also showed an interest in aspect, but the idea did not enter into the modern Western grammatical tradition until the 19th century via the study of the grammar of the

4691:, which must attach to a preverbal particle, may indicate similar meaning to the perfective aspect. In realis clauses, this suffix conveys an event that is entirely in the past and no longer occurring. When 2420:

also plays a small role. Perfective verbs cannot generally be used with the meaning of a present tense – their present-tense forms in fact have future reference. An example of such a pair of verbs, from

1670:, as in "tomorrow we go to New York City", or by some other means. Past is distinguished from non-past, in contrast, with internal modifications of the verb. These two tenses may be modified further for 3746:

between telic and atelic. Telic sentences signal that the intended goal of an action is achieved. Atelic sentences do not signal whether any such goal has been achieved. The aspect is indicated by the

1223:

in the indicative mood, conveys historic or 'immediate' aspect in the subjunctive and optative. The perfect in all moods is used as an aspectual marker, conveying the sense of a resultant state. E.g.

4801:

follow a complex system of affixes to express subtle changes in meaning. However, the verbs in this family of languages are conjugated to express the aspects and not the tenses. Though many of the

1203:. Although English largely separates tense and aspect formally, its aspects (neutral, progressive, perfect, progressive perfect, and habitual) do not correspond very closely to the distinction of 2416:.) Perfective verbs are commonly formed from imperfective ones by the addition of a prefix, or else the imperfective verb is formed from the perfective one by modification of the stem or ending. 1334:

The other factor in situation aspect is duration, which is also a property of a verb phrase. Accomplishments, states, and activities have duration, while achievements and semelfactives do not.

1347:, which both differentiate many aspects but rely exclusively on optional time-indicating terms to pinpoint an action with respect to time. In other language groups, for example in most modern 803:

to some other time, commonly the speech event, aspect conveys other temporal information, such as duration, completion, or frequency, as it relates to the time of action. Thus tense refers to

3033:

Modern Romance languages merge the concepts of aspect and tense but consistently distinguish perfective and imperfective aspects in the past tense. This derives directly from the way the

1514:

Although the perfective is often thought of as representing a "momentary action", this is not strictly correct. It can equally well be used for an action that took time, as long as it is

1298:, events ("I sneezed"). These distinctions are often relevant syntactically. For example, states and activities, but not usually achievements, can be used in English with a prepositional 1366:, aspect is more salient than tense in narrative. Russian, like other Slavic languages, uses different lexical entries for the different aspects, whereas other languages mark them 2483:. The difference corresponds closely to that between the English "I (regularly) go to school" and "I am going to school (now)". The three-way difference is given below for the 1468:

in Egyptian and Levantine dialects—though it may have a slightly different range of functions in each dialect) to explicitly mark progressive, continuous, or habitual aspect:

1302:-phrase describing a time duration: "I had a car for five hours", "I shopped for five hours", but not "*I bought a car for five hours". Lexical aspect is sometimes called 1456:, command or imperative, which is traditionally considered as denoting future events.) To explicitly mark aspect, Arabic uses a variety of lexical and syntactic devices. 3323:. Each of these three aspects are formed from their participles. The aspects of Hindi when conjugated into their personal forms can be put into five grammatical moods: 1485:

is a combination of tense and aspect that indicates the action is in preparation to take place. The inceptive aspect identifies the beginning stage of an action (e.g.

2408:

make a clear distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects; it was in relation to these languages that the modern concept of aspect originally developed.

1385:

Hindi verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the common tense/mood marker.

1323:. Telicity might be considered a kind of lexical aspect, except that it is typically not a property of a verb in isolation, but rather a property of an entire verb 743:; the meanings of the latter terms are somewhat different, and in some languages, the common names used for verb forms may not follow the actual aspects precisely. 4968:: In English a sentence such as "I put it on the table" is neutral in implication (the object could still be on the table or not), but in some languages such as 3347:

Hindi verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker. The second element (the copula) is the common tense/mood marker.

678:, which indicates that an event occurred prior to (but has continuing relevance at) the time of reference: "I have eaten"; "I had eaten"; "I will have eaten". 5130: 6199: 5124: 5106: 5081: 5112: 5063: 4516:

subject, and follow the rightmost element in a syntactic structure larger than the word. The two distinct forms for marking the imperfective aspect are

5057: 5051: 5033: 1682:, or for both. These two aspectual forms are also referred to as BE +ING and HAVE +EN, respectively, which avoids what may be unfamiliar terminology. 5069: 5021: 5926: 4900:(ASL) is similar to many other sign languages in that it has no grammatical tense but many verbal aspects produced by modifying the base verb sign. 4949: 4491:

There are three types of aspects one must consider when analyzing the Tokelauan language: inherent aspect, situation aspect, and viewpoint aspect.

615: 775:). This is the key distinction between the imperfective and perfective. Yaska also applied this distinction to a verb versus an action nominal. 6243: 5365: 4978:(a conflation of aspect and tense): 'He is about to fall', 'I am going to cry" (brings attention to the anticipation of a future situation) 4990:: 'I used to walk home from work', 'I would walk home from work every day', 'I walk home from work every day' (a subtype of imperfective) 1654:. No marker of a distinct future tense exists on the verb in English; the futurity of an event may be expressed through the use of the 830:). Yet since they differ in aspect each conveys different information or points of view as to how the action pertains to the present. 656:

is used for situations conceived as existing continuously or habitually as time flows ("I was helping him"; "I used to help people").

674:

Certain aspectual distinctions express a relation between the time of the event and the time of reference. This is the case with the

3789:("to yell once") (used for emotive verbs like "laugh", "smile", "growl", "bark"; is not used for verbs like "shoot", "say", "drink") 932:, which is an inherent feature of verbs or verb phrases and is determined by the nature of the situation that the verb describes. 6154:

Verkuyl, H. (2005). "How (in-)sensitive is tense to aspectual information?" In B. Hollebrandse, A. van Hout & C. Vet (Eds.),

1770:

to express various meanings, mostly combining modality with past reference: "I should have eaten" etc. In particular, the modals

1635: 814:

For example, consider the following sentences: "I eat", "I am eating", "I have eaten", and "I have been eating". All are in the

6175: 5965:

Berdinetto, P. M., & Delfitto, D. (2000). "Aspect vs. Actionality: Some reasons for keeping them apart". In O. Dahl (Ed.),

4504: 2399: 6216: 4972:

the equivalent tense carries an implication that the object is no longer there. It is thus the opposite of the perfect aspect.

4946:(a common conflation of aspect and tense): 'I have arrived' (brings attention to the consequences of a situation in the past) 4904: 2198:

dialects, and some more vernacular forms of German do make an aspectual distinction which partly corresponds with the English

5605: 5385: 5223: 4996:: 'I am eating' or 'I know' (situation is described as ongoing and either evolving or unevolving; a subtype of imperfective) 5148: 1215:

In most dialects of Ancient Greek, aspect is indicated uniquely by verbal morphology. For example, the very frequently used

725:; here verbs often occur in pairs, with two related verbs being used respectively for imperfective and perfective meanings. 608: 4934:: 'I struck the bell' (an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence) 4916: 3820: 2147: 1894: 967: 6297: 5912:), by Hadumod Bussmann, edited by Gregory P. Trauth and Kerstin Kazzazi, Routledge, London 1996. Translation of German 4758: 3320: 881:过 to mark the perfective, durative stative, durative progressive, and experiential aspects, and also marks aspect with 664: 6236: 5909: 5647: 5291:

Zhang, Yaxu; Zhang, Jingting (2 July 2008). "Brain responses to agreement violations of Chinese grammatical aspect".

2173: 993: 75: 53: 2155: 975: 46: 2367:

Sometimes the meaning of the auxiliary verb is diminished to 'being engaged in'. Take for instance these examples:

1831:

The uses of the progressive and perfect aspects are quite complex. They may refer to the viewpoint of the speaker:

1419:) completed in the past, but it says nothing about the relation of this past event to present status. For example, 6073: 2324:

and the infinitive. The conjugated verbs indicate the stance of the subject performing or undergoing the action.

1885:, a future situation highlighting current intention or expectation, as in "I'm going to go to school next year." 1824: 1459:

Contemporary Arabic dialects are another matter. One major change from al-fuṣḥā is the use of a prefix particle (

601: 1549:); hence, the same verb, in the imperfective (present or imperfect) and aorist, respectively, is used to convey 5797:

Palmer, Bill (December 2007). "Imperfective Aspect and the Interplay of Aspect, Tense, and Modality in Torau".

4540:

This example below shows these two imperfective aspect markers giving different meanings to similar sentences.

2151: 971: 2253:

The first type is very similar to the non-standard German type. It is formed by the conjugated auxiliary verb

4197:

indicates the action has not done and also doesn't show anything about the action will be done in the future.

1902: 1581:, "we heard").) Spanish has similar pairs for certain verbs, such as (imperfect and preterite, respectively) 5587: 4350:: The marker fane- can indicate a habitual activity, which means "keep doing something" in English. Example: 1718:(alive), even when the action denoted is completed (perfect) or partially completed (progressive perfect).) 6417: 6229: 4239:

indicates the two actions are done at the same time or one action occurs while other action is in progress.

3854:. Old Rapa words are still used for grammar and sentence structure, but most common words were replaced by 5923: 4718:

follow a system of affixes to express changes in meaning. To express the aspects, Malay uses a number of

1707: 1204: 577: 6074:"Recent activity in the theory of aspect: Accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state?" 1835:

I was walking down the road when I met Michael Jackson's lawyer. (Speaker viewpoint in middle of action)

3336: 1820: 1163:

in French. In German, on the other hand, the distinction is also lexical (as in English) through verbs

675: 4927:

The following aspectual terms are found in the literature. Approximate English equivalents are given.

4679: 4602: 5496: 5179: 3747: 784: 698: 649: 362: 312: 249: 229: 4805:

do not have a fully codified grammar, most of them follow the verb aspects that are demonstrated by

1447:, he strikes/is striking/will strike/etc.). Those are the only two "tenses" in Arabic (not counting 2214:('I am/was at the eating'; capitalization varies). This is formed by the conjugated auxiliary verb 2136: 1743: 1525:

Some languages have additional grammatical aspects. Spanish and Ancient Greek, for example, have a

1507:). Aspects of stage continue through progressive, pausative, resumptive, cessive, and terminative. 1367: 1241:– I am in a state of having seen = I know (perfect). Turkish has a same/similar aspect, such as in 1018: 956: 910: 445: 388: 383: 201: 149: 40: 4056:

The unmarked verb, frequently used, can indicate habitual aspect or perfective aspect in the past.

5158: 2484: 2243: 2140: 1906: 1804: 1348: 960: 555: 440: 393: 282: 6205: 5987:

Chertkova, M. Y. (2004). ""Vid or Aspect? On the Typology of a Slavic and Romance Category" ".

5008:: 'I know French' (situation is described as ongoing but not evolving; a subtype of continuous) 4897: 4794: 4711: 1389: 1359:), aspect has become almost entirely conflated, in the verbal morphological system, with time. 1344: 560: 532: 493: 473: 428: 423: 292: 57: 6187: 6016:

Aspect in English: a "common-sense" view of the interplay between verbal and nominal referents

5538:

Partee, Barbara H (1973). "Some Structural Analogies between Tenses and Pronouns in English".

5377: 5213: 1758:

with progressive aspect), "(to) have eaten" (infinitive with perfect aspect), "having eaten" (

1499:, "I am beginning to eat".) and inchoative and ingressive aspects identify a change of state ( 5979:

Binnick, R. I. (2006). "Aspect and Aspectuality". In B. Aarts & A. M. S. McMahon (Eds.),

5266:

BUCLD 25: Proceedings of the 25th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development

850: 433: 196: 4802: 4798: 3351:

into an aspectual participle and used with another copula, hence forming subaspects. (Seeː

2475:

perfective can only be used with past and future. The indeterminate imperfective expresses

2084: 1910: 1313: 1135:

aspect and past tense and can be used if the aspectual distinction otherwise is not clear.

846: 637: 367: 357: 93: 8: 6316: 6302: 6292: 5153: 5100: 5075: 5027: 4981: 4885:. Some Atlantic Creoles use one marker for both the habitual and progressive aspects. In 4748: 4092: 3039: 2328: 2269: 2195: 1814: 1767: 1695: 653: 525: 453: 117: 6024: 4524:. While more work needs to be done on this language, the preliminary hypothesis is that 1518:

as a unit, with a clearly defined start and end, such as "Last summer I visited France".

6389: 5954: 5880: 5832: 5824: 5572:

Green, L. (1998). Aspect and predicate phrases in African-American vernacular English.

5555: 5476: 5468: 5318: 5045: 4999: 4975: 4965: 4788: 4486: 3283: 3267: 2480: 2356: 2289: 1882: 1800: 1794: 1759: 1671: 1482: 1378: 1356: 1331:

have telic situation aspect, while states and activities have atelic situation aspect.

1196: 1175:, although the semantic relation between both forms is much more straightforward since 894: 297: 242: 218: 191: 5863:

Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1936). "The punctual and segmentative aspects of verbs in Hopi".

5422:

Situation aspect and viewpoint aspect: From Salish to Japanese (Doctoral dissertation)

5002:: 'I am eating' (action is described as ongoing and evolving; a subtype of continuous) 4473:

3SG=REAL-HAB-think(REDUP) the thought Faninilo COMP like COMP who again the person the

1006:

The most fundamental aspectual distinction, represented in many languages, is between

652:

and unitary, without reference to any flow of time during the event ("I helped him").

6384: 6359: 6270: 6181: 5958: 5905: 5836: 5643: 5601: 5480: 5460: 5381: 5310: 5219: 5163: 4993: 4943: 4931: 4806: 4732: 4049: 3855: 3847: 3739: 3316: 3279: 2247: 2199: 1959: 1847: 1679: 1613:("I refused (to do something)"). Such differences are often highly language-specific. 1526: 1200: 898: 886: 862: 796: 733: 706: 690: 681:

Different languages make different grammatical aspectual distinctions; some (such as

645: 520: 513: 503: 468: 458: 398: 332: 272: 254: 142: 5336:

Gabriele, Alison (2008). "Transfer and Transition in the L2 Acquisition of Aspect".

5322: 6368: 6312: 6190: 6126: 6106: 6088: 6036: 5946: 5872: 5814: 5806: 5593: 5547: 5519: 5452: 5373: 5302: 5168: 5087: 4810: 3859: 3735: 3332: 2405: 2342: 2279: 1731: 1363: 1352: 1257: 799:, because they both convey information about time. While tense relates the time of 780: 722: 694: 463: 327: 112: 6221: 6149:

A Theory of Aspectuality: the interaction between temporal and atemporal structure

3758:

is atelic. For example, the (implicit) purpose of shooting is to kill, such that:

1039:) and imperfect in French, and the perfect and imperfect in Latin (from the Latin 845:, derivational affixes, or independent words that serve as grammatically required 6363: 6343: 6014: 5930: 5306: 4987: 4957: 4834: 4826: 4821: 4719: 3340: 3312: 3303: 2479:(or motion in no single direction), while the determinate imperfective expresses 2476: 2430: 2422: 2187: 1936: 1871: 1751: 1701: 906: 721:. Explicit consideration of aspect as a category first arose out of study of the 682: 668: 508: 377: 339: 179: 161: 137: 132: 5523: 5246:

Pye, Clifton (2008). Stacey Stowers; Nathan Poell (eds.). "Mayan Morphosyntax".

4940:: 'The mouse squeaked once' (contrasted to 'The mouse squeaked / was squeaking') 3775:

In rare cases corresponding telic and atelic forms can be unrelated by meaning.

2226:) and the infinitive, which German uses in many constructions as a verbal noun. 1131:"I was writing the letters this morning" (the letters may still be unfinished). 689:) do not make any. The marking of aspect is often conflated with the marking of 6256: 5628:. Accessed on 2020-06-10). Updated by Tom McCoy (2015) and Katie Martin (2018). 5456: 5143: 4969: 4878: 4715: 4476:'And the thought kept occurring to Faninilo, "who is this particular person?"' 3343:. In Hindi, the aspect marker is overtly separated from the tense/mood marker. 3034: 2413: 2239: 1810: 1689: 1655: 1639: 1371: 1304: 1275: 1269: 1026: 925: 914: 572: 403: 322: 206: 127: 20: 5950: 5625: 5096:: 'It sparkled', contrasted with 'It sparked'. Or, 'I run around', vs. 'I run' 1864:

English expresses some other aspectual distinctions with other constructions.

1786:

are used to combine future or hypothetical reference with aspectual meaning:

6411: 6338: 6320: 5693:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. pp. 137–143. 5597: 5464: 5093: 5015: 4705: 4470:ʔi=na-fane-naranara fei nara Faninilo ba, ʔaleʔena ba ini liai mei ramaʔa mei 4334:

is only for singular subject. When the subject is dual or plural, the marker

3843: 3837: 3804: 3328: 1790: 1766:

with perfect aspect), etc. The perfect infinitive can further be governed by

1643: 815: 287: 5703: 767:) dealt with grammatical aspect, distinguishing actions that are processes ( 6285: 6194: 5314: 5005: 4774: 2191: 1737: 1328: 1295: 660: 537: 372: 186: 154: 122: 6130: 6092: 6001:

Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems

5937:

Bache, C (1982). "Aspect and Aktionsart: Towards a semantic distinction".

5819: 5663:

Walworth, Mary (2017). "Reo Rapa: A Polynesian Contact Language Contact".

4330:'He held together the two hands of Puleafo while drinking.' (Note: marker 3765:-- "I shot the bear (succeeded; it is done)" i.e., "I shot the bear dead". 1274:

There is a distinction between grammatical aspect, as described here, and

6211: 5810: 5293: 5173: 3352: 3344: 3324: 2008: 1944: 1898: 1725: 1659: 1382: 1030: 1014:

aspect. This is the basic aspectual distinction in the Slavic languages.

629: 6040: 6019:(Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy). Springer. Retrieved 2016-05-18. 5828: 5472: 709:, for example, the perfective–imperfective distinction is marked in the 5559: 5440: 5039: 4845:

for the present progressive and a combination of the past time marker (

3816: 3751: 2417: 2038: 1755: 917:, however, can convey such distinctions by the use of adverbs or other 842: 710: 587: 582: 567: 498: 307: 213: 169: 5884: 5264:

Pye, Clifton (2001). "The Acquisition of Finiteness in Kʼicheʼ Maya".

6307: 6280: 5917: 5364:

Liu, Meichun (1 April 2015). Wang, William S-Y; Sun, Chaofen (eds.).

5118: 4937: 4886: 4066:

is frequently used and conveys the progressive aspect in the present.

3812: 3808: 3755: 1992: 1486: 1381:, the aspect marker is overtly separated from the tense/mood marker. 1220: 737: 718: 714: 277: 174: 6099:

Sasse, H.-J. (2006). "Aspect and Aktionsart". In E. K. Brown (Ed.),

5551: 4532:

encodes the active imperfective. Reduplication always cooccurs with

2125: 945: 5876: 5042:: 'The flowers started to bloom' (beginning of a new state: static) 3851: 3743: 3266:

Other aspects in Italian are rendered with other periphrases, like

2300:

The second type is formed by one of the conjugated auxiliary verbs

1876: 1320: 838: 800: 771:), from those where the action is considered as a completed whole ( 302: 6054:

Maslov, I. S. (1998). "Vid glagol'nyj" . In V. N. Yartseva (Ed.),

5099:

Experiential: 'I have gone to school many times' (see for example

1491: 701:). Aspectual distinctions may be restricted to certain tenses: in 6137:

Travis, Lisa deMena (2010). "Inner aspect", Dordrecht, Springer..

1866: 1309: 107: 6275: 6061:(pp. 83–84). Moscow: Bol'shaja Rossijskaja Entsyklopedija. 4082:+ verb conveys the perfective aspect but is frequently omitted. 2491: 2390:

In these cases, there is generally an undertone of irritation.

2262: 1839: 1763: 1667: 1216: 1022: 918: 882: 234: 6049:

The syntactic nature of inner aspect: A minimalist perspective

1893:

The aspectual systems of certain dialects of English, such as

1857:

You are not having chocolate with your sausages! (I forbid it)

659:

Further distinctions can be made, for example, to distinguish

3308: 1663: 1236: 1230: 1224: 795:

Aspect is often confused with the closely related concept of

757: 702: 5622:

Yale Grammatical Diversity Project: English in North America

4320:ʔi=na-panaro-puluʔi-na ruapalo ʔei pani Puleafo ma ʔi=fi-unu 16:

Grammatical category expressing how a verb extends over time

5281:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 184–237. 4623: 4556: 3778:

Derivational suffixes exist for various aspects. Examples:

1017:

It semantically corresponds to the distinction between the

641: 4741:: near perfective, 'saya baru makan' = 'I have just eaten' 4323:

3SG=REAL-hold-together-TR two the.PL hand Puleafo and 3SG=

644:

action, event, or state, extends over time. For instance,

5036:: 'I started to run' (beginning of a new action: dynamic) 1854:

You are being stupid now. (You are doing it deliberately)

5198:

Henk J. Verkuyl, Henriette De Swart, Angeliek Van Hout,

3819:

aspect meanings. Also, pairs of verbs differing only in

3771:-- "I shot at the bear" i.e. the bear may have survived. 818:, indicated by the present-tense verb of each sentence ( 3938: 3803:

There are derivational suffixes for verbs, which carry

1827:: "I will have been eating", "I would have been eating" 6200:

Anna Katarzyna Młynarczyk: Aspectual Pairing in Polish

3742:, among others, have a grammatical aspect contrast of 2372:

De leraar zit steeds te zeggen dat we moeten luisteren

2265:(which in Dutch matches the infinitive). For example: 1888: 6117:

Tatevosov, S (2002). "The parameter of actionality".

5983:(pp. 244–268). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 5574:

African-American English: Structure, history, and use

5149:

Ancient Greek grammar: Dependence of moods and tenses

3107:

merges habitual and continuous aspects, among others

2466:("was writing, used to write, wrote", imperfective); 1860:

I am having lunch with Mike tomorrow. (It is decided)

686: 5642:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 216–246. 2250:

are used. Both types are considered Standard Dutch.

1312:

linguists. Lexical or situation aspect is marked in

6251: 6176:

Robert Binnick, Annotated tense/aspect bibliography

6156:

Crosslinguistic views on tense, aspect and modality

5589:

African American English: A Linguistic Introduction

5277:Li, Charles, and Sandra Thompson (1981). "Aspect". 2115: 6051:. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co. 6003:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 5409:The Syntax of Inner Aspect (Doctoral dissertation) 2218:("to be") followed by the preposition and article 1199:combine the concept of aspect with the concept of 853:spoken in Guatemala has the inflectional prefixes 6056:Jazykoznanie: Bol'shoj entsyklopedicheskij slovar 5620:Harris, Alysia and Jim Wood. 2013. Stressed BIN. 5211: 4180:but 3SG=REAL-PERF-talk-CAUS-good with them Barafi 4109:indicates the action is done before other action. 1838:I have traveled widely, but I have never been to 1263: 6409: 6113:. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 5902:Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics 5279:Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar 5268:, pp. 645–656. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. 3846:(Reo Rapa) is a mixed language that grew out of 3263:expresses an aorist (punctual/historical) past. 3259:renders an imperfective (continuous) past while 1650:or, more commonly and less formally, simply the 1116: 935: 6161:Zalizniak, A. A., & Shmelev, A. D. (2000). 5494: 4012: 3862:as they both have specific tense words such as 1478:, he is now writing, writes all the time, etc. 783:. The earliest use of the term recorded in the 6400:Lexical aspects. Grammatical aspects unmarked. 5974:Time and the verb: A guide to tense and aspect 5969:(pp. 189–226). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 5218:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 135–6. 5215:Time and the verb: a guide to tense and aspect 4656: 4627: 4583: 4560: 4359: 4309: 4248: 4206: 4130: 3850:and Old Rapa among monolingual inhabitants of 1029:, the preterite and imperfect in Spanish, the 861:- to mark incompletive and completive aspect; 648:is used in referring to an event conceived as 6237: 6103:(Vol. 1, pp. 535–538). Boston: Elsevier. 6010:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 5133:: 'It is coming out in successive multitudes' 2632:to go by transport (drive, train, bus, etc.) 2380:("Everyone keeps on saying that it was good") 1152: 1146: 1080: 609: 6068:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 5989:Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Filologiya 5495:Gabriele, Allison; McClure, William (2003). 5284: 5018:: 'Fish swim and birds fly' (general truths) 4922: 4183:'But, Barafi had already clearly told them.' 4076:conveys the progressive aspect in any tense. 1710:(progressive, perfect): "I have been eating" 1481:Aspect can mark the stage of an action. The 1469: 1460: 1448: 1438: 1429: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1158: 1140: 1092: 1034: 5967:Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe 5853:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000: pp. 173–189. 5736:, Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1992: pp. 228–231. 5732:Pukui, Mary Kawena, and Elbert, Samuel H., 5626:http://ygdp.yale.edu/phenomena/stressed-bin 5441:"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb" 4652: 4579: 2455:Compound future tense (imperfective only): 2154:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1817:: "I will have eaten", "I would have eaten" 1746:(progressive, perfect): "I had been eating" 1646:, the latter of which is also known as the 1104: 1065: 1040: 974:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6244: 6230: 6142:On the Compositional Nature of the Aspects 5782:Hafford, James (2015). "Verb Morphology". 5767:Hafford, James (2015). "Verb Morphology". 5749:Hafford, James (2015). "Verb Morphology". 5592:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5438: 5370:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics 5290: 5205: 4505:Is the glass half full or is it half empty 2485:Russian basic (unprefixed) verbs of motion 2378:Iedereen loopt te beweren dat het goed was 2374:("The teacher keeps telling us to listen") 1734:(progressive, not perfect): "I was eating" 1704:(not progressive, perfect): "I have eaten" 1319:One of the factors in situation aspect is 616: 602: 6208:- a column overview of the English tenses 6116: 5986: 5818: 5723:, Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1995: pp. 23–25. 5115:: 'I accidentally knocked over the chair' 5090:: 'I read the same books again and again' 4892: 4751:, 'saya belum makan' = 'I have not eaten' 4673:Peter RL.3SG-PST {REDUP}≈be.dead=IPFV-3SG 3994: 3920: 3892: 3826: 2522:(to arrive (on foot), impf.); and prefix 2320:("to walk"), followed by the preposition 2174:Learn how and when to remove this message 1807:: "I will be eating", "I would be eating" 1740:(not progressive, perfect): "I had eaten" 1698:(progressive, not perfect): "I am eating" 1638:has two morphologically distinct tenses, 994:Learn how and when to remove this message 924:Grammatical aspect is distinguished from 909:. Even languages that do not mark aspect 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 6151:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6101:Encyclopedia of language and linguistics 6022: 5662: 5335: 4903:An example is illustrated with the verb 3161:tense, not ordinarily marked for aspect 3143:merges habitual and progressive aspects 3051:Italian language example using the verb 2952:to lead, to accompany, to drive (a car) 1256:In many Sino-Tibetan languages, such as 39:This article includes a list of general 5781: 5766: 5748: 5637: 5378:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199856336.001.0001 5329: 4956:: 'I just ate' or 'I am after eating' ( 4782: 4367: 3910: 2202:: alongside the standard present tense 1728:(not progressive, not perfect): "I ate" 1692:(not progressive, not perfect): "I eat" 6410: 6158:(pp. 145–169). Amsterdam: Rodopi. 5851:An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles 5796: 5688: 5537: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5366:"Tense and Aspect in Mandarin Chinese" 5338:Studies in Second Language Acquisition 5271: 4735:, 'saya sudah makan' = 'I have eaten' 3998: 3233:future tense and perfect tense/aspect 2400:Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages 1874:, as in "I used to go to school," and 1842:. (Speaker viewpoint at end of action) 1597:("I succeeded (in doing something)"), 728:The concept of grammatical aspect (or 6225: 6071: 6025:"The Triad 'Tense–Aspect–Aktionsart'" 5936: 5862: 5762: 5760: 5744: 5742: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5585: 5344: 4648: 4528:encodes the stative imperfective and 4371: 4275: 1905:based on English vocabulary, such as 1754:forms of the verb: "(to) be eating" ( 1624: 5976:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5248:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 4324: 4313: 3906: 3028: 2152:adding citations to reliable sources 2119: 2069:Remote Past Perfect Resultant State 1337: 1327:. Achievements, accomplishments and 972:adding citations to reliable sources 939: 25: 5981:The Handbook of English Linguistics 5895: 5631: 5427: 5363: 5258: 5245: 5239: 4816: 4699: 4424: 4406: 4363: 4252: 4220: 4210: 4134: 3730: 2393: 1895:African-American Vernacular English 1889:African American Vernacular English 1470: 1461: 1449: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1355:and some Indo-Aryan languages like 1250: 1246: 1242: 1190: 849:of those aspects. For example, the 13: 6165:. Moskva: IAzyki russkoi kul’tury. 5757: 5739: 5671: 5407:MacDonald, Jonathan Eric. (2006). 4678:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4631: 4601:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4564: 4256: 4177:-ware-fa-rawani ʔaʔa roʔou, Barafi 3968:NEG.PST 1.SG PFV go PREP ART house 3896: 2731:to chase, to drive (cattle, etc.) 1537:and (especially) the imperfective 665:continuous and progressive aspects 45:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 6429: 6169: 6163:Vvedenie v russkuiu aspektologiiu 5640:A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi 5505:for Japanese learners of English" 5424:. University of British Columbia. 5060:: 'I stopped working for a while' 4869:) for the past progressive (e.g. 4596:Peter RL.3SG-PST be.dead=IPFV-3SG 4142: 5586:Green, Lisa J. (8 August 2002). 4767:: progressive implicating an end 3140:"I was eating", "I usually ate" 3037:used to render both aspects and 2124: 2116:German vernacular and colloquial 1928:Stressed / Emphatic Affirmative 1850:or additional modal components: 1577:, "we listened") vs. ἠκούσαμεν ( 1290:. Lexical aspect, also known as 944: 746: 243:Singulative-Collective-Plurative 30: 5856: 5843: 5790: 5775: 5726: 5713: 5697: 5656: 5614: 5579: 5566: 5530: 5487: 5414: 5411:(p. 1). Stony Brook University. 5401: 5084:: 'The argument went on and on' 4536:, but it usually does not with 4138: 4008: 3948: 3278:"I shall be about to eat"), or 2459:("will write, will be writing") 1825:conditional perfect progressive 1278:. Other terms for the contrast 790: 6029:Belgian Journal of Linguistics 5914:Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft 5734:New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary 5357: 5192: 5024:: 'The bird flew' (non-gnomic) 4861:) and the progressive marker ( 3125:merges perfective and perfect 2064:'ain('t)/haven't BIN dən ate' 1750:Aspects can also be marked on 1685:Aspects of the present tense: 1666:", by a non-past form plus an 1619: 1264:Lexical vs. grammatical aspect 841:, distinguished through overt 732:) should not be confused with 207:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking) 1: 5784:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary 5769:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary 5751:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary 5048:: 'I finished eating/reading' 4342:are used in same situation.) 4035:'You don't have your book.' ( 2444:Present/simple future tense: 2024:Past Perfect Resultant State 1973:'ain('t)/haven't BIN eating' 1913:/emphatic affirmative forms: 1797:: "I will eat", "I would eat" 1503:) or the start of an action ( 1243:Görmüş bulunuyorum/durumdayım 1139:verbs in French and Spanish, 936:Common aspectual distinctions 761: 5924:Morfofonologian harjoituksia 5638:Shapiro, Michael C. (1989). 5354:. Cambridge University Press 5307:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328302f14f 4881:uses the progressive marker 4789:Tagalog grammar § Verbs 4480: 2543:(to arrive (on foot), pf.). 2437:("to write", imperfective); 2210:('I ate') there is the form 2190:does not have aspects, many 2055:Remote Past Resultant State 1778:and their subjunctive forms 1501:The flowers started blooming 1253:means "I am in the state". 7: 6202:, a pdf version of the book 5691:Studies in Tokelauan syntax 5524:10.21248/zaspil.29.2003.170 5439:VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975). 5137: 4052:conveys aspect as follows: 4043: 3831: 2109:'might/may not be dən ate' 1721:Aspects of the past tense: 1708:Present perfect progressive 1636:English tense–aspect system 1308:, especially by German and 1205:perfective vs. imperfective 1105: 667:) from repetitive actions ( 323:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart) 10: 6434: 6298:Continuous and progressive 5457:10.1163/000000075791615397 5212:Robert I. Binnick (1991). 5154:Aspect in Standard Chinese 4786: 4703: 4484: 4090: 4039:'Your book doesn't exist') 3971:'I did not go to a house.' 3858:words. Rapa is similar to 3835: 3304:Hindi verbs § Aspects 3301: 3046: 2452:("will write", perfective) 2397: 2339:("The laundry is drying ") 2294:Ik zal aan het werken zijn 2212:Ich bin/war am essen/Essen 1987:'ain('t)/haven't BIN ate' 1917:Aspectual Marking in AAVE 1821:Future perfect progressive 1629: 1609:("I did not want to") vs. 1573:. (For example, ἠκούομεν ( 1545:something" (the so-called 1510:Important qualifications: 1267: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1021:known respectively as the 751: 713:, by the division between 18: 6398: 6377: 6352: 6331: 6263: 6066:Case and aspect in Slavic 6047:MacDonald, J. E. (2008). 5951:10.1017/s0022226700007234 5710:, Blackwell, 1985: ch. 6. 5512:ZAS Papers in Linguistics 4923:Terms for various aspects 4086: 3390: 3380: 3370: 3060: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2548: 1071: 785:Oxford English Dictionary 5929:12 December 2005 at the 5708:Tense and Aspect Systems 5598:10.1017/cbo9780511800306 5501:is just as difficult as 5420:Kiyota, Masaru. (2008). 5202:, Springer 2006, p. 118. 5185: 5109:: 'I listened carefully' 4841:(from English "are") or 4510: 4105:: The perfective marker 3297: 3122:"I ate", "I have eaten" 2549:Russian verbs of motion 2441:("to write", perfective) 2233: 1846:But they can have other 1744:Past perfect progressive 1370:, and still others with 1249:means "having seen" and 1045:, meaning "completed"). 885:; and English marks the 865:has the aspect markers - 833:Grammatical aspect is a 446:Serial verb construction 19:Not to be confused with 6385:Perfect (Retrospective) 6264:Complete vs. incomplete 6182:TAMPA: Aspect Explained 6111:The parameter of aspect 6064:Richardson, K. (2007). 5972:Binnick, R. I. (1991). 5624:. (Available online at 5254:. University of Kansas. 5159:Grammatical conjugation 5078:: 'I slept for a while' 3799:"to go shooting around" 2361:Ik zal zitten te werken 2257:("to be"), followed by 2106:'MIGHT/MAY be dən ate' 2103:'might/may be dən ate' 2083:Future Resultant State/ 1978:Remote Past Completive 1907:Hawaiian Creole English 1805:conditional progressive 1349:Indo-European languages 1284:situation vs. viewpoint 1280:lexical vs. grammatical 807:while aspect refers to 384:Honorifics (politeness) 60:more precise citations. 6013:Kabakciev, K. (2000). 5939:Journal of Linguistics 5689:Hooper, Robin (1994). 5350:Bernard Comrie, 1976. 5200:Perspectives on Aspect 5066:: 'I resumed sleeping' 4898:American Sign Language 4893:American Sign Language 4795:Austronesian languages 4761:not implicating an end 4712:Austronesian languages 4687:In Torau, the suffix - 4245:ʔi=na-panaro-puluʔi-na 4225:'It has not yet come.' 3827:Austronesian languages 3294:"I shall be eating"). 3104:"I eat", "I'm eating" 2894:to carry (by vehicle) 2363:("I will be working ") 2337:De was hangt te drogen 2244:West Germanic language 2100:Modal Resultant State 1593:("I was able to") vs. 1345:American Sign Language 1251:bulunuyorum/durumdayım 1219:, though a functional 1183: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1117: 1093: 1081: 1066: 1041: 1035: 765: 7th century BCE 561:Polypersonal agreement 6178:(around 9000 entries) 6131:10.1515/lity.2003.003 6093:10.1515/lity.2002.007 6072:Sasse, H.-J. (2002). 5540:Journal of Philosophy 5076:Durative/Delimitative 5046:Terminative/cessative 5030:: 'I am still eating' 4833:(from English "be"). 4032:NEG.NPST ART-2SG book 3965:vau i haere i te fare 3276:io starò per mangiare 3230:"I shall have eaten" 2696:to stroll, to wander 2597:to go by foot (walk) 2470:("wrote", perfective) 2384:Zit niet zo te zeuren 2296:("I will be working") 2284:Ik was aan het werken 2274:Ik ben aan het werken 663:and ongoing actions ( 640:that expresses how a 197:Genitive construction 6353:Beginning vs. ending 6332:Generic vs. episodic 6195:10.15126/SMG.18/1.08 6147:Verkuyl, H. (1993). 6144:, Reidel, Dordrecht. 6140:Verkuyl, H. (1972). 6023:Kortmann, B (1991). 6008:Linguistic semantics 6006:Frawley, W. (1992). 5811:10.1353/ol.2008.0000 5445:Indo-Iranian Journal 5034:Inceptive/ingressive 4803:Philippine languages 4799:Philippine languages 4783:Philippine languages 3274:"I'm about to eat", 3152:(Recent pluperfect) 2349:("I was reading "), 2148:improve this section 1954:'don('t) be eating' 1848:illocutionary forces 1605:("I tried to"), and 1601:("I wanted to") vs. 1431:الْفِعْل الْمُضَارِع 1410:) denotes an event ( 1314:Athabaskan languages 1181:means "to know" and 1057:Imperfective Aspect 968:improve this section 756:The Indian linguist 638:grammatical category 450:Traditional grammar 418:Syntax relationships 94:Grammatical features 6418:Grammatical aspects 6119:Linguistic Typology 6081:Linguistic Typology 6041:10.1075/bjl.6.02kor 5999:Comrie, B. (1976). 5799:Oceanic Linguistics 5719:Schütz, Albert J., 5665:Journal of Language 5176:(tense–aspect–mood) 5028:Continuative aspect 4797:, the verbs of the 4714:, the verbs of the 4356:ʔi=na-fane-naranara 4093:Wuvulu-Aua language 3979:(Regular negative) 3795:"repeatedly" as in 3311:has three aspects, 3272:io sto per mangiare 3247:contrasts with the 3245:trapassato prossimo 3149:Trapassato prossimo 3040:consecutio temporum 2353:("I was watching ") 2329:Present progressive 2270:Present progressive 2206:('I eat') and past 2196:West Central German 2095:'won't be dən ate' 2061:'HAVE BIN dən ate' 2044:'should'a dən ate' 1993:Remote Past Perfect 1918: 1815:conditional perfect 1696:Present progressive 1229:– I see (present); 1019:morphological forms 654:Imperfective aspect 368:Comparison (degree) 118:Dative construction 5721:All about Hawaiian 5536:See, for example, 5493:See, for example, 4966:Discontinuous past 4676:'Peter was dying.' 4487:Tokelauan language 4191:Imperfect negation 3321:progressive aspect 3292:io starò mangiando 3179:perfective aspect 3155:io avevo mangiato 2923:to carry, to wear 2481:progressive aspect 2425:, is given below: 2357:Future progressive 2351:Ik stond te kijken 2335:("I am eating "), 2290:Future progressive 2092:'WILL be dən ate' 2072:'had BIN dən ate' 2019:'ain('t) dən ate' 1970:'HAVE BIN eating' 1916: 1801:Future progressive 1795:simple conditional 1760:present participle 1672:progressive aspect 1625:Germanic languages 1547:conative imperfect 1505:He started running 1483:prospective aspect 1435:al-fiʿl al-muḍāriʿ 1404:الْفِعْل الْمَاضِي 1235:– I saw (aorist); 1197:Germanic languages 1187:means "to learn". 1054:Perfective Aspect 895:present participle 318:Grammatical aspect 6405: 6404: 6360:Inchoative aspect 6206:Grammar Tutorials 6107:Smith, Carlota S. 5607:978-0-521-81449-2 5387:978-0-19-985633-6 5225:978-0-19-506206-9 5180:Tense–aspect–mood 5164:Grammatical tense 5054:: 'I almost fell' 4825:in English-based 4599:'Peter was dead.' 4219:3SG=not.yet-move- 4050:Hawaiian language 3977:Non-past negative 3728: 3727: 3317:perfective aspect 3253:trapassato remoto 3237: 3236: 3227:io avrò mangiato 3224:(Future perfect) 3191:io ebbi mangiato 3188:(Far pluperfect) 3185:Trapassato remoto 3029:Romance languages 3026: 3025: 2987:to drag, to pull 2836:to swim, to sail 2286:("I was working") 2184: 2183: 2176: 2113: 2112: 2089:' 'a be dən ate' 2033:'hadn't dən ate' 2003:'hadn't BIN ate' 1897:(see for example 1870:+ VERB is a past 1678:aspect), for the 1589:("I found out"), 1374:(e.g., English). 1338:Indicating aspect 1124: 1123: 1118:Preterite perfect 1025:and imperfect in 1004: 1003: 996: 887:continuous aspect 787:dates from 1853. 707:Romance languages 699:tense–aspect–mood 646:perfective aspect 626: 625: 521:Topic and Comment 504:Thematic relation 399:Reflexive pronoun 313:Tense–aspect–mood 273:Associated motion 255:Universal grinder 86: 85: 78: 6425: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6134: 6096: 6078: 6059: 6044: 5996: 5962: 5896:Other references 5889: 5888: 5860: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5822: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5746: 5737: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5669: 5668: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5635: 5629: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5509: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5436: 5425: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5269: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5209: 5203: 5196: 5169:Grammatical mood 5127:: 'It glimmered' 4952:, also known as 4827:Atlantic Creoles 4822:Creole languages 4817:Creole languages 4700:Malay/Indonesian 4683: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4606: 4589:Pita ma-to mate= 4585: 4581: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4503:glass metaphor: 4426: 4408: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4326: 4315: 4311: 4277: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4222: 4212: 4208: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3996: 3950: 3940: 3922: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3894: 3785:("once"), as in 3731:Finnic languages 3358: 3357: 3288:io sto mangiando 3221:Futuro anteriore 3206:(Simple future) 3113:Passato prossimo 3058: 3057: 3018: 3008: 2998: 2983: 2973: 2963: 2934: 2905: 2876: 2847: 2832: 2822: 2812: 2797: 2787: 2777: 2762: 2752: 2742: 2727: 2717: 2707: 2678: 2663: 2653: 2643: 2628: 2618: 2608: 2579: 2546: 2545: 2520: 2510: 2502:+ indeterminate 2429:Infinitive (and 2406:Slavic languages 2394:Slavic languages 2386:("Stop whining") 2343:Past progressive 2316:("to stand") or 2280:Past progressive 2276:("I am working") 2246:), two types of 2179: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2128: 2120: 2041:Resultant State 1919: 1915: 1732:Past progressive 1473: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1452: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1406: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1353:Slavic languages 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1191:Aspect vs. tense 1186: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1157:in Spanish, and 1156: 1150: 1144: 1120: 1108: 1096: 1084: 1069: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1038: 999: 992: 988: 985: 979: 948: 940: 863:Mandarin Chinese 851:Kʼicheʼ language 781:Slavic languages 766: 763: 723:Slavic languages 618: 611: 604: 352:General features 267:Related to verbs 102:Related to nouns 90: 89: 81: 74: 70: 67: 61: 56:this article by 47:inline citations 34: 33: 26: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6373: 6348: 6327: 6259: 6257:lexical aspects 6250: 6172: 6076: 6057: 5933:, Lauri Carlson 5931:Wayback Machine 5916:Kröner Verlag, 5898: 5893: 5892: 5861: 5857: 5848: 5844: 5795: 5791: 5780: 5776: 5765: 5758: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5727: 5718: 5714: 5702: 5698: 5687: 5672: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5636: 5632: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5584: 5580: 5571: 5567: 5552:10.2307/2025024 5546:(18): 601–609. 5535: 5531: 5507: 5492: 5488: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5345: 5334: 5330: 5301:(10): 1039–43. 5289: 5285: 5276: 5272: 5263: 5259: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5140: 5101:Chinese aspects 4958:Hiberno-English 4925: 4895: 4835:Jamaican Creole 4819: 4791: 4785: 4720:auxiliary verbs 4708: 4702: 4685: 4677: 4660: 4635: 4617: 4608: 4600: 4587: 4568: 4550: 4513: 4489: 4483: 4478: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4428: 4418: 4410: 4400: 4392: 4384: 4376: 4344: 4318: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4279: 4268: 4260: 4255:-hold-together- 4227: 4214: 4185: 4171: 4163: 4155: 4147: 4127:-ware-fa-rawani 4120: 4095: 4089: 4046: 4041: 4024: 4016: 4002: 3973: 3960: 3952: 3942: 3932: 3924: 3914: 3900: 3840: 3834: 3829: 3750:of the object: 3733: 3313:habitual aspect 3306: 3300: 3223: 3205: 3203:Futuro semplice 3187: 3169: 3151: 3133: 3119:io ho mangiato 3115: 3097: 3049: 3031: 3016: 3013: 3006: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2981: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2929: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2871: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2842: 2830: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2810: 2807: 2795: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2775: 2772: 2760: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2740: 2737: 2725: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2661: 2658: 2651: 2648: 2641: 2638: 2626: 2623: 2616: 2613: 2606: 2603: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2518: 2508: 2477:habitual aspect 2431:dictionary form 2402: 2396: 2347:Ik lag te lezen 2248:continuous form 2236: 2200:continuous form 2188:Standard German 2180: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2145: 2129: 2118: 2016:'HAVE dən ate' 2009:Resultant State 1951:'DO be eating' 1891: 1702:Present perfect 1656:auxiliary verbs 1632: 1627: 1622: 1585:("I knew") vs. 1408:al-fiʿl al-māḍī 1390:literary Arabic 1368:morphologically 1340: 1288:inner vs. outer 1272: 1266: 1193: 1127:longer terms). 1000: 989: 983: 980: 965: 949: 938: 921:constructions. 915:auxiliary verbs 911:morphologically 907:past participle 805:temporally when 793: 764: 754: 749: 683:Standard German 669:habitual aspect 622: 593: 592: 551: 543: 542: 489: 481: 480: 419: 411: 410: 380:(verbal number) 378:Pluractionality 353: 345: 344: 268: 260: 259: 239: 180:Collective noun 162:Construct state 103: 82: 71: 65: 62: 52:Please help to 51: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6431: 6421: 6420: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6184: 6179: 6171: 6170:External links 6168: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6135: 6125:(3): 317–401. 6114: 6104: 6097: 6087:(2): 199–271. 6069: 6062: 6052: 6045: 6020: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5995:(9–1): 97–122. 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5934: 5921: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5877:10.2307/408755 5871:(2): 127–131. 5855: 5842: 5820:1959.13/803129 5805:(2): 499–519. 5789: 5774: 5756: 5738: 5725: 5712: 5696: 5670: 5655: 5648: 5630: 5613: 5606: 5578: 5565: 5529: 5486: 5451:(4): 284–301. 5426: 5413: 5400: 5386: 5356: 5343: 5328: 5283: 5270: 5257: 5238: 5224: 5204: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5016:Gnomic/generic 5013: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4973: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4950:Recent perfect 4941: 4935: 4924: 4921: 4894: 4891: 4879:Haitian Creole 4818: 4815: 4787:Main article: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4768: 4762: 4752: 4742: 4736: 4716:Malay language 4704:Main article: 4701: 4698: 4636: 4618: 4610: 4609: 4569: 4551: 4543: 4542: 4512: 4509: 4485:Main article: 4482: 4479: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4437: 4429: 4419: 4411: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4377: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4304: 4296: 4288: 4280: 4269: 4261: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4209:=not.yet-move- 4201: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4164: 4156: 4148: 4121: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4091:Main article: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4067: 4057: 4045: 4042: 4017: 4003: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3953: 3943: 3933: 3925: 3915: 3901: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3836:Main article: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3801: 3800: 3790: 3773: 3772: 3766: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3717:mar rahā rêhnā 3710: 3700: 3690: 3680: 3670: 3660: 3650: 3640: 3630: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3610:kar rahā rêhnā 3603: 3593: 3583: 3573: 3563: 3553: 3543: 3533: 3523: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3496: 3486: 3476: 3466: 3456: 3446: 3436: 3426: 3416: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3302:Main article: 3299: 3296: 3290:"I'm eating", 3261:passato remoto 3249:passato remoto 3235: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3212:"I shall eat" 3210: 3207: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3194:"I had eaten" 3192: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3167:Passato remoto 3163: 3162: 3159: 3158:"I had eaten" 3156: 3153: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3116:(Recent past) 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3048: 3045: 3035:Latin language 3030: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3010: 3000: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2975: 2965: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2824: 2814: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2789: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2754: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2719: 2709: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2655: 2645: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2620: 2610: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2529:+ determinate 2472: 2471: 2460: 2453: 2442: 2414:lexical aspect 2398:Main article: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2340: 2333:Ik zit te eten 2298: 2297: 2287: 2277: 2235: 2232: 2182: 2181: 2132: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2058:'BIN dən ate' 2056: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030:'HAD dən ate' 2028: 2027:'had dən ate' 2025: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2001: 2000:'HAD BIN ate' 1998: 1997:'had BIN ate' 1995: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984:'HAD BIN ate' 1982: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1890: 1887: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1828: 1818: 1811:Future perfect 1808: 1798: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1690:Present simple 1648:present-future 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1542: 1530: 1519: 1339: 1336: 1276:lexical aspect 1270:Lexical aspect 1268:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1192: 1189: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1002: 1001: 952: 950: 943: 937: 934: 926:lexical aspect 901:with the verb 889:with the verb 837:property of a 809:temporally how 792: 789: 753: 750: 748: 745: 676:perfect aspect 624: 623: 621: 620: 613: 606: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 573:Empty category 570: 565: 564: 563: 552: 549: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 530: 529: 528: 518: 517: 516: 511: 501: 496: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 477: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 448: 443: 438: 437: 436: 431: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 407: 406: 404:Reflexive verb 401: 391: 386: 381: 375: 370: 365: 360: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 337: 336: 335: 330: 325: 320: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 252: 247: 246: 245: 240: 238: 237: 232: 227: 223: 216: 211: 210: 209: 204: 194: 189: 184: 183: 182: 177: 172: 164: 159: 158: 157: 147: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 128:Quirky subject 125: 120: 110: 104: 101: 100: 97: 96: 84: 83: 38: 36: 29: 21:Lexical aspect 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6430: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378:Relative time 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6321:frequentative 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6186:Anna Kibort, 6185: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5910:0-415-20319-8 5907: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5778: 5770: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5692: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5649:81-208-0475-9 5645: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5609: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5423: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5267: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5121:: 'It glared' 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5094:Frequentative 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4954:after perfect 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4919:for details. 4918: 4917:Syntax in ASL 4912: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4706:Malay grammar 4697: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4567: 4554: 4549: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4375: 4357: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4246: 4238: 4235:: The marker 4234: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4196: 4193:: The marker 4192: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4128: 4126: 4119: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4006: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3904: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3875:Past negative 3873: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844:Rapa language 3839: 3838:Rapa language 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805:frequentative 3798: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3769:Ammuin karhua 3767: 3764: 3763:Ammuin karhun 3761: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3754:is telic and 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3707:mar rahā honā 3704: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3600:kar rahā honā 3597: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3503:ho rahā rêhnā 3500: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3337:contrafactual 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3009: 3001: 2999: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2976: 2974: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2833: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2654: 2646: 2644: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2629: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2565:Indeterminate 2564: 2563: 2554:Imperfective 2552: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2401: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312:("to hang"), 2311: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2178: 2175: 2167: 2164:December 2023 2157: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2133:This section 2131: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964:'BIN eating' 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1925:Prototypical 1924: 1922:Aspect/Tense 1921: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1791:Simple future 1789: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1674:(also called 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1467: 1457: 1455: 1446: 1436: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1329:semelfactives 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 998: 995: 987: 977: 973: 969: 963: 962: 958: 953:This section 951: 947: 942: 941: 933: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 905:coupled with 904: 900: 896: 893:coupled with 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816:present tense 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 788: 786: 782: 776: 774: 770: 759: 747:Basic concept 744: 742: 739: 735: 731: 730:verbal aspect 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 619: 614: 612: 607: 605: 600: 599: 597: 596: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 578:Incorporation 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 562: 559: 558: 557: 554: 553: 547: 546: 539: 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 485: 484: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 425: 422: 421: 415: 414: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 349: 348: 341: 338: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 288:Evidentiality 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 264: 263: 256: 253: 251: 248: 244: 241: 236: 233: 231: 228: 225: 224: 222: 221: 220: 217: 215: 212: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 166:Countability 165: 163: 160: 156: 153: 152: 151: 148: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 99: 98: 95: 92: 91: 88: 80: 77: 69: 59: 55: 49: 48: 42: 37: 28: 27: 22: 6317:distributive 6303:Delimitative 6293:Imperfective 6286:Semelfactive 6252: 6212:Greek tenses 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6100: 6084: 6080: 6065: 6055: 6048: 6032: 6028: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5945:(1): 57–72. 5942: 5938: 5913: 5901: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5850: 5849:Holm, John, 5845: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5783: 5777: 5768: 5750: 5733: 5728: 5720: 5715: 5707: 5699: 5690: 5664: 5658: 5639: 5633: 5621: 5616: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5568: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5515: 5511: 5502: 5498: 5489: 5448: 5444: 5421: 5416: 5408: 5403: 5391:. Retrieved 5369: 5359: 5351: 5346: 5337: 5331: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5229:. Retrieved 5214: 5207: 5199: 5194: 5131:Segmentative 4982:Imperfective 4953: 4926: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4820: 4792: 4775:semelfactive 4770: 4764: 4754: 4749:imperfective 4744: 4738: 4728: 4709: 4692: 4688: 4686: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4622: 4619: 4614: 4611: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4544: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4378: 4358: 4355: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4329: 4322: 4319: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4281: 4273: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4247: 4244: 4236: 4233:Simultaneous 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4216:ʔi=ta-no-mai 4215: 4205: 4203:ʔi=ta-no-mai 4202: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4173:maʔua ʔi=na- 4172: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4047: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4007: 4004: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3926: 3919: 3916: 3905: 3902: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3863: 3841: 3821:transitivity 3802: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3734: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3493:ho rahā honā 3492: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3349: 3345:Periphrastic 3307: 3291: 3287: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3220: 3202: 3184: 3166: 3148: 3137:io mangiavo 3134:(Imperfect) 3130: 3112: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3066:(indicative) 3063: 3061: 3055:("to eat"): 3052: 3050: 3038: 3032: 3014: 3004: 2994: 2979: 2969: 2959: 2947: 2940: 2930: 2918: 2911: 2901: 2889: 2882: 2872: 2860: 2853: 2843: 2828: 2818: 2808: 2793: 2783: 2773: 2758: 2748: 2738: 2723: 2713: 2703: 2691: 2684: 2674: 2659: 2649: 2639: 2624: 2614: 2604: 2592: 2585: 2575: 2568:Determinate 2560:Translation 2540: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2489: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2462:Past tense: 2457:będzie pisać 2456: 2449: 2448:("writes"); 2445: 2438: 2434: 2410: 2403: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2332: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:("to sit"), 2305: 2304:("to lie"), 2301: 2299: 2293: 2283: 2273: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2192:Upper German 2185: 2170: 2161: 2146:Please help 2134: 1965: 1942: 1941:'be eating' 1892: 1881:+ VERB is a 1875: 1865: 1863: 1845: 1830: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1749: 1738:Past perfect 1720: 1715: 1713: 1684: 1675: 1651: 1647: 1633: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1516:conceived of 1515: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1458: 1453: 1444: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1387: 1383:Periphrastic 1376: 1361: 1341: 1333: 1324: 1318: 1303: 1299: 1296:semelfactive 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1255: 1214: 1210: 1194: 1172:kennenlernen 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1094:Passé simple 1036:passé simple 1016: 1012:imperfective 1011: 1007: 1005: 990: 984:January 2024 981: 966:Please help 954: 929: 923: 902: 890: 878: 874: 870: 866: 858: 854: 834: 832: 827: 823: 819: 813: 808: 804: 794: 791:Modern usage 777: 772: 768: 755: 740: 729: 727: 680: 673: 658: 633: 627: 538:Veridicality 429:Transitivity 373:Egophoricity 317: 187:Definiteness 155:Measure word 143:Instrumental 123:Dative shift 87: 72: 63: 44: 6390:Prospective 6253:Grammatical 6217:Verb Aspect 5294:NeuroReport 5174:Nominal TAM 5125:Attenuative 5107:Intentional 5082:Protractive 5072:: 'I slept' 5000:Progressive 4976:Prospective 4829:often uses 4759:progressive 4662:Pita ma-to 4029:tā-koe puta 3713:मर रहा रहना 3703:मर रहा होना 3677:martā rêhnā 3606:कर रहा रहना 3596:कर रहा होना 3570:kartā rêhnā 3499:हो रहा रहना 3489:हो रहा होना 3402:Translation 3392:Progressive 3353:Hindi verbs 3333:subjunctive 3329:presumptive 3284:progressive 3268:prospective 3209:io mangerò 3173:io mangiai 3170:(Far past) 3088:Explanation 2557:Perfective 2085:Conditional 1960:Remote Past 1945:Habitual be 1899:habitual be 1883:prospective 1768:modal verbs 1726:Past simple 1620:By language 1497:Mi ekmanĝas 1372:auxiliaries 1113:Portuguese 1031:simple past 1010:aspect and 913:or through 630:linguistics 474:Predicative 394:Reciprocity 363:Boundedness 283:Conjugation 250:Specificity 58:introducing 6271:Perfective 5704:Östen Dahl 5144:Aktionsart 5113:Accidental 5064:Resumptive 5040:Inchoative 4994:Continuous 4932:Perfective 4793:Like many 4733:perfective 4710:Like many 4103:Perfective 3817:inchoative 3797:ammuskella 3752:accusative 3697:martā jānā 3667:martā honā 3647:marā rêhnā 3590:kartā jānā 3560:kartā honā 3540:kiyā rêhnā 3463:hotā rêhnā 3372:Perfective 3341:imperative 3325:indicative 3280:continuous 3257:imperfetto 3241:imperfetto 3131:Imperfetto 3101:io mangio 3098:(Present) 3064:indicativo 2980:potashchít 2514:приходи́ть 2418:Suppletion 2013:'dən ate' 1981:'BIN ate' 1901:), and of 1756:infinitive 1752:non-finite 1676:continuous 1395:الْفُصْحَى 1305:Aktionsart 1292:Aktionsart 1072:Imperfect 1008:perfective 930:Aktionsart 877:- 在, and - 843:inflection 741:verb forms 719:imperfects 715:preterites 711:past tense 588:Markedness 583:Inflection 568:Declension 499:Mirativity 308:Mirativity 214:Noun class 202:Possession 170:Count noun 150:Classifier 138:Comitative 133:Nominative 66:March 2013 41:references 6369:Cessative 6313:Iterative 6308:Imperfect 6281:Momentane 5959:144397004 5918:Stuttgart 5837:145227019 5481:161530848 5465:0019-7246 5393:14 August 5231:12 August 5119:Intensive 5088:Iterative 5058:Pausative 5052:Defective 4938:Momentane 4887:Tok Pisin 4651:≈be.dead= 4481:Tokelauan 4306:ʔi=fi-unu 4072:+ verb + 4062:+ verb + 3881:/kiʔere/ 3813:causative 3809:momentane 3787:huudahtaa 3756:partitive 3693:मरता जाना 3687:martā ānā 3673:मरता रहना 3663:मरता होना 3657:marā jānā 3637:marā honā 3586:करता जाना 3580:kartā ānā 3566:करता रहना 3556:करता होना 3550:kiyā jānā 3546:किया जाना 3536:किया रहना 3530:kiyā honā 3526:किया होना 3509:to happen 3483:hotā jānā 3479:होता जाना 3459:होता रहना 3453:hotā honā 3449:होता होना 3433:huā rêhnā 3012:покати́ть 2977:потащи́ть 2865:to crawl 2858:поползти́ 2791:полете́ть 2766:to climb 2689:побрести́ 2657:побежа́ть 2517:prikhodít 2186:Although 2135:does not 1931:Negative 1607:no quería 1579:ēkousamen 1487:Esperanto 1476:bi-yiktib 1282:include: 1221:preterite 1160:connaître 1082:Preterite 1051:Language 1042:perfectus 955:does not 919:syntactic 738:imperfect 556:Agreement 550:Phenomena 488:Semantics 454:Predicate 441:Branching 278:Clusivity 175:Mass noun 6412:Category 6344:Habitual 6109:(1991). 6035:: 9–30. 5927:Archived 5865:Language 5829:20172325 5576:, 37-68. 5499:swimming 5473:24651488 5323:35873020 5315:18580575 5138:See also 5070:Punctual 5022:Episodic 4988:Habitual 4970:Chichewa 4807:Filipino 4578:be.dead= 4413:ʔaleʔena 4398:Faninilo 4395:Faninilo 4348:Habitual 4044:Hawaiian 3983:/kaːre/ 3856:Tahitian 3852:Rapa Iti 3848:Tahitian 3832:Reo Rapa 3744:telicity 3740:Estonian 3683:मरता आना 3653:मरा जाना 3643:मरा रहना 3633:मरा होना 3576:करता आना 3473:hotā ānā 3469:होता आना 3443:huā jānā 3439:हुआ जाना 3429:हुआ रहना 3423:huā honā 3419:हुआ होना 3382:Habitual 3319:and the 3255:in that 3176:"I ate" 3095:Presente 3053:mangiare 3022:to roll 2970:tashchít 2957:таска́ть 2945:повести́ 2916:понести́ 2887:повезти́ 2861:popolztí 2841:по́лзать 2826:поплы́ть 2806:пла́вать 2756:поле́зть 2721:погна́ть 2692:pobrestí 2672:броди́ть 2660:pobezhát 2625:pojékhat 2622:пое́хать 2492:prefixes 2261:and the 2204:Ich esse 2194:and all 1937:Habitual 1911:stressed 1877:going to 1872:habitual 1644:non-past 1611:no quise 1575:ēkouomen 1440:يَضْرِبُ 1399:al-fuṣḥā 1351:(except 1321:telicity 1258:Mandarin 1245:, where 1077:Spanish 897:and the 839:language 801:referent 705:and the 533:Volition 494:Contrast 424:Argument 389:Polarity 303:Telicity 293:Modality 226:Singular 5560:2025024 5006:Stative 4944:Perfect 4875:wehn de 4811:Tagalog 4538:(i)sa-. 4390:thought 4370:-think( 4293:Puleafo 4290:Puleafo 4263:ruapalo 3860:English 3823:exist. 3736:Finnish 3083:English 3078:Italian 3047:Italian 3015:pokatít 3002:кати́ть 2992:ката́ть 2967:тащи́ть 2948:povestí 2928:води́ть 2919:ponestí 2899:носи́ть 2890:poveztí 2870:вози́ть 2851:ползти́ 2801:to fly 2794:poletét 2781:лете́ть 2771:лета́ть 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