254:
123:
In 2006, the government approved a new national strategic plan for 2005 to 2009 and a new national AIDS policy. Current efforts focus on increasing the response capacity of the health sector and ensuring the sustainability of measures and actions taken. The
Ministry of Health (MOH) has integrated its
64:
intercourse is reported to account for 72 percent of HIV infections, and unprotected sex between men is estimated to account for 26 percent, according to UNAIDS. However, it is likely that the former is over-reported and the latter under-reported because of stigma and discrimination (S&D) against
111:
The
Country Coordinating Mechanism, formed in 2000, has a variety of prominent members, including representatives from government; multilateral, nongovernmental, and educational organizations; the private sector; religious groups; and representatives of PLWHA. It oversees the HIV/AIDS grant from the
76:
A 2002 study reported by UNAIDS demonstrated that infection levels among MSM were 38 times higher than among the general population. The latest study on HIV among commercial sex workers reported by UNAIDS demonstrated a prevalence of only 0.2 percent in that group. As of
September 2005, more than
107:
of People Living With HIV/AIDS (Law 238) in 1996, but the law did not go into effect until 1999. Law 238 created the
Nicaraguan AIDS Commission (CONISIDA) in 2000, which is tasked with enforcing the law and guiding the national response to HIV/AIDS. However, CONISIDA lacks the organizational and
43:
had been reported in other
Central American nations. The onset of the epidemic was likely delayed by Nicaragua’s 10-year civil war and the U.S.-led economic blockade, both of which left the country isolated for several years. Relative control over commercial sex work, low infection rates among
128:
programs and adopted protocols for treating co-infected patients; however, it has not been able to achieve efficient coordination of the two programs in practice. Nicaragua is also strengthening primary care and implementing awareness, prevention, and protection efforts.
108:
technical capacity to effectively fulfill its role in supporting government and civil society efforts to assist people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and prevent the spread of HIV. Of particular concern is CONISIDA’s failure to adequately ensure the rights of PLWHA.
80:
Factors that put
Nicaraguans at risk include early sexual debut; social pressures for males to have multiple sexual partners and take sexual risks; widespread poverty; women’s and girls’ inability to negotiate when and under what circumstances to have sex or use
98:
Traditionally, HIV/AIDS prevention has not been a national priority in
Nicaragua because HIV prevalence is low. The National Program for the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections was not established until 1998. Before that, the
89:
services and information is limited in much of the country due to budgetary priorities and limitations. Moreover, conservative religious and social values make it difficult to talk about sex and ways to protect oneself from disease or unwanted pregnancy.
52:
Nicaragua is at risk of a broader epidemic because of social conditions such as multiple sex partners, gender inequality, and widespread poverty. Many people are unaware of their HIV status and could unwittingly spread the disease.
687:
537:
507:
412:
532:
462:
512:
682:
402:
120:(STIs) by strengthening prevention, care, and support activities; by ensuring comprehensive care for PLWHA; and by documenting all AIDS cases within the national surveillance system.
417:
312:
502:
467:
116:. The Global Fund grant is for more than $ 10.1 million from 2004 to 2009. The purpose of the grant is to build on the existing national strategic plan for HIV/AIDS and other
994:
522:
958:
517:
527:
497:
407:
317:
677:
492:
487:
482:
337:
472:
223:
1049:
477:
1645:
442:
347:
457:
452:
362:
327:
1640:
694:
447:
113:
342:
231:
1155:
77:
half of reported HIV cases occurred among 20- to 39-year-olds, in
Nicaragua’s 2006 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV report.
628:
144:-led effort dedicated to expanding HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care for pregnant women and young people; to offering universal access to
148:
medication for PLWHA; and to ensuring universal access to services for preventing mother-to-child transmission. The other partner countries are
1029:
289:
901:
720:
670:
618:
1014:
828:
740:
570:
989:
1420:
1108:
1545:
785:
352:
236:
968:
858:
282:
715:
57:
estimates
Nicaragua has 7,300 HIV-positive people, nearly half of whom were identified over the past three years.
117:
1448:
710:
1510:
1024:
1004:
735:
623:
422:
149:
1671:
1666:
1623:
896:
884:
765:
725:
275:
1395:
1091:
1019:
948:
906:
650:
608:
1085:
1009:
999:
730:
563:
85:; gender-based violence; and sexual abuse of women and girls. Compounding these factors, access to HIV/
1559:
1527:
1515:
1468:
1044:
298:
181:
70:
1400:
1250:
1123:
811:
770:
1618:
1490:
1365:
1283:
1185:
750:
745:
357:
186:
100:
1330:
1303:
1293:
1215:
1200:
1098:
918:
848:
655:
645:
44:
injecting drug users, and a ban on the commercial sale of blood also slowed HIV transmission.
1613:
1567:
1495:
1405:
1340:
911:
879:
816:
640:
556:
367:
1582:
1500:
1415:
1390:
1375:
1313:
1265:
1245:
1170:
1165:
1150:
891:
823:
377:
322:
73:) is significantly higher (7.6 percent) than among sex workers or the general population.
8:
1597:
1572:
1540:
1458:
1430:
1380:
1298:
1288:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1195:
806:
780:
382:
1587:
1577:
1485:
1480:
1453:
1440:
1425:
1410:
1360:
1323:
1308:
1260:
1255:
1235:
1205:
1180:
1140:
1132:
1064:
1059:
928:
853:
755:
397:
387:
332:
1535:
1385:
1355:
1335:
1318:
1225:
1190:
1175:
1160:
1145:
923:
833:
790:
660:
372:
1592:
1370:
1350:
1345:
1275:
1210:
953:
60:
Sexual activity is the primary mode of HIV transmission in
Nicaragua. Unprotected
1103:
843:
613:
28:
1054:
838:
145:
1660:
1034:
943:
258:
165:
267:
1069:
760:
125:
104:
61:
973:
874:
665:
66:
933:
775:
603:
169:
161:
24:
16:
1039:
938:
635:
583:
157:
40:
548:
963:
257:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
153:
82:
39:
HIV was first detected in Nicaragua in 1987, after concentrated
1079:
141:
137:
133:
54:
995:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
103:
enacted the Law for the Promotion, Protection and Defense of
1113:
1074:
86:
598:
579:
20:
678:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
19:
has 0.2 percent of the adult population estimated to be
1646:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
132:
Nicaragua is a partner in the Brazil+7 initiative, a
1641:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
1030:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
1015:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
114:
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
232:United States Agency for International Development
69:. HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (
1658:
629:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
27:has one of the lowest HIV prevalence rates in
564:
297:
283:
721:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
954:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
571:
557:
290:
276:
218:
216:
214:
212:
210:
208:
206:
204:
202:
1659:
990:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
552:
271:
199:
93:
1109:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
578:
13:
14:
1683:
695:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
1156:Democratic Republic of the Congo
716:AIDS-defining clinical condition
413:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
252:
118:sexually transmitted infections
1:
1025:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
1005:International AIDS Conference
959:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
902:Discrimination against people
192:
885:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
766:HIV Drug Resistance Database
538:United States Virgin Islands
7:
1186:CĂ´te d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
1020:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
949:List of HIV-positive people
299:HIV/AIDS in North America
235:. June 2008. Archived from
224:"Health Profile: Nicaragua"
175:
47:
10:
1688:
1086:Reports from the Holocaust
1010:International AIDS Society
1000:Elton John AIDS Foundation
34:
1636:
1606:
1558:
1526:
1476:
1467:
1439:
1274:
1131:
1122:
1045:Treatment Action Campaign
982:
867:
799:
761:Tuberculosis co-infection
703:
624:disease progression rates
591:
513:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
431:
305:
182:HIV/AIDS in North America
771:Innate resistance to HIV
741:Neurocognitive disorders
533:Turks and Caicos Islands
1092:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
1075:Gay Men's Health Crisis
751:Opportunistic infection
187:Healthcare in Nicaragua
101:Government of Nicaragua
919:HIV-affected community
859:HIV and homosexual men
463:British Virgin Islands
1099:Silence=Death Project
897:Criminal transmission
817:Multiple sex partners
403:Saint Kitts and Nevis
150:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1421:United Arab Emirates
892:Circumcision and HIV
849:City of Hope Patient
609:structure and genome
1672:Health in Nicaragua
1667:HIV/AIDS by country
969:AIDS Memorial Quilt
781:HIV-positive people
418:Trinidad and Tobago
313:Antigua and Barbuda
1546:Dominican Republic
929:HIV/AIDS denialism
854:Women and HIV/AIDS
844:The London Patient
711:Signs and symptoms
619:CDC classification
353:Dominican Republic
1654:
1653:
1632:
1631:
1554:
1553:
1035:The SING Campaign
924:HIV/AIDS activism
912:Cost of treatment
834:Timothy Ray Brown
829:World AIDS Museum
546:
545:
435:other territories
94:National response
1679:
1624:Papua New Guinea
1474:
1473:
1129:
1128:
573:
566:
559:
550:
549:
503:Saint Barthélemy
433:Dependencies and
306:Sovereign states
292:
285:
278:
269:
268:
262:
256:
255:
251:
249:
247:
242:on 21 April 2009
241:
228:
220:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1628:
1602:
1550:
1522:
1463:
1435:
1381:Myanmar (Burma)
1270:
1118:
1104:Day Without Art
1050:The Global Fund
978:
907:Economic impact
863:
795:
699:
651:pathophysiology
587:
577:
547:
542:
436:
434:
427:
301:
296:
266:
265:
253:
245:
243:
239:
226:
222:
221:
200:
195:
178:
96:
50:
37:
29:Central America
12:
11:
5:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:United Kingdom
1445:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1067:
1062:
1060:YAA/Youthforce
1057:
1055:World AIDS Day
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
984:
980:
979:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
915:
914:
904:
899:
894:
889:
888:
887:
877:
871:
869:
865:
864:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
839:Berlin Patient
836:
831:
826:
821:
820:
819:
809:
803:
801:
797:
796:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
756:Superinfection
753:
748:
743:
738:
736:Cardiomyopathy
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
705:
701:
700:
698:
697:
692:
691:
690:
688:Teens / Adults
685:
675:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
595:
593:
589:
588:
576:
575:
568:
561:
553:
544:
543:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
523:Sint Eustatius
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
468:Cayman Islands
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
437:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
307:
303:
302:
295:
294:
287:
280:
272:
264:
263:
197:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
184:
177:
174:
146:antiretroviral
95:
92:
49:
46:
36:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1684:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1560:South America
1557:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1516:New York City
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:United States
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:North America
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
985:
981:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:Sex education
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
886:
883:
882:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
870:
866:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
802:
798:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:Lipodystrophy
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
706:
702:
696:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
596:
594:
590:
585:
581:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
554:
551:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
438:
430:
424:
423:United States
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
308:
304:
300:
293:
288:
286:
281:
279:
274:
273:
270:
260:
259:public domain
238:
234:
233:
225:
219:
217:
215:
213:
211:
209:
207:
205:
203:
198:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
173:
171:
167:
166:Guinea-Bissau
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
127:
124:HIV/AIDS and
121:
119:
115:
109:
106:
102:
91:
88:
84:
78:
74:
72:
68:
63:
58:
56:
45:
42:
32:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1505:
1411:Taiwan (ROC)
1401:Saudi Arabia
1251:South Africa
1084:
1070:Larry Kramer
812:Epidemiology
528:Sint Maarten
508:Saint Martin
392:
244:. Retrieved
237:the original
230:
131:
126:tuberculosis
122:
110:
105:Human Rights
97:
79:
75:
62:heterosexual
59:
51:
38:
15:
1619:New Zealand
1491:El Salvador
1396:Philippines
1366:North Korea
1319:China (PRC)
1284:Afghanistan
974:Product Red
875:AIDS orphan
731:Nephropathy
666:vaccination
498:Puerto Rico
408:Saint Lucia
358:El Salvador
246:7 September
67:homosexuals
23:-positive.
1661:Categories
1331:East Timor
1304:Bangladesh
1294:Azerbaijan
1216:Mozambique
1201:Madagascar
934:Red ribbon
776:Serostatus
704:Conditions
656:prevention
646:management
604:Lentivirus
493:Montserrat
488:Martinique
483:Guadeloupe
338:Costa Rica
193:References
170:East Timor
162:Cape Verde
1614:Australia
1568:Argentina
1528:Caribbean
1506:Nicaragua
1496:Guatemala
1406:Sri Lanka
1341:Indonesia
1124:Locations
1065:"Free Me"
791:Pregnancy
786:Nutrition
641:diagnosis
478:Greenland
393:Nicaragua
368:Guatemala
142:Brazilian
41:epidemics
25:Nicaragua
17:Nicaragua
1583:Colombia
1501:Honduras
1416:Thailand
1391:Pakistan
1376:Malaysia
1314:Cambodia
1266:Zimbabwe
1246:Tanzania
1171:Ethiopia
1166:Eswatini
1151:Botswana
1040:Solidays
939:Safe sex
880:Religion
824:Timeline
746:Pruritus
683:Children
661:research
636:HIV/AIDS
614:subtypes
443:Anguilla
378:Honduras
348:Dominica
323:Barbados
176:See also
158:Paraguay
48:Dynamics
1607:Oceania
1598:Uruguay
1573:Bolivia
1541:Jamaica
1459:Ukraine
1431:Vietnam
1299:Bahrain
1289:Armenia
1241:Senegal
1231:Nigeria
1221:Namibia
1196:Lesotho
983:Culture
964:HIV.gov
807:History
800:History
473:Curaçao
458:Bonaire
453:Bermuda
383:Jamaica
363:Grenada
318:Bahamas
154:Bolivia
140:-, and
83:condoms
35:History
1588:Guyana
1578:Brazil
1486:Mexico
1481:Canada
1454:Russia
1441:Europe
1426:Turkey
1361:Jordan
1324:Yunnan
1309:Bhutan
1261:Zambia
1256:Uganda
1236:Rwanda
1206:Malawi
1181:Guinea
1141:Angola
1133:Africa
1080:ACT UP
868:Social
586:topics
398:Panama
388:Mexico
333:Canada
328:Belize
168:, and
138:UNAIDS
134:UNICEF
55:UNAIDS
1536:Haiti
1386:Nepal
1356:Japan
1336:India
1226:Niger
1191:Kenya
1176:Ghana
1161:Egypt
1146:Benin
448:Aruba
373:Haiti
240:(PDF)
227:(PDF)
1593:Peru
1371:Laos
1351:Iraq
1346:Iran
1276:Asia
1211:Mali
1114:Ayds
671:PrEP
584:AIDS
518:Saba
343:Cuba
248:2008
87:AIDS
599:HIV
592:HIV
580:HIV
136:-,
71:MSM
31:.
21:HIV
1663::
229:.
201:^
172:.
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
582:/
572:e
565:t
558:v
291:e
284:t
277:v
261:.
250:.
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