1064:
591:
414:
998:
520:
594:
593:
598:
597:
592:
599:
40:
1407:
1056:
679:
596:
886:
During the 1950s, bars sprang up across
Cameroon's capital to accommodate an influx of new inhabitants, and soon became a symbol for Cameroonian identity in the face of colonialism. Balafon orchestras, consisting of 3–5 balafons and various percussion instruments became common in these bars. Some of
665:
In some cultures the balafon was (and in some still is) a sacred instrument, playable only by trained religious caste members and only at ritual events such as festivals, royal, funerial, or marriage celebrations. Here the balafon is kept in a temple storehouse, and can only be removed and played
607:
As the balafon cultures vary across West Africa, so does the approach to the instrument itself. In many areas the balafon is played alone in a ritual context, in others as part of an ensemble. In Guinea and Mali, the balafon is often part of an ensemble of three, pitched low, medium and high. In
595:
1052:, founder of the Mali Empire overthrew Sumanguru, seized the balafon, and made the griot Faséké its guardian. This honor is said to have passed down through his family, the Kouyatés, and conveys upon them mastership of the balafon to this day.
577:
resonators. A small hole in each gourd is covered with a membrane traditionally of thin spider's-egg sac filaments (nowadays more usually of cigarette paper or thin plastic film) to produce the characteristic nasal-buzz
1180:, Knight of the National Order of Burkina Faso (2016), Winner of the "Grand Prix" & "Prix de la Virtuosite de Festival Triangle du Balafon" in Mali (2012), Winner of the Austrian World Music Award (2011)
933:
bar scene, but the audience demanded modernity and the popular style at the time was unable to cope. Messi Martin was a
Cameroonian guitarist who had been inspired to learn the instrument by listening to
871:
gourds. Spider web silk covers small holes in the gourds to produce a buzzing sound and antelope sinew and leather are used for the fastenings. The instrument is played with rubber-headed wooden mallets.
1920:
616:
variation exists with only one large tuned key for each player. And while in most cases a single player hits multiple keys with two mallets, some traditions place two or more players at each keyboard.
666:
after undergoing purification rites. Specific instruments may be built to be only played for specific rituals and repertoires. Young adepts are trained not on the sacred instrument, but on
953:. Messi changed the electric guitar by linking the strings together with pieces of paper, thus giving the instrument a damper tone that emitted a "thudding" sound similar to the balafon.
1063:
977:
bardic traditions of West Africa. Each is more closely associated with specific areas, communities, and traditions, though all are played together in ensembles throughout the region.
554:
The balafon is generally capable of producing 18 to 21 notes, though some are built to produce many fewer notes (16, 12, 8 or even 6 and 7). Balafon keys are traditionally made from
582:
of the instrument, which is usually played with two gum-rubber-wound mallets while seated on a low stool (or while standing using a shoulder or waist sling hooked to its frame).
1287:
910:
and balafon. Sung by women, bikutsi featured sexually explicit lyrics and songs about everyday problems. In a popularised form, bikutsi gained mainstream success in the 1950s.
1037:
1747:
1084:
888:
915:
1605:
1304:
1230:
1927:
1120:
1388:
863:, a region that shares many musical traditions with those of northern Ivory Coast and Ghana. It is made with 14 wooden keys of an African hardwood called
812:
funerals. The instrument is generally played by men, who learn to play while young; however, there is no restriction on gender. It is also played by the
1200:
1269:
1158:
2474:
1382:
558:
rosewood, dried slowly over a low flame, and then tuned by shaving off bits of wood from the underside of the keys. Wood is taken off the middle to
2031:
1206:
808:. It can also be played by one person with the drum and the stick part as accompaniment, or by a soloist. Gyil duets are the traditional music of
1278:
919:
820:
of Ghana, as well as neighbouring
Gurunsi populations across the border in south and central Burkina Faso. A dance related to the gyil is the
1470:
1284:
Mamadi
Kouyate, from Mali/Guinea, (Germany since 2015), whose grandfather Sékou "Filani" Kouyaté, is the current guardian of the Sosso Bala
1143:
1100:
437:. Even when not still played, its distinctive sound and traditional style has been exported to western instruments. Maninka from eastern
1341:
1212:
2424:
1891:
2444:
2368:
2469:
2439:
2434:
821:
1880:
1740:
1646:
cited in Dena J. Epstein. Sinful Tunes and
Spirituals: Black Folk Music to the Civil War. University of Illinois Press (1977). .
2053:
1703:
410:
in 1776, which appears to be a balafon. Other North
American references to these instruments die out by the mid-19th century.
1858:
1490:
503:
is then used as the name of the high pitched, small balafon with small calabashes and short (3 to 4 cm long) keys. The
2459:
2454:
2449:
2429:
2024:
1913:
1763:
573:
balafon, the keys are suspended by leather straps just above a wooden frame, under which are hung graduated-size calabash
2479:
2464:
1177:
398:
European visitors to West Africa described balafons in the 17th century largely identical to the modern instrument. The
1613:
1843:
1828:
1555:
1528:
92:
2398:
316:
Believed to have been developed independently of the
Southern African and South American instrument now called the
2165:
2017:
1885:
539:(where the keys are placed independently on any padded surface). The balafon usually has 17–21 keys, tuned to a
2070:
2049:
903:
881:
417:
Children from
Burkina Faso performing in Warsaw, Poland, during the 5th Cross Culture Festival, September 2009
2403:
2393:
2273:
2061:
1988:
1545:
914:
was perhaps the most important of the early innovators. The next bikutsi performer of legendary stature was
2383:
1744:
Le
Triangle du Balafon: Projet de Festival du Balafon, Troisieme Edition, Sikasso – 02 au 05 Novembre 2006
1518:
1870:"Das magische Balafon" by Mamadi Kouyaté, Ursula Branscheid-Kouyaté / Germany / LEU-Verlag, Neusaess DVD
2388:
2337:
1446:, covers the modern instrument which developed independently in both South America and southern Africa.
1266:
Gertrude Kilian, DVD "The
Balafon with Aly Keita & Gert Kilian", "Balafon Beat" / Verlag Zimmermann
1079:
Regardless of the truth of this story, the Sosso Bala is an instrument of great age, and was named by
662:
Often, balafon players will wear belled bracelets on each wrist, accentuating the sound of the keys.
1163:
1391:, German balafon player, plays solo and with the "Ensemble M.Pahiya" (balafon and classical guitar)
1281:, from Mali/Guinea, whose father, Sekou "Filani" Kouyaté, is the current guardian of the Sosso Bala
1724:
2278:
1896:
An article with photos and illustrations on the construction of a balafon in northern Cameroon.
1296:
379:
Records of the balafon go back to at least the 12th century CE. In 1352 CE, Moroccan traveller
1482:
989:, and twentieth century members of this family have helped introduce it throughout the world.
2288:
2040:
1365:
981:
has been the historic heartland of solo balafon. As griot culture is a hereditary caste, the
555:
2213:
1937:
1867:
Gert Kilian "The Balafon with Aly Keita & Gert Kilian", édition "improductions" / Paris
1155:
Abdou Karim Diabate "Tunkaraba" King of Balafon, from the village of Tabatto, Guinea-Bissau
399:
145:
106:
98:
17:
8:
2347:
2327:
1370:
1353:
1048:
to employ him after sneaking into Sumanguru's palace and playing the sacred instrument.
2342:
1836:
Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa
1777:
1676:
1547:
Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa
1424:
1251:
966:
384:
126:
1187:
1183:
2378:
1854:
1839:
1824:
1551:
1524:
1486:
1292:
1106:
962:
939:
817:
804:. The gyil is usually played in pairs, accompanied by a calabash gourd drum called a
454:
422:
325:
283:
1700:
1680:
1973:
1958:
1668:
1660:
1478:
1025:
935:
724:
698:
392:
369:
240:
199:
160:
244:
2301:
1751:
1707:
1433:
1335:
1045:
923:
911:
832:
632:
624:
608:
Cameroon, six balafon of varying size perform together in an orchestra, called a
267:
1800:"The Balafon with Aly Keita & Gert Kilian", edition "improductions" / Paris
1376:
413:
2332:
2306:
2258:
1361:
1242:
1049:
836:
813:
785:
781:
777:
507:
is carried with a strap and usually has 21 keys, while the number of keys on a
492:
365:
349:
1905:
1167:
2418:
2263:
2108:
2098:
1968:
1801:
1438:
1347:
1317:
1236:
1009:
950:
809:
793:
749:
563:
341:
259:
255:
1899:
1672:
1257:
2296:
2088:
1795:
1412:
1357:
1326:
1308:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1149:
852:
840:
773:
757:
559:
484:
421:
The balafon has seen a resurgence since the 1980s in the growth of African
357:
333:
1838:. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology. University Of Chicago Press (2000).
1778:"Meet the Parisian Art Collective Reviving a Defunct West African Airline"
2352:
2009:
1428:
1246:
1029:
997:
801:
797:
769:
765:
656:
620:
613:
434:
426:
388:
380:
361:
345:
321:
271:
251:
1807:
2373:
2253:
2243:
2113:
1963:
1572:
1195:
1072:
1013:
895:
745:
644:
548:
544:
540:
2178:
982:
930:
2233:
2198:
2173:
2118:
2103:
1998:
1993:
1806:"Das magische Balafon" by Mamadi Kouyaté, Ursula Branscheid-Kouyaté,
1764:"Why this in-flight magazine is the fashion industry's new must-read"
1313:
430:
236:
141:
445:
music that adapts balafon playing style to the imported instrument.
320:, oral histories of the balafon date it to at least the rise of the
2322:
2268:
2141:
2131:
2083:
2078:
1520:
The Mandinka Balafon: An Introduction with Notation for Teachesting
1263:
Aly Keita, Aly Keita and the Magic Balaphone, Malian balafon player
868:
648:
532:
488:
2193:
894:
The middle of the 20th century saw the popularisation of a native
891:, became quite popular in spite of scorn from the European elite.
2218:
2151:
2136:
2093:
1983:
1978:
1953:
1714:: a charity record to raise funds for preserving this instrument.
1443:
1321:
1124:
1096:
899:
860:
856:
640:
499:
have especially long keys and huge calabashes for amplification.
317:
137:
1821:
The Mandinka Balafon: an Introduction with Notation for Teaching
519:
2228:
2223:
2203:
2188:
2183:
1080:
1017:
1001:
978:
628:
579:
442:
438:
263:
929:
Balafon orchestras had remained popular throughout the 50s in
733:
2248:
2238:
2208:
2146:
1886:
Gallery of balafon photos, including the construction process
1146:, Balafon Master from Burkina Faso, living in Vienna, Austria
1068:
1041:
1033:
974:
970:
947:
844:
753:
574:
353:
328:
name, but variations exist across West Africa, including the
248:
232:
1794:"BALAFON BEAT" by Gert Kilian, edition Zimmermann / Germany
1085:
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
531:(where the keys are strung over a fixed frame, usually with
1902:
a clip about the making of a balafon in Niagassola / Guinea
1128:
943:
907:
848:
761:
713:
652:
636:
275:
220:
214:
175:
133:
39:
1275:
Mahama Konaté of John Cena, Burkina-based balafon ensemble
1055:
730:
704:
631:
are closely identified with the balafon, as are the other
181:
707:
208:
169:
1725:
The Cultural Space of 'Sosso-Bala' in Niagassola, Guinea
792:. The gyil is the primary traditional instrument of the
902:. Bikutsi is based on a war rhythm played with various
678:
1864:
Gert Kilian "Balafon Beat", Verlag Zimmermann, Germany
1024:
original balafon, constructed over 800 years ago. The
223:
217:
184:
178:
1402:
736:
710:
211:
205:
172:
166:
1394:
N'Camara Abou Sylla (Guinea; Les Ballets Africains)
1329:, Cameroonian composer and performer to his country
727:
701:
202:
163:
2069:
402:brought some balafon players to the Americas. The
243:. It is closely associated with the neighbouring
1570:
973:) are the three instruments most associated with
882:Music of Cameroon § Modern Cameroonian music
551:scale, depending on the culture of the musician.
2416:
1935:
1134:
796:of northern Ghana and Burkina Faso, and of the
48:balafon, showing resonators with membrane holes
1582:(in French). No. 19. Kanjamadi. p. 7
1573:"Les Recherches linguistiques de l'école N'ko"
1320:balafon group, led by Souleymane Traoré) from
1119:A modern festival devoted to the balafon, the
296:
287:
2025:
1921:
1637:, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Summer, 1970), pp. 20-27+71.
1633:Cootje Van Oven. "Music of Sierra Leone", in
1350:, British band leader originally from Senegal
867:attached to a wooden frame, below which hang
364:. Similar instruments are played in parts of
282:, is likely a European coinage combining its
1654:
1652:
1468:
1012:is a balafon, currently kept in the town of
27:Type of wooden xylophone originating in Mali
1379:, Malian singer, guitarist, and band leader
1249:used a balafon on the band's second album,
1101:Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons
2039:
2032:
2018:
1928:
1914:
1802:http://www.gert-kilian.com/DVDbalafon.html
1356:, American jazz musician, performing with
1301:Adam Malik, Burkina-based balafon ensemble
1900:http://www.djembe-kora.de/trommelbau.html
1649:
473:. Balafon therefore is really the act of
2475:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
2369:Classification of percussion instruments
1796:http://www.gert-kilian.com/bb/index.html
1604:Network, Canadian Heritage Information.
1062:
1054:
996:
677:
589:
518:
429:. Most famous of these exponents is the
412:
1661:"Life, Death, and Music in West Africa"
1483:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01914
14:
2417:
2054:List of percussion instruments by type
1658:
1543:
1516:
1307:, jazz percussionist, played with the
1186:, Malian musician known for work with
1139:Famous balafon players have included:
585:
270:ethnic group, but is now found across
2013:
1909:
1881:Cora Connection: What is a balaphone?
1808:http://www.djembe-kora.de/mamadi.html
1332:Qasim, Burkina-based balafon ensemble
800:of Ghana, southern Burkina Faso, and
483:still is used as the name of a large
324:in the 12th century CE. Balafon is a
1853:- La Voix Du Balafon. Schell Music,
1599:
1597:
1571:Faya Ismael Tolno (September 2011).
1512:
1510:
1508:
1464:
1462:
1460:
827:The gyil's design is similar to the
406:records African-Americans playing a
297:
288:
1603:
1469:Gourlay, K.A.; Durán, Lucy (2001).
24:
1893:The Making of a Mofu-Gudur Balafon
1813:
1028:, a story of the formation of the
788:, the same instrument is known as
752:-speaking populations in northern
465:is the name of the instrument and
25:
2491:
1874:
1606:"The Balafon by N'Gafien, Age 16"
1594:
1505:
1457:
992:
847:peoples further west in southern
262:of West Africa, particularly the
2425:West African musical instruments
2399:List of vibraphone manufacturers
1405:
1385:, Burkina-based balafon ensemble
1344:, Burkina-based balafon ensemble
1233:, Burkina-based balafon ensemble
723:
697:
198:
159:
38:
1770:
1756:
1734:
1717:
1550:. University of Chicago Press.
523:Gum-rubber mallets on a balafon
514:
107:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
2470:Senegalese musical instruments
2440:African percussion instruments
2435:Pitched percussion instruments
2050:List of percussion instruments
1693:
1640:
1627:
1564:
1537:
1123:, now takes place annually at
776:populations in Ghana like the
682:The gyil of northwestern Ghana
659:have long balafon traditions.
655:, and even the nations of the
383:reported the existence of the
13:
1:
2445:Burkinabé musical instruments
2404:List of timpani manufacturers
2394:List of marimba manufacturers
1544:Charry, Eric (October 2000).
1450:
938:-broadcasts from neighboring
304:'to speak' or the Greek root
2384:List of cymbal manufacturers
1823:. Xylo Publications, (1983)
1135:Famous players and ensembles
1059:A young balafon player, Mali
461:is a compound of two words:
448:
387:and balafon at the court of
274:from Guinea, Burkina Faso,
7:
2460:Guinean musical instruments
2455:Gambian musical instruments
2450:Chadian musical instruments
2430:Stick percussion idiophones
1849:Adrian Egger, Moussa Hema:
1398:
1152:, Cameroonian jazz musician
985:family has been called the
875:
744:) is the name of a buzzing
372:denoting the instrument as
113:(Sets of percussion sticks)
10:
2496:
2480:Sacred musical instruments
2465:Malian musical instruments
2389:List of drum manufacturers
2338:Indoor percussion ensemble
1788:
1288:El Hadj Djeli Sory Kouyaté
1090:
887:these orchestras, such as
879:
535:resonators underneath) or
311:
2361:
2315:
2287:
2164:
2127:
2060:
2047:
1944:
1741:Mali Ministry of Culture.
1701:Preserving the Sosso Bala
1209:, Bissau-Guinean musician
956:
864:
487:balafon in the region of
337:
132:
125:
117:
105:
91:
53:
37:
1373:, American jazz musician
1338:, American jazz musician
1272:, American jazz musician
1239:, American jazz musician
926:and other new elements.
527:A balafon can be either
1673:10.1525/ctx.2008.7.1.44
1659:Harper, Colter (2008).
1215:, percussion band from
1114:
1083:as one of the Nineteen
889:Richard Band de Zoetele
831:or balafon used by the
673:
121:12th century or earlier
2041:Percussion instruments
1851:Die Stimme Des Balafon
1750:March 4, 2012, at the
1517:Jessup, Lynne (1983).
1297:Afro Celt Sound System
1076:
1060:
1036:(praise-singer) named
1020:that is reputed to be
1005:
987:keepers of the balafon
916:Messi Me Nkonda Martin
748:balafon common to the
683:
604:
603:Balafon in Ivory Coast
562:the key or the end to
524:
418:
192:, or, by analogy with
2289:Electronic percussion
1938:percussion idiophones
1366:Los Hombres Calientes
1260:, early in his career
1109:, strike the balafons
1067:Balafon players in a
1066:
1058:
1000:
969:(the ancestor of the
965:(lute-harp), and the
681:
602:
522:
416:
2316:Percussion groupings
2166:Unpitched percussion
1610:www.virtualmuseum.ca
1423:was the name of the
1231:Les Freres Coulibaly
1105:Everyone strum your
1099:National Anthem is "
400:Atlantic Slave Trade
99:Percussion idiophone
97:West African wooden
2348:Percussion ensemble
2328:Marching percussion
2071:Keyboard percussion
1780:. 9 September 2022.
1371:Lonnie Liston Smith
1192:Symmetric Orchestra
1121:Triangle du balafon
1038:Bala Faséké Kouyaté
1004:and balafon, Guinea
586:Regional traditions
368:, with the ancient
278:. Its common name,
127:Related instruments
34:
2343:Percussion section
2062:Pitched percussion
1706:2016-03-03 at the
1523:. Art Path Press.
1425:in-flight magazine
1389:Momo Werner Wevers
1309:Dave Brubeck Group
1252:Origin of Symmetry
1077:
1061:
1006:
684:
605:
525:
511:vary with region.
419:
101:with up to 21 keys
32:
2412:
2411:
2379:Percussion mallet
2160:
2159:
2007:
2006:
1859:978-3-940474-09-4
1667:. Winter: 44–51.
1665:Contexts Magazine
1492:978-1-56159-263-0
1164:Kélétigui Diabaté
1095:The title of the
940:Equatorial Guinea
855:, as well as the
818:Upper East Region
600:
151:
150:
16:(Redirected from
2487:
2067:
2066:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2010:
1974:Kulintang a kayo
1959:Gandingan a Kayo
1930:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1732:
1721:
1715:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1612:. Archived from
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1466:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1270:Lawrence Killian
1026:Epic of Sundiata
936:Spanish language
924:electric guitars
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
732:
729:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
696:
601:
475:playing the bala
404:Virginia Gazette
370:Kingdom of Kongo
300:
299:
291:
290:
241:struck idiophone
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
42:
35:
31:
21:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2357:
2311:
2302:Electronic drum
2283:
2156:
2123:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2038:
2008:
2003:
1940:
1934:
1877:
1816:
1814:Further reading
1791:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1766:. 25 June 2023.
1762:
1761:
1757:
1752:Wayback Machine
1739:
1735:
1722:
1718:
1708:Wayback Machine
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1434:Music of Guinea
1411:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1383:Le Troupe Saaba
1336:Pharoah Sanders
1188:Toumani Diabaté
1184:Lassana Diabaté
1178:Mamadou Diabate
1137:
1117:
1093:
1075:, Senegal, 1973
1046:Sumanguru Kante
1032:, tells that a
995:
959:
912:Anne-Marie Nzie
884:
878:
760:, southeastern
726:
722:
700:
694:
693:
676:
590:
588:
517:
451:
441:play a type of
314:
201:
197:
162:
158:
112:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2333:Front ensemble
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1875:External links
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1847:
1832:
1819:Lynne Jessup.
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1769:
1755:
1733:
1716:
1712:Jumbie Records
1692:
1648:
1639:
1626:
1593:
1563:
1556:
1536:
1529:
1504:
1491:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1417:
1416:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:Herbie Hancock
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1311:
1302:
1299:
1293:N'Faly Kouyate
1290:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1243:Dominic Howard
1240:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1207:Zerika Djabate
1204:
1201:Modibo Diabaté
1198:
1181:
1175:
1166:, playing for
1161:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1116:
1113:
1092:
1089:
1050:Sundiata Keita
994:
993:The Sosso Bala
991:
958:
955:
918:and his band,
880:Main article:
877:
874:
816:people of the
675:
672:
670:pit balafons.
587:
584:
516:
513:
493:Bobo Dioulasso
450:
447:
393:Mansa Suleyman
366:Central Africa
313:
310:
295:with the word
266:branch of the
149:
148:
130:
129:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
95:
93:Classification
89:
88:
55:
51:
50:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2492:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Temple blocks
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Tubular bells
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Tubular bells
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:Glass marimba
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:0-226-10161-4
1841:
1837:
1834:Eric Charry.
1833:
1830:
1829:0-916421-01-5
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1779:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1616:on 2017-06-30
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1557:9780226101620
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1530:9780916421045
1526:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Music of Mali
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:Raheel Sharif
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:Balla Kouyate
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:Stefon Harris
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Djiby Diabaté
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:The balafon,
954:
952:
949:
945:
942:, as well as
941:
937:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
883:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:Dagara people
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:and northern
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
741:
718:
691:
690:
680:
671:
669:
663:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
583:
581:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
521:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
294:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
228:
195:
189:
156:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2297:Drum machine
2089:Glockenspiel
1948:
1892:
1850:
1835:
1820:
1772:
1758:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1664:
1642:
1635:African Arts
1634:
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1609:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1566:
1546:
1539:
1519:
1496:. Retrieved
1474:
1420:
1413:Music portal
1377:Rokia Traoré
1358:Quincy Jones
1354:Bill Summers
1327:Mama Ohandja
1250:
1226:Oingo Boingo
1222:Danny Elfman
1217:Burkina Faso
1191:
1171:
1150:Richard Bona
1138:
1118:
1104:
1094:
1078:
1071:schoolband,
1021:
1007:
986:
960:
928:
922:, who added
920:Los Camaroes
893:
885:
853:Burkina Faso
851:and western
828:
826:
805:
789:
758:Burkina Faso
688:
687:
685:
667:
664:
661:
618:
609:
606:
570:
568:
553:
536:
528:
526:
515:Construction
508:
504:
500:
496:
480:
479:
474:
470:
469:is the verb
466:
462:
458:
452:
420:
407:
403:
397:
378:
373:
358:Burkina Faso
334:Sierra Leone
329:
315:
305:
301:
292:
279:
239:, a type of
193:
157:(pronounced
154:
152:
146:gambang kayu
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
45:
29:
2353:Drum circle
1586:17 December
1580:Dalou Kende
1475:Grove Music
1429:Air Afrique
1203:, from Mali
1168:Habib Koité
1030:Mali Empire
802:Ivory Coast
770:West Africa
766:Ivory Coast
657:Congo Basin
635:peoples of
435:Salif Keita
427:World Music
423:Roots Music
381:Ibn Battuta
362:Ivory Coast
322:Mali Empire
272:West Africa
260:Gur peoples
235:-resonated
54:Other names
2419:Categories
2374:Drum stick
2279:Wood block
2254:Tambourine
2244:Snare drum
2114:Vibraphone
1964:Glasschord
1746:, (2006).
1729:UNESCO.org
1686:2008-05-04
1620:2019-07-12
1498:2019-07-12
1451:References
1258:Mory Kanté
1196:Afrocubism
1144:Madou Kone
1097:Senegalese
1073:Ziguinchor
1040:convinced
1014:Niagassola
1010:Sosso Bala
896:folk music
859:people of
835:-speaking
746:pentatonic
695:English:
645:the Gambia
627:people of
610:komenchang
549:heptatonic
545:pentatonic
541:tetratonic
2234:Mark tree
2199:Castanets
2174:Bass drum
2119:Xylophone
2104:Tubaphone
1999:Xylorimba
1994:Xylophone
1314:Neba Solo
1305:Dave Mann
1087:in 2001.
931:Yaoundé's
571:fixed-key
529:fixed-key
457:language
449:Etymology
433:, led by
431:Rail Band
237:xylophone
194:xylophone
142:xylophone
118:Developed
74:balaphong
66:balaphone
46:fixed-key
2323:Drum kit
2274:Triangle
2269:Timbales
2142:Steelpan
2132:Handbell
2084:Crotales
2079:Carillon
1989:Triangle
1748:Archived
1704:Archived
1681:59623412
1399:See also
1342:Saramaya
1213:Djiguiya
876:Cameroon
869:calabash
780:(Numu),
772:. Among
668:free-key
649:Cameroon
537:free-key
533:calabash
495:. These
489:Kolokani
408:barrafoo
336:and the
284:Mandinka
268:Mandinka
70:balaphon
2307:Octapad
2259:Tam-tam
2229:Maracas
2219:Cymbals
2214:Cowbell
2179:Bodhrán
2152:Timpani
2137:Handpan
2094:Marimba
1984:Marimba
1979:Luntang
1954:Dhantal
1949:Balafon
1789:Sources
1444:Marimba
1421:Balafon
1322:Sikasso
1295:of the
1125:Sikasso
1091:Senegal
983:Kouyaté
948:Zairean
904:rattles
900:bikutsi
898:called
861:Sikasso
857:Senoufo
837:Bambara
814:Gurunsi
641:Senegal
633:Manding
625:Malinké
564:sharpen
560:flatten
471:to play
459:balafon
455:Malinké
453:In the
350:Gurunsi
340:of the
330:balangi
326:Manding
318:marimba
312:History
280:balafon
264:Guinean
256:Senoufo
231:) is a
155:balafon
138:marimba
111:111.212
86:balangi
33:Balafon
2224:Djembe
2204:Claves
2189:Cabasa
2184:Bongos
1936:Stick
1857:
1842:
1827:
1679:
1554:
1527:
1489:
1471:"Balo"
1364:, and
1318:Senufo
1172:Bamada
1081:UNESCO
1018:Guinea
1002:Djembe
979:Guinea
957:Guinea
829:balaba
810:Dagara
643:, and
629:Guinea
580:timbre
505:balani
501:Balani
443:guitar
439:Guinea
391:ruler
389:Malian
374:palaku
342:Dagara
196:etc.,
78:balani
58:balafo
2362:Other
2249:Taiko
2239:Parai
2209:Conga
2194:Cajón
2147:Tabla
1677:S2CID
1576:(PDF)
1174:group
1107:koras
1069:PAIGC
1044:king
1042:Sosso
1034:griot
975:griot
971:banjo
967:ngoni
951:rumba
944:Cuban
908:drums
845:Sosso
841:Dyula
833:Mande
822:Bewaa
786:Dyula
782:Bissa
778:Ligbi
774:Mande
754:Ghana
612:. An
575:gourd
569:In a
556:kosso
463:balan
385:ngoni
354:Ghana
352:from
306:phono
286:name
249:Bwaba
245:Mandé
233:gourd
1855:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1588:2020
1552:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1247:Muse
1194:and
1129:Mali
1115:Mali
1008:The
963:kora
946:and
865:liga
849:Mali
843:and
806:kuor
798:Lobi
790:bala
784:and
762:Mali
689:gyil
686:The
674:Gyil
653:Chad
637:Mali
623:and
621:Susu
619:The
614:Igbo
566:it.
509:bala
497:bala
491:and
485:bass
481:Bala
425:and
360:and
348:and
346:Lobi
338:gyil
293:bala
276:Mali
258:and
252:Bobo
153:The
134:gyil
82:gyil
62:bala
18:Gyil
1727:",
1710:",
1669:doi
1479:doi
1427:of
1245:of
1224:of
1190:'s
1170:'s
1127:in
1111:).
1103:" (
1022:the
768:in
750:Gur
721:or
547:or
332:in
302:fôn
298:ߝߐ߲
289:ߓߟߊ
2421::
1675:.
1663:.
1651:^
1608:.
1596:^
1578:.
1507:^
1485:.
1477:.
1473:.
1459:^
1360:,
1131:.
1016:,
906:,
839:,
824:.
756:,
734:iː
731:dʒ
705:dʒ
651:,
647:.
639:,
543:,
477:.
467:fô
395:.
376:.
356:,
344:,
308:.
254:,
247:,
221:oʊ
144:,
140:,
136:,
84:,
80:,
76:,
72:,
68:,
64:,
60:,
44:A
2033:e
2026:t
2019:v
1929:e
1922:t
1915:v
1888:.
1861:.
1846:.
1831:.
1731:.
1723:"
1699:"
1689:.
1671::
1623:.
1590:.
1560:.
1533:.
1501:.
1481::
1316:(
740:/
737:l
728:ˈ
725:/
717:/
714:ə
711:l
708:ɪ
702:ˈ
699:/
692:(
227:/
224:n
218:f
215:ə
212:l
209:æ
206:b
203:ˈ
200:/
188:/
185:n
182:ɒ
179:f
176:ə
173:l
170:æ
167:b
164:ˈ
161:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
