32:
472:
1035:, "An abbreviated, simplified edition of our system has been published and accepted for the purpose of training office stenographers, and not necessarily reporters." He also advised, "I do not believe any young student should hesitate to study Simplified for fear it will jeopardize his chances of becoming a reporter. It is fundamentally the same system as we reporters learned from the Anniversary edition. Once Simplified is learned, the change-over to the reporting style is comparatively simple and can be made by any writer."
1062:(1978–1987) was an even simpler version, which used a minimal number of brief forms and placed a great emphasis on clear transcription, rather than reporting speed. Although it introduced a couple of new abbreviations and reintroduced some short forms that were missing in Diamond Jubilee, it eliminated several other short forms, and was in the main simpler, longer, and slower than the previous editions. Shorthand was dwindling in popularity during this series' usage.
1001:; however, it was in a very primal stage. Due to its rough-and-ready character and the fact that Pitman shorthand was well established there, it did not gain much success. Five years later, in 1893, a second edition of the manual with an improved version of the system was published in the USA, then in a third edition titled
989:, published in 1988. Versions published before 1929 are often referred to as Pre-Anniversary. These versions are described below in this article. Besides the main editions, a number of simpler, personal-use editions were published from 1924 to 1968. These included "Greghand" in 1935, and "Notehand" in 1960 and 1968.
965:
Throughout its history, different forms of Gregg shorthand have been published. All the versions use the same alphabet and basic principles, but they differ in degrees of abbreviation and, as a result, speed. The 1916 version is generally the fastest and most abbreviated version. Series 90 Gregg has
510:
Phrasing is another mechanism for increasing the speed of shorthand writing. Based on the notion that lifting the pen between words would have a heavy speed cost, phrasing is the combination of several smaller distinct forms into one outline. For example, "it may be that the" can be written in one
199:
Initially, John Robert Gregg taught an adaptation of
Duployan shorthand for English, a system that was predominant in France and characterized by uniform stroke thickness and attached vowel representation. However, he found the angular outlines of Duployan-based systems to be detrimental to speed.
166:
in 1888. Distinguished by its phonemic basis, the system prioritizes the sounds of speech over traditional
English spelling, enabling rapid writing by employing elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand's design facilitates smooth, cursive strokes without the angular outlines
1014:
In 1929 another version of Gregg shorthand was published. This system reduced the memory load on its learners by decreasing the number of brief forms and removing uncommon prefixes. It was intended to have been published in 1928 on the 40th anniversary of the system, but it was published a year
174:
Over the years, Gregg shorthand has undergone several revisions, each aimed at simplifying the system and increasing its speed and efficiency. These versions range from the Pre-Anniversary editions to the more recent
Centennial version, with each adaptation maintaining the core principles while
178:
Despite the advent of modern recording and dictation technologies, Gregg shorthand remains a valuable skill, particularly in fields requiring fast, accurate note-taking, such as journalism and court reporting. Its efficiency, once mastered, allows for speeds upwards of 280 words per minute,
187:
Gregg shorthand, invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888, is a form of shorthand that, like cursive longhand, primarily uses elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. The advent of dictation machines, shorthand machines, handheld tape recorders, digital voice recorders, voice recording
511:
outline, "(tm)ab(th)a(th)". "I have not been able" would be written, "avnba" (note that to the eye of the reader this phrase written in shorthand looks like "I-have-not-been-able", and so phrasing is far more legible than a longhand explanation of the principle may lead one to believe).
953:
Due to the simple alphabet, Gregg shorthand is very fast in writing; however, it takes a great deal of practice to master it. Speeds of 280 WPM (where a word is 1.4 syllables) have been reached with this system before, and those notes are still legible to others who know the system.
195:
due to their significant dominance over other
English shorthand systems. While Pitman shorthand differentiates between similar sounds through line thickness and position, Gregg shorthand maintains uniform line thickness and uses stroke length to distinguish between sounds.
203:
Gregg shorthand is distinguished by its cursive strokes that blend smoothly, avoiding sharp angles, and its symbols are specifically designed for
English, offering a better fit than the Duployan system. For example, Gregg shorthand has a unique symbol for the "th" sound
1005:
in 1897. The fourth edition, published in 1902, developed more shortcuts. The fifth edition, published in 1916, is the version most commonly referred to as "Pre-Anniversary" Gregg shorthand; this version has the largest number of brief forms, phrases, and shortcuts.
966:
the smallest degree of abbreviation, but it is also generally the slowest standard version of Gregg. Though each version differs in its level of abbreviation, most versions have expert and reporting versions for writers who desire more shortcuts.
1031:. The system was simplified to directly address the need of business stenographers, who only needed to produce 100–120 WPM transcription. The creator of an advanced reporting version of Gregg Shorthand, Charles Lee Swem, wrote in
1070:
Published in 1988, this is the most recent series of Gregg shorthand. It was the only version since the Pre-Anniversary edition of 1916 to increase the complexity of the system from the previous one, having 132 brief forms.
179:
demonstrating its potential as a powerful tool for rapid written communication. The system's adaptability to both right- and left-handed writers further underscores its versatility and enduring relevance in the digital age.
1026:
was published in 1949. This system drastically reduced the number of brief forms that needed to be memorized to only 181. Even with this reduction in the number of brief forms, one could still reach speeds upward of 150
241:
1043:
The
Diamond Jubilee series was published through most of the 1960s and the 1970s (1963–1977). It was simpler than the Simplified version, and reduced the number of brief forms to 129. For
188:
applications on smartphones, and the trend of executives drafting their own letters on personal computers has led to a gradual decline in shorthand usage in business and reporting contexts.
1184:
801:
and before, short and long vowel sounds for e, a, o and u may be distinguished by a mark under the vowel, a dot for short and a small downward tick for long sounds.
1210:
149:
2473:
1957:
2903:
2893:
2468:
2883:
2873:
2463:
2458:
2453:
4599:
2888:
5823:
2032:
495:. These brief forms are shown on the adjacent image. There are several others not shown, however. For instance, "please" is written in
4631:
3821:
5701:
1950:
4270:
5818:
3707:
2019:
2243:
487:, or standard abbreviations for the most common words for increased speed in writing. For instance, instead of writing
5469:
5455:
5425:
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1701:
1676:
1651:
1626:
1597:
1493:
1268:
5687:
4404:
3801:
1943:
2248:
1930:
4127:
3388:
131:
1079:
The above versions of Gregg shorthand were marketed for professional use, such as business and court reporting.
5694:
4260:
3899:
957:
Some left-handed shorthand writers have found it more comfortable to write Gregg shorthand from right to left.
4369:
3894:
2952:
860:, or any diphthong involving a long i and a vowel, is written with a small circle inside a large circle. The
3231:
5680:
5659:
2947:
2722:
2238:
2014:
145:
141:
5560:
5539:
4219:
4214:
3909:
3811:
2333:
2024:
1296:
The
Duployan Phonographic Instructor: An Improved Adaptation to the English of the Duployan French Method
425:
when in the middle of a word, is notated with a short dash under the next vowel. Therefore, the digraph
5808:
5627:
4224:
3791:
3204:
2265:
2957:
2275:
1091:
focused on how to take effective classroom and personal notes using a simple form of Gregg shorthand.
3877:
3599:
3152:
2739:
5813:
5377:
5363:
4668:
3251:
3054:
2270:
4982:
2398:
5666:
4694:
3651:
3328:
3307:
3187:
3167:
2999:
2670:
2574:
2051:
2009:
1966:
4384:
3323:
3313:
3246:
2756:
2189:
127:
5768:
5673:
5462:
5411:
4871:
4793:
4557:
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4481:
4050:
3929:
3671:
3631:
3363:
3039:
2223:
2211:
2184:
2169:
1847:"Gregg Shorthand: A Web Site dedicated to the perpetuation of Gregg's Light-Line Phonography"
1204:
4476:
3681:
240:
5532:
5283:
4960:
4456:
4111:
4075:
3480:
3403:
3236:
2984:
2974:
2813:
2796:
2112:
249:
518:
in Gregg shorthand are divided into groups that very rarely require further notation. The
8:
4359:
4255:
3977:
3500:
2206:
1116:
997:
Gregg
Shorthand was first published in England 1888 by John Robert Gregg under the title
969:
Many versions of this system were published. Several of these versions were given names:
232:), in contrast to Duployan systems, which use a dotted "t," resulting in slower writing.
109:
31:
2522:
5518:
5495:
5129:
5018:
5008:
4900:
4843:
4829:
4786:
4491:
4374:
4209:
4101:
4060:
4014:
4009:
3904:
3886:
3554:
3485:
3450:
3398:
3211:
3199:
2610:
2532:
2433:
1988:
168:
4751:
4409:
922:, it is notated with a small downward tick inside the circle instead of the dot. The
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5356:
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5157:
5067:
5046:
5025:
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4885:
4744:
4702:
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4389:
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4024:
4019:
3924:
3919:
3826:
3781:
3604:
3584:
3574:
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3559:
3495:
3490:
3418:
3353:
3338:
3288:
3283:
3226:
3162:
3120:
2962:
2848:
2771:
2287:
2282:
2159:
1778:
1697:
1672:
1647:
1622:
1615:
1593:
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1264:
163:
56:
471:
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5606:
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5553:
5511:
5386:
5332:
5313:
5247:
5239:
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5143:
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4822:
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4029:
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3182:
3147:
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3125:
3064:
3029:
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2791:
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2734:
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2569:
2503:
2443:
2393:
2338:
2255:
2233:
2218:
2164:
2154:
2088:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1028:
932:
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814:
782:
765:
748:
727:
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693:
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634:
617:
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583:
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432:
383:
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336:
318:
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266:
256:
221:
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192:
117:
101:
89:
81:
5613:
4808:
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1157:
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5120:
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3761:
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3614:
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3019:
3009:
2863:
2828:
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2697:
2655:
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2448:
2358:
2318:
2260:
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2174:
2122:
2105:
2093:
1527:
1510:
1483:
1294:
1225:
1112:
1108:
105:
97:
85:
3796:
2979:
1910:
1866:
1731:
1561:
5736:
5620:
5504:
5484:
5393:
5261:
5192:
5091:
5039:
5032:
4864:
4857:
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4229:
4204:
4147:
4137:
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3972:
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3722:
3717:
3712:
3686:
3661:
3609:
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3515:
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3413:
3378:
3333:
3303:
3256:
3216:
3115:
3069:
3024:
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2878:
2833:
2818:
2781:
2761:
2729:
2717:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2552:
2537:
2527:
2493:
2483:
2428:
2413:
2378:
2228:
2132:
2080:
1970:
252:
3946:
1131:. With a few customizations, it can be adapted to nearly any language. The
5802:
5743:
5592:
5525:
5448:
5418:
5276:
5254:
5185:
5081:
5060:
4907:
4765:
4683:
4676:
4647:
4606:
4521:
4511:
4506:
4293:
3987:
3646:
3589:
3241:
3014:
2898:
2853:
2808:
2776:
2625:
2542:
2515:
2488:
2418:
2403:
2388:
2343:
2100:
1124:
290:
113:
2562:
1083:, designed for junior high school students, was published in 1927 and 1929.
1047:
students who wanted to increase speed for reporting, an edition of "Expert"
5199:
5164:
5105:
4592:
4354:
4250:
4163:
4055:
3956:
3766:
3579:
3544:
3525:
3460:
3348:
3110:
3034:
2843:
2838:
2749:
2744:
2680:
2620:
2600:
2557:
2547:
2498:
2383:
2363:
2353:
2201:
2179:
2137:
1935:
1888:
1782:
3408:
5782:
5546:
5477:
4758:
4449:
4309:
4070:
3914:
3771:
3676:
3445:
3373:
3358:
3266:
3059:
2969:
2868:
2858:
2712:
2675:
2630:
2615:
2590:
2510:
2438:
2423:
2127:
293:. The system is written from left to right and the letters are joined.
4439:
4414:
3982:
3425:
2915:
2910:
2766:
2707:
2348:
805:
44:
5750:
5729:
5722:
4501:
4338:
4034:
4001:
3836:
3727:
3276:
3004:
2920:
2645:
1104:
1100:
93:
77:
4444:
1846:
4466:
4429:
4424:
4304:
4265:
4106:
3865:
3750:
3641:
3383:
3271:
3221:
3092:
2605:
2408:
2368:
2149:
2142:
1993:
1087:
was published as a pamphlet in 1935. The 1960 and 1968 editions of
137:
4486:
1931:
Internet
Archives Public Domain Gregg Shorthand Novels and Manuals
4573:
4080:
3951:
3841:
3816:
3702:
3539:
3393:
3368:
3137:
3044:
2692:
2306:
2117:
1099:
Gregg shorthand has been adapted to several languages, including
175:
introducing modifications to suit varying needs and preferences.
1085:
Greghand, A Simple
Phonetic Writing for Everyday Use by Everyone
5574:
3318:
3130:
3049:
2994:
2702:
2373:
515:
1135:
version slightly modified the original system, under the name
603:
321:
3941:
3936:
3786:
3569:
3470:
3157:
2068:
938:
817:
785:
713:
548:
339:
730:
637:
255:, which means it records the sounds of the speaker, not the
210:
4419:
4314:
1512:
Gregg's Shorthand: A Light-Line Phonography for the Million
902:
896:
873:
852:
846:
679:
658:
586:
565:
224:
1277:
1038:
910:
is notated as a large circle with a dot in its center. In
768:
696:
361:
303:
1868:
Gregg Shorthand: A Light-Line Phonography for the Million
1563:
Gregg Shorthand: A Light-Line Phonography for the Million
1546:
Gregg Shorthand: A Light-Line Phonography for the Million
1529:
Gregg Shorthand: A Light Line Phonography for the Million
1459:
1457:
1455:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1329:
1327:
935:
879:
751:
620:
531:
1395:
1393:
1308:
1306:
451:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
397:
is expressed by putting a slight backward slant on the
1696:(2d ed.). New York: Gregg Division, McGraw-Hill.
1452:
1402:
1324:
1009:
1621:(. ed.). New York: Gregg Division, McGraw-Hill.
1390:
1303:
1065:
438:
435:
389:
386:
269:
1918:(Anniversary ed.). The Gregg Publishing Company
1896:(Anniversary ed.). The Gregg Publishing Company
1874:(Anniversary ed.). The Gregg Publishing Company
1234:
410:
136:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
577:is a small circle, and can stand for the sounds in
522:is a large circle, and can stand for the sounds in
1614:
992:
171:, thereby enhancing writing speed and legibility.
248:Gregg shorthand is a system of phonography, or a
5800:
1263:. Oxford: The Pre-Raphaelite Press. p. 18.
1209:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
150:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1909:Horn, Ernest (1931). Gregg, John Robert (ed.).
1606:
1230:. New York: Isaac Pitman & Sons. p. 6.
464:, a small tick drawn at a right angle from the
1775:Gregg Shorthand Adapted to the German Language
1185:"How to Write 225 Words Per Minute With a Pen"
946:is notated with a small circle followed by an
670:is a small hook that represents the sounds in
491:for "can", the Gregg stenographer just writes
450:with a dash underneath the next vowel. In the
4558:
1951:
1191:. Archived from the original on June 26, 2014
1018:
804:There are special vowel markings for certain
742:is a tiny hook that represents the sounds in
1965:
1685:
1054:
1015:afterward due to a delay in its production.
1716:Swem, Charles Lee, "Why Gregg Simplified?"
1488:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 128–129.
1139:(北方 速記 Běifāng sùjì 'Northern Shorthand').
899:
876:
849:
4565:
4551:
1958:
1944:
1660:
1581:
1286:
468:may be written to make this distinction.
30:
1795:
1789:
1772:
1766:
1723:
1299:. Dublin: W. Leckie & Co. p. 11.
1217:
1646:. New York: Gregg Division/McGraw-Hill.
1149:
470:
1819:
1757:
1751:
1729:
1177:
1165:. New York: Gregg Publishing. p. 5
1039:Gregg Shorthand Diamond Jubilee Edition
191:Gregg shorthand is often compared with
167:characteristic of earlier systems like
5801:
1810:
1691:
1592:(2d ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1553:
1536:
1519:
1502:
1481:
1475:
1223:
162:is a system of shorthand developed by
5702:American Printing House for the Blind
5478:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
5130:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
4546:
4336:
4291:
4184:
3863:
3748:
3090:
2304:
2066:
2049:
1939:
1886:
1825:
1666:
1641:
1612:
1587:
1559:
1542:
1525:
1508:
1292:
1258:
1155:
1051:was available to push speeds upward.
4185:
1908:
1733:Gregg Shorthand Adapted to Esperanto
1252:
479:, published in Gregg shorthand, 1918
140:. For the distinction between ,
4572:
1773:Greenberg, Samuel Valencia (1924).
1635:
1485:Methods of Teaching Gregg Shorthand
1159:Basic Principles of Gregg Shorthand
1010:Gregg Shorthand Anniversary Edition
483:Many of the letters shown are also
13:
5824:Writing systems introduced in 1888
4292:
1066:Gregg Shorthand Centennial Edition
239:
14:
5835:
1864:
1838:
1590:Gregg Shorthand Manual Simplified
1074:
1844:
1811:Harter, Eugenio Claudio (1955).
1532:. New York: Gregg Publishing Co.
1227:Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand
931:
892:
869:
842:
813:
781:
764:
747:
726:
709:
692:
675:
654:
633:
616:
599:
582:
561:
544:
527:
431:
401:symbol, though a word beginning
382:
357:
335:
317:
299:
265:
220:
206:
4337:
1912:5,000 Most-Used Shorthand Forms
1804:
1718:The National Shorthand Reporter
1710:
1466:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1033:The National Shorthand Reporter
993:Pre-Anniversary Gregg shorthand
797:at the beginning of a word. In
132:International Phonetic Alphabet
2031:Languages by writing system /
1315:
1261:John Robert Gregg: A Biography
1094:
369:) are written downward, while
1:
5470:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
5426:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
3864:
3749:
3091:
1549:. New York: Gregg Publishing.
1142:
1081:Gregg Shorthand Junior Manual
985:(1978). The last version was
182:
5681:National Braille Association
5660:Braille Institute of America
5378:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
2305:
1739:. New York: Gregg Publishing
1669:Gregg Shorthand for Colleges
1569:. New York: Gregg Publishing
1515:. Boston: John Robert Gregg.
1472:Gregg, 1929 Manual, viii-ix.
1283:Gregg, Basic Principles, 16.
1111:, Irish, Italian, Japanese,
405:is just written as if spelt
125: This article contains
100:, Irish, Italian, Japanese,
7:
5819:Transcription (linguistics)
5561:Refreshable braille display
5540:Optical braille recognition
5137:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
4669:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
3812:New Epoch Notation Painting
1887:Gregg, John Robert (1930).
1826:Gregg, John Robert (1923).
1730:Jackson, Ernest L. (1918).
1667:Gregg, John Robert (1988).
1642:Gregg, John Robert (1978).
1613:Gregg, John Robert (1971).
1588:Gregg, John Robert (1955).
1560:Gregg, John Robert (1929).
1543:Gregg, John Robert (1916).
1526:Gregg, John Robert (1905).
1509:Gregg, John Robert (1895).
1156:Gregg, John Robert (1922).
960:
918:need be distinguished from
460:need be distinguished from
259:. For example, it uses the
10:
5840:
5628:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
2067:
1890:Gregg Shorthand Dictionary
1024:Gregg Shorthand Simplified
1019:Gregg Shorthand Simplified
975:Gregg Shorthand Simplified
235:
5760:
5711:
5651:
5584:
5494:
5440:
5403:
5364:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
5343:
5324:
5305:
5210:
5116:
5077:
5004:
4931:
4630:
4623:
4584:
4542:
4345:
4332:
4300:
4287:
4238:
4197:
4193:
4180:
4156:
4120:
4094:
4043:
4000:
3965:
3885:
3878:Chinese family of scripts
3876:
3872:
3859:
3757:
3744:
3695:
3103:
3099:
3086:
2948:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
2935:
2583:
2326:
2317:
2313:
2300:
2075:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2033:by first written accounts
2002:
1981:
1977:
1796:Widzowski, Józef (1926).
1671:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1055:Gregg Shorthand Series 90
123:
72:
62:
52:
38:
29:
23:
5351:Chinese semi-syllabaries
4614:Unicode braille patterns
4600:International uniformity
3055:Thomas Natural Shorthand
649:represents the sound in
446:) is usually written as
244:Gregg Shorthand Alphabet
5688:Blindness organizations
5667:Braille Without Borders
5456:Canadian currency marks
5078:Egyptian lineage family
4261:Southwest Paleohispanic
1758:Senecal, R. J. (1939).
1463:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 65.
1440:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 52.
1431:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 48.
1422:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 34.
1413:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 61.
1387:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 86.
1378:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 15.
1369:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 50.
1360:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 66.
1351:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 10.
1342:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 23.
1333:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 53.
1321:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 29.
1293:Sloan, John M. (1883).
456:edition and before, if
128:phonetic transcriptions
43:light-line semi-script
5005:Russian lineage family
4405:Great Lakes Algonquian
3314:Greco-Iberian alphabet
3247:Gabelsberger shorthand
2190:Inscriptional Parthian
1692:Leslie, Louis (1968).
1482:Leslie, Louis (1953).
1449:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 4.
1399:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 3.
1312:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 18
1259:Cowan, Leslie (1984).
1249:Gregg, 1929 Manual, 1.
1224:Pitman, Isaac (1916).
999:Light Line Phonography
793:. It also expresses a
480:
245:
47:Stenography
5769:Accessible publishing
5695:Schools for the blind
5674:Japan Braille Library
5463:Computer Braille Code
5117:Indian lineage family
4497:Old Persian cuneiform
3364:Carolingian minuscule
2170:Ancient North Arabian
1119:, Russian, Spanish,
973:(published in 1929),
829:circle followed by a
499:and before as simply
474:
243:
5533:Mountbatten Brailler
4888:(largely reassigned)
4671:(largely reassigned)
4220:Southeastern Iberian
4215:Northeastern Iberian
2113:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1865:Gregg, John Robert.
475:Sample of text from
377:are written upward.
112:, Russian, Spanish,
5485:Nemeth braille code
5271:(reassigned vowels)
4796:(extended to 8-dot)
4370:Canadian Aboriginal
4256:Khitan small script
3978:Khitan large script
3168:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
1777:. New York: Gregg.
409:(and, according to
5519:Braille translator
5496:Braille technology
5472:(science; GS8/GS6)
5441:Symbols in braille
5371:Taiwanese Mandarin
4886:Taiwanese Mandarin
4492:Nwagu Aneke script
4044:Other logosyllabic
3966:Chinese-influenced
3905:Oracle bone script
3887:Chinese characters
3822:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
3212:Eclectic shorthand
3200:Duployan shorthand
3153:Caucasian Albanian
2953:Canadian syllabics
1989:History of writing
1830:. New York: Gregg.
1815:. New York: Gregg.
1813:Estenografia Gregg
1800:. New York: Gregg.
1798:Stenografja Polska
1762:. New York: Gregg.
1760:Sténographie Gregg
1107:, French, German,
503:, and "govern" as
481:
246:
169:Duployan shorthand
96:, French, German,
5809:Shorthand systems
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5714:tactile alphabets
5642:William Bell Wait
5635:Sabriye Tenberken
5436:
5435:
5301:
5300:
5286:(Japanese vowels)
5084:-mediated scripts
5011:-mediated scripts
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4390:Ditema tsa Dinoko
4328:
4327:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
3996:
3995:
3855:
3854:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
2931:
2930:
2296:
2295:
2283:Teeline Shorthand
2041:
2040:
1828:Taquigrafía Gregg
477:A Christmas Carol
417:is written as if
164:John Robert Gregg
157:
156:
57:John Robert Gregg
5831:
5785:
5778:
5776:Braille literacy
5771:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5577:
5570:
5568:Slate and stylus
5563:
5556:
5554:Perkins Brailler
5549:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5512:Braille embosser
5507:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5429:
5421:
5414:
5396:
5389:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5336:
5333:American Braille
5317:
5314:Algerian Braille
5294:
5287:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5203:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5109:
5101:
5094:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4628:
4627:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4578:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4334:
4333:
4289:
4288:
4195:
4194:
4187:Semi-syllabaries
4182:
4181:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3860:
3746:
3745:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
2990:Japanese Braille
2575:Zanabazar square
2444:Nepalese scripts
2334:Bengali–Assamese
2324:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2301:
2219:Pitman shorthand
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
1979:
1978:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1153:
1133:Mandarin Chinese
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
898:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
875:
859:
858:
855:
854:
851:
848:
824:
823:
820:
819:
792:
791:
788:
787:
775:
774:
771:
770:
758:
757:
754:
753:
737:
736:
733:
732:
720:
719:
716:
715:
703:
702:
699:
698:
686:
685:
682:
681:
665:
664:
661:
660:
644:
643:
640:
639:
627:
626:
623:
622:
610:
609:
606:
605:
593:
592:
589:
588:
572:
571:
568:
567:
555:
554:
551:
550:
538:
537:
534:
533:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
368:
367:
364:
363:
346:
345:
342:
341:
328:
327:
324:
323:
310:
309:
306:
305:
289:, and omits all
276:
275:
272:
271:
257:English spelling
231:
230:
227:
226:
217:
216:
213:
212:
193:Pitman shorthand
153:
147:
143:
102:Mandarin Chinese
82:Bahasa Indonesia
34:
21:
20:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5814:Court reporting
5799:
5798:
5797:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5600:Charles Barbier
5598:
5591:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5432:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5339:
5331:
5325:Frequency-based
5320:
5312:
5297:
5290:
5282:
5275:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5206:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:Bharati Braille
5118:
5112:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5079:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5006:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4695:Unified English
4689:
4682:
4675:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4624:Braille scripts
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4526:
4341:
4324:
4320:Stokoe notation
4296:
4275:
4234:
4189:
4168:
4152:
4116:
4095:Logoconsonantal
4090:
4039:
3992:
3961:
3868:
3851:
3832:Siglas poveiras
3753:
3732:
3691:
3595:Younger Futhark
3299:Gregg shorthand
3095:
3074:
2927:
2579:
2309:
2292:
2071:
2054:
2037:
2010:Writing systems
1998:
1973:
1971:writing systems
1964:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1855:
1853:
1851:Gregg Shorthand
1841:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1794:
1790:
1771:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1617:Gregg shorthand
1611:
1607:
1600:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1524:
1520:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1235:
1222:
1218:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1097:
1077:
1068:
1057:
1049:Diamond Jubilee
1045:Diamond Jubilee
1041:
1021:
1012:
1003:Gregg Shorthand
995:
979:Diamond Jubilee
963:
950:hook above it.
934:
930:
914:and before, if
895:
891:
872:
868:
845:
841:
816:
812:
784:
780:
767:
763:
750:
746:
729:
725:
712:
708:
695:
691:
678:
674:
657:
653:
636:
632:
619:
615:
602:
598:
585:
581:
564:
560:
547:
543:
530:
526:
434:
430:
411:Pre-Anniversary
385:
381:
360:
356:
338:
334:
320:
316:
302:
298:
268:
264:
263:stroke for the
238:
223:
219:
209:
205:
185:
160:Gregg shorthand
124:
86:Bahasa Malaysia
65:
48:
25:
24:Gregg shorthand
17:
12:
11:
5:
5837:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5764:
5762:
5761:Related topics
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5737:New York Point
5733:
5726:
5718:
5716:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5621:Harris Mowbray
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5505:Braille e-book
5500:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5422:
5415:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5273:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5125:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5085:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5012:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4935:
4933:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4634:
4632:French-ordered
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:Linear Elamite
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:Sign languages
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4271:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4246:Espanca script
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Linear Elamite
4201:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4086:Yi (Classical)
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3912:
3910:Bronze scripts
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3870:
3869:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3723:Flag semaphore
3720:
3718:New York Point
3715:
3713:Telegraph code
3710:
3708:Maritime flags
3705:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Visible Speech
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Sorang Sompeng
3629:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:Galik alphabet
3513:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3414:Tironian notes
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3257:Garay alphabet
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Sorang Sompeng
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2963:Déné syllabics
2960:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:Proto-Sinaitic
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1906:
1884:
1862:
1845:Owen, Andrew.
1840:
1839:External links
1837:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1803:
1788:
1765:
1750:
1722:
1709:
1702:
1694:Gregg Notehand
1684:
1677:
1659:
1652:
1634:
1627:
1605:
1598:
1580:
1552:
1535:
1518:
1501:
1494:
1474:
1465:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1401:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1323:
1314:
1302:
1285:
1276:
1269:
1251:
1233:
1216:
1176:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1096:
1093:
1089:Gregg Notehand
1076:
1075:Other versions
1073:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1040:
1037:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
994:
991:
962:
959:
291:silent letters
253:writing system
237:
234:
184:
181:
155:
154:
148:⟩, see
121:
120:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
42:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
16:Writing system
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5836:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5744:Night writing
5741:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:Organisations
5650:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5614:Valentin Haüy
5611:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:Louis Braille
5590:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5526:Braille watch
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5449:Braille music
5446:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:Luxembourgish
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:Other scripts
5209:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5003:
4992:
4987:
4984:
4983:Northern Sámi
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:Nordic family
4930:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:South African
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4794:Luxembourgish
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:ASCII braille
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Attic (Greek)
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Proto-Elamite
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Elder Futhark
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Old Hungarian
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Masaram Gondi
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Gunjala Gondi
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:Old Sundanese
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:Old Maldivian
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2723:Bilang-bilang
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Sylheti Nagri
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Brahmi script
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:South Arabian
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Inscriptional
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1720:, 14(9): 385.
1719:
1713:
1705:
1703:0-07-037331-0
1699:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1678:0-07-037401-5
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1653:0-07-024471-5
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1628:0-07-024625-4
1624:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1601:
1599:0-07-024548-7
1595:
1591:
1584:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1495:0-07-037254-3
1491:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1280:
1272:
1270:0-947635-00-9
1266:
1262:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1007:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
958:
955:
951:
949:
943:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
890:
884:
867:
863:
857:
840:
836:
832:
828:
822:
811:
808:. The ow in
807:
802:
800:
796:
790:
779:
773:
762:
756:
745:
741:
735:
724:
718:
707:
701:
690:
684:
673:
669:
663:
652:
648:
642:
631:
625:
614:
608:
597:
591:
580:
576:
570:
559:
553:
542:
536:
525:
521:
517:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
473:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
443:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
394:
380:
376:
372:
366:
354:
350:
344:
332:
326:
314:
308:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
262:
258:
254:
251:
242:
233:
229:
215:
201:
197:
194:
189:
180:
176:
172:
170:
165:
161:
151:
139:
135:
133:
129:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
58:
55:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
19:
5284:Thai and Lao
4961:Scandinavian
4593:1829 braille
4585:Braille cell
4385:Cypro-Minoan
4251:Pahawh Hmong
4164:Sitelen Pona
4128:Hindu-Arabic
3461:Mundari Bani
3298:
3035:Pahawh Hmong
2844:Tamil-Brahmi
2750:Eveyla Akuru
2745:Dhives Akuru
2212:Paleo-Hebrew
2079:
2015:undeciphered
1920:. Retrieved
1911:
1898:. Retrieved
1889:
1876:. Retrieved
1867:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1732:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1693:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1616:
1608:
1589:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1562:
1555:
1545:
1538:
1528:
1521:
1511:
1504:
1484:
1477:
1468:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1317:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1260:
1254:
1226:
1219:
1205:cite journal
1193:. Retrieved
1188:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1158:
1151:
1137:Beifang Suji
1136:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1002:
998:
996:
986:
982:
981:(1963), and
978:
974:
970:
968:
964:
956:
952:
947:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
888:
865:
861:
838:
834:
830:
826:
809:
803:
798:
794:
777:
760:
743:
739:
722:
705:
688:
671:
667:
650:
646:
629:
612:
595:
578:
574:
557:
540:
523:
519:
513:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:
476:
465:
461:
457:
452:
447:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
402:
398:
378:
374:
370:
352:
348:
330:
312:
294:
286:
282:
278:
260:
247:
202:
198:
190:
186:
177:
173:
159:
158:
144:and ⟨
126:
68:1888–present
18:
5783:RoboBraille
5607:Róża Czacka
5547:Perforation
5344:Independent
5242:(Bhutanese)
4977:Greenlandic
4648:Azerbaijani
4450:Jindai moji
4339:Syllabaries
4310:SignWriting
4210:Celtiberian
4112:Hieroglyphs
3915:Seal script
3900:Traditional
3772:Blissymbols
3677:Warang Citi
3652:Tolong Siki
3605:Marcomannic
3585:Dalecarlian
3575:Anglo-Saxon
3555:Pau Cin Hau
3446:Medefaidrin
3399:Merovingian
3359:Blackletter
3267:Asomtavruli
3060:Warang Citi
2869:Ulu scripts
2814:New Tai Lue
2757:Mon–Burmese
2611:Bhattiprolu
2439:Nandinagari
2266:ʾEsṭrangēlā
2025:constructed
1195:February 4,
1095:Adaptations
971:Anniversary
912:Anniversary
833:hook. The
825:is just an
799:Anniversary
485:brief forms
453:Anniversary
64:Time period
39:Script type
5803:Categories
5335:(obsolete)
5316:(obsolete)
5108:(Pakistan)
5019:Belarusian
4901:Vietnamese
4844:Portuguese
4830:Philippine
4787:Lithuanian
4440:Hentaigana
4435:Man'yōgana
3895:Simplified
3782:Ersu Shaba
3696:Non-linear
3501:Old Uyghur
3491:Old Permic
3486:Old Italic
3419:Visigothic
3354:Beneventan
3289:Glagolitic
3252:Gadabuursi
2916:Kolezhuthu
2911:Vatteluttu
2849:Tanchangya
2772:Saurashtra
2349:Devanagari
2207:Phoenician
2160:Manichaean
1143:References
1117:Portuguese
987:Centennial
806:diphthongs
497:Simplified
183:Background
110:Portuguese
45:alphabetic
5751:Vibratese
5730:Moon type
5723:Decapoint
5404:Eight-dot
5357:Cantonese
5306:Reordered
5269:Inuktitut
5158:Malayalam
5068:Ukrainian
5047:Mongolian
5026:Bulgarian
4989:Norwegian
4954:Icelandic
4745:Hungarian
4703:Esperanto
4655:Cantonese
4239:Redundant
4051:Anatolian
4002:Cuneiform
3930:bird-worm
3866:Logograms
3837:Testerian
3751:Ideograms
3728:Moon type
3615:Staveless
3506:Mongolian
3451:Molodtsov
3409:Sütterlin
3277:Mkhedruli
3143:Bassa Vah
3093:Alphabets
3065:Mwangwego
3030:Mwangwego
3005:Kharosthi
2958:Blackfoot
2921:Malayanma
2792:Sundanese
2787:Sukhothai
2735:Malayalam
2686:Khom Thai
2646:Goykanadi
2570:Tocharian
2523:ʼPhags-pa
2394:Khudabadi
2339:Bhaiksuki
2234:Samaritan
2165:Nabataean
2020:inventors
1856:March 30,
1644:Series 90
1105:Esperanto
1101:Afrikaans
1060:Series 90
983:Series 90
889:repudiate
283:telephone
277:sound in
94:Esperanto
78:Afrikaans
76:English,
73:Languages
5387:Japanese
5248:Georgian
5240:Dzongkha
5226:Armenian
5144:Gujarati
5009:Cyrillic
4940:Estonian
4915:Yugoslav
4851:Romanian
4823:Nigerian
4738:Hawaiian
4724:Ghanaian
4641:Albanian
4502:Sumerian
4467:Linear B
4430:Katakana
4425:Hiragana
4375:Cherokee
4305:ASLwrite
4266:Bopomofo
4121:Numerals
4107:Hieratic
4066:Isthmian
4035:Sumerian
4015:Assyrian
4010:Akkadian
3667:Vithkuqi
3642:Tifinagh
3610:Medieval
3565:Pisidian
3560:Phrygian
3531:Vagindra
3476:Ol Chiki
3384:Interlac
3339:Kayah Li
3329:Jenticha
3284:Veso Bey
3272:Nuskhuri
3262:Georgian
3232:Formosan
3227:Etruscan
3222:Enochian
3178:Cyrillic
3163:Coelbren
3121:Armenian
3020:Meroitic
3010:Mandombe
3000:Jenticha
2864:Tigalari
2829:Tai Viet
2824:Tai Tham
2804:Tagbanwa
2656:Javanese
2606:Baybayin
2596:Balinese
2584:Southern
2479:Pracalit
2474:Pachumol
2449:Bhujimol
2409:Mahajani
2369:Gurmukhi
2359:Gujarati
2327:Northern
2307:Abugidas
2288:Ugaritic
2276:Maḏnḥāyā
2150:Tifinagh
2143:Solitreo
2081:Numerals
1994:Grapheme
1982:Overview
1922:July 22,
1900:July 22,
1878:July 22,
1743:July 22,
1573:July 22,
1189:Atlantic
1169:July 22,
977:(1949),
961:Versions
250:phonemic
142:/ /
138:Help:IPA
5292:Tibetan
5233:Burmese
5219:Amharic
5202:(India)
5179:Sinhala
5172:Punjabi
5151:Kannada
5099:Persian
5054:Russian
4994:Swedish
4972:Finnish
4947:Faroese
4922:Zambian
4894:Turkish
4879:Spanish
4802:Maltese
4780:Latvian
4773:Italian
4752:Iñupiaq
4731:Guarani
4691:English
4662:Catalan
4579:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
4574:Braille
4457:Kikakui
4395:Eskayan
4380:Cypriot
4230:Dunging
4102:Demotic
4081:Tenevil
4025:Hittite
4020:Elamite
3973:Jurchen
3952:Sawndip
3947:Chữ Nôm
3847:Zapotec
3842:Yerkish
3817:Nsibidi
3802:Miꞌkmaw
3792:Isotype
3762:Adinkra
3703:Braille
3687:Zaghawa
3657:Vellara
3637:Sunuwar
3627:Sidetic
3622:Shavian
3550:Osmanya
3540:Ol Onal
3394:Kurrent
3379:Insular
3369:Fraktur
3344:Klingon
3334:Kaddare
3308:Archaic
3217:Elbasan
3205:Chinook
3195:Deseret
3183:Bosnian
3138:Avoiuli
3126:Avestan
3116:Ariyaka
3045:Tengwar
2943:Bharati
2904:Serawai
2894:Pasemah
2879:Lampung
2834:Lai Tay
2819:Tai Noi
2782:Sinhala
2762:Pallava
2730:Makasar
2718:Lontara
2693:Kulitan
2666:Kannada
2661:Kadamba
2651:Hanunoo
2641:Grantha
2636:Fakkham
2553:Tibetan
2538:Soyombo
2533:Siddhaṃ
2528:Sharada
2504:Litumol
2494:Tirhuta
2484:Ranjana
2469:Kvemmol
2429:Multani
2414:Marchen
2379:Kalinga
2319:Brahmic
2256:Sogdian
2195:Psalter
2175:Pahlavi
2155:Mandaic
2133:Cursive
2118:Elymaic
2089:Aramaic
1783:7359857
1129:Tagalog
1121:Catalan
706:thought
347:), and
311:) (and
236:Writing
130:in the
118:Tagalog
90:Catalan
53:Creator
5712:Other
5585:People
5575:Braigo
5394:Korean
5262:Hebrew
5193:Telugu
5092:Arabic
5082:Arabic
5040:Kyrgyz
5033:Kazakh
4967:Danish
4865:Slovak
4858:Samoan
4837:Polish
4816:Navajo
4717:German
4710:French
4577:
4522:Yugtun
4512:Woleai
4462:Kpelle
4445:Sōgana
4365:Byblos
4143:Muisca
4061:Cretan
4030:Luwian
3988:Tangut
3807:Mixtec
3777:Dongba
3682:Yezidi
3672:Wancho
3647:Todhri
3600:Gothic
3580:Cipher
3521:Manchu
3511:Evenki
3496:Orkhon
3441:Manchu
3436:Lydian
3431:Lycian
3374:Gaelic
3324:Hanifi
3319:Hangul
3294:Gothic
3242:Fraser
3237:Fox II
3173:Coptic
3148:Carian
3131:Pazend
3104:Linear
3050:Thaana
2995:Sarati
2936:Others
2899:Rejang
2884:Lembak
2874:Incung
2854:Telugu
2809:Tai Le
2703:Langdi
2626:Chakma
2516:Karani
2489:Tamyig
2464:Kummol
2459:Himmol
2454:Golmol
2434:Nagari
2419:Meitei
2404:Lepcha
2389:Khojki
2374:Kaithi
2261:Syriac
2249:Musnad
2128:Ashuri
2123:Hebrew
2106:Elifba
2101:Arabic
2094:Hatran
2069:Abjads
1781:
1700:
1675:
1650:
1625:
1596:
1492:
1267:
1127:, and
1113:Polish
1109:Hebrew
928:united
776:, and
738:. The
721:, and
666:. The
628:, and
596:fleece
573:. The
556:, and
516:vowels
285:, and
279:funnel
146:
116:, and
106:Polish
98:Hebrew
5428:(GS8)
5419:Kanji
5277:Khmer
5255:Greek
5186:Tamil
5119:i.e.
5080:i.e.
5061:Tatar
5007:i.e.
4908:Welsh
4809:Māori
4766:Irish
4684:Dutch
4677:Czech
4487:Nüshu
4355:Bamum
4350:Afaka
4157:Other
4148:Roman
4133:Abjad
4056:Bagam
3957:Bowen
3942:Kanji
3937:Hanja
3925:small
3920:large
3827:Olmec
3797:Kaidā
3787:Emoji
3767:Aztec
3570:Runic
3545:Osage
3526:Oirat
3471:Ogham
3404:Sigla
3349:Latin
3304:Greek
3188:Early
3158:Cirth
3111:Adlam
2980:Geʽez
2975:Fox I
2839:Tamil
2698:Lanna
2681:Khmer
2671:Karen
2621:Buhid
2601:Batak
2558:Uchen
2548:Takri
2499:Limbu
2399:Laṇḍā
2384:Khema
2364:Gupta
2354:Dogri
2271:Serṭā
2244:Zabur
2229:Punic
2202:Pegon
2138:Rashi
2052:Types
2003:Lists
1967:Types
1916:(PDF)
1894:(PDF)
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