235:
vowel, whether indicated by a dot for a short vowel or by a dash for a longer, more drawn-out vowel, has its own position relative to its adjacent stroke (beginning, middle, or end) to indicate different vowel sounds in an unambiguous system. However, to increase writing speed, rules of "vowel indication" exist whereby the consonant stroke is raised, kept on the line, or lowered to match whether the first vowel of the word is written at the beginning, middle, or end of a consonant stroke—without actually writing the vowel. This is often enough to distinguish words with similar consonant patterns. Another method of vowel indication is to choose from among a selection of different strokes for the same consonant. For example, the sound "R" has two kinds of strokes: round, or straight-line, depending on whether there is a vowel sound before or after the R.
584:
word's first vowel is a "first position" vowel (i.e. it is written at the beginning of the stroke), the whole shorthand outline for the word is written above the paper's ruled line. For a second position vowel, the outline is written on the line, and for a third position vowel, it is written through the line. In this way, the position of the outline indicates that the first vowel can only be one of four possibilities. In most cases, this means that the first and often all the other vowels can be omitted entirely.
239:
abbreviation lists. Pitman 2000 (1975–present) introduced some simplifications and drastically reduced the list of abbreviations to reduce the memory load, officially reduced to a list of 144 short forms. The later versions dropped certain symbols and introduced other simplifications to earlier versions. For example, strokes "rer" (heavy curved downstroke) and "kway" (hooked horizontal straight stroke) are present in Pitman's New Era, but not in Pitman's 2000.
457:
937:— the preceding stroke is written double the size. There are exceptions to avoid ambiguous forms; for example, "leader" is not written as a doubled-l but as l plus a hooked-d representing "dr". In contrast, "later", for example, is written with a doubled-l. Straight strokes at the beginning of a word are not doubled unless they have a final hook or attached diphthong.
32:
214:
pairs of sounds (such as /p/ and /b/ or /t/ and /d/) are represented by strokes which differ only in thickness; the thin stroke representing "light" sounds such as /p/ and /t/; the thick stroke representing "heavy" sounds such as /b/ and /d/. Doing this requires a writing instrument responsive to the
758:
sic." The first three appear as small checkmarks; the "ew" sound is written as a small arch. Both "ie" and "oi" are written in first position, while "ow" and "ew" are written in third position. In the same way, the whole outline is placed above, on or through the paper's ruled line. If the diphthong
916:
Many strokes (both straight and curved) may be halved in length to denote a final 't' or 'd'. The halving principle may be combined with an initial or final hook (or both) to make words such as "trained" appear as a single short vertical light stroke with an initial and final hook. There are some
583:
Another feature of Pitman's shorthand allows most vowels to be omitted in order to speed up the process of writing. As mentioned above, each vowel is written next to either the beginning, middle or end of the consonant stroke. Pitman's shorthand is designed to be written on lined paper and when a
234:
is to use light or heavy dots, dashes, or other special marks drawn close to the consonant. Vowels are drawn before the stroke (or over a horizontal stroke) if the vowel is pronounced before the consonant, and after the stroke (or under a horizontal stroke) if pronounced after the consonant. Each
462:
Common words are represented by special outlines called logograms (or "Short Forms" in Pitman's New Era). Words and phrases which have such forms are called grammalogues. Hundreds exist and only a tiny number are shown above. The shapes are written separately to show that they represent distinct
238:
There have been several versions of Pitman's shorthand since 1837. The original Pitman's shorthand had an "alphabet" of consonants, which was later modified. Additional modifications and rules were added to successive versions. Pitman New Era (1922–1975) had the most developed set of rules and
398:
IN LUVING MEMERI OV JACOB PITMAN, BORN 28th NOV. 1810 AT TROWBRIDGE ENGLAND, SETELD IN ADELAIDE 1838, DEID 12TH MARCH 1890. ARKITEKT, INTRODIUST FONETIK SHORTHAND AND WOZ THE FERST MINISTER IN THEEZ KOLONIZ OV THE DOKTRINZ OV THE SEKOND OR NIU KRISTIAN CHURCH WHICH AKNOLEJEZ
917:
exceptions to avoid ambiguous forms; for example, a straight-r stroke can't be halved if it's the only syllable, because that might be confused for some other short-form (logogram) consisting of a short-stroke mark in that direction ("and" or "should").
675:
183:
Shorthand was referred to as phonography in the 19th century. It was first used by newspapers who sent phonographers to cover important speeches, usually stating (as a claim of accuracy) that they had done so. The practice got national attention in the
439:: with the exception of abbreviated shapes called logograms, the forms represent the sounds of the English word, rather than its spelling or meaning. Unlike Gregg, pairs of consonant phonemes distinguished only by
880:), while a counter-clockwise final hook represents 'eff' or 'vee' after the stroke (pave, calf, toughen). For curved strokes, the hook is written inside the curve and it represents 'n' after the stroke (
407:
At one time, Pitman was the most commonly used shorthand system in the entire
English-speaking world. Part of its popularity was due to the fact that it was the first subject taught by
477:
594:
580:
is written as ").|". Vowels are further distinguished by their position relative to the consonant stroke – beginning, middle or end – for a total of 12 possible combinations.
490:. When both an unvoiced consonant and its corresponding voiced consonant are present in this system, the distinction is made by drawing the stroke for the voiced consonant
443:
are notated with strokes differing in thickness rather than length. There are twenty-four consonants that can be represented in Pitman's shorthand, twelve vowels, and four
5278:
263:
to invent a system of shorthand, Pitman used similar-looking symbols for phonetically related sounds. He was the first to use thickness of a stroke to indicate
192:
which were recorded phonographically. The shorthand was converted into words during the trip back to
Chicago, where typesetters and telegraphers awaited them.
834:
For straight strokes, an initial hook may be written in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. A clockwise initial hook represents 'r' after the stroke (
560:
A vowel is represented by a dot or a dash, which is written with either a light stroke (for a short vowel) or heavy stroke (for a long vowel). For example,
864:
For straight strokes, a final hook may be written in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. A clockwise final hook represents 'en' after the stroke (
1033:(2020), season 1 episode 2, the victim scribbles a note on the back of a door in Pitman shorthand which DS Dodds recognizes as meaning Thirteenth Step.
1247:
148:
1918:
1402:
2348:
2338:
1913:
1046:" (season 4, episode 3), Pitman shorthand is used in a list of company names used to tie the murder of Lee Stetson’s parents to Thomas Blackthorn.
2328:
2318:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1015:(2008) purportedly writes her journals in Pitman Shorthand, declaring it the "best, potentially fastest, most versatile of various pen systems".
463:
words, but in common phrases ("you are", "thank you", etc.) two or three logograms may be joined together, or a final flick added to represent
4044:
2333:
1043:
374:, in the United States and introduced Pitman's system there. He used it in the 1865–67 trial of the conspirators behind the assassination of
1088:
commemorates the centenary of the system of shorthand invented by Sir Isaac Pitman, who, in 1837, published his first treatise on the art.
1477:
1107:. One possible reason for this could be that in the early 19th century, British English had not yet started to drop its non-intervocalic
4076:
795:). The vowel in the middle may be any of the vowels or diphthongs, though any vowel other than 'e' must be notated inside the circle.
1141:
903:. The 'shun' hook is written either to the left or right depending on the positions of other attachments and vowels in the stroke.
1020:
180:
system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken.
3266:
858:). For curved strokes, the hook is written inside the curve and a small hook represents 'r' while a large hook represents 'l'.
5146:
1395:
3715:
5273:
403:
IN HIZ DEVEIN HIUMANITI AZ THE KREATER OV THE YUNIVERS, THE REDEEMER AND REJENERATER OV MEN. GOD OVER AUL, BLESED FOR EVER.
991:
notebooks from the mid-20th century, donated to the archive in 2018, and in late 2020 undergoing a transcription process.
3152:
1464:
1688:
1189:
4914:
4900:
4870:
4009:
1326:
1175:
1129:
526:. The former assumes the form of the top right-hand quarter of a circle (drawn top-down), whereas the latter is like
484:
pee, bee, tee, dee, chay, jay, kay, gay, eff, vee, ith, thee, ess, zee, ish, zhee, em, el, en, ray ar, ing, way, yay,
5263:
5132:
3849:
3246:
1388:
1222:
978:" (1924) was originally copied down by Rev. Oswald Chambers’ wife, Gertrude "Biddy" Chambers, in Pitman Shorthand.
1693:
3572:
2833:
130:
275:
are written with heavier and lighter lines than unvoiced ones such as /p/ and /t/), and consonants with similar
5258:
5139:
3705:
3344:
670:{\displaystyle ie\;\;\;^{\lor }\qquad oi\;\;\;^{\mathfrak {7}}\qquad ow\;\;\;_{\land }\qquad ew\;\;\;_{\cap }}
3814:
3339:
2397:
1104:
2676:
5125:
5104:
2392:
2167:
1683:
1459:
554:
550:
546:
542:
356:
340:
332:
320:
312:
300:
272:
268:
144:
140:
5268:
5005:
4984:
3664:
3659:
3354:
3256:
1778:
1469:
226:
Pitman shorthand uses straight strokes and quarter-circle strokes, in various orientations, to represent
189:
819:). The 'ster' loop is not used at the beginning of a word; i.e, it would not be used to notate the word
5253:
5072:
3669:
3236:
2649:
1710:
1287:
2402:
1720:
1082:(Second Australian ed.). Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. 1920.
3322:
3044:
2597:
2184:
988:
975:
1319:
Pitman
Shorthand Instructor and Key: A Complete Exposition of Sir Isaac Pitman's System of Shorthand
533:, only less steep (drawn bottom to top). There are rules governing when to use each of these forms.
4822:
4808:
4113:
2696:
2499:
1715:
1374:– Brief explanation, list of links, and video in 3 parts demonstrating writing (linked to YouTube).
1007:
995:
4427:
1843:
998:
a
British agent dictates a secret cable to a secretary, who records the text in Pitman Shorthand.
5111:
4139:
3096:
2773:
2752:
2632:
2612:
2444:
2115:
2019:
1496:
1454:
1411:
1038:
3829:
2768:
2758:
2691:
2201:
1634:
783:). Elsewhere it represents 's-s': a sequence of two 's' or 'z' sounds with a vowel in between (
423:
has become more common in recent years, as it is based on spelling, rather than pronunciation.
126:
112:
1079:
Pitman's
Shorthand Instructor: A Complete Exposition of Sir Isaac Pitman's System of Shorthand
5213:
5118:
4907:
4856:
4316:
4238:
4002:
3941:
3926:
3495:
3374:
3116:
3076:
2808:
2484:
1668:
1656:
1629:
1614:
408:
276:
3921:
3126:
4977:
4728:
4405:
3901:
3556:
3520:
2925:
2848:
2681:
2429:
2419:
2258:
2241:
1557:
1279:
252:
8:
3804:
3700:
3422:
2945:
1651:
1029:
964:
895:
A large hook written at the end of a stroke represents the sound 'shun' or 'zhun', as in
387:
1967:
1340:
4963:
4940:
4574:
4463:
4453:
4345:
4288:
4274:
4231:
3936:
3819:
3654:
3546:
3505:
3459:
3454:
3349:
3331:
2999:
2930:
2895:
2843:
2656:
2644:
2055:
1977:
1878:
1433:
292:
4196:
3854:
1206:
553:, and the short vowels may be remembered by the sentence, "That pen is not much good"
5086:
5079:
4815:
4801:
4713:
4602:
4512:
4491:
4470:
4398:
4330:
4189:
4147:
4099:
3834:
3824:
3469:
3464:
3369:
3364:
3271:
3226:
3049:
3029:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2940:
2935:
2863:
2798:
2783:
2733:
2728:
2671:
2607:
2565:
2407:
2293:
2216:
1732:
1727:
1604:
1322:
1255:
1171:
1125:
1077:
440:
416:
280:
176:(1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand, it is a
5220:
5158:
5051:
5012:
4998:
4956:
4831:
4777:
4758:
4692:
4684:
4670:
4663:
4588:
4384:
4359:
4295:
4267:
4182:
4168:
4085:
4058:
3995:
3906:
3809:
3631:
3474:
3101:
3081:
3071:
3066:
2950:
2706:
2639:
2627:
2592:
2587:
2570:
2509:
2474:
2434:
2236:
2231:
2179:
2130:
2014:
1948:
1888:
1838:
1783:
1700:
1678:
1609:
1599:
1533:
959:
803:
Loops are of two sizes – small and large. The small loop represents 'st' and 'sd' (
779:). A large circle at the beginning of a word represents the double consonant 'sw' (
728:
714:
700:
686:
371:
288:
264:
248:
166:
86:
5058:
4253:
3879:
3530:
2900:
5044:
4736:
4677:
4623:
4616:
4595:
4581:
4565:
4543:
4498:
4391:
4366:
4338:
4323:
4246:
4224:
4217:
4175:
4135:
4106:
3794:
3764:
3587:
3510:
3276:
3206:
3111:
3059:
3039:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2920:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2788:
2743:
2738:
2622:
2617:
2464:
2454:
2308:
2273:
2268:
2248:
2142:
2100:
2040:
1923:
1893:
1803:
1763:
1705:
1639:
1619:
1567:
1550:
1538:
1365:
1002:
432:
412:
375:
367:
3241:
2424:
5181:
5065:
4949:
4929:
4838:
4706:
4637:
4536:
4484:
4477:
4309:
4302:
4281:
4260:
4161:
4154:
3961:
3916:
3844:
3839:
3690:
3674:
3649:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3417:
3291:
3251:
3221:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3131:
3106:
3054:
2994:
2960:
2910:
2858:
2823:
2778:
2748:
2701:
2661:
2560:
2514:
2469:
2387:
2323:
2278:
2263:
2226:
2206:
2174:
2162:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2080:
1997:
1982:
1972:
1938:
1928:
1873:
1858:
1823:
1673:
1577:
1525:
1415:
1056:
1051:
196:
170:
3391:
1298:
549:. The long vowels may be remembered by the sentence, "Pa, may we all go too?"
247:
Pitman was asked to create a shorthand system of his own in 1838. He had used
5247:
5188:
5037:
4970:
4893:
4863:
4721:
4699:
4630:
4526:
4505:
4352:
4210:
4128:
4121:
4092:
4051:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3738:
3432:
3091:
3034:
2686:
2459:
2343:
2298:
2253:
2221:
2070:
1987:
1960:
1933:
1863:
1848:
1833:
1788:
1545:
1259:
925:
If a word contains 'ter', 'der', 'ture', 'ther', or 'dher' — for example, in
200:
185:
2007:
4644:
4609:
4550:
4037:
3799:
3695:
3608:
3500:
3401:
3211:
3024:
2989:
2970:
2905:
2793:
2555:
2479:
2288:
2283:
2194:
2189:
2125:
2065:
2045:
2002:
1992:
1943:
1828:
1808:
1798:
1646:
1624:
1582:
1380:
1336:
1314:
983:
771:
Circles are of two sizes – small and large. A small circle represents 's' (
383:
216:
173:
56:
2853:
447:. The consonants are indicated by strokes, the vowels by interposed dots.
5227:
4991:
4922:
4203:
3894:
3754:
3515:
3359:
3216:
3121:
2890:
2818:
2803:
2711:
2504:
2414:
2313:
2303:
2157:
2120:
2075:
2060:
2035:
1955:
1883:
1868:
1572:
1166:
Daniels, Peter T. "Shorthand", in
Daniels, Peter T. and Bright, William,
1120:
Daniels, Peter T. "Shorthand", in
Daniels, Peter T. and Bright, William,
968:
947:
411:. Today in many regions (especially the U.S.), it has been superseded by
3884:
3859:
3427:
2870:
2360:
2355:
2211:
2152:
1793:
1371:
256:
5195:
5174:
5167:
3946:
3783:
3479:
3446:
3281:
3172:
2721:
2449:
2365:
2090:
981:
An example of a journalist's use of Pitman
Shorthand can be found in
846:). A counter-clockwise initial hook represents 'l' after the stroke (
680:
456:
444:
379:
284:
260:
227:
162:
3889:
1248:"Could you help with the archive's shorthand transcription project?"
476:
3911:
3874:
3869:
3749:
3710:
3551:
3310:
3195:
3086:
2828:
2716:
2666:
2537:
2050:
1853:
1813:
1594:
1587:
1438:
1059:, a clue is found in old police notes written in Pitman shorthand.
207:
195:
Pitman shorthand was the most popular shorthand system used in the
177:
136:
3931:
4018:
3525:
3396:
3286:
3261:
3147:
2984:
2838:
2813:
2582:
2489:
2137:
1751:
1562:
436:
420:
44:
5019:
2763:
2575:
2494:
2439:
2147:
1818:
1368:– A wealth of material and advice for learning Pitman's New Era
391:
220:
211:
703:
3386:
3381:
3231:
3014:
2915:
2602:
1513:
734:
717:
279:
were oriented in similar directions, with straight lines for
231:
251:
for seven years, but his symbols bear greater similarity to
3864:
3759:
1156:. Toronto: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons (Canada), Ltd. 1937.
689:
1142:
The New Church
Newsletter – Hurstville Society August 2002
950:
dubbed Pitman's
Shorthand "Pitfall Shorthand" in his 1892
16:
System of shorthand for English, developed by Isaac Pitman
1282:
Our Man In Havana 1959 Alec Guinness & Maureen O'Hara
759:
is followed by a neutral vowel, a little flick is added.
731:
31:
1191:
A Manual of Current Shorthand, Orthographic and Phonetic
206:
One characteristic feature of Pitman shorthand is that
597:
382:
the system was introduced by another Pitman brother,
219:(with fine, flexible nibs) were originally used, but
482:
The consonants in Pitman's shorthand are pronounced
135:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1321:. Carlton, Victoria (Australia): Pitman Australia.
1170:, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, p. 818.
1124:, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, p. 811.
669:
1024:, The Vogons use a blockier form of Pitman 2000.
5245:
149:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
494:than the one for the unvoiced consonant. (Thus
5279:Writing systems introduced in the 19th century
1103:s are always transcribed, even when recording
4003:
1396:
1342:A Manual of Phonography; or, Writing by Sound
1099:One major exception to this is the fact that
1410:
541:The long vowels in Pitman's shorthand are:
230:sounds. The predominant way of indicating
4010:
3996:
1403:
1389:
660:
658:
657:
643:
641:
640:
624:
622:
621:
607:
605:
604:
450:
30:
907:
394:. His epitaph is written phonetically:
5246:
1335:
1313:
1084:This second Australian edition of the
941:
5147:American Printing House for the Blind
4923:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
4575:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
3991:
3781:
3736:
3629:
3308:
3193:
2535:
1749:
1511:
1494:
1384:
1187:
811:). The large loop represents 'ster' (
3630:
1292:
1204:
1021:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
683:in Pitman's shorthand, representing
215:user's drawing pressure: specialist
139:. For the distinction between ,
4017:
627:
199:and the second most popular in the
13:
3737:
14:
5290:
1359:
1345:(7 ed.). London: S. Bagster
971:'s "Pitfall Shorthand" comment.
957:In the preface to his 1913 play
727:
713:
699:
685:
543:/ɑː/,/eɪ/,/iː/,/ɔː/,/oʊ/,and/uː/
475:
455:
3782:
1273:
1240:
974:The Christian devotional text "
762:
650:
633:
614:
131:International Phonetic Alphabet
1476:Languages by writing system /
1215:
1198:
1181:
1160:
1146:
1135:
1114:
1093:
1069:
1:
4915:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4871:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
3309:
3194:
2536:
1306:
1205:Shaw, George Bernard (1912).
587:
514:.) There are two strokes for
470:
5126:National Braille Association
5105:Braille Institute of America
4823:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
1750:
1366:Long Live Pitman's Shorthand
1018:In the 2005 film version of
994:In the 1959 spy comedy film
386:. Jacob Pitman is buried in
223:are now more commonly used.
124: This article contains
7:
5274:Transcription (linguistics)
5006:Refreshable braille display
4985:Optical braille recognition
4582:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
4114:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
3257:New Epoch Notation Painting
1372:The Joy of Pitman Shorthand
1168:The World's Writing Systems
1122:The World's Writing Systems
952:Manual of Current Shorthand
267:(voiced consonants such as
10:
5295:
5073:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
1512:
1194:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
547:/æ/,/ɛ/,/ɪ/,/ɒ/,/ʌ/,and/ʊ/
426:
242:
5205:
5156:
5096:
5029:
4939:
4885:
4848:
4809:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
4788:
4769:
4750:
4655:
4561:
4522:
4449:
4376:
4075:
4068:
4029:
3987:
3790:
3777:
3745:
3732:
3683:
3642:
3638:
3625:
3601:
3565:
3539:
3488:
3445:
3410:
3330:
3323:Chinese family of scripts
3321:
3317:
3304:
3202:
3189:
3140:
2548:
2544:
2531:
2393:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
2380:
2028:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1745:
1520:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1478:by first written accounts
1447:
1426:
1422:
987:newspaper's GNM Archive,
976:My Utmost for His Highest
564:is written as ")•|", but
536:
122:
97:
92:
82:
72:
62:
52:
38:
29:
23:
4796:Chinese semi-syllabaries
4059:Unicode braille patterns
4045:International uniformity
2500:Thomas Natural Shorthand
1062:
295:consonants are upright:
5264:Abugida writing systems
5133:Blindness organizations
5112:Braille Without Borders
4901:Canadian currency marks
4523:Egyptian lineage family
3706:Southwest Paleohispanic
1039:Scarecrow and Mrs. King
545:. The short vowels are
451:Logograms (Short Forms)
190:Lincoln–Douglas Debates
127:phonetic transcriptions
4450:Russian lineage family
3850:Great Lakes Algonquian
2759:Greco-Iberian alphabet
2692:Gabelsberger shorthand
1635:Inscriptional Parthian
671:
435:, Pitman shorthand is
405:
249:Samuel Taylor's system
113:Western Cree syllabics
47:Stenography
5259:Abjad writing systems
5214:Accessible publishing
5140:Schools for the blind
5119:Japan Braille Library
4908:Computer Braille Code
4562:Indian lineage family
3942:Old Persian cuneiform
2809:Carolingian minuscule
1615:Ancient North Arabian
1188:Sweet, Henry (1892).
832:Stroke-initial hooks.
672:
568:is written as ")·|";
555:/ðætpɛnɪznɒtmʌt͡ʃɡʊd/
551:/pɑː|meɪwiːɔːlɡoʊtuː/
409:correspondence course
401:THE LORD JESUS CHRIST
396:
277:place of articulation
43:heavy-line geometric
4978:Mountbatten Brailler
4333:(largely reassigned)
4116:(largely reassigned)
3665:Southeastern Iberian
3660:Northeastern Iberian
1558:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1227:guardian.calmview.eu
1030:McDonald & Dodds
908:Halving and doubling
595:
4930:Nemeth braille code
4716:(reassigned vowels)
4241:(extended to 8-dot)
3815:Canadian Aboriginal
3701:Khitan small script
3423:Khitan large script
2613:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
1044:Unfinished Business
1001:The protagonist of
965:George Bernard Shaw
942:Cultural references
862:Stroke-final hooks.
742:, as in the words "
388:Rookwood Necropolis
287:. For example, the
188:in 1858 during the
5269:1837 introductions
4964:Braille translator
4941:Braille technology
4917:(science; GS8/GS6)
4886:Symbols in braille
4816:Taiwanese Mandarin
4331:Taiwanese Mandarin
3937:Nwagu Aneke script
3489:Other logosyllabic
3411:Chinese-influenced
3350:Oracle bone script
3332:Chinese characters
3267:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
2657:Eclectic shorthand
2645:Duployan shorthand
2598:Caucasian Albanian
2398:Canadian syllabics
1434:History of writing
1254:. 10 August 2020.
1223:"CalmView: Record"
1105:non-rhotic accents
1049:In the 2020 novel
667:
5254:Shorthand systems
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5159:tactile alphabets
5087:William Bell Wait
5080:Sabriye Tenberken
4881:
4880:
4746:
4745:
4731:(Japanese vowels)
4529:-mediated scripts
4456:-mediated scripts
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3835:Ditema tsa Dinoko
3773:
3772:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3441:
3440:
3300:
3299:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2376:
2375:
1741:
1740:
1728:Teeline Shorthand
1486:
1485:
996:Our Man in Havana
531:⟨/⟩
500:⟨)⟩
417:John Robert Gregg
366:Pitman's brother
337:⟨(⟩
317:⟨)⟩
297:⟨|⟩
156:
155:
5286:
5230:
5223:
5221:Braille literacy
5216:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5022:
5015:
5013:Slate and stylus
5008:
5001:
4999:Perkins Brailler
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4957:Braille embosser
4952:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4874:
4866:
4859:
4841:
4834:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4781:
4778:American Braille
4762:
4759:Algerian Braille
4739:
4732:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4648:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4554:
4546:
4539:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4073:
4072:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4023:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3779:
3778:
3734:
3733:
3640:
3639:
3632:Semi-syllabaries
3627:
3626:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3191:
3190:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2435:Japanese Braille
2020:Zanabazar square
1889:Nepalese scripts
1779:Bengali–Assamese
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1746:
1664:Pitman shorthand
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1492:
1491:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1332:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1154:Pitman Shorthand
1150:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1118:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1073:
1057:Robert Galbraith
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
724:
723:
720:
719:
710:
709:
706:
705:
696:
695:
692:
691:
676:
674:
673:
668:
666:
665:
649:
648:
632:
631:
630:
613:
612:
572:is written as ")
556:
552:
548:
544:
532:
513:
501:
479:
459:
372:Cincinnati, Ohio
358:
354:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
318:
314:
310:
302:
298:
274:
270:
174:Sir Isaac Pitman
167:English language
159:Pitman shorthand
152:
146:
142:
106:Pitman's New Era
67:1837
34:
24:Pitman shorthand
21:
20:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5045:Charles Barbier
5043:
5036:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4877:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4784:
4776:
4770:Frequency-based
4765:
4757:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4651:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:Bharati Braille
4563:
4557:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4524:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4451:
4445:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4140:Unified English
4134:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4069:Braille scripts
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4025:
4021:
4016:
3971:
3786:
3769:
3765:Stokoe notation
3741:
3720:
3679:
3634:
3613:
3597:
3561:
3540:Logoconsonantal
3535:
3484:
3437:
3406:
3313:
3296:
3277:Siglas poveiras
3198:
3177:
3136:
3040:Younger Futhark
2744:Gregg shorthand
2540:
2519:
2372:
2024:
1754:
1737:
1516:
1499:
1482:
1455:Writing systems
1443:
1418:
1416:writing systems
1409:
1378:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1329:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1119:
1115:
1098:
1094:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1003:David R. Palmer
944:
910:
765:
730:
726:
716:
712:
702:
698:
688:
684:
679:There are four
661:
659:
644:
642:
626:
625:
623:
608:
606:
596:
593:
592:
590:
539:
530:
507:
499:
473:
453:
433:Gregg shorthand
429:
415:, developed by
413:Gregg shorthand
376:Abraham Lincoln
368:Benjamin Pitman
348:
336:
324:
316:
304:
296:
253:an older system
245:
161:is a system of
123:
118:
100:
93:Related scripts
75:
68:
48:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5292:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5207:
5206:Related topics
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5182:New York Point
5178:
5171:
5163:
5161:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5066:Harris Mowbray
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4950:Braille e-book
4945:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4570:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4530:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4457:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4378:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4077:French-ordered
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3992:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:Linear Elamite
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:Sign languages
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3716:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:Espanca script
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Linear Elamite
3646:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3531:Yi (Classical)
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3357:
3355:Bronze scripts
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3168:Flag semaphore
3165:
3163:New York Point
3160:
3158:Telegraph code
3155:
3153:Maritime flags
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Visible Speech
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3077:Sorang Sompeng
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Galik alphabet
2958:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:Tironian notes
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2702:Garay alphabet
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Sorang Sompeng
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2408:Déné syllabics
2405:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:Proto-Sinaitic
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1360:External links
1358:
1356:
1355:
1333:
1327:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1272:
1239:
1214:
1197:
1180:
1159:
1145:
1134:
1113:
1092:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1052:Troubled Blood
943:
940:
939:
938:
923:
919:
918:
914:
909:
906:
905:
904:
889:
859:
829:
825:
824:
801:
797:
796:
769:
764:
761:
664:
656:
653:
647:
639:
636:
629:
620:
617:
611:
603:
600:
589:
586:
538:
535:
472:
469:
452:
449:
428:
425:
244:
241:
197:United Kingdom
154:
153:
147:⟩, see
120:
119:
117:
116:
110:
107:
103:
101:
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
42:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5291:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:Night writing
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:Organisations
5095:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:Valentin Haüy
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:Louis Braille
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:Braille watch
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:Braille music
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:Luxembourgish
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:Other scripts
4654:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4448:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4428:Northern Sámi
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:Nordic family
4375:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:South African
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4239:Luxembourgish
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:ASCII braille
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Attic (Greek)
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Proto-Elamite
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Elder Futhark
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Old Hungarian
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Masaram Gondi
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Gunjala Gondi
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:Old Sundanese
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:Old Maldivian
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:Bilang-bilang
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Sylheti Nagri
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Brahmi script
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:South Arabian
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Inscriptional
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
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1344:
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1338:
1337:Pitman, Isaac
1334:
1330:
1328:0-85896-065-6
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:Pitman, Isaac
1312:
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1130:0-19-507993-0
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283:and arcs for
282:
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236:
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229:
224:
222:
218:
217:fountain pens
213:
209:
204:
202:
201:United States
198:
193:
191:
187:
186:United States
181:
179:
175:
172:
169:developed by
168:
164:
160:
150:
138:
134:
132:
128:
121:
114:
111:
109:Pitman's 2000
108:
105:
104:
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99:Child systems
96:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
71:
65:
61:
58:
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51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
19:
4729:Thai and Lao
4406:Scandinavian
4038:1829 braille
4030:Braille cell
3830:Cypro-Minoan
3696:Pahawh Hmong
3609:Sitelen Pona
3573:Hindu-Arabic
2906:Mundari Bani
2480:Pahawh Hmong
2289:Tamil-Brahmi
2195:Eveyla Akuru
2190:Dhives Akuru
1663:
1657:Paleo-Hebrew
1524:
1460:undeciphered
1377:
1347:. Retrieved
1341:
1318:
1294:
1281:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1252:The Guardian
1251:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1207:
1200:
1190:
1183:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1148:
1137:
1121:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1050:
1048:
1037:
1036:In the 1986
1035:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1000:
993:
989:Clyde Sanger
984:The Guardian
982:
980:
973:
958:
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951:
945:
934:
930:
926:
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831:
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816:
812:
808:
804:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
763:Other shapes
755:
751:
747:
743:
678:
591:
582:
577:
573:
569:
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561:
559:
540:
527:
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519:
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481:
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464:
461:
454:
430:
406:
400:
397:
365:
360:
350:
344:
326:
306:
259:. The first
246:
237:
225:
205:
194:
182:
158:
157:
143:and ⟨
125:
78:1837–present
57:Isaac Pitman
18:
5228:RoboBraille
5052:Róża Czacka
4992:Perforation
4789:Independent
4687:(Bhutanese)
4422:Greenlandic
4093:Azerbaijani
3895:Jindai moji
3784:Syllabaries
3755:SignWriting
3655:Celtiberian
3557:Hieroglyphs
3360:Seal script
3345:Traditional
3217:Blissymbols
3122:Warang Citi
3097:Tolong Siki
3050:Marcomannic
3030:Dalecarlian
3020:Anglo-Saxon
3000:Pau Cin Hau
2891:Medefaidrin
2844:Merovingian
2804:Blackletter
2712:Asomtavruli
2505:Warang Citi
2314:Ulu scripts
2259:New Tai Lue
2202:Mon–Burmese
2056:Bhattiprolu
1884:Nandinagari
1711:ʾEsṭrangēlā
1470:constructed
1076:"Preface".
1011:(1981) and
969:Henry Sweet
948:Henry Sweet
893:Shun' hook.
817:masterpiece
775:) and 'z' (
370:settled in
261:phonetician
255:created by
74:Time period
39:Script type
5248:Categories
4780:(obsolete)
4761:(obsolete)
4553:(Pakistan)
4464:Belarusian
4346:Vietnamese
4289:Portuguese
4275:Philippine
4232:Lithuanian
3885:Hentaigana
3880:Man'yōgana
3340:Simplified
3227:Ersu Shaba
3141:Non-linear
2946:Old Uyghur
2936:Old Permic
2931:Old Italic
2864:Visigothic
2799:Beneventan
2734:Glagolitic
2697:Gadabuursi
2361:Kolezhuthu
2356:Vatteluttu
2294:Tanchangya
2217:Saurashtra
1794:Devanagari
1652:Phoenician
1605:Manichaean
1349:4 November
1307:References
1265:28 October
1232:23 October
1086:Instructor
1005:'s novels
681:diphthongs
588:Diphthongs
471:Consonants
445:diphthongs
285:fricatives
257:John Byrom
171:Englishman
5196:Vibratese
5175:Moon type
5168:Decapoint
4849:Eight-dot
4802:Cantonese
4751:Reordered
4714:Inuktitut
4603:Malayalam
4513:Ukrainian
4492:Mongolian
4471:Bulgarian
4434:Norwegian
4399:Icelandic
4190:Hungarian
4148:Esperanto
4100:Cantonese
3684:Redundant
3496:Anatolian
3447:Cuneiform
3375:bird-worm
3311:Logograms
3282:Testerian
3196:Ideograms
3173:Moon type
3060:Staveless
2951:Mongolian
2896:Molodtsov
2854:Sütterlin
2722:Mkhedruli
2588:Bassa Vah
2538:Alphabets
2510:Mwangwego
2475:Mwangwego
2450:Kharosthi
2403:Blackfoot
2366:Malayanma
2237:Sundanese
2232:Sukhothai
2180:Malayalam
2131:Khom Thai
2091:Goykanadi
2015:Tocharian
1968:ʼPhags-pa
1839:Khudabadi
1784:Bhaiksuki
1679:Samaritan
1610:Nabataean
1465:inventors
1260:0261-3077
1208:Pygmalion
1042:episode "
1008:Emergence
960:Pygmalion
946:Linguist
663:∩
646:∧
610:∨
380:Australia
228:consonant
163:shorthand
83:Languages
63:Published
4832:Japanese
4693:Georgian
4685:Dzongkha
4671:Armenian
4589:Gujarati
4454:Cyrillic
4385:Estonian
4360:Yugoslav
4296:Romanian
4268:Nigerian
4183:Hawaiian
4169:Ghanaian
4086:Albanian
3947:Sumerian
3912:Linear B
3875:Katakana
3870:Hiragana
3820:Cherokee
3750:ASLwrite
3711:Bopomofo
3566:Numerals
3552:Hieratic
3511:Isthmian
3480:Sumerian
3460:Assyrian
3455:Akkadian
3112:Vithkuqi
3087:Tifinagh
3055:Medieval
3010:Pisidian
3005:Phrygian
2976:Vagindra
2921:Ol Chiki
2829:Interlac
2784:Kayah Li
2774:Jenticha
2729:Veso Bey
2717:Nuskhuri
2707:Georgian
2677:Formosan
2672:Etruscan
2667:Enochian
2623:Cyrillic
2608:Coelbren
2566:Armenian
2465:Meroitic
2455:Mandombe
2445:Jenticha
2309:Tigalari
2274:Tai Viet
2269:Tai Tham
2249:Tagbanwa
2101:Javanese
2051:Baybayin
2041:Balinese
2029:Southern
1924:Pracalit
1919:Pachumol
1894:Bhujimol
1854:Mahajani
1814:Gurmukhi
1804:Gujarati
1772:Northern
1752:Abugidas
1733:Ugaritic
1721:Maḏnḥāyā
1595:Tifinagh
1588:Solitreo
1526:Numerals
1439:Grapheme
1427:Overview
1339:(1845).
1317:(1974).
1013:Tracking
922:Doubling
840:Nichrome
821:sterling
793:exercise
576:|", but
512:⟩
508:⟨
437:phonemic
353:⟩
349:⟨
329:⟩
325:⟨
309:⟩
305:⟨
293:alveolar
281:plosives
208:unvoiced
178:phonetic
165:for the
141:/ /
137:Help:IPA
115:(finals)
4737:Tibetan
4678:Burmese
4664:Amharic
4647:(India)
4624:Sinhala
4617:Punjabi
4596:Kannada
4544:Persian
4499:Russian
4439:Swedish
4417:Finnish
4392:Faroese
4367:Zambian
4339:Turkish
4324:Spanish
4247:Maltese
4225:Latvian
4218:Italian
4197:Iñupiaq
4176:Guarani
4136:English
4107:Catalan
4024:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
4019:Braille
3902:Kikakui
3840:Eskayan
3825:Cypriot
3675:Dunging
3547:Demotic
3526:Tenevil
3470:Hittite
3465:Elamite
3418:Jurchen
3397:Sawndip
3392:Chữ Nôm
3292:Zapotec
3287:Yerkish
3262:Nsibidi
3247:Miꞌkmaw
3237:Isotype
3207:Adinkra
3148:Braille
3132:Zaghawa
3102:Vellara
3082:Sunuwar
3072:Sidetic
3067:Shavian
2995:Osmanya
2985:Ol Onal
2839:Kurrent
2824:Insular
2814:Fraktur
2789:Klingon
2779:Kaddare
2753:Archaic
2662:Elbasan
2650:Chinook
2640:Deseret
2628:Bosnian
2583:Avoiuli
2571:Avestan
2561:Ariyaka
2490:Tengwar
2388:Bharati
2349:Serawai
2339:Pasemah
2324:Lampung
2279:Lai Tay
2264:Tai Noi
2227:Sinhala
2207:Pallava
2175:Makasar
2163:Lontara
2138:Kulitan
2111:Kannada
2106:Kadamba
2096:Hanunoo
2086:Grantha
2081:Fakkham
1998:Tibetan
1983:Soyombo
1978:Siddhaṃ
1973:Sharada
1949:Litumol
1939:Tirhuta
1929:Ranjana
1914:Kvemmol
1874:Multani
1859:Marchen
1824:Kalinga
1764:Brahmic
1701:Sogdian
1640:Psalter
1620:Pahlavi
1600:Mandaic
1578:Cursive
1563:Elymaic
1534:Aramaic
1288:YouTube
913:Halving
852:amplify
768:Circles
492:thicker
427:Writing
421:Teeline
359:(as in
343:(as in
265:voicing
243:History
221:pencils
129:in the
87:English
53:Creator
45:abugida
5157:Other
5030:People
5020:Braigo
4839:Korean
4707:Hebrew
4638:Telugu
4537:Arabic
4527:Arabic
4485:Kyrgyz
4478:Kazakh
4412:Danish
4310:Slovak
4303:Samoan
4282:Polish
4261:Navajo
4162:German
4155:French
4022:
3967:Yugtun
3957:Woleai
3907:Kpelle
3890:Sōgana
3810:Byblos
3588:Muisca
3506:Cretan
3475:Luwian
3433:Tangut
3252:Mixtec
3222:Dongba
3127:Yezidi
3117:Wancho
3092:Todhri
3045:Gothic
3025:Cipher
2966:Manchu
2956:Evenki
2941:Orkhon
2886:Manchu
2881:Lydian
2876:Lycian
2819:Gaelic
2769:Hanifi
2764:Hangul
2739:Gothic
2687:Fraser
2682:Fox II
2618:Coptic
2593:Carian
2576:Pazend
2549:Linear
2495:Thaana
2440:Sarati
2381:Others
2344:Rejang
2329:Lembak
2319:Incung
2299:Telugu
2254:Tai Le
2148:Langdi
2071:Chakma
1961:Karani
1934:Tamyig
1909:Kummol
1904:Himmol
1899:Golmol
1879:Nagari
1864:Meitei
1849:Lepcha
1834:Khojki
1819:Kaithi
1706:Syriac
1694:Musnad
1573:Ashuri
1568:Hebrew
1551:Elifba
1546:Arabic
1539:Hatran
1514:Abjads
1325:
1258:
1174:
1128:
967:cites
935:mother
931:nature
927:matter
901:vision
897:fusion
844:bigger
813:master
789:crises
785:crisis
537:Vowels
392:Sydney
289:dental
232:vowels
212:voiced
145:
4873:(GS8)
4864:Kanji
4722:Khmer
4700:Greek
4631:Tamil
4564:i.e.
4525:i.e.
4506:Tatar
4452:i.e.
4353:Welsh
4254:Māori
4211:Irish
4129:Dutch
4122:Czech
3932:Nüshu
3800:Bamum
3795:Afaka
3602:Other
3593:Roman
3578:Abjad
3501:Bagam
3402:Bowen
3387:Kanji
3382:Hanja
3370:small
3365:large
3272:Olmec
3242:Kaidā
3232:Emoji
3212:Aztec
3015:Runic
2990:Osage
2971:Oirat
2916:Ogham
2849:Sigla
2794:Latin
2749:Greek
2633:Early
2603:Cirth
2556:Adlam
2425:Geʽez
2420:Fox I
2284:Tamil
2143:Lanna
2126:Khmer
2116:Karen
2066:Buhid
2046:Batak
2003:Uchen
1993:Takri
1944:Limbu
1844:Laṇḍā
1829:Khema
1809:Gupta
1799:Dogri
1716:Serṭā
1689:Zabur
1674:Punic
1647:Pegon
1583:Rashi
1497:Types
1448:Lists
1412:Types
1063:Notes
933:, or
866:train
856:angle
828:Hooks
809:based
800:Loops
781:sweep
441:voice
431:Like
384:Jacob
378:. In
345:thigh
133:(IPA)
4645:Urdu
4610:Odia
4551:Urdu
3927:Loma
3922:Lisu
3865:Kana
3855:Iban
3845:Geba
3805:Bété
3760:si5s
3670:Khom
3643:Full
3516:Maya
2911:N'Ko
2470:Miao
2415:Dham
2334:Ogan
2304:Thai
2222:Shan
2158:Leke
2121:Kawi
2076:Cham
2061:Buda
2036:Ahom
1956:Odia
1869:Modi
1625:Book
1351:2010
1323:ISBN
1267:2020
1256:ISSN
1234:2020
1172:ISBN
1126:ISBN
886:thin
878:uine
870:chin
836:tray
807:and
805:cost
777:gaze
773:sing
570:seat
562:sate
528:chay
522:and
502:and
486:and
291:and
271:and
210:and
4204:IPA
3952:Vai
3860:Idu
3428:Sui
2901:Mru
2871:Luo
2834:IPA
2515:Rma
2212:Pyu
2153:Lao
2008:Umê
1414:of
1286:on
1055:by
1027:In
899:or
882:men
848:ply
815:or
791:or
754:s m
752:ow'
746:enj
578:sit
566:set
524:ray
506:is
498:is
488:hay
465:the
363:).
361:thy
357:/ð/
347:),
341:/θ/
333:/z/
321:/s/
313:/d/
301:/t/
273:/d/
269:/b/
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3962:Yi
1250:.
1225:.
1111:s.
963:,
954:.
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888:).
884:,
874:ge
872:,
868:,
854:,
850:,
842:,
838:,
787:,
748:oy
735:uː
725:,
718:aʊ
711:,
704:ɔɪ
697:,
690:aɪ
557:.
520:ar
518::
467:.
419:.
390:,
355:=
339:=
335:,
331:=
323:,
319:=
315:,
311:=
303:,
299:=
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4138:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
