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dinnertime we were given a piece of meat on a wooden trivet, bread and wine. The bread was so hard that it seemed we tried to bite into a piece of wood. Later we were shown into a room with good beds already made up. As we came from the warmth of the hall into the cold room we started to shiver and just couldn't get warm, so we didn't get much sleep. My turtle was cold, too, so I took it to bed with me to try to warm it a bit. We arose at five the next morning and were given a very good and generous breakfast before we started our descent of the mountain. The clouds were threatening, black and so heavy that we could see nothing and wished earnestly that we were back onto the green earth once more. It was hard work going up the mountain but worse going down. We sank into the snow, several times so deep that we had all we could do to get up again. I had expected to see some of the dogs, but we were following the wooden markers and the dogs are trained to go afield and search for the ones that missed the markers. It is impossible to find the way over the mountain without help. The large dogs searched in pairs - one has a wooden keg fastened under his chin. When they locate a victim he is offered the wine to keep him alive while the other dog runs back to the monastery to lead the monks who transport the lost back. Sometimes the lost are no longer alive."
1285:"In the evening we reached the monastery of St Bernard on the top of the mountain. Enormous sums of money were expended to build these cloisters that were made of stonework and were placed there to give sustenance to travellers on the Alps between Italy and Switzerland. We came into a large hall where several other wanderers were seated. The monks came to shake hands with us and bid us welcome. A doctor – also a monk – asked if we had suffered any mishap coming up. The ones that had gotten hurt were treated and taken care of. They had an apothecary there also to administer to any one needing such. Another monk gave us a bowl with hot
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Christine Cerletti-Sarasin) and Fondation Bernard et Caroline de Watteville. Barry bought the kennels and the facilities in Martigny and continues to support and breed the dogs (three or four dozen). One condition of the sale is that they be brought to the monastery for the summer. Travellers are likely to see them romping around the slopes. The de Watteville Foundation keeps several dogs in kennels adjunct to its Musée. Both have agreed to work together and others have joined the partnership.
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1571:, who did not know his identity. Offered a reward at the top, Dorsaz asked for the mule on which Napoleon was riding. He received the mule and a short note for the chief supply officer of the army. Versions of the story vary, but they all agree that when the young man had turned in the note and had drawn his ample pay for the work, he found that his companion was Napoleon and the latter had given him a house and farm so that he could marry his sweetheart.
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1360:'s crossing. He did not cross there, however. On the presumption that the name was falsely altered by analogy, it can be reconstructed to *peninus, a Roman-Celtic word, considering that Celtic tribes owned the entire pass until defeated by the Romans. Livy says that the pass was not named after the Carthaginians but after a mountain god. For well over a century scholars such as the
509:(and the main road) plunges through the mountains at a 1,915 m (6,283 ft) level, reducing, since the tunnel's opening in 1964, the commercial relevance of the road over the pass. The summit section of the road consists of hairpin turns before it reaches the top of the pass, after having passed the Combe des Morts.
1597:. They meet the newly-wed Gowans and the gentlemanly murderer Rigaud, now called Blandois, at the inn after climbing up on mules. The novel was published in 1857, but set in the mid 1820s. Dickens describes the sites of the pass, and the experience of staying overnight in the inn, having visited it in person.
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filed by (courtesy of the French army). Accounts of the amounts expended vary. On the other side the snow became so packed that the men slid down sitting. Napoleon was the last man over, sliding also. The good weather held for the entire crossing, otherwise the crossing could have easily become disastrous.
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on the west coast of northern Italy. Napoleon traversed the pass with 40,000 men and ⅓ of their heavy artillery, sending another 20,000 over three other passes as a diversion, intending to strike the
Austrian rear. The panicked Austrians were unable to assemble fast enough to meet the French en masse
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The hospice straddles the highest point of the road, which is in
Switzerland. Today the modern road for through traffic has been routed around the outside of the monastery buildings to allow some integrity of the grounds. The old road may still be seen, above the paved road. The hospice occupies two
1563:
Over several days at the end of May the army went over the pass single-file, 6000 men per day. Bands played martial music along the route, with drum rolls at especially difficult places to alert the men. At the top the monks handed each man two glasses of wine and a slice of rye with cheese as they
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and Aosta. At
Martigny the army assembled and received rations for three days. All the equipment - carriages, artillery, arms and ammunition - was disassembled and divided into packs of 60-70 pounds for the men to carry. The cannons were to be dragged up over the snow in hollowed-out pine half-logs
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and came to be named after him in the 16th century, along with the pass. It was not the first hospice in the pass. Buildings were probably there since the Roman times, but the region was not secure and they were destroyed many times. The first concern of the founder of the current monastery was to
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mixed with wine to warm us. We sat on wooden benches and talked with the rest of the people. There was a large stove and the place was lovely and warm. Some of the large St
Bernard dogs were about and when we sat down came over to give our hands a lick just as if they wanted to say Hello too. At
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Today the tunnel and modern technology have made rescue operations at the pass mainly unnecessary. The dogs were put up for sale in 2004 because of the high cost of maintenance and were promptly bought by two foundations created for the purpose: Fondation Barry du Grand Saint
Bernard (major
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with the expectation of moving into the pass on the next day. At that time the Romans found the heights over the trail occupied by three hostile Gallic tribes. The Romans won a local victory by a daring foray from the camp but Galba judged he could not take the pass and departed.
1256:). The Congregation of Canons of the Great Saint Bernard (the monks) also owns the Hôtel de l'Hospice du Grand-St-Bernard, a four-storey building made of grey stone (built in 1899) on the Italian side, which it leases to a private entrepreneur for the provision of hotel services.
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Napoleon prepared for the march secretly by assembling men in small units below the pass, establishing supply dumps along the lower part of their route, and hiring artisans to set up shop along it as well. On May 15 an advance unit went over the pass to take
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The snow in the pass in winter may be as much as 10 metres deep. The temperature may drop as low as -30 °C. The lake in the pass is frozen for 265 days per year. A summary of weather data for the year 1991-2020 is given below.
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Napoleon's army slipped by an
Austrian garrison at Bard just out of cannon range. The commander related that he was astonished to watch an army of 40,000 men in full equipment go marching past from the direction of the heights.
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by mules, and then when the mules died or were exhausted, by 100 soldiers and hired men each. Napoleon offered liberal monetary rewards to soldiers and laborers who could perform difficult portages in a timely fashion.
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View into Italy from above the Roman road. The statue of Saint
Bernard is visible at the far right. The cross on the Plan de Jupiter is visible on the knoll above the hotel. The mountains in the background are the
1475:(1st half of the 5th century). These and other artifacts are stored in the monastery museum. Fragments of the marble temple, some with inscriptions, have been incorporated into many structures of the village of
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in the French period, a synonym for the pass. The site of the temple is known as the Plan de
Jupiter, located on a knoll on the Italian side of the pass. A cross was placed there in 1816 bearing the inscription
1464:, "to the best and greatest god." The bronze statue of St Bernard on a pedestal above the road on the Italian side, across a small valley from the cross, was constructed in 1905 on the site of the Roman
588:, strictly a railway tunnel, 100 km (62 mi) to the east in 1905. The much smaller historic road winding over the pass itself, which lies a few hundred metres from the Swiss border with
1259:
The St
Bernards were bred large enough to traverse deep snow and to find lost persons by scent. The first evidence that the dogs were in use at the monastery is two paintings dating to 1690 by
1409:, from Gaul in 57 BC to seize the pass, hoping to obtain a shorter route between Italy and Gaul than the contemporaneous coastal route. Galba was deceived by the Veragri into making camp near
1310:
View toward the Italian side from the monastery. Beyond the buildings at the end of the lake the road drops sharply. On the hillside above the modern road can be seen the Roman road.
1508:
The pass had entered history with the Gallic invasion of 390 BC. The last Gallic invasion over it occurred in May, 1800, under the direction of the 30-year-old First Consul of the
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On the south side the route descends a few metres and reaches the shores of the lake before its enters Italy. Then the route follows the steep slopes of the upper part of the
1946:
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The pass is well above the tree line. All the wood required for construction and firewood must be hauled in from some distance. On the south-west side of the pass is a small
1172:, which captures melt water and does not support fish, even though attempts have been made to stock it. In past years the tarn has not always thawed completely in summer.
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clear the region of bandits and keep the pass safe for travellers, the role of rescuers developing naturally. The hospice later became famous for its use of
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1826:
The Italian Valleys of the Pennine Alps: A Tour Through All the Romantic and Less-frequented "vals" of Northern Piedmont, from the Tarentaise to the Gries
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The coins and votive tablets found at the site of the temple roughly date the upper limit of Roman control of the pass. The youngest date to the reign of
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in the invasion of Italy of 390 BC. The classical authors first mentioning the pass in that or other contexts lived the 1st century BC under the early
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at the top of the Great St Bernard Pass, occupying both sides of the modern road. The old Roman road, serving as hiking path, is visible on the left.
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to the south, then turns to the east and follows the river in a bend to the south, where the mountain river enters the torrent Artanavaz near
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A description of an overnight stay at the monastery in 1857 was given by Theodore Nielsen, a Danish kleinsmith journeyman, in his memoirs:
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at 2,949 m (9,675 ft), the highest peak. Between it and the pass is Petite Chenalette at 2,885 m (9,465 ft).
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The pass runs northwest–southeast through the Valais Alps (formerly known as the Pennine Alps after the Roman name for the pass,
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The monastery currently houses a handful of monks on a permanent basis, and serves as a spiritual centre for others on retreat.
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dogs in rescue operations. The Italian side of the area includes several facilities as well. Between them is the small
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1923:[A foundation with a cultural and social vocation] (in French). Fondation Bernard et Caroline de Watteville
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434:) at a maximum elevation of 2,469 m (8,100 ft). The road running through the pass, highway E27 in both
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has visited the pass five times. It was climbed four times as a 1st category climb, and one time, in 2009, as a
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The pass at narrowest point runs between the peaks of Grande Chenalette at 2,889 m (9,478 ft) and
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around their necks (although this is only legend), in the belief that the liquor had medicinal properties.
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The border between the two countries runs along a straight line from the Petite Chenalette to the
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On the way up Napoleon had discussed affairs of the heart with his young guide and mule driver,
1435:(contraction of Augusta). Its ruins are a historic attraction there. By 43 AD under the emperor
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1730:[The Grand-Saint-Bernard Pass in the Tour de France] (in French). Le Dico du Tour. 2009
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1863:"With Staff in Hand" Memories of my wanderings in foreign lands Aarhus Jutland Publishing 1903
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succeeded where his adoptive father failed and the pass became Roman. Augustus placed a large
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Saint Bernards: everything about purchase, care, nutrition, breeding, behavior, and training
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for mile XXIIII was also brought to the center of the settlement from the top of the pass.
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From the north, in Switzerland, the route to the pass follows the lower part of the river
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2170:"Great St. Bernard Pass Journal; This Time, It's the Faithful Hero That Needs the Rescue"
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Two tribes occupied the valleys on either side of the pass on a permanent basis: the
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The Dorrit family crossed from France into Italy in Book Two: Riches of the novel
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The pass first appears in history as the route taken by the Celtic tribes of the
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but rather in a piecemeal way in June 1800, and so were defeated first at the
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1795:. Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss). Archived from
1760:(illustrated ed.). Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. p.
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544:. The route here in the main valley of the Val d'Aoste becomes part of the
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and turns to the east again, then smoothly to the southeast at La Clusaz (
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Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard on Google Maps (Tour de France classic climbs)
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1945:(in French). Fondation Barry du Grand Saint Bernard. 2005. Archived from
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and turns south again on which end finally the river flows into the
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was founded in 1049. The hospice later became famous for its use of
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2261:. Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern. Archived from
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The Great St Bernard Pass is located near the western end of the
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Great St Bernard is one of the most ancient passes through the
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Climate data for Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard: 2472m (1991–2020)
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272:, at an elevation of 2,469 m (8,100 ft). It connects
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This article is about the mountain pass. For other uses, see
2149:
Abbott, John C. (June–November 1852). "Napoleon Bonaparte".
2136:
In the Footsteps of Napoleon: His Life and Its Famous Scenes
1337:
1196:
584:
A reduction of utility began after the construction of the
339:'s army used the pass to enter Italy, an event depicted in
297:
1793:
Climate diagrams and normals from Swiss measuring stations
599:
at 2,867 m (9,406 ft). Slightly to the west is
1439:
a good Roman road through the pass was completed with a
497:
flows. After having passed the last inhabited locality,
1248:
confirmed Bernard as patron saint of the Alps in 1923.
2113:"Crossroads of the Alps: An archaeological expedition"
1728:"Le col du Grand-Saint-Bernard dans le Tour de France"
1520:
army of 140,000 men had laid siege to French-occupied
1838:
1263:. It is often said that they carried small casks of
2278:
Le col du Grand Saint-Bernard dans le Tour de France
1843:(13, illustrated ed.). Frommer's. p. 246.
1604:
493:(lit.: "valley between mountain") through which the
2237:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 1017–1018.
1786:"Climate Normals Col du Grand St−Bernard 1991-2020"
462:region of Italy. From Martigny Route 9 descends to
1753:
477:View of the pass from the international border. A
489:above Martigny, then into the sparsely populated
2299:
1921:"Une fondation à vocation culturelle et sociale"
1375:, "head, summit, chief" on an analogy with the
1348:. They were calling the pass and the mountains
2138:. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. pp. 120–126.
505:. At the location of Bourg-Saint-Bernard, the
414:with northern Italy, the other axis being the
366:Straddling the highest point of the road, the
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2196:
1975:(in French). 25 November 2016. Archived from
1405:sent an expedition under his best commander,
1175:Alpine flowers are abundant in the vicinity:
501:, the road runs above a large reservoir, the
210:
2043:Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names
1235:for travellers was founded in 1049 by Saint
1206:
1819:
1817:
1554:Napoleon passing the Great St Bernard Pass
576:The Great St Bernard Pass on the 1:25'000
327:, with evidence of use as far back as the
2033:
1778:
1479:on the Swiss side of the pass. The Roman
2110:
2045:. Aberystwyth University. Archived from
1839:Porter, Darwin; Danforth Prince (2008).
1548:
1490:
1313:
1305:
1269:
1220:
472:
1814:
1541:, after which hospitals were set up at
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2245:(in French). www.swisscastles.ch. 1997
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592:, is only passable June to September.
2090:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 169.
2082:
1876:. Fondation Barry du Grand-St-Bernard
1747:
1745:
1623:List of highest paved roads in Europe
1823:
1703:
1356:, "Punic", an apparent reference to
466:and from Aosta Route A5 descends to
2219:Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort
2199:"Colle del Gran San Bernardo 2473m"
1971:[First step for Barryland]
190:Swiss Federal Office of Topography
24:
2308:Italy–Switzerland border crossings
2034:Falileyev, Alexander, ed. (2007).
2002:"Musée et Chiens de Saint-Bernard"
1969:"Première étape pour le Barryland"
1896:"Musée et Chiens du Saint-Bernard"
1742:
394:, marking the transition with the
346:Napoleon at the Saint-Bernard Pass
25:
2339:
2161:
2184:. Cycling Challenge. 9 July 2008
2168:Fisher, Ian (October 29, 2004).
1633:List of the highest Swiss passes
1607:
1582:
1455:in the early Italian period and
1331:
563:
312:that separates the basin of the
209:
202:
72:
2328:Mountain passes of Aosta Valley
2243:"Le col du Grand Saint Bernard"
2182:"Cycling Profiles - Both sides"
2142:
2127:
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2076:
2064:
2027:
2015:
1994:
1961:
1935:
1913:
1888:
1866:
1857:
1704:Haub, Gangolf (30 April 2006).
1431:, below the pass, which became
1397:
2313:Mountain passes of Switzerland
2201:. Paradoxplace. Archived from
2197:Fletcher, Adrian (2000–2009).
2153:. Vol. 5. pp. 11–18.
1832:
1720:
1697:
1685:
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1199:is prolific and the rocks are
528:river in the lower end of the
514:torrent du Grand Saint-Bernard
32:Saint Bernard (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1824:King, Samuel William (1858).
1752:Walker, Joan Hustace (1998).
1653:
1252:buildings, of 1560 and 1898 (
524:). Here the river enters the
390:, the next pass to the west,
1874:"Welcome to Fondation Barry"
1429:Augusta Praetoria Salassorum
1364:have made a connection with
381:
264:) is the third highest road
78:View of the pass and hospice
7:
2318:Mountain passes of the Alps
2123:– via The Free Press.
2111:Cochrell, Christie (2001).
1600:
1443:at the top and a temple to
963:Average precipitation days
819:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
679:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
481:post is visible on the left
356:Bonaparte Crossing the Alps
246:Colle del Gran San Bernardo
58:Colle del Gran San Bernardo
10:
2344:
1497:Napoleon Crossing the Alps
1390:on the Swiss side and the
1301:
1210:
1195:among many hundreds more.
1159:
1151:
629:
617:
552:to the west and the upper
331:and surviving traces of a
262:Pass del Grond Son Bernard
29:
2323:Mountain passes of Valais
2228:"St Bernard Passes"
2088:Teutonic Mythology Part 1
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2259:"The Saint Bernard Pass"
1648:Souvenir Henri Desgrange
1447:, resulting in the name
1226:Great St Bernard Hospice
1213:Great St Bernard Hospice
1207:The hospice and the dogs
421:
398:. In that area, between
368:Great St Bernard Hospice
27:Road pass in Switzerland
18:Great Saint Bernard Pass
2234:Encyclopædia Britannica
1628:List of mountain passes
1193:Saxifraga oppositifolia
507:Great St Bernard Tunnel
361:Great St Bernard Tunnel
308:. It is located on the
238:Col du Grand St-Bernard
218:Location in Switzerland
50:Col du Grand St-Bernard
2134:Morgan, James (1915).
1638:Little St Bernard Pass
1569:Pierre Nicholas Dorsaz
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1244:in rescue operations.
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254:Grosser Sankt Bernhard
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66:Grosser Sankt Bernhard
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1841:Frommer's Switzerland
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1394:on the Italian side.
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1170:Great St Bernard Lake
518:Saint-Rhémy-en-Bosses
476:
376:Great St Bernard Lake
230:Great St Bernard Pass
82:Great St Bernard Lake
40:Great St Bernard Pass
1828:. London: J. Murray.
1527:Battle of Montebello
1181:Ranunculus glacialis
284:in Switzerland with
169:45.86889°N 7.17056°E
2036:"Summus P(o)eninus"
1706:"Grande Chenalette"
1643:San Bernardino Pass
1502:Jacques-Louis David
1487:Napoleonic crossing
1451:in late antiquity,
1152:Source: MeteoSwiss
749:Daily mean °C (°F)
341:Jacques-Louis David
165: /
2283:2016-06-08 at the
1561:
1514:Napoleon Bonaparte
1506:
1477:Bourg-Saint-Pierre
1366:continental Celtic
1329:
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1237:Bernard of Menthon
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578:Swiss National Map
556:to the southeast.
499:Bourg-Saint-Pierre
495:Drance d'Entremont
483:
454:, Switzerland, to
99:2,469 m (8,100 ft)
2115:. The World and I
1850:978-0-470-18188-1
1531:Battle of Marengo
1462:Deo optimo maximo
1217:St. Bernard (dog)
1156:
1155:
1107:possible sunshine
1012:relative humidity
550:Mont Blanc Tunnel
530:Valpelline valley
450:in the canton of
396:Mont Blanc massif
316:from that of the
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174:45.86889; 7.17056
16:(Redirected from
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1898:. Archived from
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1830:
1829:
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1807:
1802:on 28 March 2022
1801:
1790:
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1617:
1612:
1611:
1529:and then at the
1445:Jupiter Poeninus
1185:Dryas octopetala
966:
627:
626:
567:
213:
212:
206:
180:
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21:
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2285:Wayback Machine
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2187:
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2164:
2159:
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2098:
2081:
2077:
2071:History of Rome
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2052:on 31 July 2009
2049:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2022:History of Rome
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1949:on 23 July 2012
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1905:
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1894:
1893:
1889:
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1673:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1595:Charles Dickens
1585:
1558:Edouard Castres
1510:French Republic
1489:
1400:
1334:
1304:
1242:St Bernard dogs
1219:
1211:Main articles:
1209:
1177:Gentiana clusii
1162:
1157:
964:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
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883:
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848:
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828:
823:
813:
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788:
783:
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773:
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758:
753:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
620:
601:Pointe de Drône
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
569:
568:
548:connecting the
491:Val d'Entremont
432:summus poeninus
424:
384:
222:
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220:
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173:
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89:
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2290:
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2265:on 7 July 2011
2255:
2239:
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2194:
2178:
2174:New York Times
2163:
2162:External links
2160:
2157:
2156:
2141:
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2103:
2096:
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2026:
2014:
1993:
1982:on 26 May 2018
1960:
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1333:
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1275:St Bernard dog
1254:picture, above
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1060:sunshine hours
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619:
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612:hors catégorie
608:Tour de France
586:Simplon Tunnel
572:
571:
562:
561:
560:
559:
558:
538:Pont de Pierre
503:Lac des Toules
423:
420:
383:
380:
351:Paul Delaroche
310:main watershed
288:in the region
224:
223:
217:
208:
207:
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2224:
2223:Ashby, Thomas
2220:
2216:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2130:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2097:0-7661-7742-4
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1922:
1916:
1902:on 2008-12-20
1901:
1897:
1891:
1875:
1869:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1773:
1771:9780764102882
1767:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1729:
1723:
1708:. Summit Post
1707:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
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1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:Little Dorrit
1583:In literature
1580:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1532:
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1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
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1478:
1474:
1473:Theodosius II
1469:
1467:
1463:
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1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:Servius Galba
1404:
1403:Julius Caesar
1395:
1393:
1389:
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1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:Celtic period
1326:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1272:
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1266:
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1261:Salvator Rosa
1257:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Forget-me-not
1186:
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1090:
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1061:
1058:Mean monthly
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
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1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
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986:
983:
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977:
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961:
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950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
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920:
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910:
905:
900:
895:
892:
891:precipitation
887:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
817:
811:
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801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
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771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
747:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
677:
633:
628:
624:
615:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
579:
574:
566:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
479:Swiss Customs
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:on the upper
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:poeninus mons
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
205:
196:
193:
189:
187:
183:
178:
150:
148:
144:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:in background
87:
83:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:the original
2247:. Retrieved
2232:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:the original
2186:. Retrieved
2173:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2106:
2087:
2084:Grimm, Jacob
2078:
2070:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2047:the original
2042:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:the original
1943:"Communiqué"
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1868:
1859:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1804:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1792:
1780:
1755:
1732:. Retrieved
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1699:
1687:
1674:
1662:
1588:
1586:
1576:Aosta Valley
1573:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1535:
1507:
1495:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1428:
1427:and colony,
1421:
1416:
1401:
1398:Roman period
1385:
1377:Zeus karaios
1376:
1372:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1346:Roman empire
1335:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:Pope Pius XI
1231:
1174:
1163:
893:mm (inches)
621:
605:
594:
583:
513:
511:
484:
460:Aosta Valley
431:
427:
425:
416:Simplon Pass
408:Grand Combin
385:
365:
354:
344:
325:Western Alps
322:
290:Aosta Valley
229:
227:
140:Pennine Alps
124:Aosta Valley
104:Traversed by
2288:(in French)
1615:Alps portal
1277:with barrel
546:A5 motorway
534:Dora Baltea
440:Switzerland
400:Mont Dolent
388:Valais Alps
372:St. Bernard
335:. In 1800,
270:Switzerland
172: /
147:Coordinates
120:Switzerland
2302:Categories
1906:2013-04-19
1806:22 January
1654:References
1453:Monte Jove
1449:Mons Jovis
1323:, and the
1321:Mont Blanc
1203:-covered.
965:(≥ 1.0 mm)
404:Mont Vélan
392:Col Ferret
333:Roman road
329:Bronze Age
306:Monte Rosa
302:Mont Blanc
157:45°52′08″N
86:Mont Vélan
1692:Swisstopo
1680:Mont Mort
1667:Swisstopo
1481:milestone
1457:Mont Joux
1381:Hesychius
1233:A hospice
597:Mont Mort
536:near the
382:Geography
192:swisstopo
160:7°10′14″E
95:Elevation
2281:Archived
2249:14 April
2225:(1911).
2209:14 April
2151:Harper's
2086:(2003).
2073:XXXI.38.
1601:See also
1543:Martigny
1518:Austrian
1437:Claudius
1418:Augustus
1411:Martigny
1358:Hannibal
1350:Poeninus
1342:Lingones
1327:massifs.
1287:bouillon
1105:Percent
1010:Average
889:Average
554:Po Basin
464:Lausanne
444:Martigny
442:, joins
337:Napoleon
274:Martigny
186:Topo map
112:Location
2024:, V.35.
1574:In the
1425:stativa
1392:Salassi
1388:Veragri
1354:Poenini
1302:History
1160:Ecology
958:(90.0)
948:(10.2)
884:(27.0)
879:(16.5)
874:(21.4)
869:(29.8)
864:(35.8)
859:(41.9)
854:(41.2)
849:(37.2)
844:(30.0)
839:(22.6)
834:(17.8)
829:(14.0)
824:(14.9)
814:(31.8)
809:(21.2)
804:(25.5)
799:(34.2)
794:(40.3)
789:(47.3)
784:(47.1)
779:(42.6)
774:(34.7)
769:(27.3)
764:(22.6)
759:(18.7)
754:(19.6)
744:(36.7)
739:(25.7)
734:(29.7)
729:(38.7)
724:(45.7)
719:(53.2)
714:(53.2)
709:(48.4)
704:(39.6)
699:(31.6)
694:(27.1)
689:(23.5)
684:(24.3)
618:Weather
614:climb.
526:Buthier
458:in the
276:in the
258:Romansh
242:Italian
54:Italian
2269:11 May
2188:9 July
2119:25 May
2094:
2007:11 May
1986:25 May
1953:11 May
1927:25 May
1880:25 May
1847:
1768:
1734:25 May
1466:mansio
1441:mansio
1423:castra
1325:Ruitor
1265:brandy
1201:lichen
1168:, the
1100:1,595
1005:156.5
953:(9.6)
943:(7.6)
938:(5.2)
933:(5.4)
928:(5.5)
923:(5.7)
918:(8.1)
913:(8.0)
908:(7.6)
903:(7.5)
898:(9.5)
635:Month
522:Gignod
487:Drance
468:Torino
452:Valais
412:Valais
282:Valais
278:canton
250:German
234:French
116:Valais
62:German
46:French
2056:2 May
2050:(PDF)
2039:(PDF)
1980:(PDF)
1973:(PDF)
1800:(PDF)
1789:(PDF)
1712:3 May
1556:, by
1539:Aosta
1522:Genoa
1516:. An
1433:Aosta
1002:14.2
999:13.6
996:12.2
993:10.7
990:12.5
987:12.7
984:13.2
981:15.4
978:13.7
975:13.3
972:12.1
969:12.9
956:2,285
827:−10.0
674:Year
590:Italy
542:Aosta
456:Aosta
448:Rhône
436:Italy
422:Route
314:Rhône
294:Italy
286:Aosta
135:Range
128:Italy
84:with
80:from
2271:2009
2251:2009
2211:2009
2190:2008
2121:2018
2092:ISBN
2058:2009
2009:2009
1988:2018
1955:2009
1929:2018
1882:2018
1845:ISBN
1808:2022
1766:ISBN
1736:2018
1714:2009
1694:maps
1669:maps
1340:and
1338:Boii
1215:and
1197:Moss
1166:tarn
1091:124
1088:160
1085:202
1082:212
1079:189
1076:158
1073:149
1070:158
1067:103
1014:(%)
882:−2.8
877:−8.6
872:−5.9
867:−1.2
842:−1.1
837:−5.2
832:−7.9
822:−9.5
812:−0.1
807:−6.0
802:−3.6
767:−2.6
762:−5.2
757:−7.4
752:−6.9
737:−3.5
732:−1.3
717:11.8
712:11.8
697:−0.2
692:−2.7
687:−4.7
682:−4.3
671:Dec
668:Nov
665:Oct
662:Sep
659:Aug
656:Jul
653:Jun
650:May
647:Apr
644:Mar
641:Feb
638:Jan
606:The
438:and
402:and
349:and
304:and
298:Alps
266:pass
228:The
107:Road
1593:by
1500:by
1379:of
1373:ben
1371:or
1369:pen
1352:or
1147:40
1144:18
1141:19
1138:30
1135:45
1132:53
1129:53
1126:49
1123:44
1120:45
1117:40
1114:30
1111:19
1097:24
1094:62
1064:55
1053:75
1050:68
1047:75
1044:76
1041:79
1038:76
1035:76
1032:78
1029:82
1026:80
1023:74
1020:68
1017:66
951:243
946:258
941:194
936:133
931:136
926:140
921:146
916:207
911:204
906:192
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