31:
504:, had many values in common with the reformist noblemen of the Commonwealth. However, the comparison is very weak, as the so-called Southern aristocracy was not limited to a hereditary caste; the social structure, based simply on the acquisition (or loss) of wealth and property, was fluid; and there was of course no monarchy or nobility in the United States.
395:) were a substantially larger percentage than in any other European country, and the nobles extended from powerful princes to knights poorer than many peasants; in comparison, in France, only about 1% of the population had the right to vote in 1831, and in 1832, in the United Kingdom, only about 14% of male adults could vote
480:
citizens of the
Commonwealth praised the right of resistance, the social contract, the liberty of the individual, the principle of government by consent, the value of self-reliance, all widespread concepts found in the modern, liberal democracies. Just like liberal democrats of the 19th and 20th
549:" was a statement of social satire, and it should be evaluated whether it reflected the fact of the age. A number of Russian peasants fled from their far more brutal lords to settle in liberal Poland, which might stand out as example of counterevidence to the "Hell for the Peasants" claim.
327:), the right of an individual land envoy to oppose a decision by the majority in a Sejm session; the voicing of such a "free veto" nullified all the legislation that had been passed at that session; during the crisis of the second half of the 17th century, Polish nobles could also use the
520:
588:
refusing to pay taxes for a larger and modern army and magnates bribed by foreign powers paralyzing the
Commonwealth political system, the Commonwealth was unable to keep up with its increasingly militarized and efficient (through
240:. Over time, King Henry's Articles were merged with the pacta conventa, specific pledges agreed to by the king-elect. From then on, the king was effectively a partner with the noble class and was always supervised by a group of
235:
The monarch's power was limited, in favour of the sizable noble class. Each new king had to subscribe to King Henry's
Articles, which were the basis of Poland's political system and included almost unprecedented guarantees of
391:(the adoption of new laws), foreign affairs, declaration of war and taxation (changes of existing taxes or the levying of new ones). Also, the 10% of Commonwealth population who enjoyed those political rights (the
624:
A similar fate was averted by Italy; first due to a secular inability of the kings of France and Spain, and the Papacy, to come to terms on how to divide the country, then through the reaction against
432:
was developing in the stronger countries of Europe, but the exception was characterized by a striking similarity to certain modern values. At a time that most
European countries were headed toward
552:
In its extreme, the Golden
Liberty has been criticized as being responsible for "civil wars and invasions, national weakness, irresolution, and poverty of spirit". Failing to evolve into the "
428:
The "Golden
Liberty" was a unique and controversial feature of Poland's political system. It was an exception, characterized by a strong aristocracy and a feeble king, in an age when
218:
515:
to the majority of the population, failing them by failing to protect them from the excesses of the nobility, resulting in the slow development of cities and the
507:
Others however criticize the Golden
Liberty, pointing out it was limited only to the nobility, excluding peasants or townsfolk and gave no legal system to grant
1340:
966:
861:
370:
of its regions. It is, however, difficult to decisively call the
Commonwealth either confederation or federation, as it had some qualities of both of them
1416:
1370:
845:
244:. The doctrine had ancient republican thought at its roots, which was then reapplied with varying success to an elective monarchy's political reality.
1305:
1118:
816:# Norman Davies, God's Playground. A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
481:
centuries, the Polish noblemen were concerned about the power of the state. The Polish noblemen were strongly opposed to the very concept of the
270:
135:
928:
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355:
The
Commonwealth's political system is difficult to fit into a simple category, but it can be tentatively described as a mixture of these:
1450:
1012:
982:
955:
30:
1435:
285:), "agreed-to agreements" negotiated with the king-elect, including a bill of rights, binding on the king, derived from the earlier
1329:
1036:
205:
The political doctrine of the
Commonwealth of the Two Nations was "our state is a republic under the presidency of the King".
628:
domination which, as late as 1861, finally aligned most of the country's states in support of a national monarchy under King
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1470:
1237:
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Perhaps the closest parallels to Poland's 'Noble Democracy' can be found outside Europe altogether, in America, among the
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129:), regardless of rank, economic status or their ethnic background were considered to have equal legal status and enjoyed
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The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe
387:
were equal in rights and privileges, and the Sejm could veto the king on important matters, including
260:
216:" ("The King reigns and does not govern"). The Commonwealth had a parliament, the Sejm, as well as a
39:
1248:
Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005,
1145:
Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005,
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Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005,
1027:
Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005,
924:
875:
Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005,
740:"Poland is heaven for the nobility, purgatory for townspeople, hell for peasants, paradise for Jews"
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223:
186:
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469:
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believing that they lived in the perfect state, too few questioned the Golden Liberty and the
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460:. Since the Sejm usually vetoed a monarch's plans for war, it was a notable argument for the
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308:
8:
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This political system, unique in Europe, stemmed from the consolidation of power by the
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The Golden Liberty created a state that was unusual for its time, but somewhat similar
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Nation And History: Polish Historians from the Enlightenment to the Second World War
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Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors
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610:
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the Jewish Paradise, but also Purgatory for the Townsfolk and Hell for the Peasants
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441:
222:
and an elected king. The king was obliged to respect citizens' rights specified in
169:
108:
795:
780:"The Polish Nobility's "Golden Freedom": On the Ancient Roots of a Political Idea"
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and annexed by stronger absolutist neighboring countries in the late-18th-century
593:) neighbors, becoming a tempting target for foreign aggression. It was eventually
273:, the Commonwealth parliament, which the king was required to hold every two years
1344:
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To this day, in Poland, this means that a free man (a better sense, today, for
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to form a legal rebellion against a king who violated their guaranteed freedoms
96:
55:
35:
541:), the Golden Liberty became abused and twisted by the most powerful of them (
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1386:
482:
445:
359:
247:
The foundation of the Commonwealth's political system, the "Golden Liberty" (
351:), the right to form an organization to force through a common political aim
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The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in northeastern Europe, 1558–1721
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and religious and dynastic warfare, the Commonwealth experimented with
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could disobey any of the king's decrees that they deemed to be illegal
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465:
373:
1001:
Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989
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659:
637:
625:
564:, the Commonwealth suffered a gradual decline down to the brink of
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125:
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1377:(Most Serene Republic of Venice), Książka i Wiedza, 1972, Warszawa
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665:
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241:
464:. The system was a precursor of the modern concepts of broader
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292:
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324:
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1431:"Monarchy becomes the First Republic: Kings Elected for Life
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Constitution-Making in the Region of Former Soviet Dominance
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of the king by all nobles wishing to participate, known as
1129:(1970) "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis,"
759:
A History of Western Public Law: Between Nation and State
643:
Notably, neither the Republic of Venice nor Italy had a
27:
Former political system in Poland and Poland-Lithuania
1391:
Notes on Life and Letters: Notes on Life and Letters
1224:, Peter Brock, John D. Stanley, Piotr Wróbel (ed.),
380:, around 15% of the population, had political rights
1267:The Great Globe Itself: A Preface to World Affairs
255:, a term used from 1573), included the following:
944:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
1442:
519:among the peasants. The Commonwealth was called
38:at the Zenith of Its Power. Golden Liberty. The
613:existed in other contemporary states, like the
133:. The nobility controlled the legislature (the
1116:The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis
1436:The Inexorable Political Rise of the szlachta
1334:
1013:Google print p. 11 — constitutional monarchy
1093:Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments
915:, Central European University Press, 2001,
584:philosophy until it was too late. With the
212:summed up this doctrine when he said that "
992:
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195:) that no monarch could hope to break the
1349:Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage
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165:) over other social classes and over the
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871:
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232:negotiated at the time of his election.
29:
1310:
1259:
1193:Nicholas Valentine Riasanovsky (2000).
987:
902:
899:2000. Especially pp9–11, 114, 181, 323.
897:. Harlow, England; New York: Longman's.
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530:Purgatory for the Townsfolk (Burghers)
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1283:
1228:, University of Toronto Press, 2006,
1125:, discussion and full online text of
1109:
1051:, Central European University, 1995,
866:
700:or, preserving the Polish original's
131:extensive legal rights and privileges
1393:, Cambridge University Press, 2004,
1351:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
1320:, Princeton University Press, 1992,
1294:The Political Writings of John Adams
1172:, Cambridge University Press, 2006,
1095:, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
886:
834:
1364:
1214:
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711:is the province governor's equal."
24:
720:) regards no man as his superior.
709:"The noble behind his garden wall
604:
25:
1487:
1410:
1168:Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki,
946:, Oxford University Press, 1996,
892:
401:, as the monarch, elected by the
123:. Under that system, all nobles (
1269:, Transaction Publishers, 2005,
617:. (Both states were styled the "
1041:
973:, Duke University Press, 1997,
664:s rights and privileges became
537:. And even among the nobility (
1451:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1375:Najaśniejsza Republika Wenecka
810:
771:
751:
411:, as the monarch was bound by
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121:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
1222:Michał Bobrzyński (1849-1935)
796:10.1080/10848770.2015.1071124
745:
423:
314:Warsaw Confederation Act 1573
177:accumulated enough privileges
1091:Helmut Georg Koenigsberger,
78:), sometimes referred to as
7:
1471:Political history of Poland
1197:. Oxford University Press.
1170:A Concise History of Poland
723:
576:. With the majority of the
366:, with regard to the broad
214:Rex regnat sed non gubernat
10:
1492:
1461:Legal history of Lithuania
1417:Golden Freedom ― 1632―1648
1403:Google Print, p422 (notes)
1049:Liberalism After Communism
652:
649:among their institutions.
1296:, Regnery Gateway, 2001,
689:"The noble on his estate
383:democracy, as all of the
143:) and the Commonwealth's
1456:Legal history of Belarus
757:Bruno Aguilera-Barchet,
415:and other laws, and the
105:Złota wolność szlachecka
1466:Legal history of Poland
1422:Excerpts from the book
1131:Economic History Review
778:Filonik, Jakub (2015).
492:-owning aristocracy of
470:constitutional monarchy
462:democratic peace theory
409:constitutional monarchy
405:, was the head of state
1220:Philip Pajakowski, in
913:Polish Liberal Thought
714:
698:
682:
674:Szlachcic na zagrodzie
494:Southern United States
252:
95:
75:
67:
59:
48:
1279:Google Print, pp42–43
730:Executionist movement
706:
686:
670:
534:Hell for the Peasants
287:King Henry's Articles
224:King Henry's Articles
187:King Henry's Articles
33:
852:, SUNY Press, 1998,
735:History of democracy
619:Most Serene Republic
599:partitions of Poland
574:abuses of the system
189:(1573), and various
179:(established by the
88:Nobles' Commonwealth
1341:Martin Van Gelderen
1330:Google Print, p.144
1306:Google Print, p.242
1238:Google Print, p.150
1195:A History of Russia
1155:Google Print, p.160
1136::1 (March), pp18–32
1105:Google Print, p.336
1061:Google Print, p. 46
1037:Google Print, p.283
967:Rett R. Ludwikowski
784:The European Legacy
636:, hitherto king of
526:the Jewish Paradise
454:religious tolerance
376:, as only the male
238:religious tolerance
1316:Brian M. Downing,
1182:Google Print, p.88
1121:2007-12-15 at the
1003:, Palgrave, 2002,
630:Victor Emmanuel II
615:Republic of Venice
545:). However, this "
49:
1476:Political systems
1360:Google Print: p54
1265:William Bullitt,
983:Google Print, p34
940:Paul W. Schroeder
893:Frost, Robert I.
862:Google Print, p13
611:political systems
591:bureaucratization
562:national monarchy
502:George Washington
438:absolute monarchy
399:elective monarchy
309:religious freedom
202:s grip on power.
113:Kingdom of Poland
84:Nobles' Democracy
16:(Redirected from
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68:Złota Wolność
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
43:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1423:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1348:
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1266:
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1000:
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684:—literally,
683:
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672:
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646:liberum veto
644:
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623:
608:
585:
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570:liberum veto
551:
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538:
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525:
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521:
506:
487:
477:
427:
416:
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384:
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348:confederatio
346:
339:konfederacja
337:
329:liberum veto
320:liberum veto
318:
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298:insurrection
291:
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264:
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210:Jan Zamoyski
204:
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185:Act (1505),
180:
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145:elected king
134:
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1127:Evsey Domar
595:partitioned
568:because of
528:, but also
472:as well as
389:legislation
167:monarchical
163:noble class
151:Development
46:Jan Matejko
1445:Categories
1290:John Adams
767:331911803X
746:References
666:proverbial
572:and other
558:absolutist
474:federation
450:federation
430:absolutism
424:Assessment
364:federation
342:(from the
207:Chancellor
182:Nihil novi
141:parliament
100:Szlachecka
72:Lithuanian
1210:Googleブック
804:141659882
718:szlachcic
582:Sarmatism
466:democracy
456:and even
374:oligarchy
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1119:Archived
1059:, Press
761:, 2014,
724:See also
704:scheme:
660:szlachta
638:Sardinia
626:Habsburg
586:szlachta
578:szlachta
543:magnates
539:szlachta
478:szlachta
458:pacifism
417:szlachta
403:szlachta
393:szlachta
385:szlachta
378:szlachta
368:autonomy
302:szlachta
261:election
242:senators
197:szlachta
175:szlachta
158:szlachta
126:szlachta
107:) was a
1079:, p.282
883:, p.262
693:voivode
653:Proverb
632:of the
566:anarchy
513:liberty
509:freedom
485:state.
333:sejmiks
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476:. The
293:rokosz
249:Polish
92:Polish
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800:S2CID
702:rhyme
490:slave
344:Latin
325:Latin
283:Latin
219:Senat
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139:—the
56:Latin
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