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691:), who were taken care of by the two metricans (2 in Poland and 2 in Lithuania respectively). The Metrican of the Grand Chancellor was called the Grand Metrican, one serving the Vice-Chancellor was a Minor Metrican. The Chancellery staff had no wages, just like the Chancellors, but in the middle of each reception room was the box into which all clients were supposed to deposit a varying amount of money, and nobody who planned on coming back could afford to be mean. Of much smaller importance were the local, provincial chancelleries, which mostly served as archives for copies of various documents.
2043:
596:, Grand and Deputy respectively. They were supposed to be in constant contact and develop common policies, since their powers were equal. They were specifically forbidden from issuing illegal and contradictory documents, and could judge any documents contrary to the existing law 'irrelevant and without power'. In theory, the power of the Chancellors were equal. In practice, much depended on their personalities and political influence. Conflicts between Chancellors, while rare, when it occurred, could paralyse the entire country. This was the case during the conflict between
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718:, which was used to seal all documents passing through his office. He also sealed documents signed by the monarch and could refuse to seal a document he considered illegal or damaging to the country (such documents had no power without his seal). When the king died, the seal was destroyed during the funeral and a new one given to him by the succeeding king. The seal's importance gave a rise to another name for the Chancellor – the sealer (Polish
484:, the office of Chancellor of Kraków (contemporary capital of the Kingdom of Poland) became dominant and other, local chancellors disappeared by the early 15th century. Also in the 15th century, the Chancellor's office was split into that of the Grand Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor. The Vice-Chancellor was, however, not a subordinate of the Chancellor and his independence was specifically confirmed by the laws passed during the reign of king
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Secretaries in Crown and writers in
Lithuania were often just an honorary title given to people for their service to the state in the areas of administration and such. The normal secretaries should not be confused with the Great Secretaries, who served as Chancellors when the Chancellors were absent,
745:
and levied upon them, which meant that Poland very rarely declared wars on its own. Usually it was attacked by its neighbors, and while it repelled all attacks till the end of the 18th century, it almost never utilized any of its victories. The army was undermanned and under equipped (since usually
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Besides their official functions, the royal chancelleries functioned as a kind of semi-official, very prestigious schools. The officials of the chancelleries, who often started their work after their studies, after several years of work, often went forward in the administrative hierarchy, often
492:
of 1504 confirmed the
Chancellor's office as well as its powers and responsibilities for the first time, specifically stating that one person cannot hold both Chancellors' offices, and established the Grand Lithuanian Chancellor's office. The Lithuanian Vice-Chancellor was created later, in the
511:
decided that the title of Grand
Chancellor of the Crown would be rotated between secular and ecclesiastic nobles, and at least one Chancellor (both in the Grand and Deputy pair and in the Crown and Lithuanian one after the Union of Lublin) was required to be a secular person.
722:). Due to their important power the Chancellors were considered the guardians of the king and country, making sure a king's folly would not endanger the country by forcing it into an unnecessary war (among the wars prevented by the chancellors was a great crusade against the
635:
courts, but when a chancellor was an ecclesiastic person, he could judge the priests of the king's court). They could judge in various cases, with the exception of when the sides had already reached a compromise or in cases of territorial disputes.
699:), and often sponsored intelligent applicants from other social classes, not only by hiring them to the chancellery but by paying for their studies at universities in Poland and abroad. Among the most esteemed 'graduates' of chancelleries were
396:
of the entire
Kingdom (later, the Commonwealth). The Chancellor was also supposed to ensure the legality of monarch's actions, especially whether or not they could be considered illegal in the context of
554:(Parliament) session. From the 15th and 16th centuries, after the reforms of Alexander, Sigismund I and the Union of Lublin, the power and importance of the Chancellor's office was stabilised, as a
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There were many less important chancellors in the country. There was the
Chancellor of the Queen. He had much less power than other (King's) Chancellors, he guarded the queen's
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and was the second most important official of her court, after her Court
Marshall. He had no right to a seat in the Senate. Even less important were the chancellors of
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reaching important posts of bishops or other ecclesiastic or secular offices. Many enlightened chancellors did not restrict the positions in their staff to nobility (
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797:
Kanclerz koronny – Chancellor of the Crown – from the 14th century until 1569. Sometimes also called
Kanclerz Królestwa Polskiego – Chancellor of the Polish Kingdom
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417:). A 16th-century Polish lawyer, Jakub Przybylski, described the Chancellor as the king's hand, eye and ear, translator of his thoughts and will.
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65:
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Kanclerz krakowski – Chancellor of Kraków – until the 14th century, when he superseded all other Polish local chancellors and transformed into
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Chancellors, as most of the other offices in Poland and later, the
Commonwealth, were nominated to the office for life by the King during the
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683:, the second for official) presented prepared letters to the king for his signature. Writers designed the letters; clerks readied the final
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The
Chancellors' offices were the chancelleries (Crown and Lithuanian respectively). Chancelleries were staffed with officials known as the
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The
Chancellors' powers rose together with the increasing importance of written documents. In the 14th century the office of Chancellor of
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By custom, the Grand Chancellor of the Crown directed the Commonwealth foreign policies towards the west – Western Europe and south –
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and princesses, first introduced around the reign of Sigismund I. Then there was the chancellor of the most important of bishops,
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From 15th century onward there were two separate Chancellor offices, neither of them subordinate to the other: Grand Chancellor (
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in 1569 there were four Chancellors (one Grand Chancellor and one Vice-Chancellor for Crown, and another pair for Lithuania).
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Kanclerz wielki koronny – Great Chancellor of the Crown – from 1569 until 1795 (end of the Commonwealth)
392:) and from that period the chancellor powers were greatly increased, as they became responsible for the
3837:
543:
406:
436:). In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, there were four Chancellors: Grand Chancellor of the Crown (
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48:
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The Chancellor often gave speeches representing the royal will. The symbol of their office was the
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17:
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611:(correspondence with other countries) and to a smaller extent, internal affairs, as they had also
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The chancellor's powers combined with the fact that wars required funds which were given by the
687:. No copies were made, but were instead entered in the archives – books called Metrics (Polish:
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69:
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679:. The Regent divided the work between the clerks. 2 secretaries (one responsible for private
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since the 16th century. Today the office of the chancellor has been replaced by that of the
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8:
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1999:
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401:(an early set of documents containing important laws, in some aspects resembling today's
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1992:
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Kanclerz – Chancellor – various local chancellors, until late 14th to early 15th century
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562:(military commanders who had, however, no right to vote in the Senate) and the
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when enemy was not on the doorstep was labeled as warmongering) and lands of
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The Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor were responsible for the work of their
581:, while the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania the policies towards the east –
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405:). Finally, the Chancellor was also responsible for his office, the
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105:
2017:
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803:
Kanclerz wielki litewski – Great Chancellor of Lithuania – as above
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were constantly ravaged by new invasions, crippling its economy.
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1944:
809:
Podkanclerzy litewski – Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania – as above
741:) who controlled the Senate were usually unwilling to increase
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Podkanclerzy koronny – Vice-Chancellor of the Crown – as above
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266:
480:, each Polish prince had his own chancellor, but with the
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At first, the Chancellor's office was always given to an
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Among their other responsibilities were the matters of
667:
in Lithuania, equivalent to the secretary in Crown),
2753:
3269:
3085:
782:had officials who titled themselves chancellors.
361:in 1795. A respective office also existed in the
3819:
2711:[Historic offices in Poland] (in Polish)
57:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
3671:
542:(1750–1812), Vice-Chancellor, co-author of the
345:between 1385 and 1795, was one of the highest
3657:
3255:
3071:
2739:
2684:Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2679:Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
527:(1542–1605), Grand Chancellor and adviser to
515:
384:) evolved into the Chancellor of the Crown (
132:introducing citations to additional sources
3843:Chancellors of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3664:
3650:
3262:
3248:
3078:
3064:
2746:
2732:
357:of the 12th century until the end of the
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
785:
534:
519:
353:. This office functioned from the early
122:Relevant discussion may be found on the
631:(i.e. not subjected to ecclesiastic or
14:
3820:
2696:but had no right to vote in the Senat.
813:
566:, but more important than that of the
3645:
3243:
3059:
2727:
460:), and Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania (
328:
27:Historic political position in Poland
2706:
757:
99:
29:
2539:12 February 1716 – 10 February 1792
531:, the third elected king of Poland.
24:
2491:2 December 1695 – 16 December 1758
444:), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania (
25:
3854:
1863:15 January 1499 – 26 October 1550
1742:22 February 1467 – 22 August 1535
452:), Vice-Chancellor of the Crown (
3761:Aleksander Krzysztof Naruszewicz
2646:
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2201:15 December 1595 – 9 August 1650
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2016:
2005:5 August 1559 – 10 February 1624
1991:
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1920:
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1097:
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1051:
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909:
884:
861:
838:
478:times of fragmentation of Poland
223:
205:
115:relies largely or entirely on a
104:
34:
3601:Andrzej Stanisław Młodziejowski
3025:Andrzej Stanisław Mlodziejowski
558:office lesser than that of the
2815:Wojciech Jastrzębiec z Lubnicy
2635:25 August 1737 – 27 March 1821
2514:26 January 1698 – 25 June 1762
2176:10 October 1585 – 14 July 1657
675:(Polish: metrykant) and other
359:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
351:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
13:
1:
3142:Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł
3087:Grand Chancellor of Lithuania
2700:
1792:17 March 1486 – 11 March 1538
817:
343:Grand Chancellor of the Crown
200:Grand Chancellor of the Crown
3586:Jan Kazimierz de Alten Bokum
3173:Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł
2660:11 June 1735 – 16 April 1796
615:powers, presiding over the '
7:
3802:Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski
3219:Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski
3209:Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki
3147:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
2672:
2610:13 June 1729 – 15 June 1793
1957:19 March 1542 – 3 June 1605
10:
3859:
3751:Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł
3571:Michał Stefan Radziejowski
3183:Marcjan Aleksander Ogiński
3000:Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski
2411:Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski
544:Constitution of 3 May 1791
516:Power and responsibilities
471:
3774:
3731:Dominik Mikołaj Radziwiłł
3713:
3682:
3281:
3224:Aleksander Michał Sapieha
3201:
3193:Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł
3188:Dominik Mikołaj Radziwiłł
3165:
3114:
3093:
3010:Andrzej Stanisław Załuski
2765:
2486:Andrzej Stanisław Załuski
2436:Jan Stanisław Jabłonowski
832:
829:
823:
746:any suggestion of bigger
623:), that were the highest
302:
292:
280:
272:
258:
242:
220:
204:
199:
3766:Stanisław Antoni Szczuka
2689:
1201:died on 29 November 1292
826:
820:
627:for people subjected to
450:Kanclerz wielki litewski
363:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
267:Polish Parliament (Sejm)
43:This article includes a
3137:Jan Jurjewicz Hlebowicz
2825:Jan Taszka z Koniecpola
2820:Jan Szafraniec z Łuczyc
2805:Jan Radlica z Radliczyc
2343:1630 – 15 February 1688
2318:1610 – 6 September 1685
2078:1572 – 4 September 1631
1573:Jan Taszka Koniecpolski
1458:died on 12 January 1392
1435:died on 12 January 1382
604:between 1501 and 1503.
482:reunification of Poland
442:Kanclerz wielki koronny
428:) and Vice-Chancellor (
72:more precise citations.
3721:Kazimierz Leon Sapieha
3386:Krzysztof Szydłowiecki
2990:Jerzy Albrecht Denhoff
2865:Krzysztof Szydłowiecki
2362:Jerzy Albrecht Denhoff
1762:Krzysztof Szydłowiecki
1648:1435 – 21 January 1498
1625:1427 – 15 January 1490
1316:died on 26 August 1296
671:(Polish: archiwista),
547:
532:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
414:
389:
381:
338:
321:
143:"Chancellor of Poland"
3833:Chancellors of Poland
3787:Michał Antoni Sapieha
3782:Kazimierz Czartoryski
3756:Kazimierz Jan Sapieha
3741:Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac
3511:Hieronim Radziejowski
3178:Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac
2810:Zaklika z Międzygórza
2790:Zbigniew z Szczyrzyca
2709:"Urzędy Staropolskie"
2559:Andrzej Młodziejowski
2151:1594 – 7 January 1638
2055:1547 – 7 October 1620
1602:1405 – 8 October 1473
1577:died on 26 March 1455
1381:Zbigniew z Szczyrzyca
786:Official distinctions
778:. Finally some proud
776:Archbishop of Gniezno
538:
523:
466:Podkanclerzy litewski
326:Polish pronunciation:
3736:Paweł Stefan Sapieha
3631:Wojciech Skarszewski
3526:Bogusław Leszczyński
3411:Franciszek Krasiński
3306:Stanisław Kurozwęcki
3296:Klemens Moskarzewski
3214:Jan Fryderyk Sapieha
3106:Alekna Sudimantaitis
3035:Antoni Onufry Okęcki
2925:Stanisław Żółkiewski
2845:Stanisław Kurozwęcki
2785:Franciszek z Krakowa
2707:Góralski, Zbigniew.
2606:Antoni Onufry Okęcki
2466:died on 9 April 1731
2441:1669 – 28 April 1731
2272:1617 – 15 April 1673
2126:1582 – 17 March 1642
2050:Stanisław Żółkiewski
1667:Stanisław Kurozwęcki
1526:Wojciech Jastrzębiec
1358:Franciszek z Krakowa
663:in Crown), writers (
458:Podkanclerzy koronny
330:[ˈkant͡slɛʂ]
314:Chancellor of Poland
128:improve this article
3807:Joachim Chreptowicz
3792:Antoni Przeździecki
3695:Krzysztof Radziwiłł
3496:Andrzej Leszczyński
3471:Stanisław Łubieński
3451:Wawrzyniec Gembicki
3446:Wojciech Baranowski
3371:Wincenty Przerębski
3361:Wojciech Żychliński
3331:Władysław Oporowski
3229:Joachim Chreptowicz
2960:Andrzej Leszczyński
2915:Wawrzyniec Gembicki
2850:Krzesław Kurozwęcki
2780:Stanislaw z Krakowa
2221:Andrzej Leszczyński
2000:Wawrzyniec Gembicki
1690:Krzesław Kurozwęcki
1554:1363 – 28 July 1433
1410:1310 – 5 April 1382
1220:Stanisław z Krakowa
1197:Paweł z Przemankowa
1040:died 21 August 1229
814:List of Chancellors
598:Krzesław z Kurozwęk
509:Sigismund I the Old
507:person. From 1507,
486:Alexander Jagiellon
341:), officially, the
230:Last to hold office
3700:Eustachy Wołłowicz
3531:Mikołaj Prażmowski
3501:Wacław Leszczyński
3426:Piotr Dunin-Wolski
3391:Samuel Maciejowski
3366:Zbigniew Oleśnicki
3346:Tomasz Strzępiński
3341:Grzegorz Lubrański
3316:Dunin ze Skrzyńska
3301:Zawisza Kurozwęcki
3132:Albertas Goštautas
2970:Mikołaj Prażmowski
2935:Wacław Leszczyński
2910:Maciej Pstrokoński
2900:Piotr Dunin Wolski
2885:Samuel Maciejowski
2800:Zawisza Kurozwęcki
2416:1650 – 12 May 1711
2268:Mikołaj Prażmowski
2249:1617 – 4 July 1658
2101:1576 – 17 May 1628
2097:Wacław Leszczyński
1976:Maciej Pstrokoński
1928:Piotr Dunin-Wolski
1886:1501 – 12 May 1563
1858:Samuel Maciejowski
1811:Paweł Dunin-Wolski
1719:1456 – 19 May 1531
1430:Zawisza Kurozwęcki
737:. The nobles (the
548:
533:
382:Kanclerz krakowski
213:State Coat of arms
45:list of references
3838:Lithuanian titles
3815:
3814:
3690:Mikołaj Radziwiłł
3639:
3638:
3621:Jacek Małachowski
3616:Jan Jędrzej Borch
3556:Jan Stefan Wydżga
3546:Andrzej Olszowski
3521:Andrzej Trzebicki
3516:Stefan Koryciński
3356:Andrzej Oporowski
3291:Janko z Czarnkowa
3237:
3236:
3127:Mikołaj Radziwiłł
3122:Mikalojus Radvila
3053:
3052:
3040:Jacek Małachowski
3030:Jan Jędrzej Borch
2980:Jan Stefan Wydżga
2895:Walenty Dembiński
2755:Grand chancellors
2670:
2669:
2630:Jacek Małachowski
2583:Jan Andrzej Borch
2314:Jan Stefan Wydżga
2245:Stefan Koryciński
1905:Walenty Dembiński
1151:Wawrzęta Gutowski
1059:Wincenty z Niałka
772:Primate of Poland
758:Other chancellors
653:regent kancelarii
617:assessors' courts
493:mid-16th century
310:
309:
263:Monarch of Poland
234:Jacek Małachowski
193:
192:
178:
98:
97:
90:
16:(Redirected from
3850:
3676:Vice-Chancellors
3666:
3659:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3491:Jerzy Ossoliński
3421:Stanisław Miński
3416:Piotr Myszkowski
3406:Filip Padniewski
3376:Maciej Drzewicki
3326:Stanisław Ciołek
3271:Vice-chancellors
3264:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3152:Ostafi Wołłowicz
3101:Mykolas Kęsgaila
3080:
3073:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3045:Antoni Sułkowski
3020:Andrzej Zamoyski
2965:Stefan Kryciński
2955:Jerzy Ossoliński
2860:Maciej Drzewicki
2830:Jan Gruszczyński
2795:Janusz Suchywilk
2748:
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2716:
2655:Antoni Sułkowski
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2534:Andrzej Zamoyski
2529:
2510:Jan Małachowski
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2196:Jerzy Ossoliński
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1597:Jan Gruszczyński
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602:Maciej Drzewicki
568:Grand Treasurers
390:Kanclerz koronny
349:in the historic
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297:Antoni Sułkowski
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68:this article by
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3606:Michał Wodzicki
3596:Jan Małachowski
3566:Jan Małachowski
3561:Jan Wielopolski
3551:Jan Leszczyński
3481:Tomasz Zamoyski
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3015:Jan Małachowski
2985:Jan Wielopolski
2975:Jan Leszczyński
2945:Tomasz Zamoyski
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2714:
2712:
2703:
2692:
2675:
2338:Jan Wielopolski
2291:Jan Leszczyński
2146:Tomasz Zamoyski
1621:Jakub Dembiński
1477:Mikołaj Zaklika
1266:Andrzej Zaremba
869:Michał Awdaniec
816:
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748:military budget
730:in the 1630s).
518:
498:Union of Lublin
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49:related reading
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3466:Andrzej Lipski
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3436:Jan Borukowski
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2880:Tomasz Sobocki
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724:Ottoman Empire
681:correspondence
609:foreign policy
587:Russian Empire
579:Ottoman Empire
564:Grand Marshals
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394:foreign policy
367:Prime Minister
355:Polish kingdom
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53:external links
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569:
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537:
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403:constitutions
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145: –
144:
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139:Find sources:
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117:single source
113:This article
111:
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78:February 2020
71:
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61:
60:
54:
50:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3775:18th century
3714:17th century
3683:16th century
3476:Jakub Zadzik
3431:Jan Zamoyski
3336:Wincenty Kot
3202:18th century
3166:17th century
3115:16th century
3094:15th century
2940:Jakub Zadzik
2905:Jan Zamoyski
2875:Paweł Wolski
2713:. Retrieved
2653:
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2194:
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2144:
2121:Jakub Zadzik
2119:
2096:
2073:
2048:
2023:
1998:
1975:
1952:Jan Zamoyski
1950:
1927:
1909:died in 1585
1904:
1889:1550 or 1552
1881:
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1833:
1810:
1785:
1770:1513 or 1515
1760:
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1712:
1689:
1666:
1643:
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1580:1433 or 1434
1572:
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1481:died in 1408
1476:
1453:
1428:
1403:
1380:
1357:
1335:Piotr Angeli
1334:
1311:
1288:
1270:died in 1318
1265:
1247:died in 1295
1242:
1219:
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1150:
1132:died in 1250
1127:
1104:
1081:
1063:died in 1232
1058:
1033:
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987:
969:died in 1180
964:
946:died in 1152
939:
916:
891:
868:
845:
761:
732:
728:Władysław IV
719:
713:
709:Jan Zamoyski
693:
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660:
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641:chancellists
638:
620:
606:
591:
585:(later, the
576:
574:and others.
549:
525:Jan Zamoyski
505:ecclesiastic
502:
495:
475:
434:Podkanclerzy
419:
371:
342:
339:cancellarius
313:
311:
293:Final holder
281:First holder
276:12th century
229:
211:
194:
181:
171:
164:
157:
150:
138:
114:
84:
75:
64:Please help
56:
3705:Lew Sapieha
3581:Jan Szembek
3576:Karol Tarło
3541:Jan Żniński
3536:Jan Gniński
3396:Jan Ocieski
3286:Jan z Buska
3157:Lew Sapieha
3005:Jan Szembek
2995:Karol Tarło
2890:Jan Ocieski
2461:Jan Szembek
2386:Karol Tarło
1882:Jan Ocieski
1644:Uriel Górka
1454:Jan Radlica
1035:Iwo Odrowąż
833:Term ended
830:Term began
701:Jan Długosz
657:secretaries
619:' (Polish:
476:During the
407:chancellery
70:introducing
3822:Categories
3746:Stefan Pac
3726:Stefan Pac
3673:Lithuanian
3591:Jan Lipski
2701:References
720:pieczętarz
673:metricants
669:archivists
645:kancelista
629:crown laws
556:senatorial
496:After the
415:kancelaria
154:newspapers
3351:Jan Lutek
3275:the Crown
2855:Jan Łaski
2759:the Crown
2587:1715–1780
2564:1717–1780
2391:1639–1702
2366:1640–1702
2295:1603–1678
2226:1608–1658
2030:1562–1618
1980:1553–1609
1932:1531–1590
1838:1508–1547
1815:1487–1546
1767:1467–1532
1714:Jan Łaski
1694:1440–1503
1671:1440–1482
1531:1362–1436
1506:1355–1411
827:Lifespan
821:Portrait
661:sekretarz
643:(Polish:
613:judiciary
347:officials
303:Abolished
273:Formation
259:Appointer
244:Residence
237:1786–1789
184:June 2024
124:talk page
2673:See also
1289:Wincenty
965:Cherubin
780:magnates
739:szlachta
697:szlachta
633:magnates
621:Asesoria
322:Kanclerz
18:Kanclerz
2770:Klemens
1174:Rambold
988:Klemens
689:Metryki
647:): the
583:Muscovy
560:hetmans
472:History
333:, from
168:scholar
66:improve
2775:Jarost
1243:Prokop
1128:Nanker
1105:Marcin
1082:Jarost
1011:Stefan
893:Goswin
685:drafts
677:clerks
665:pisarz
649:regent
488:. The
462:Polish
454:Polish
446:Polish
438:Polish
430:Polish
422:Polish
411:Polish
386:Polish
378:Polish
374:Kraków
318:Polish
287:Goswin
253:Warsaw
249:Kraków
170:
163:
156:
149:
141:
2715:5 May
2690:Notes
2666:1795
2641:1793
2616:1786
2593:1780
2570:1780
2545:1767
2520:1762
2497:1746
2472:1731
2447:1709
2422:1706
2397:1702
2372:1702
2349:1688
2324:1678
2301:1678
2278:1666
2255:1658
2232:1652
2207:1650
2182:1643
2157:1635
2132:1635
2107:1628
2084:1623
2061:1620
2036:1618
2011:1613
1986:1609
1963:1605
1938:1578
1915:1576
1892:1563
1869:1550
1844:1541
1821:1540
1798:1538
1773:1532
1748:1513
1725:1510
1700:1503
1677:1482
1654:1479
1631:1473
1608:1469
1583:1454
1560:1433
1537:1423
1512:1411
1487:1404
1464:1386
1441:1379
1416:1373
1391:1356
1368:1320
1345:1306
1322:1296
1299:1296
1276:1290
1253:1280
1230:1270
1207:1266
1184:1262
1161:1243
1138:1241
1115:1213
1092:1212
1069:1211
1046:1208
1021:1206
998:1173
975:1172
952:1152
927:1145
917:Lupus
904:1138
879:1113
856:1112
824:Name
743:taxes
735:Senat
335:Latin
175:JSTOR
161:books
51:, or
2717:2024
2663:1793
2638:1786
2613:1780
2590:1780
2567:1767
2542:1764
2517:1746
2494:1735
2469:1712
2444:1706
2419:1702
2394:1702
2369:1688
2346:1678
2321:1678
2298:1666
2275:1658
2252:1652
2229:1650
2204:1643
2179:1635
2154:1635
2129:1628
2104:1625
2081:1620
2058:1618
2033:1613
2008:1609
1983:1606
1960:1578
1935:1576
1912:1564
1866:1541
1841:1540
1818:1539
1795:1532
1745:1510
1722:1503
1697:1483
1674:1479
1651:1473
1628:1469
1605:1454
1557:1423
1534:1411
1509:1404
1484:1386
1461:1380
1438:1373
1413:1357
1388:1320
1365:1306
1342:1296
1319:1296
1296:1290
1273:1280
1250:1270
1227:1266
1204:1262
1181:1243
1158:1241
1135:1213
1112:1212
1089:1211
1066:1208
1043:1206
1018:1173
995:1172
972:1152
949:1145
941:Pean
924:1138
901:1113
876:1112
853:1107
764:seal
716:seal
707:and
600:and
552:Sejm
490:Sejm
312:The
306:1795
284:Jan?
147:news
3273:of
2757:of
1312:Jan
846:Jan
655:),
589:).
468:).
130:by
3824::
774:,
711:.
703:,
570:,
464::
456::
448::
440::
432::
424::
413::
388::
380::
369:.
337::
324:-
320::
55:,
47:,
3665:e
3658:t
3651:v
3263:e
3256:t
3249:v
3079:e
3072:t
3065:v
2747:e
2740:t
2733:v
2719:.
1385:?
1362:?
1339:?
1293:?
1224:?
1178:?
1155:?
1109:?
1086:?
1015:?
992:?
921:?
898:?
873:?
850:?
659:(
651:(
546:.
409:(
376:(
316:(
186:)
182:(
172:·
165:·
158:·
151:·
134:.
120:.
91:)
85:(
80:)
76:(
62:.
20:)
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