512:, David is faced with the same type of decision; on the surface he faces a choice between his American fiancée (and value set) and his European boyfriend, but ultimately, like Baldwin, he must grapple with "being alienated by the culture that produced him." Baldwin also develops this theme through other characters who appear in his novel, such as Giovanni. Both by David and by his background as an Italian immigrant, Giovanni is found to be isolated throughout the book. Giovanni is pinned as 'alien' by David, in which he becomes a figure of mystery, though the reader does learn a lot about Giovanni in relation to David, there is not much revealed about Giovanni himself, apart from small revelations about his social status and class, which work to separate him from the other characters in the novel, such as Jacques, Guillaume and David. Thus, Giovanni faces issues of social alienation by both the information given to the reader and the information that is withheld from the reader – which may have been how Baldwin felt with his social presence in America.
630:, and thus he believes that his same-sex desires act against his masculinity. One of David’s prominent male figures is his alcoholic father, with whom he holds a complex and sensitive relationship. After a drunk driving incident, David is met by his father in the hospital, where his father repeatedly reassures David that he "is going to be all right", to which David replies "Daddy" and begins to cry. This moment of expected vulnerability from David and his father cements the pain behind their relationship, which can be seen to cause David to put up a front of masculinity, which—to him—does not coincide with his sexual attractions.
303:
himself, Guillaume makes excuses for why he cannot rehire him as a bartender; in reality, they both know that
Giovanni is no longer of interest to Guillaume's bar's clientele since so much of his life has been played out in public. Giovanni responds by killing Guillaume in rage. Giovanni attempts to hide, but he is discovered by the police and sentenced to death for murder. Hella and David then move to the South of France, where they discuss
845:
much controversy over David just being an average
American man? The answer, Baldwin was black." As Herrera states, much of the criticism was due to Baldwin’s race, even though the novel was deliberately written to focus on sexuality alone. It is important to note that, while Baldwin was attempting to write a more or less "raceless" novel, this could not be achieved due to the societal yearning for racial discourse.
669:", like David, and how these differing perspectives have an effect on the individual as well as the community that they navigate. Even within the public queer spaces like the bar, they act differently than in the safety of Giovanni’s room. Away from the scrutiny of other people, David is more ready to display his affections. These differences of how David acts in different spaces shows the
438:. His relationship with David is masked by artificial heartiness; he cannot bear to acknowledge that they are not close and he might have failed in raising his son. He married for the second time after David was grown but before the action in the novel takes place. Throughout the novel David's father sends David money to sustain himself in Paris and begs David to return to America.
356:, a young Italian man who left his village after his girlfriend gave birth to a dead child. He works as a bartender in Guillaume's gay bar. Giovanni is the titular character whose romantic relationship with David leads them to spend a large amount of the story in his apartment. Giovanni's room itself is very dirty with rotten potatoes and wine spilled across the place.
706:
apparent in his first encounter with
Giovanni. As they meet in a Parisian gay bar, David appears reluctant to speak to Giovanni, though once their conversation begins, he falls in love. He continuously denies these feelings, until he cannot, and he ends up repeatedly staying in Giovanni's room, which David describes as dark and dingy, a room of shame and sin.
665:
space where
Giovanni and David can return to in order to avoid public scrutiny. It is the place where they can actively live out their queerness. David rejects the room as much as he rejects his queerness, linking the privacy and life of queer people together. The novel negotiates the behavior of publicly LGBTQ+ people alongside those who are still "
291:
mannerisms. After walking Hella back to her hotel room, David goes to
Giovanni's room to talk; the Italian man is distressed. David thinks that they cannot have a life together and feels that he would be sacrificing his manhood if he stays with Giovanni. He leaves, but runs into Giovanni several times and is upset by the
731:
No, it is more of a study of how it might have been or how I feel it might have been. I mean, for example, some of the people I have met. We all met in a bar, there was a blond French guy sitting at a table, he bought us drinks. And, two or three days later, I saw his face in the headlines of a Paris
709:
Santiago
Herrera describes this darkness that David sees in the room, stating: "Just as the tightening noose of heteronormative oppression gets ever closer to David through Hella, so too does the painting remind him of his indecision. Giovanni's room is dark, with only one window with soaped-up panes
573:
and his sexuality. On the contrary, Joey and
Giovanni, the two men David had relations with, are both described as dark by David. Giovanni, in particular, is coded as black in David’s perception. First, it is said that Giovanni’s enthusiasm is of a “blacker brand” than his, stating a clear difference
278:
prejudices about women and the need for men to dominate them. David then briefly describes
Giovanni's room, which is always in the dark because there are no curtains and they need their own privacy. He goes on to read a letter from his father, asking him to go back to America, but he does not want to
844:
were split in two: they either did not like it because the main characters, David and
Giovanni, were explicitly shown in a same-sex relationship, or because David was white. 63 years after the novel’s publication, this still makes me wonder: why was there so much initial opposition? Why was there so
726:
as he left
America after growing up under its racism. David, though not a victim of racism like Baldwin himself, is an American who escapes to Paris. However, when asked if the book was autobiographical in an interview in 1980, Baldwin explains he was influenced by his observations in Paris, but the
638:
The phrase 'manhood' repeats throughout the book, in much the same ways that masculinity manifests itself. The difference between the two themes, in this case, is that David's manhood seems to be more to do with his sexual relationships, whereas his masculinity is guided by learned public behaviours
286:
A subsequent letter from Hella announces that she is returning in a few days, and David realizes he has to part with Giovanni soon. Setting off to prove to himself that he is not gay, David searches for a woman with whom he can have sex. He meets a slight acquaintance, Sue, in a bar and they go back
692:
Recent scholarship has focused on the more precise designation of bisexuality within the novel. Several scholars have claimed that the characters can be more accurately seen as bisexual, namely David and Giovanni. As Maiken Solli claims, though most people read the characters as gay/homosexual, "a
779:
Baldwin's American publisher, Knopf, suggested that he "burn" the book because the theme of homosexuality would alienate him from his readership among black people. He was told, "You cannot afford to alienate that audience. This new book will ruin your career, because you're not writing about the
771:
could be considered "as a deflection, as a kind of detour." Baldwin's identity as a gay and black man was questioned by both black and white people. His masculinity was called into question, due to his apparent homosexual desire for white men – this caused him to be labelled as similar to a white
696:
Though the novel is considered a homosexual and bisexual novel, Baldwin has on occasion stated that it was "not so much about homosexuality, it is what happens if you are so afraid that you finally cannot love anybody". The novel's protagonist, David, seems incapable of deciding between Hella and
673:
of class and sexuality that is explored in the novel. Not everyone is able to afford private spaces based on their class status. With that, not everyone is able has spaces to be queer in as the public sphere does not allow it. This can be seen at the end of the novel, when all falls apart because
250:, Jacques and David meet again and discuss Giovanni's fall.) The two men go to Guillaume's gay bar. They meet Giovanni, the new bartender, at whom Jacques tries to make a pass until he gets talking with Guillaume. Meanwhile, David and Giovanni become friends. Later, they all go to a restaurant in
664:
David frequents being the catalyst that not only drives the plot, but allows it to occur. The bar acts as a mediator for David, Baldwin uses this setting to bring up much of the conflict of the novel, however, it remains a place that David returns to. Meanwhile, Giovanni’s room acts as a private
625:
David grapples with insecurities pertaining to his masculinity throughout the novel. He spends much of his time comparing himself to every man he meets, ensuring that his performative masculinity allows him to "pass" while negotiating the public sphere. For David, masculinity is intertwined with
705:
Leading on from David’s issues with his masculinity, another key dilemma became prevalent – David’s struggle with internalised homophobia. As Alaina Masanto states, David “has internalized the social hatred directed towards him”. This problem presses onto David's psyche and becomes alarmingly
302:
The news of Guillaume's murder suddenly comes out, and Giovanni is castigated in all the newspapers. David imagines that Giovanni went back into the bar to ask for a job, going so far as to sacrifice his dignity and agree to sleep with Guillaume. He imagines that, after Giovanni has compromised
647:
linked Baldwin's description of manhood as a way of him navigating his experiences of blackness in the LGBTQ+ community, particularly when David describes his earliest same-sex encounter with a boy called Joey. In this description "black" becomes a motif for experience and his dark thoughts
590:
in the United States, so Italians living in Italy are still viewed as coloured or non-whites. In the novel, David clearly has this mindset, and it shows in his perception of Giovanni. David felt superior to Giovanni also because of his social class, which is also a sign of his 'blackness'.
290:
Hella eventually comes back and David leaves Giovanni's room with no notice for three days. He sends a letter to his father asking for money for their marriage. The couple then runs into Jacques and Giovanni in a bookshop, which makes Hella uncomfortable because she does not like Jacques's
674:
Giovanni needs money and is forced into the public sphere. The private sphere is a protection from the public sphere and its loss has dire consequences. The less money one is able to make, the more likely this is to happen while high class people do not experience similar fears of loss.
27:
564:
was transvalued as heterosexuality and blackness as homosexuality. Giovanni’s room presents 'race' in different ways. All characters are portrayed through David’s experiences and prejudices; he is the representation of whiteness; he is tall and blond-haired; he grows up in a
311:
for a few days, where he spends his time with a sailor. Hella finds him and discovers his bisexuality, which she says she suspected all along. She bitterly decides to go back to America. The book ends with David's mental pictures of Giovanni's execution and his own guilt.
710:
instead of curtains for privacy and trash all over. When the boys go out, it's in the early mornings or at night, before or after Giovanni's shifts as a bartender. Their lives are always shrouded in a darkness of some kind, and it only worsens when Hella comes to Paris."
287:
to her place and have sex; he does not want to see her again and has only slept with her to feel better about himself. When he returns to the room, David finds a hysterical Giovanni, who has been fired from Guillaume's bar and falsely accused of stealing from the till.
234:
David now lives with his father, who is prone to drinking, and his aunt, Ellen. The latter upbraids the father for not being a good example to his son. David's father says that all he wants is for David to become a real man. Later, David begins drinking, too, and
262:. Giovanni recounts how he met Guillaume in a cinema; how the two men had dinner together because Giovanni wanted a free meal. He also explains that Guillaume is prone to making trouble. Later, the two men go back to Giovanni's room and they have sex.
755:
I certainly could not possibly have—not at that point in my life—handled the other great weight, the 'Negro problem.' The sexual-moral light was a hard thing to deal with. I could not handle both propositions in the same book. There was no room for
713:
David's push–pull relationship with Giovanni and his murky relationship with Hella showcases his torn mental state; he finds himself falling into this 'dark side' yet he cannot pull himself out of it as a result of his internalised homophobia.
265:
Flashing forward again to the day of Giovanni's execution, David is in his house in the South of France. The caretaker comes round for the inventory, as he is moving out the next day. She encourages him to get married, have children, and pray.
145:. The book concerns the events in the life of an American man living in Paris and his feelings and frustrations with his relationships with other men in his life, particularly an Italian bartender named Giovanni whom he meets at a Parisian
614:, deconstructed the discourse about sexuality and race and highlighted that the idea that whiteness opposed blackness and heterosexuality opposed homosexuality is false and that they are related and dependent.
780:
same things and in the same manner as you were before, and we won't publish this book as a favor to you." However, upon publication critics tended not to be so harsh thanks to Baldwin's standing as a writer.
444:, David's paternal aunt. She would read books and knit; at parties she would dress skimpily, with too much make-up on. She worried that David's father was an inappropriate influence on David's development.
617:
The novel was viewed as a 'raceless' novel, thus being studied mainly in sexual manners rather than racial studies, but it clearly challenges the notion of a novel about white people having no race.
826:
as a major influence in his writing, Jedrowski pays homage to Baldwin by incorporating the novel into his narrative, the two main characters beginning an affair after one lends a copy of
582:; they had special cases in the form of immigration as 'North Italian' or 'Sicilian' rather than whites. It was not until the mid-1950s, when the book was published, that
239:
once, ending up in an accident. Back home, the two men talk, and David convinces his father to let him skip college and get a job instead. He then decides to move to
1497:
2105:
508:
in the United States would never allow him to be seen simply as a writer, and he feared that being tagged as gay would mean he couldn't be a writer at all." In
1990:
689:
as uncomfortable and uncertain, respectively. Young also points out that despite the novel's "tenderness and positive qualities" it still ends with a murder.
607:
as a bartender with a small wage with which he could only provide for himself, and his class made him darker for someone like David with all his prejudices.
639:
he claims to inherit from his father. The self-loathing and projecting that ensues seem to depict the final blow to a man who already had a great amount of
184:
man, Giovanni. The entire story is narrated by David during "the night which is leading me to the most terrible morning of my life," when Giovanni will be
751:, which puts emphasis on the African-American experience. Highlighting the impossibility of tackling two major issues at once in America, Baldwin stated:
643:. Baldwin's positioning of manhood within the narrative aligns it also with nationhood, sexuality and all facets of performance within the public sphere.
575:
1483:
548:
poses questions of nationalism, nostalgia, and the constitution of racial and sexual subjects in terms that are especially resonant for contemporary
307:
and Hella expresses her desire to live under a man as a woman. David, wracked with guilt over Giovanni's impending execution, leaves her and goes to
231:. The two boys began kissing and having sex. The next day, David left, and a little later he took to bullying Joey in order to feel like a real man.
1554:
1320:
802:
561:
274:
David moves into Giovanni's small room. They broach the subject of Hella, about whom Giovanni is not worried, but who reveals the Italian's
299:. Sometime later, David finds out that Giovanni is no longer with Jacques and that he might be able to get a job at Guillaume's bar again.
246:
After a year in Paris, penniless, he calls Jacques, an older gay male acquaintance, to meet him for supper so he can ask for money. (In a
693:
bisexual perspective could be just as valuable and enlightening in understanding the book, as well as exposing the bisexual experience."
906:, also known as PAT @ Giovanni's Room and formerly known as Giovanni's Room Bookstore, is a gay bookstore in Philadelphia named after
324:, the protagonist and the novel's narrator. A blond American man, David spends a lot of the novel battling with his sexuality and his
1827:
283:; David believes the sailor is a gay man, though it is unclear whether this is true or if the sailor is just staring back at David.
903:
520:
In keeping with the theme of social alienation, this novel also explores the topics of origin and identity. As Valerie Rohy of the
1778:
697:
Giovanni and expresses both hatred and love for the two, though he often questions if his feelings are authentic or superficial.
1136:
1346:
350:
to study painting, until she threw in the towel and met David by serendipity. Throughout the novel David intends to marry her.
1733:
1714:
1688:
1667:
1639:
1618:
1419:
2167:
2147:
1507:
1191:
2152:
1946:
1932:
1436:
1153:
1680:
Like a Brother, Like a Lover: Male Homosexuality in the American Novel and Theatre from Herman Melville to James Baldwin
745:, all of the characters are white. This was a surprise for his readers, since Baldwin was primarily known for his novel
1803:
747:
869:; however, the project stalled and was eventually abandoned in the wake of financial demands made by Baldwin's agent.
2100:
2084:
596:
592:
579:
772:
woman. He was considered to be "not black enough" by his fellow race because of this, and labeled subversive by the
2157:
1743:
Armengol, Joseph M. (2021). "In the Dark Room: Homosexuality and/as Blackness in James Baldwin's Giovanni's Room".
1581:
2172:
2014:
149:. While he deals with his difficulties with men, he is engaged to an American woman who is travelling in Spain.
1043:
2137:
2127:
176:
David, a young American man whose girlfriend has gone off to Spain to contemplate marriage, is left alone in
741:
Even though Baldwin states that "the sexual question and the racial question have always been entwined", in
212:, is about to board a train back to Paris. His girlfriend Hella, to whom he had proposed before she went to
152:
Baldwin’s controversial novel has prompted complex discussions on many issues, including representations of
2162:
185:
1771:
819:
2132:
1897:
1835:
881:
2142:
1126:
337:
1904:
1870:
1502:
2022:
1939:
1819:
1274:
923:
785:
570:
325:
161:
1764:
1218:(1967). "Judgment Marked by a Cellar: The American Negro Writer and the Dialectic of Despair".
1528:
1409:
418:
and moved to France as a child. Her husband's name is Mario; they lost all their money in the
2065:
1998:
1966:
1889:
975:
773:
521:
470:, whom David had a relationship with in the army, and who was later discharged for being gay.
599:
like David, often view non-whites as inferior. Indeed, Giovanni came from a poor village in
432:
who comes from a rich family and with whom David has a brief and regretful sexual encounter.
2006:
1974:
1355:
1064:
810:
200:
man navigating the public sphere in a society that rejects a core aspect of his sexuality.
1269:
8:
2092:
2030:
1215:
760:
541:
1982:
1918:
1843:
1703:
1678:
1590:
1289:
1016:
682:
1729:
1710:
1684:
1663:
1635:
1614:
1608:
1595:
1415:
1039:
1020:
999:(March 2012). "In the Dark Room: Homosexuality and/as Blackness in James Baldwin's".
996:
670:
583:
566:
549:
489:
165:
121:
1925:
1390:
1220:
1187:
1008:
815:
419:
189:
50:
382:, an older man who tells David inside the gay bar that Giovanni is very dangerous.
1862:
1629:
1294:
854:
784:
was ranked number 2 on a list of the best 100 gay and lesbian novels compiled by
627:
604:
587:
422:, and two of their three sons died. Their living son has a son, also named Mario.
209:
376:, the owner of a gay bar in Paris, who also pays for the company of younger men.
1200:
862:
861:, with Baldwin writing the screenplay, and an all-star cast possibly including
644:
600:
533:
60:
1377:
Wesling, Meg (2022). "'This Grisly Act of Love': Monstrous Heterosexuality in
586:
were beginning to be considered whites. It is suggested that Italians acquire
254:
for breakfast. Jacques enjoins David not to be ashamed to feel love; they eat
2121:
2049:
1911:
1788:
1698:
1599:
948:
866:
732:
paper. He had been arrested and was later guillotined. That stuck in my mind.
686:
493:
408:, a tall, pockmarked young man playing the pinball machine in the restaurant.
236:
153:
142:
90:
40:
1468:
1454:
1079:
1128:
Gaze upon My Shame: The Function of the Gaze on Marginalized Identities in
911:
451:
429:
275:
247:
1394:
1756:
892:
888:
873:
560:
Scholars at the time of the publication of the book had the mindset that
537:
524:
argues, "Questions of origin and identity are central to James Baldwin's
367:
343:
304:
296:
193:
157:
128:
1321:"Tomasz Jedrowski's Debut Novel Tells Teenage Love Story In '80s Poland"
833:
Most criticism of the novel has focused on the role of heterosexuality.
216:, has returned to the United States. As for Giovanni, he is about to be
2057:
1270:"The Publishing Triangle's list of the 100 best lesbian and gay novels"
529:
389:
295:
that he is developing and his new relationship with Jacques, who is an
292:
259:
251:
217:
70:
528:, a text which not only participates in the tradition of the American
767:
showed Baldwin's "passionate identification" with his people whereas
640:
501:
228:
105:
101:
1307:
The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
223:
David remembers his first experience with a boy, Joey, who lived in
1705:
Queer Pulp: Perverted Passions from the Golden Age of the Paperback
1012:
953:
Queer Pulp: Perverted Passions from the Golden Age of the Paperback
793:
666:
455:
399:
224:
197:
966:
Rohy, Valerie (1996). "Displacing Desire: Passing, Nostalgia, and
651:
1555:"The Last Day at Giovanni's Room, America's Oldest Gay Bookstore"
661:
363:
146:
227:. The two bonded and eventually had a sexual encounter during a
26:
685:
argues that the novel portrays homosexual and bisexual life in
540:
but which does so in relation to the African-American idiom of
505:
280:
255:
240:
1498:"Oldest US Gay Bookstore to Reopen in Philadelphia - ABC News"
723:
415:
347:
213:
192:, gender and sexual identity crisis, as well as conflicts of
181:
177:
122:
1081:
Reading Bisexually: Acknowledging a Bisexual Perspective in
1728:(1st ed.). Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press.
836:
Santiago Herrera attempts to provide more insight into why
308:
1631:
Pulp Friction: Uncovering the Golden Age of Gay Male Pulps
1580:
Als, Hilton; Edmonds, John; Nazario, Carlos (2019-09-05).
857:
began working with James Baldwin on a movie adaptation of
1613:(1st ed.). Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
1324:
727:
novel was not necessarily shaped by his own experiences:
818:
presents a fictionalized depiction of LGBTQ life in the
722:
An argument can be made that David resembles Baldwin in
1437:"James Baldwin and the Lost Giovanni's Room Screenplay"
1109:
736:
1484:"Nation's Oldest LGBT Bookstore Rescued from Closing"
1709:(1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.
569:; and he struggles throughout the novel between his
1991:
Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White
1702:
1347:"The Author Tomasz Jedrowski Keeps Coming Back to
1290:"100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts"
1147:
1145:
1726:The Male Homosexual in Literature: A Bibliography
1610:Playing the Game: The Homosexual Novel in America
1579:
1061:The Male Homosexual in Literature: A Bibliography
458:. David's first same-sex experience was with him.
398:, a young man at the restaurant, implied to be a
2119:
1634:(1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin.
1414:. University of California Press. p. 253.
1142:
1105:
1103:
652:LGBTQ+ spaces and movement in the public sphere
1662:(1st ed.). New York: Garland Publishing.
1001:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
955:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 104.
891:broadcast a five-part reading of the novel by
1772:
1683:(1st English ed.). New York: Doubleday.
1411:Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin
840:was so heavily criticised: "Early critics of
544:and the genre of the passing novel. As such,
328:. His mother died when he was five years old.
1653:(1st ed.). New York: M. Evans & Co.
1258:. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 143.
1100:
335:
1243:. New York: M. Evans & Co. p. 137.
334:, David's girlfriend. They met in a bar in
1786:
1779:
1765:
991:
989:
987:
985:
700:
677:
25:
1552:
1521:
1481:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1114:. University of Mississippi. p. 205.
1110:Baldwin, James; Fred L. Standley (1996).
576:Italians immigrating to the United States
1742:
1490:
1407:
1345:Bollen, Christopher (21 February 2020).
995:
910:. It has been called the "center of gay
504:to Europe and "felt that the effects of
414:in the South of France. She was born in
1745:The University of Chicago Press Journal
1697:
1676:
1627:
1376:
1152:Herrera, Santiago (February 19, 2023).
1151:
1124:
982:
947:
567:toxic environment regarding masculinity
362:, an old American businessman, born in
2120:
1828:Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone
1648:
1606:
1546:
1344:
1238:
1186:
1175:
1137:University of North Carolina Asheville
168:, identity, masculinity, and manhood.
1760:
1723:
1657:
1434:
1253:
1214:
1077:
1058:
904:Philly AIDS Thrift at Giovanni's Room
660:occurs within queer spaces, with the
555:
164:. The novel also raises questions of
1651:The Furious Passage of James Baldwin
1241:The Furious Passage of James Baldwin
972:Passing and the Fictions of Identity
965:
943:
941:
939:
479:
279:do that. The young man walks into a
1933:This Morning, This Evening, So Soon
1475:
1318:
1067:: The Scarecrow Press. p. 155.
1033:
737:Literary significance and criticism
13:
1469:"Giovanni's Room by James Baldwin"
574:between the two men. Furthermore,
14:
2184:
1752:
1457:. BBC Radio 3. September 5, 2010.
936:
593:White people in the United States
388:, the owner of the restaurant in
1677:Sarotte, Georges-Michel (1978).
1553:Gillespie, Tyler (21 May 2014).
1435:Giles, Matt (16 November 2018).
1112:Conversations with James Baldwin
970:". In Elaine K. Ginsberg (ed.).
2015:The Evidence of Things Not Seen
1461:
1447:
1428:
1401:
1370:
1338:
1312:
1282:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1208:
648:surrounding Joey and his body.
474:
1455:"Drama on 3 | Giovanni's Room"
1192:"The Unsparing Confessions of
1118:
1071:
1052:
1027:
959:
848:
717:
620:
464:, a woman David's father sees.
1:
1573:
853:In the late 1970s, filmmaker
656:Much of the integral plot of
500:, James Baldwin had recently
315:
196:within this story of a young
180:and begins an affair with an
929:
496:notes that prior to writing
7:
2168:Novels with bisexual themes
2148:Male bisexuality in fiction
1649:Eckman, Fern Marja (1966).
1482:Connie Wu (July 25, 2014).
1239:Eckman, Fern Marja (1966).
917:
898:
803:100 most influential novels
763:, for example, stated that
588:white status and privileges
515:
368:spends money on younger men
269:
203:
16:1956 novel by James Baldwin
10:
2189:
2153:Nonlinear narrative novels
2101:If Beale Street Could Talk
2085:Go Tell It on the Mountain
1836:If Beale Street Could Talk
1804:Go Tell It on the Mountain
765:Go Tell It on the Mountain
748:Go Tell It on the Mountain
633:
580:considered not to be white
2076:
2041:
1958:
1881:
1854:
1795:
1628:Bronski, Michael (2003).
791:On November 5, 2019, the
336:
120:
112:
96:
86:
76:
66:
56:
46:
36:
24:
1871:Blues for Mister Charlie
1660:The Gay Novel in America
1408:Campbell, James (2002).
1256:The Gay Novel in America
1125:Masanto, Alaina (2019),
820:Polish People's Republic
2158:Novels by James Baldwin
2023:The Price of the Ticket
1940:Come Out the Wilderness
1882:Short story collections
1275:The Publishing Triangle
924:James Baldwin in France
884:was broadcast in 2010.
786:The Publishing Triangle
701:Internalised homophobia
678:Question of bisexuality
571:internalised homophobia
370:, one of whom is David.
326:internalized homophobia
171:
162:internalized homophobia
2173:Novels with gay themes
1607:Austen, Roger (1977).
1383:Modern Fiction Studies
1154:"Being Pigeonholed in
1078:Solli, Maiken (2012),
758:
734:
338:Saint-Germain-des-Prés
2066:Little Man Little Man
1999:No Name in the Street
1967:Notes of a Native Son
1947:Going to Meet the Man
1890:Going to Meet the Man
1658:Levin, James (1991).
1395:10.1353/mfs.2022.0040
1254:Levin, James (1991).
1216:Scott, Nathan A., Jr.
1190:(February 26, 2016).
976:Duke University Press
774:Civil rights movement
753:
729:
578:were for a long time
532:novel exemplified by
522:University of Vermont
428:, a blonde girl from
2138:American LGBT novels
2128:1956 American novels
2007:The Devil Finds Work
1975:Nobody Knows My Name
1471:. BBC Radio 4. 2024.
1096:, University of Oslo
1065:Metuchen, New Jersey
1038:. Dell. p. 26.
811:Swimming in the Dark
597:upper-class families
536:and, especially, by
380:The Flaming Princess
297:older and richer man
2163:Novels set in Paris
2093:I Am Not Your Negro
2031:Remember This House
1724:Young, Ian (1975).
1535:. 18 September 2014
1059:Young, Ian (1975).
978:. pp. 218–232.
801:on its list of the
761:Nathan A. Scott Jr.
603:and had in Paris a
160:and struggles with
141:is a 1956 novel by
21:
1983:The Fire Next Time
1919:Previous Condition
1844:Just Above My Head
1591:The New York Times
1091:Brokeback Mountain
997:Armengol, Josep M.
595:, especially from
556:Sexuality and race
293:"fairy" mannerisms
188:. Baldwin tackles
19:
2133:1950s LGBT novels
2115:
2114:
1959:Essay collections
1735:978-0-8108-0861-4
1716:978-0-8118-3020-1
1690:978-0-385-12765-3
1669:978-0-8240-6148-7
1641:978-0-312-25267-0
1620:978-0-672-52287-1
1421:978-0-520-23130-6
1158:by James Baldwin"
876:dramatization of
814:by Polish writer
671:intersectionality
584:Italian Americans
550:identity politics
490:social alienation
480:Social alienation
243:to find himself.
237:drinks and drives
166:social alienation
134:
133:
87:Publication place
2180:
2143:Dial Press books
2077:Film adaptations
1781:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1720:
1708:
1694:
1673:
1654:
1645:
1624:
1603:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1506:. Archived from
1494:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1221:Denver Quarterly
1212:
1206:
1205:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1087:The Color Purple
1075:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1034:Baldwin, James.
1031:
1025:
1024:
993:
980:
979:
963:
957:
956:
945:
816:Tomasz Jedrowski
450:, a neighbor in
420:Second World War
386:Madame Clothilde
341:
340:
190:social isolation
124:
78:Publication date
71:Dial Press, N.Y.
29:
22:
20:Giovanni's Room
18:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2072:
2037:
1954:
1877:
1863:The Amen Corner
1850:
1820:Another Country
1812:Giovanni's Room
1791:
1785:
1755:
1736:
1717:
1691:
1670:
1642:
1621:
1584:Giovanni's Room
1576:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1557:. Rolling Stone
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1379:Giovanni's Room
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1349:Giovanni's Room
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1301:
1299:
1295:BBC News Online
1288:
1287:
1283:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1237:
1233:
1213:
1209:
1194:Giovanni's Room
1185:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1156:Giovanni's Room
1150:
1143:
1130:Giovanni's Room
1123:
1119:
1108:
1101:
1083:Giovanni's Room
1076:
1072:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1036:Giovanni's Room
1032:
1028:
994:
983:
968:Giovanni's Room
964:
960:
946:
937:
932:
920:
908:Giovanni's Room
901:
878:Giovanni's Room
859:Giovanni's Room
855:Michael Raeburn
851:
842:Giovanni's Room
838:Giovanni’s Room
828:Giovanni's Room
824:Giovanni's Room
808:The 2020 novel
799:Giovanni's Room
782:Giovanni's Room
769:Giovanni's Room
743:Giovanni's Room
739:
720:
703:
687:western society
680:
658:Giovanni's Room
654:
636:
628:sexual identity
623:
612:Giovanni’s Room
558:
546:Giovanni's Room
526:Giovanni's Room
518:
510:Giovanni's Room
498:Giovanni's Room
486:Giovanni's Room
482:
477:
318:
272:
210:Southern France
206:
174:
138:Giovanni's Room
97:Media type
79:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2042:Collaborations
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1753:External links
1751:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1721:
1715:
1699:Stryker, Susan
1695:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1625:
1619:
1604:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1545:
1520:
1489:
1486:. OutTraveler.
1474:
1460:
1446:
1427:
1420:
1400:
1389:(3): 434–459.
1369:
1337:
1319:Shapiro, Ari.
1311:
1281:
1261:
1246:
1231:
1207:
1201:The New Yorker
1174:
1141:
1117:
1099:
1070:
1051:
1044:
1026:
1013:10.1086/662699
1007:(3): 671–693.
981:
958:
949:Stryker, Susan
934:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
919:
916:
900:
897:
863:Robert De Niro
850:
847:
830:to the other.
738:
735:
719:
716:
702:
699:
679:
676:
653:
650:
645:Josep Armengol
635:
632:
622:
619:
605:precarious job
601:southern Italy
557:
554:
517:
514:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
465:
459:
445:
439:
436:David's father
433:
423:
409:
403:
393:
383:
377:
371:
357:
351:
342:. She is from
329:
317:
314:
271:
268:
205:
202:
173:
170:
132:
131:
126:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2185:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:A Rap on Race
2047:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:Sonny's Blues
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:The Man Child
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:James Baldwin
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1556:
1549:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1510:on 2014-08-27
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
988:
986:
977:
973:
969:
962:
954:
950:
944:
942:
940:
935:
925:
922:
921:
915:
913:
909:
905:
896:
894:
890:
885:
883:
882:Neil Bartlett
879:
875:
870:
868:
867:Marlon Brando
864:
860:
856:
846:
843:
839:
834:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
806:
804:
800:
796:
795:
789:
787:
783:
777:
775:
770:
766:
762:
757:
752:
750:
749:
744:
733:
728:
725:
715:
711:
707:
698:
694:
690:
688:
684:
675:
672:
668:
663:
659:
649:
646:
642:
631:
629:
618:
615:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
563:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:Susan Stryker
491:
487:
484:One theme of
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
453:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
427:
424:
421:
417:
413:
412:The Caretaker
410:
407:
404:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:and moved to
345:
339:
333:
330:
327:
323:
320:
319:
313:
310:
306:
300:
298:
294:
288:
284:
282:
277:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
232:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:homosexuality
150:
148:
144:
143:James Baldwin
140:
139:
130:
127:
125:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
91:United States
89:
85:
81:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
42:
41:James Baldwin
39:
35:
31:First edition
28:
23:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2034:(unfinished)
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1898:The Rockpile
1888:
1869:
1861:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1744:
1725:
1704:
1679:
1659:
1650:
1630:
1609:
1589:
1583:
1559:. Retrieved
1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1532:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1501:
1492:
1477:
1463:
1449:
1440:
1430:
1410:
1403:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1354:
1348:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1314:
1306:
1300:. Retrieved
1298:. 2019-11-05
1293:
1284:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1188:TĂłibĂn, Colm
1167:November 29,
1165:. Retrieved
1161:
1155:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1111:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1060:
1054:
1035:
1029:
1004:
1000:
971:
967:
961:
952:
907:
902:
886:
877:
871:
858:
852:
841:
837:
835:
832:
827:
823:
809:
807:
798:
792:
790:
781:
778:
768:
764:
759:
754:
746:
742:
740:
730:
721:
712:
708:
704:
695:
691:
681:
657:
655:
637:
624:
616:
611:
610:Baldwin, in
609:
559:
545:
525:
519:
509:
497:
485:
483:
475:Major themes
467:
461:
452:Coney Island
447:
441:
435:
430:Philadelphia
425:
411:
405:
395:
385:
379:
373:
359:
353:
331:
321:
305:gender roles
301:
289:
285:
276:misogynistic
273:
264:
245:
233:
222:
207:
175:
151:
137:
136:
135:
1162:Soliloquies
1132:(BA thesis)
1093:(MA thesis)
893:Kyle Soller
889:BBC Radio 4
874:BBC Radio 3
849:Adaptations
718:Inspiration
621:Masculinity
538:Henry James
344:Minneapolis
218:guillotined
194:masculinity
158:bisexuality
2122:Categories
2058:A Dialogue
1905:The Outing
1586:Revisited"
1574:References
1539:2020-03-30
1514:2020-06-28
1302:2019-11-10
1228:(2): 5–35.
1045:0345806565
974:. Durham:
530:expatriate
390:Les Halles
316:Characters
260:white wine
258:and drink
252:Les Halles
208:David, in
2106:accolades
1787:Works by
1600:0362-4331
1441:Longreads
1362:4 October
1356:Interview
1330:4 October
1021:144040084
930:Footnotes
887:In 2024,
822:. Citing
788:in 1999.
776:leaders.
683:Ian Young
641:dysphoria
562:whiteness
502:emigrated
468:The Fairy
374:Guillaume
248:prolepsis
229:sleepover
106:paperback
102:hardcover
67:Publisher
1701:(2001).
1533:epgn.com
1503:ABC News
951:(2001).
918:See also
899:Namesake
794:BBC News
667:closeted
516:Identity
462:Beatrice
456:Brooklyn
400:rent boy
354:Giovanni
270:Part two
225:Brooklyn
204:Part one
198:bisexual
186:executed
129:44800071
47:Language
2104:(2018;
1893:(1965)
1561:26 June
1278:. 1999.
797:listed
662:gay bar
634:Manhood
542:passing
364:Belgium
360:Jacques
256:oysters
182:Italian
147:gay bar
100:Print (
51:English
2096:(2016)
2088:(1984)
2069:(1976)
2061:(1973)
2053:(1971)
2026:(1985)
2018:(1985)
2010:(1976)
2002:(1972)
1994:(1967)
1986:(1963)
1978:(1961)
1970:(1955)
1874:(1964)
1866:(1954)
1847:(1979)
1839:(1974)
1831:(1968)
1823:(1962)
1815:(1956)
1807:(1953)
1796:Novels
1732:
1713:
1687:
1666:
1638:
1617:
1598:
1529:"EPGN"
1418:
1042:
1019:
912:Philly
506:racism
396:Pierre
281:sailor
241:France
104:&
37:Author
1855:Plays
1017:S2CID
724:Paris
534:Stein
442:Ellen
416:Italy
366:. He
348:Paris
332:Hella
322:David
214:Spain
178:Paris
113:Pages
57:Genre
1730:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1596:ISSN
1563:2014
1416:ISBN
1364:2020
1332:2020
1169:2023
1089:and
1040:ISBN
865:and
448:Joey
406:Yves
309:Nice
172:Plot
123:OCLC
82:1956
1391:doi
1381:".
1325:NPR
1009:doi
914:".
880:by
756:it.
488:is
426:Sue
116:159
61:Gay
2124::
1594:.
1588:.
1531:.
1500:.
1439:.
1387:68
1385:.
1353:.
1323:.
1305:.
1292:.
1272:.
1224:.
1198:.
1177:^
1160:.
1144:^
1135:,
1102:^
1085:,
1063:.
1015:.
1005:37
1003:.
984:^
938:^
895:.
872:A
805:.
552:.
492:.
454:,
220:.
156:,
2108:)
1949:"
1945:"
1942:"
1938:"
1935:"
1931:"
1928:"
1924:"
1921:"
1917:"
1914:"
1910:"
1907:"
1903:"
1900:"
1896:"
1780:e
1773:t
1766:v
1747:.
1738:.
1719:.
1693:.
1672:.
1644:.
1623:.
1602:.
1582:"
1565:.
1542:.
1517:.
1443:.
1424:.
1397:.
1393::
1366:.
1351:"
1334:.
1226:2
1204:.
1196:"
1171:.
1048:.
1023:.
1011::
402:.
392:.
108:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
