107:
2791:
20:
2759:
385:
2743:
2727:
2775:
94:. The reason for this difference is that the Malays operated their ships in riverine water, sheltered straits zone, and archipelagic environment, while the Javanese are often active in the open and high sea. After contact with Iberian people, both the Javanese and Malay fleets began to use the ghurab and
262:
Until the early 16th century, the main merchant and warship of the
Javanese was the jong, but since the mid-16th century the maritime forces of the archipelago began to use new types of agile naval vessels that could be equipped with larger cannons: In various attacks on Portuguese Malacca after the
412:(1209 A.D.), these ships had 140 oars. Al-Maqrizi refers to both Muslim and Christian galleys as ghurāb. Reinaud said that ghorāb was the name given by Moors to true galleys. Ubaldo (1181) tells about ghurāb as vessels sailing to and from
294:
461:"They sail by their masts (i.e. the sails); they (look like) quivers, but penetrate like arrows . . . It is no surprise that they are called ghurābs because they spread their wings like those of a dove"
174:
196:) and 15 on each side, with a total of 32 guns. The smaller ones carried 2 forward and 10 on each side (22 guns). The ghurab has a projecting stern. They may carry up to 3 masts.
400:
There are several types of ships historically also called ghurab or similar names. The description and construction of each vessel, however, aren't necessarily the same.
208:
wood. The dimension is as follows: 300 ft (91.4 m) long, 30 ft (9.1 m) wide, 20 ft (6.1 m) depth, and 11 ft (3.4 m) freeboard. The capacity was 100
3565:
165:
the meaning is more or less the same. In different languages, the word can refer to different types of ships and boats, depending on the context of the sentence.
3394:
889:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). 'The
Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.),
612:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). 'The
Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.),
655:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean impact on war vessels in Early Modern
Southeast Asia. In G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds.),
228:
Ghurab is used as a trading ship as well as a warship. One of the earliest accounts of ghurab has a background from the mid-14th century, mentioned in the
1083:
Hobson-Jobson; being a glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases, and of kindred terms; etymological, historical, geographical, and discursive
3220:
2244:
1716:
3401:
479:
coast is a vessel that was generally of shallow draft, and broad in proportion to its length. Size could range between 150 and as much as 500 tons (
1516:
2478:
3291:
3188:
2549:
2391:
2339:
2208:
1754:
1578:
1164:
447:
Indian Ocean ghurāb, which often appears in the records of the 17th century was a native Arab-Persian and Indian cargo, pirate, and war vessel.
3532:
2334:
2203:
1925:
1818:
1676:
1588:
1573:
1411:
1182:
3298:
1828:
1286:
2565:
2323:
3558:
3284:
3270:
2703:
2198:
2075:
1115:
251:, which has a background of the late 15th to the early 16th century and was composed no earlier than the 17th century, mentioned that two
3408:
3181:
3149:
2621:
1951:
1416:
1341:
2631:
2544:
2127:
3195:
2386:
2249:
1981:
1869:
2455:
3387:
2588:
2318:
2313:
2070:
1986:
1976:
1248:
597:
The
Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 Vol. III
2122:
3551:
2971:
1336:
1004:
916:
635:
1039:
A Mediterranean
Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza volume I
904:
106:
3998:
3034:
2790:
4013:
4003:
1064:
869:
780:
706:
678:
205:
2890:
1108:
2946:
4018:
185:
Ghurab is a medium to large-sized trading vessel. They can be converted into a warship by adding swivel guns (
3004:
2956:
1021:
480:
979:
408:
According to Al-Maqrizi (1441 A.D.), ghurābs of the mediterranean sea were huge war galleys. According to
1101:
465:
Sidi Ali in 1552, describes ghurābs as “great (rowing) vessels”; he also says that smaller ghurābs are “
819:
4033:
4028:
799:
A dictionary of the
Malayan language; to which is prefixed a grammar, with an introduction and praxis
2951:
3769:
2305:
1456:
293:
255:
and two ghurab were used by
Majapahit to send a letter and gifts to improve the relationship with
149:", meaning raven or crow. The word also means "vessel" or "galley" in Arabic or Persian. The word
4048:
4023:
1081:
369:
229:
212:(241.9 metric tons), with a 100 ft (30.5 m) mainmast, crewed by 30 men. The vessel is using
197:
47:
4008:
572:
2966:
1219:
67:
2941:
4043:
3543:
3039:
752:
Rafiek, M. (December 2011). "Kapal dan Perahu dalam
Hikayat Raja Banjar: Kajian Semantik".
19:
8:
3344:
3029:
2626:
2104:
1124:
945:
275:
841:
Smyth, H. Warington (May 16, 1902). "Boats and Boat
Building in the Malay Peninsula".
4038:
3475:
3076:
2062:
1060:
1000:
912:
865:
776:
702:
674:
631:
357:
279:
248:
173:
51:
263:
defeat of Pati Unus, they no longer used jong but used lancaran, ghurab, and ghali.
3831:
3009:
2277:
2231:
2137:
2051:
1808:
1391:
373:
213:
3277:
2748:
3932:
3702:
2926:
2870:
2780:
2695:
2677:
2580:
2396:
2368:
2239:
2155:
1686:
1446:
1291:
797:
539:
During the 1511 Portuguese attack on Malacca Sultanate, the Malays use lancaran (
492:
83:
71:
3907:
3749:
3656:
3651:
3636:
3594:
3527:
3330:
3323:
3256:
3071:
3019:
2885:
2834:
2654:
2555:
2427:
2032:
1731:
1681:
1626:
1563:
1441:
1436:
1321:
1311:
1156:
504:
476:
413:
310:
217:
162:
63:
2758:
2460:
70:
prefer to use shallow draught, oared longships similar to the galley, such as
3992:
3962:
3952:
3902:
3795:
3759:
3337:
3163:
3156:
2285:
2114:
1996:
1895:
1854:
1803:
1711:
1666:
1551:
1501:
1481:
1421:
1381:
1205:
773:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to C.1800
325:
271:
267:
3263:
2511:
3947:
3887:
3754:
3380:
3362:
3130:
2496:
2419:
1885:
1833:
1782:
1746:
1721:
1671:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1546:
1396:
1346:
1258:
599:. London: The Hakluyt Society, page 68; and Albuquerque, Afonso de (1774).
514:
498:
384:
178:
158:
95:
24:
3213:
2570:
3937:
3846:
3836:
3646:
3044:
2961:
2921:
2593:
2501:
2488:
2168:
1930:
1864:
1764:
1691:
1661:
1598:
1451:
1371:
1296:
1253:
1174:
472:
409:
331:
87:
32:
2977:
2936:
2742:
1787:
949:
933:
3841:
3805:
3707:
3609:
3599:
3049:
3024:
2849:
2796:
2668:
2432:
2222:
1491:
1476:
1431:
1192:
981:
Java. Geographisch, Ethnologisch, Historisch volume 1 Oude Geschiedenis
551:) was used on several expeditions before and after the fall of Malacca.
193:
91:
820:"Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai a revised romanised version of Raffles MS 67"
240:
nobleman. Ghurab was also used as a warship alongside the jong by the
3892:
3877:
3800:
3733:
3574:
3107:
3014:
2900:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2732:
2506:
2470:
2410:
2024:
1971:
1946:
1772:
1701:
1531:
1461:
1426:
1361:
1278:
1200:
1093:
909:
Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo, Antonio Pigafetta, 1524
450:
337:
282:'s Italian-Malay vocabulary of 1521 (published 1524) mentioned Malay
252:
236:, used to carry a princess named Radin Galoh Gemerenchang to marry a
233:
2988:
997:
Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean
3972:
3967:
3957:
3897:
3867:
3826:
3779:
3717:
3692:
3589:
3500:
3482:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3065:
2983:
2905:
2839:
2636:
2598:
2259:
2163:
2037:
2001:
1966:
1956:
1874:
1859:
1843:
1838:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1736:
1706:
1621:
1608:
1593:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1466:
1376:
1331:
1306:
1268:
1263:
1243:
509:
259:. The ghurabs were said to be "in the style of the Arabs' (ship)".
189:). Early ghurab was galley-like, it has oars in addition to sails.
75:
59:
2529:
2450:
1057:
Boats of Bengal: Eighteenth Century Portraits of Balthazar Solvyns
3882:
3872:
3810:
3764:
3697:
3641:
3426:
3316:
3102:
3097:
2726:
2539:
2534:
2190:
2174:
2145:
2093:
2007:
1910:
1905:
1890:
1646:
1486:
1406:
1401:
1366:
1356:
1326:
519:
420:
393:
298:
256:
186:
79:
2603:
2560:
3977:
3942:
3712:
3682:
3666:
3604:
3238:
3092:
2931:
2844:
2685:
2646:
2442:
2344:
2329:
2290:
2267:
2179:
1991:
1936:
1920:
1915:
1900:
1849:
1726:
1696:
1636:
1568:
1558:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1386:
1316:
1230:
1147:
466:
424:
361:
319:
2774:
3862:
3774:
2764:
2613:
2521:
2355:
2295:
2013:
1961:
1941:
1880:
1823:
1777:
1616:
1471:
1301:
1238:
495:, backbone of Malay fleet before mediterranean influence came
432:
237:
55:
3573:
824:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
699:
Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean
3912:
3661:
2895:
2363:
2098:
2085:
1583:
1055:
Solvyns, Balthazar (2001). Hardgrave Jr., Robert L. (ed.).
436:
428:
419:
Genizah letters mention cargo ghurābs that sailed from the
28:
372:'s navy appeared at Batavia, unloading provisions for the
2378:
934:"The First Italian-Malay Vocabulary by Antonio Pigafetta"
54:
influences in the region, particularly introduced by the
86:
who prefer long-range, deep-draught round ships such as
2817:
657:
Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past
313:
had 120 large ghurab in the 1570s. The state ghurab (
603:. Lisboa: Na Regia Officina Typografica, page 80–81.
601:
Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III
360:
numbered 2000 vessels consisting of gurab and small
737:Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus; Robson, S. O. (1982).
573:"I.1 The Maritime World :: Sejarah Nusantara"
3990:
802:. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
736:
317:) of Aceh, Daya, and Pedir was said to carry 10
278:with 24 lancaran and 6 large ones called gurab.
859:
192:The larger ghurab had 2 guns pointing forward (
3533:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
1080:Yule, Sir Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1886).
232:of 1390s. The ghurab was said to be a ship of
3559:
1109:
616:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press), page 212.
200:, in 1902 described a large 2-masted trading
994:
893:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press), 197–213.
1079:
659:(pp. 146–182). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
161:language, which means boat or ship. In the
46:is a type of merchant and warship from the
3566:
3552:
1116:
1102:
1023:Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary
379:
902:
455:Kitab al-rawdatayn fi akhbar al-dawlatayn
962:
383:
292:
172:
105:
18:
1054:
1036:
931:
795:
770:
721:
625:
3991:
1123:
891:Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era
751:
614:Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era
50:archipelago. The ship was a result of
3547:
3128:
2816:
1135:
1097:
1050:
1048:
1041:. Berkeley: University of California.
932:Bausani, Alessandro (December 1960).
885:
883:
881:
840:
813:
811:
809:
696:
668:
141:. The name comes from the Arab word "
1019:
1013:
995:Parkin, David; Barnes, Ruth (2016).
977:
967:. ‘s-Gravenhage: KITLV. p. 175.
817:
692:
690:
651:
649:
647:
3035:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere
3005:Austronesian maritime trade network
501:, large sailing ship from Nusantara
244:(commander-in-chief) of Majapahit.
13:
1045:
878:
860:Robson-McKillop, Rosemary (2010).
806:
741:. 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.
673:. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
671:Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay
619:
82:. This is very different from the
16:Warship from Nusantara archipelago
14:
4060:
3129:
687:
644:
2891:Polynesian multihull terminology
2789:
2773:
2757:
2741:
2725:
911:. Istituto Editoriale Italiano.
905:"Vocaboli de Questi Popoli Mori"
403:
2947:Makassan contact with Australia
2818:Ship construction & sailing
1073:
1030:
988:
971:
956:
925:
896:
853:
834:
789:
764:
745:
739:Old Javanese-English Dictionary
730:
442:
114:The name of this ship includes
3174:Federated States of Micronesia
1136:
978:Veth, Pieter Johannes (1896).
907:. In Manfroni, Camillo (ed.).
843:Journal of the Society of Arts
775:. Cambridge University Press.
715:
662:
626:Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011).
606:
595:Birch, Walter de Gray (1875).
589:
565:
533:
356:In 1624, the war fleet of the
168:
1:
3577:traditional vessels and sails
558:
31:, and Ottoman ghurābs of the
2957:Marshall Islands stick chart
1037:Goitein, Shlomo Dov (1999).
984:. Haarlem: De Erven F. Bohn.
849:: 570–588 – via JSTOR.
697:Agius, Dionisius A. (2008).
577:sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id
101:
7:
3999:Merchant sailing ship types
903:Pigafetta, Antonio (1956).
726:. Yogyakarta: Pura Pustaka.
628:Majapahit Peradaban Maritim
486:
216:sail made with cloth, with
66:. For their war fleet, the
10:
4065:
1026:. Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
771:Tarling, Nicholas (1992).
630:. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti.
341:). Smaller ones carried 5
110:In the Indian ocean, 1519.
3925:
3855:
3819:
3788:
3742:
3726:
3675:
3629:
3618:
3583:Type of sails and rigging
3582:
3518:
3492:
3418:
3372:
3354:
3308:
3248:
3230:
3205:
3173:
3141:
3137:
3124:
3085:
3058:
2997:
2914:
2858:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2718:
2694:
2676:
2667:
2645:
2612:
2579:
2520:
2487:
2469:
2441:
2418:
2409:
2377:
2354:
2304:
2276:
2258:
2230:
2221:
2189:
2154:
2136:
2113:
2084:
2061:
2050:
2023:
1763:
1745:
1607:
1277:
1229:
1218:
1191:
1173:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1131:
796:Marsden, William (1812).
724:Kamus Jawa Kawi Indonesia
4014:Human-powered watercraft
4004:Naval sailing ship types
3770:Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)
1020:Yule, Sir Henry (1886).
963:Iskandar, Teuku (1958).
526:
364:. On 22 August 1628, 59
297:A ghurab, west of Aceh,
754:Borneo Research Journal
669:Jones, Russell (2007).
380:Ships with similar name
230:Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai
223:
2952:Māori migration canoes
2101: (Waqa tabu)
2016: (Dapang, Pilang)
1933: (Kumpit, Pidlas)
1059:. New Delhi: Manohar.
522:, Javanese rowing ship
463:
457:, wrote about ghurāb:
397:
302:
182:
111:
36:
4019:Indonesian inventions
3619:Naval & merchant
3395:Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti
2967:Polynesian navigation
862:The Epic of Hang Tuah
459:
387:
296:
176:
109:
22:
3040:Sepik Coast exchange
3020:Lapita trade network
1846: (Birok, Bidok)
1086:. London: J. Murray.
27:, showing a galley,
3345:Spirit of Majapahit
818:Hill, A.H. (1960).
3448:Masawa Hong Butuan
3030:Maritime Silk Road
2942:List of Māori waka
1125:Austronesian ships
952:– via JSTOR.
453:ca. 1266–1267, in
398:
311:Acehnese sultanate
303:
276:Portuguese Malacca
242:senapati ing alaga
220:and gaff-topsail.
198:H. Warington Smyth
183:
112:
37:
3986:
3985:
3921:
3920:
3541:
3540:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3441:Lahi ng Maharlika
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3077:Cirebon shipwreck
2989:Yapese navigation
2808:
2807:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2663:
2662:
2405:
2404:
2306:Northern Marianas
2217:
2216:
2063:Admiralty Islands
2046:
2045:
1214:
1213:
1006:978-0-700-71235-9
918:978-88-281-0014-0
701:. Leiden: Brill.
637:978-602-9346-00-8
358:Mataram Sultanate
249:Hikayat Hang Tuah
98:more frequently.
4056:
4034:Indigenous boats
4029:Two-masted ships
3832:Jukung tambangan
3627:
3626:
3623:(by origin date)
3568:
3561:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3206:French Polynesia
3139:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3010:Hiri trade cycle
2825:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2793:
2777:
2761:
2745:
2729:
2674:
2673:
2416:
2415:
2278:Marshall Islands
2232:Caroline Islands
2228:
2227:
2138:Papua New Guinea
2059:
2058:
2004: (Tinimbao)
1809:Bangka anak-anak
1795: (Barangay)
1717:Perahu tambangan
1392:Jukung tambangan
1227:
1226:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1011:
1010:
992:
986:
985:
975:
969:
968:
965:De Hikajat Atjeh
960:
954:
953:
929:
923:
922:
900:
894:
887:
876:
875:
857:
851:
850:
838:
832:
831:
815:
804:
803:
793:
787:
786:
768:
762:
761:
749:
743:
742:
734:
728:
727:
722:Maharsi (2009).
719:
713:
712:
694:
685:
684:
666:
660:
653:
642:
641:
623:
617:
610:
604:
593:
587:
586:
584:
583:
569:
552:
543:) and penjajap (
537:
374:Siege of Batavia
309:states that the
234:Majapahit empire
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4053:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3926:Fishing vessels
3917:
3851:
3815:
3784:
3738:
3722:
3671:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3578:
3572:
3542:
3537:
3506:
3488:
3483:Sultan sin Sulu
3414:
3368:
3350:
3304:
3244:
3226:
3201:
3169:
3133:
3112:
3081:
3054:
2993:
2927:Fealofani Bruun
2910:
2871:Lashed-lug boat
2854:
2819:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2708:
2690:
2659:
2641:
2608:
2581:Society Islands
2575:
2516:
2483:
2465:
2437:
2401:
2373:
2350:
2300:
2272:
2254:
2213:
2185:
2156:Solomon Islands
2150:
2132:
2109:
2080:
2053:
2042:
2019:
1759:
1741:
1603:
1273:
1221:
1210:
1187:
1169:
1138:
1127:
1122:
1092:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1053:
1046:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1007:
993:
989:
976:
972:
961:
957:
930:
926:
919:
901:
897:
888:
879:
872:
858:
854:
839:
835:
816:
807:
794:
790:
783:
769:
765:
750:
746:
735:
731:
720:
716:
709:
695:
688:
681:
667:
663:
654:
645:
638:
624:
620:
611:
607:
594:
590:
581:
579:
571:
570:
566:
561:
556:
555:
538:
534:
529:
489:
445:
406:
382:
335:(excluding the
226:
171:
157:comes from the
104:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4049:Merchant ships
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4024:Sailboat types
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3908:Sampan panjang
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:Borobudur ship
3633:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3528:Lapita culture
3525:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3469:Sama Tawi-Tawi
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3434:Diwata ng Lahi
3430:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3317:Alfred Wallace
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3257:Alingano Maisu
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3072:Borobudur ship
3069:
3068:(Butuan boats)
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Outrigger boat
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Crab claw sail
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2033:Sampan panjang
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1732:Sampan panjang
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Sampan panjang
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:Borobudur ship
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1222:Southeast Asia
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1072:
1065:
1044:
1029:
1012:
1005:
987:
970:
955:
944:(4): 229–248.
924:
917:
895:
877:
870:
852:
833:
805:
788:
781:
763:
744:
729:
714:
707:
686:
679:
661:
643:
636:
618:
605:
588:
563:
562:
560:
557:
554:
553:
531:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
517:
512:
507:
502:
496:
488:
485:
444:
441:
405:
402:
381:
378:
225:
222:
170:
167:
163:Malay language
103:
100:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4061:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Sailing ships
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Knabat bogolu
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3338:Samudra Raksa
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:Nur Al Marege
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3164:Te Au o Tonga
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:Marumaru Atua
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:Ship replicas
3127:
3123:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2792:
2782:
2776:
2766:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:(Flying proa)
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2115:Green Islands
2112:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
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1733:
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1725:
1723:
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1713:
1712:Perahu payang
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
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1688:
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1600:
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1445:
1443:
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1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Knabat bogolu
1420:
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1410:
1408:
1405:
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1400:
1398:
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1393:
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1325:
1323:
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1262:
1260:
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1234:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1207:
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1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
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1068:
1066:9788173043581
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1002:
999:. Routledge.
998:
991:
983:
982:
974:
966:
959:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:East and West
935:
928:
920:
914:
910:
906:
899:
892:
886:
884:
882:
873:
871:9789830687100
867:
863:
856:
848:
844:
837:
829:
825:
821:
814:
812:
810:
801:
800:
792:
784:
782:9780521355056
778:
774:
767:
759:
755:
748:
740:
733:
725:
718:
710:
708:9789004158634
704:
700:
693:
691:
682:
680:9786024331740
676:
672:
665:
658:
652:
650:
648:
639:
633:
629:
622:
615:
609:
602:
598:
592:
578:
574:
568:
564:
550:
546:
542:
536:
532:
521:
518:
516:
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511:
508:
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500:
497:
494:
491:
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
468:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
440:
438:
434:
430:
427:, and on the
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
404:Mediterranean
401:
395:
391:
386:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
321:
316:
315:ghorab istana
312:
308:
300:
295:
291:
289:
286:as a galley (
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
181:island, 1519.
180:
175:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
108:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:Mediterranean
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
23:A portion of
21:
3687:
3522:
3499:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3455:Raya Kolambu
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3407:
3402:Pūmaiterangi
3400:
3393:
3386:
3381:Aotearoa One
3379:
3363:Naga Pelangi
3361:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3237:
3219:
3212:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3142:Cook Islands
2976:
2420:Cook Islands
1656:
1351:
1082:
1075:
1056:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1015:
996:
990:
980:
973:
964:
958:
941:
937:
927:
908:
898:
890:
861:
855:
846:
842:
836:
827:
823:
798:
791:
772:
766:
757:
753:
747:
738:
732:
723:
717:
698:
670:
664:
656:
627:
621:
613:
608:
600:
596:
591:
580:. Retrieved
576:
567:
548:
547:). Kelulus (
544:
540:
535:
471:
469:with oars”.
464:
460:
454:
449:
446:
443:Indian Ocean
418:
407:
399:
389:
370:Sultan Agung
365:
355:
350:
346:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
314:
307:Hikayat Aceh
306:
304:
287:
283:
265:
261:
246:
241:
227:
214:fore-and-aft
209:
201:
191:
184:
159:Old Javanese
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
113:
43:
39:
38:
25:Miller atlas
4044:Naval ships
3652:K'un-lun po
3462:Raya Siyagu
3419:Philippines
3373:New Zealand
3324:Hati Marege
3059:Archaeology
3045:Spice trade
2962:Mau Piailug
2922:Fanuankuwel
2749:Wa'a kaulua
2502:Waka hourua
2489:New Zealand
2479:Vaka touʻua
2461:Waʻa kaulua
1865:Chinedkeran
1765:Philippines
1437:K'un-lun po
431:, carrying
410:Ibn Mammati
169:Description
33:Arabian sea
3993:Categories
3842:Padewakang
3806:Kotta mara
3708:Malangbang
3610:Tanja sail
3605:Pinisi rig
3575:Indonesian
3285:Hokualakai
3271:Hikianalia
3264:Hawaiʻiloa
3221:Tahiti Nui
3050:Trepanging
3025:Lingling-o
2915:Navigation
2850:Tanja sail
2845:Pinisi rig
2797:Padewakang
2704:Laka fiara
2669:Madagascar
2512:Waka tīwai
2433:Vaka katea
2326:(Agaraide)
2223:Micronesia
2182:(Mon, Ora)
1492:Padewakang
1477:Malangbang
1432:Kotta mara
1137:Ship types
760:: 187–200.
582:2020-01-23
559:References
329:, and 120
288:a la galia
194:bow-chaser
92:malangbang
3893:Leti leti
3878:Janggolan
3801:Kora kora
3734:Pencalang
3600:Nade sail
3595:Lete sail
3590:Junk sail
3523:See also:
3476:Sarimanok
3409:Te Aurere
3309:Indonesia
3214:Faʻafaite
3182:Halametaw
3150:Maire Nui
3108:Kota mara
3015:Kula ring
2901:Sewn boat
2881:Outrigger
2876:Multihull
2866:Catamaran
2733:Ipanitika
2622:Hamatafua
2571:Vaʻa-tele
2507:Waka taua
2471:Marquesas
2411:Polynesia
2054:Melanesia
2025:Singapore
1972:Salisipan
1947:Panineman
1773:Armadahan
1702:Pencalang
1532:Pencalang
1462:Leti leti
1457:Lepa-Lepa
1427:Kora kora
1362:Janggolan
1279:Indonesia
1201:Ipanitika
545:pangajaoa
451:Abu Shama
349:, and 50
338:istinggar
280:Pigafetta
270:attacked
266:In 1515,
253:pencalang
204:built of
177:South of
102:Etymology
48:Nusantara
4039:Warships
3973:Patorani
3968:Paledang
3958:Paduwang
3898:Lis-alis
3868:Bangkong
3827:Chialoup
3780:Penjajap
3718:Tongkang
3703:Lancaran
3693:Jongkong
3621:vessels
3501:Gaualofa
3355:Malaysia
3299:Makali'i
3278:Hōkūleʻa
3066:Balangay
2984:Weriyeng
2978:Tākitimu
2937:Kafeŕoor
2906:Trimaran
2840:Junk rig
2696:Sakalava
2678:Malagasy
2637:Tongiaki
2599:Tipairua
2566:Vaʻa-alo
2552:(Foulua)
2324:Galaideʻ
2260:Kiribati
2171:(Solima)
2164:Binabina
2038:Tongkang
2002:Tilimbao
1967:Salambaw
1957:Pangayaw
1952:Pasaplap
1877:(Balutu)
1875:Djenging
1860:Chinarem
1814:Basnigan
1793:Balangay
1788:Balación
1737:Tongkang
1707:Penjajap
1687:Lancaran
1622:Bangkong
1609:Malaysia
1594:Tongkang
1522:Patorani
1512:Penjajap
1507:Paledang
1497:Paduwang
1467:Lis-alis
1447:Lancaran
1417:Kolekole
1377:Jongkong
1342:Fakatora
1332:Chialoup
1307:Bangkong
1269:Tongkang
1264:Penjajap
1244:Bangkong
950:29754279
864:. ITBM.
830:: 1–215.
541:lanchara
510:Penjajap
493:Lancaran
487:See also
467:galliots
351:cecorong
332:cecorong
84:Javanese
76:penjajap
72:lancaran
64:Ottomans
60:Persians
3883:Jellore
3873:Golekan
3856:19th c.
3820:18th c.
3811:Orembai
3789:17th c.
3765:Kalulis
3750:Banting
3743:16th c.
3727:15th c.
3698:Kelulus
3676:14th c.
3657:Lancang
3642:Cerucuh
3630:Ancient
3427:Balatik
3196:Sailoam
3103:Daramba
3098:Burulan
2828:Rigging
2540:Fautasi
2535:Amatasi
2387:Chugpin
2250:Waserak
2191:Vanuatu
2175:Tepukei
2146:Lakatoi
2094:Camakau
2008:Tiririt
1982:Seberen
1911:Karakoa
1906:Junkung
1891:Guilalo
1870:Dinahit
1682:Lancang
1647:Cerucuh
1627:Banting
1517:Pangkur
1487:Orembai
1442:Lancang
1407:Kelulus
1402:Kalulis
1367:Jellore
1357:Golekan
1327:Cerucuh
1312:Banting
1157:Kavalan
549:calaluz
520:Kelulus
505:Lancang
477:Malabar
421:Maghrib
414:Tripoli
394:Red Sea
299:Sumatra
257:Malacca
187:rentaka
80:kelulus
3978:Sandeq
3963:Pajala
3953:Mayang
3943:Jukung
3903:Palari
3760:Juanga
3713:Pelang
3688:Ghurab
3683:Benawa
3667:Sampan
3662:Perahu
3388:Haunui
3292:Iosepa
3249:Hawaii
3093:Apilan
2932:Hipour
2686:Lakana
2655:Paopao
2647:Tuvalu
2589:Ivahah
2556:Paopao
2550:Lualua
2443:Hawaii
2345:Sakman
2330:Ladjak
2319:Duduli
2314:Duding
2291:Tipnol
2286:Korkor
2268:Baurua
2209:Wangga
2180:Tomako
2071:Endrol
2052:Island
2010:(Buti)
1997:Tempel
1992:Tataya
1987:Tapake
1977:Sapyaw
1937:Ontang
1921:Lanong
1916:Kulibo
1901:Junkun
1896:Juanga
1850:Buggoh
1844:Biroko
1804:Bangka
1799:Baloto
1755:Kabang
1727:Sampan
1697:Pelang
1667:Juanga
1657:Ghurab
1637:Buggoh
1579:Sekong
1569:Sandeq
1559:Sampan
1552:Palari
1542:Pinisi
1537:Perahu
1527:Pelang
1502:Pajala
1482:Mayang
1387:Jukung
1382:Juanga
1352:Ghurab
1317:Benawa
1249:Gubang
1231:Brunei
1220:Island
1206:Tatara
1165:Mangka
1148:Taiwan
1063:
1003:
948:
915:
868:
779:
705:
677:
634:
425:Sicily
362:perahu
343:meriam
320:meriam
272:Kampar
268:Bintan
155:banawa
151:benawa
147:ghorāb
145:" or "
143:ghurāb
136:benawa
134:, and
128:ghurap
78:, and
68:Malays
62:, and
40:Ghurab
3948:Kakap
3933:Bagan
3888:Lambo
3863:Bajak
3775:Londe
3755:Ghali
3493:Samoa
3239:Saina
3189:Quest
3086:Other
2998:Trade
2972:Rapwi
2765:Paraw
2632:Pōpao
2627:Kalia
2614:Tonga
2545:Laʻau
2530:ʻalia
2522:Samoa
2451:Mālia
2392:Popow
2356:Palau
2340:Panga
2335:Lelek
2296:Walap
2204:Angga
2128:Tsǐne
2105:Takia
2014:Vinta
1962:Paraw
1942:Owong
1926:Lapis
1886:Garay
1881:Falua
1855:Casco
1839:Biray
1834:Birau
1824:Bigiw
1819:Batil
1783:Awang
1778:Avang
1747:Moken
1722:Pinas
1677:Kolek
1672:Kakap
1652:Ghali
1642:Birau
1632:Bedar
1617:Bajak
1589:Teneh
1574:Sarua
1547:Lambo
1472:Londe
1412:Kolay
1397:Kakap
1347:Ghali
1337:Eloha
1302:Bajak
1292:Bagan
1259:Kakap
1239:Bajak
946:JSTOR
527:Notes
515:Ghali
433:carob
390:gelue
368:s of
366:gorap
345:, 20
323:, 50
284:gurap
238:Pasai
210:koyan
202:gurap
179:Seram
139:gurab
132:gurap
124:gurab
120:gorab
116:gorap
96:ghali
56:Arabs
44:gurab
3938:Bago
3913:Solu
3847:Toop
3837:Lepa
3647:Jong
3231:Guam
2896:Proa
2859:Hull
2604:Vaʻa
2594:Pahi
2561:Vaʻa
2497:Waka
2456:Waʻa
2428:Vaka
2364:Kaep
2245:Wahr
2169:Lisi
2099:Drua
2086:Fiji
1931:Lepa
1829:Bilo
1692:Lepa
1662:Jong
1599:Toop
1584:Solu
1452:Lepa
1372:Jong
1297:Bago
1287:Abak
1254:Jong
1183:Ruza
1175:Thao
1061:ISBN
1001:ISBN
913:ISBN
866:ISBN
777:ISBN
703:ISBN
675:ISBN
632:ISBN
499:Jong
473:Grab
437:flax
435:and
429:Nile
347:lela
326:lela
305:The
274:and
247:The
224:Role
218:yard
206:giam
90:and
88:jong
29:dhow
2379:Yap
2199:Aka
2123:Kǒp
2076:Kel
1193:Tao
483:).
475:of
392:of
290:).
153:or
42:or
3995::
2781:Wa
2397:Wa
2369:Wa
2240:Wa
1047:^
942:11
940:.
936:.
880:^
847:50
845:.
828:33
826:.
822:.
808:^
756:.
689:^
646:^
575:.
481:bm
439:.
423:,
416:.
388:A
376:.
353:.
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
74:,
58:,
3567:e
3560:t
3553:v
1117:e
1110:t
1103:v
1069:.
1009:.
921:.
874:.
785:.
758:5
711:.
683:.
640:.
585:.
396:.
301:.
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
