Germans in the American Revolution

20: 1043: 1142:. He expressed interest in opening trade with the United States and bypassing English ports, and allowed an American agent to buy arms in Prussia. Frederick predicted American success, and promised to recognize the United States and American diplomats once France did the same. Prussia also interfered in the recruiting efforts of Russia and neighboring German states when they raised armies to send to the Americas, and Frederick II forbade enlistment for the American war within Prussia. All Prussian roads were denied to troops from Anhalt-Zerbst, which delayed reinforcements that Howe had hoped to receive during the winter of 1777–1778. 113: 456: 102: 984:, acted as his security detail, and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War. The Marechaussee Corps was often not well received by the Continental Army, due in part to their defined duties but also due to the fact that some members of the corps spoke little or no English. Six of the provosts had even been Hessian prisoners of war prior to their recruitment. Because the provost corps completed many of the same functions as the modern U.S. 258: 144:, and were eager to assist Great Britain. Britain had used auxiliary forces in every one of its 18th century wars, their use in suppressing rebellion seemed consistent with previous policy. Their use against British subjects was controversial, however. Despite British Whig opposition to using German soldiers to subjugate the "sons of Englishmen," Parliament overwhelmingly approved the measure in order to quickly raise the forces need to suppress the rebellion. 841: 638:, initially supplied 1,644 men to the British in two infantry battalions, one company of jägers and one of artillery, of whom 461 did not return home. A total of 2,353 soldiers were sent from Ansbach-Bayreuth, including an entire regiment of jägers. They were described as "the tallest and best-looking regiments of all those here," and "better even than the Hessians." These troops were incorporated into Howe's army in New York and were part of the 478: 219:, with auxiliaries serving their prince when sent to the aid of another prince, and mercenaries serving a foreign prince as individuals. By this distinction, the troops which served in the American Revolution were not mercenaries, but auxiliaries. Early Republican historians, however, defended the term "mercenaries" to distinguish the foreign, professional armies from the idealized 331:". It has been estimated that Hesse-Kassel contributed over 16,000 troops during the course of the Revolutionary War, of whom 6,500 did not return. Hessian officer (later General) Adam Ludwig Ochs estimated that 1,800 Hessian soldiers were killed, but many in the Hessian army intended on staying in America, and remained after the war. 604:

Brunswick sent 5,723 troops to North America, of whom 3,015 did not return home in the autumn of 1783. Some losses were to death or desertion, but many Brunswickers became familiar with America during their time with the Convention Army, and when the war ended, they were granted permission to stay by

354:

companies, and three companies of artillery. The jägers in particular were carefully recruited and well paid, well clothed, and free from manual labor. These jägers proved essential in the "Indian style" warfare in America, and Great Britain signed a new treaty in December 1777 in which Hesse-Kassel

230:

Throughout the war, the United States attempted to entice the hired men to stop fighting. In April 1778, Congress issued a letter, addressed "To the officers and soldiers in the service of the king of Great Britain, not subjects of the said king", which offered land and livestock to defecting German

151:

was also controversial to some Europeans, but the people of these continental states generally took great pride in their soldiers' service in the war. Prussia notably rejected the request to send soldiers. Germans living in America did not enlist in the auxiliary units but some enlisted in British

906:. Although many German colonists chose to remain neutral during the American Revolution, a significant portion became supporters of either the Patriot and Loyalist causes. They fought in both local militias and regular military units, and a small minority returned to Germany in exile after the war. 653:

After the initial mobilization of troops, Ansbach-Beyreuth sent several other transports with new recruits. By the end of the war, 2,361 Soldiers had deployed to the Americas, but fewer than half, 1,041, returned had returned by the end of 1783. The Margrave of Ansbach-Bayreuth was deeply in debt

560:

General Riedesel reorganized the existing Braunschweig regiments into Corps to allow for the additional recruits required by the new treaty. Experienced soldiers were spread among the new companies in the Regiment von Riedesel, Regiment von Rhetz, Regiment Prinz Friedrich, and Regiment von Specht,

711:

and Baton Rouge. The regimental commander, Colonel Johann Ludwig Wilhelm von Hanxleden, complained that his soldiers were sickened and even died due to the climate. The remote locations received few supply ships, and the soldiers' pay was insufficient to buy local goods. Prince August informed

1492:

Secret Journals of the Acts and Proceedings of Congress: From the First Meeting Thereof to the Dissolution of the Confederation, by the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States, Published Under the Direction of the President of the United States, Conformably to Resolution of Congress of

289:, in particular, was economically depressed, and had "rented" out professional armies since the 17th century, with general support from both upper and lower classes. This allowed Hesse-Kassel to maintain a larger standing army, which in turn gave it the ability to play a larger role in European 609:

settlements in eastern Pennsylvania. As the Duke of Brunswick received compensation from the British for every one of his soldiers killed in America, it was in his best interest to report the deserters as dead, whenever possible. The Duke even offered six months' pay to soldiers who remained or

526:

began recruiting in anticipation of the finalized treaty. Brunswick was the first German-speaking state to sign a treaty supporting Great Britain, on 9 January 1776. It agreed to send 4,000 soldiers: four infantry regiments, one grenadier battalion, one dragoon regiment and one light infantry

189:

Americans were alarmed at the arrival of hired German fighters. Several American representatives to Continental bodies declared they would be willing to declare independence if King George used such soldiers against them. The hired German troops were referred to as mercenaries by the patriots.

399:

The war proved longer and more difficult than either Great Britain or Hesse-Kassel had anticipated, and the mounting casualties and extended supply lines took a political and economic toll. Following the American Revolution, Hesse-Kassel would end the practice of raising and leasing armies.

198:

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized

759:

and had its own government, Hanoverian troops were deployed under a British-Hanoverian Treaty in which Great Britain agreed to pay Hanoverian expenses and defend Hanover against invasion while the troops were away. These Hanoverian soldiers were defenders during the

293:. Hesse-Kassel pressed eligible men into service for up to 20 years, and by mid-18th century, about 7% of the population was in military service. The Hessian army was very well trained and equipped; its troops fought well for whoever was paying their prince. 584:

of 1777, and were generally referred to as "Brunswickers." The combined forces from Brunswick and Hesse-Hanau accounted for nearly half of Burgoyne's army, and the Brunswickers were known for being especially well-trained. One of the ships used to cross

875:

began in the late 17th century. By the mid-18th century, approximately 10% of the colonial American population spoke German. Germans were easily the largest non-British European minority in British North America, but their assimilation and

539:

to replace each Brunswick soldier killed in battle- with three wounded men equal to one dead man; Charles, however, would pay to replace any deserters or any soldier who fell sick with anything other than an "uncommon contagious malady."

231:

units, in addition to increased rank. At the conclusion of the war, Congress offered incentives—especially free farmland—for these ethnic Germans to remain in the United States. Great Britain also offered land and tax incentives to its

712:

Lord Germain that Waldeck could not recruit new soldiers fast enough to replace those dying in West Florida. In addition to slow supplies, the British and Waldeck forces did not receive news in a timely manner. They were unaware that

1149:

erupted, however, Frederick II became much more cautious with Prussian relations with Britain. U.S. ships were denied access to Prussian ports, and Frederick refused to officially recognize the United States until they had signed the

796:

signed a treaty to provide Great Britain with 1,160 men in 1777. The Regiment of two battalions were raised in five months, and consisted of 900 new recruits. One battalion of 600–700 men arrived in the Canadas in May 1778 to guard

1906:

Hanauer Journale und Briefe aus dem Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg 1776-1783 der Offiziere Wilhelm Rudolph von Gall, Friedrich Wilhelm von Geismar, dessen Burschen (anonym), Jakob Heerwagen, Georg Paeusch sowie anderer

425:

in 1775, he unconditionally offered a regiment to King George III. During the course of the war, Hanau provided 2,422 troops; only 1,441 returned in 1783. A significant number of Hessian soldiers were volunteers from

813:) was sent in 1780 to garrison British-occupied New York City. Whether these troops could function as irregular light infantry has been much debated, although they were described by contemporary accounts as 561:

as well as the Battalion von Barner and dragoons. Braunschweig-Luneburg, along with Waldeck and Anhalt-Zerbst, was one of the three British auxiliary that avoided impressment, and Karl I vowed not to send

895:, who settled in New York as a British officer. When the Revolutionary War began, Weissenfels deserted the British forces and served with the Patriots from 1775 onward, rising to lieutenant colonel. 1138:

was well appreciated in the United States for his support early in the war. Frederick II maintained a grudge against George III since the British monarch had withdrawn military subsidies during the

569:

went throughout the Holy Roman Empire recruiting to fill their ranks, offering financial incentives, travel to North America with the potential for economic opportunities in the New World, reduced

531:– including two months' advance pay, but required that all troops take an oath of service to King George III. A controversial clause in the agreement stipulated that Duke Charles I would be paid 597:, traveled with her husband and kept a journal which remains an important primary account of the Saratoga campaign. After Burgoyne's surrender, 2,431 Brunswickers were detained as part of the 5605: 635: 724:, Spain recruited many of the poorly fed and supplied Waldeck soldiers. British prisoners of war were later exchanged, but Waldeck prisoners of war were kept by the Spanish in New Orleans, 3478:

Underwood, Matthew. "Jealousies of a standing army: the use of mercenaries in the American revolution and its implications for Congress's role in regulating private military firms."

4433: 300:, a Roman Catholic and an uncle of King George III. He initially provided over 12,000 soldiers to fight in the Americas. Like their British allies, the Hessians had some difficulty 159:

The sudden demand to rent thousands of auxiliaries placed a burden on recruiters. Base standards had to be met, including a minimum height and number of teeth required to operate

735:

Waldeck contributed 1,225 men to the war, and lost 720 as casualties or deserters. In the course of the war, 358 Waldeck soldiers died from sickness, and 37 died from combat.

491:

was a duchy that had been divided into several territories, one of which was ruled by George III as the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover). The neighboring Duchy of

3560:

Seventy muster rolls and 15 additional letters and documents of the German regiments employed by the British to fight in the American Revolutionary War digitized by the

3453: 4117: 308:. From 1776 on, Hessian soldiers were incorporated into the British Army serving in North America, and they fought in most of the major battles, including those of 5610: 285:

The financial basis of some smaller continental states was the regular rental of their regiments to fight for various larger nations during the 18th century. The

1236: 1200:

The heavy dragoons from Brunswick did not have horses and performed as foot soldiers. They were expected to acquire horses during the campaign, which led to the

2569: 1217: 5363: 4831: 4678: 865: 593:, singing a Lutheran hymn while making a bayonet charge against the American right flank, which may have saved the collapsing British line. Riedesel's wife, 70:

served as Auxiliaries on the side of British. However some Germans who were supporters of Congress as individuals crossed the Atlantic to help the Patriots.

324:, where about 1,300 Germans were taken prisoner, although various reports indicate that the Germans were in better spirits than their British counterparts. 5028: 3708: 670: 409: 4821: 976:

Corps were utilized in a variety of ways, including intelligence gathering, route security, enemy prisoner of war operations, and even combat during the

5495: 4438: 4428: 450: 270: 902:

were Loyalists, and most colonists of German descent in the Thirteen Colonies did not share the same hostile reaction to British policies such as the

5726: 5575: 4443: 3127:

The Fighting Parson of the American Revolution: A Biography of General Peter Muhlenberg, Lutheran Clergyman, Military Chieftain, and Political Leader

166:. Recruiters could be forced to pay losses due to desertion or loss of equipment. As many as 40,000 German auxiliaries were sent to North America, 1754: 327:

Because the majority of the German-speaking troops came from Hesse, modern Americans sometimes refer to all such troops of this war generically as "

2637: 3038:. Translated, Edited, and with an Introduction by Bruce E. Burgoyne from the 1913 Bayreuth edition by W. Baron von Waldenfels. Norman and London: 717: 4947: 4453: 1844: 5565: 3015: 4841: 3547: 2765: 4801: 437:. Among the units sent to North America were one battalion of infantry, a battalion of jägers, a battalion of irregular infantry known as a 611: 504: 459: 1295: 755:

as early as 1775 to relieve the British soldiers stationed there, who could then be sent to fight in America. Since Hanover was ruled in

543: 496: 5600: 5524: 5013: 4952: 793: 643: 565:(sons of the land) to North America, so land owners were permitted to transfer to units that would remain in Braunschweig. Officers and 610:

returned to America. However, Brunswick's decision to send troops to North America was ultimately financially unprofitable, and the new

5555: 5261: 4464: 3809: 359: 5353: 2054: 5429: 4836: 4137: 4060: 204: 191: 3539: 335:, for example, served out his term with the armies of Hesse-Kassel and remained in the United States, even becoming an associate of 5595: 4781: 4347: 3774: 3701: 1748: 1092:

included both French and German soldiers, and was commanded in German. There were also German soldiers and officers in the French

713: 589:

flew a flag of Braunschweig to recognize their significance to the army. Riedesel's Brunswick troops made a notable entry into the

3483: 5140: 4826: 297: 5560: 5343: 5018: 4408: 4187: 5519: 4811: 4066: 3759: 3462: 3403: 3323: 3269: 3220: 3195: 3099: 1266: 1069:, for example, was a Prussian officer who obtained a Congressional commission early in the war; he died in New York in 1776. 985: 909:

Several new states formed German regiments, or filled the ranks of local militias with German Americans. German colonists in

654:

when the war broke out, and received more than £100,000 for the use of his soldiers. In 1791 he sold Ansbach and Bayreuth to

1582: 605:

both Congress and their officers. Many had taken the opportunity to desert as the Convention Army was twice marched through

19: 5675: 5038: 4025: 2898:"The Decision to Hire German Troops in the War of American Independence: Reactions in Britain and North America, 1774–1776" 673:

kept three regiments ready for paid foreign service. The first of these regiments, with 684 officers and men, sailed from

5731: 5670: 5550: 5373: 4816: 4806: 4796: 3694: 2890: 1066: 2359: 1077:

who became an officer in the Continental Army. He returned to Estonia after the war, but other German soldiers, such as

744: 66:. Around 30,000 Germans fought for the British during the war, around 25% of British land forces. In particular, 12,000 5645: 5033: 5008: 4942: 4867: 4791: 4122: 3784: 3769: 3566: 2531: 358:

German-speaking armies could not quickly replace men lost on the other side of the Atlantic, so the Hessians recruited

140:

Germans in Europe lived in numerous separate states. Some of these states had been in alliance with Britain during the

963:

corps under Captain Bartholomew von Heer, a Prussian who had served in a similar unit in Europe before immigrating to

433:

Colonel Wilhelm von Gall is one well-known officer from Hesse-Hanau; he commanded a regiment from Hanau under General

93:) were neutral. It is estimated that nearly 5,000 of the German auxiliaries permanently settled in the United States. 5697: 5441: 4592: 3519: 3498: 3423: 3354: 3297: 3169: 2977: 2955: 1914: 508: 304:

to North America; the first troops to arrive suffered from widespread illness, which forced a delay in the attack on

5348: 3578:– Numerous documents and letters concerning the participation of Hessians soldiers to the American Revolutionary War 2600: 1191:

coin, which was increased to four Louis d'or as Hesse tried to fill its companies with expert riflemen and woodsmen.

1014:. Unlike most continental line units, it drew from multiple states, initially comprising eight companies: four from 5736: 5665: 5615: 5585: 5570: 5424: 5070: 4532: 4472: 4413: 3047: 2573: 1214: 1163: 1131: 678: 309: 5680: 4987: 4977: 4967: 3764: 892: 362:

as soldiers, known as Black Hessians. There were 115 black soldiers serving with Hessian units, most of them as

5580: 4668: 4632: 4369: 3893: 2486: 1146: 1042: 86: 5231: 5190: 4522: 4156: 4072: 4045: 3575: 1100: 789: 688:

The Waldeck troops were integrated into the German auxiliaries under Hessian General Wilhelm von Knyphausen.

278: 23: 1747: 1213:"It is interesting to note that nearly all men recruited into the Provost Corps were Pennsylvania German." - 396:

in 1776. Rall's regiment was captured, and many of the soldiers were sent to Pennsylvania to work on farms.

5625: 5446: 4055: 3796: 3039: 977: 594: 286: 685:

and were embittered towards the British General Howe when he made them empty the bottles by the roadside.

5655: 5023: 4972: 4723: 4602: 4482: 4316: 4102: 3843: 3561: 1022:, a major under General Anthony Wayne, was commissioned as the colonel. The regiment saw service at the 997: 418: 5358: 4673: 2652: 5660: 5085: 4937: 4739: 4082: 3933: 3878: 3717: 2996: 910: 845: 696: 332: 274: 171: 133: 106: 5368: 5100: 3581: 5419: 5409: 5291: 4713: 4698: 4512: 4403: 4352: 4197: 4147: 3994: 3858: 3802: 3364: 3340: 3139:

Ingrao, Charles. "" Barbarous Strangers": Hessian State and Society during the American Revolution."

3072: 1848: 1154:. After the war, Frederick II wrongly predicted that the United States was too large to operate as a 1093: 960: 765: 112: 1871: 1061:

was a Bavarian who served in the armies of France before receiving a commission as a general in the

940:, for example, were elected to Congress, and Peter served on Washington's general staff. The German 492: 4708: 4693: 4642: 4617: 4587: 4507: 4497: 4308: 3607: 2570:"Von Heer's Provost Corps Marechausee: The Army's Military Police. An All Pennsylvania German Unit" 1743: 861: 761: 566: 554: 523: 482: 471: 421:, eldest son of the Roman Catholic Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel. When William received news of the 167: 78: 3667: 3647: 3627: 891:, whose enlisted men were principally German colonists. Other Germans immigrated then, including 488: 5635: 5195: 4862: 4749: 4492: 4087: 3984: 3888: 3816: 1135: 888: 117: 4321: 5685: 5414: 4982: 4744: 4207: 4177: 3749: 1151: 1124: 692: 374: 262: 3188:

A Generous and Merciful Enemy. Life for German Prisoners of War during the American Revolution

3108:

Fetter, Frank Whitson. “Who Were the Foreign Mercenaries of the Declaration of Independence?”

2651:(2). Fort Leonard Wood: Military Police Regimental Association: 8. Spring 2015. Archived from 1341: 1127:. Von Steuben was granted citizenship and remained in United States until his death in 1794. 5650: 5435: 5145: 4957: 4652: 4607: 4572: 4502: 4487: 4423: 4172: 4112: 3989: 3570: 1256: 964: 884: 682: 639: 422: 305: 153: 101: 63: 5500: 5451: 4552: 4547: 4537: 4283: 4035: 4030: 3779: 3413: 2970:

The Spirit of Seventy-Six. The story of the American Revolution as told by its participants

2965: 1201: 937: 918: 849: 681:. During the campaign the Waldeck regiment captured wine and spirits belonging to American 631: 590: 313: 82: 3152:

The Hessian mercenary state: ideas, institutions, and reform under Frederick II, 1760-1785

1518:

The Hessian Mercenary State: Ideas, Institutions, and Reform under Frederick II, 1760-1785

708: 546:

provided Great Britain with 4,000 foot soldiers and 350 heavy dragoons (dismounted) under

455: 8: 5692: 5338: 5095: 4718: 4597: 4577: 4562: 4542: 4527: 4298: 4097: 3827: 3731: 3536: 3208:

The Drillmaster of Valley Forge. The Baron De Steuben and the Making of the American Army

2428: 1139: 1031: 1027: 1019: 627: 317: 141: 47: 27: 3066: 988:, it is considered a predecessor of the current United States Military Police Regiment. 430:, who had enlisted with the intention of staying in the Americas when the war was over. 351: 85:. The majority supported Congress and the patriot cause. Very few German Americans were 5630: 5590: 5160: 5115: 4637: 4627: 4557: 4020: 3883: 3853: 3393: 3244:

The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War

3009: 2925: 2917: 2455: 1739: 1676: 1554: 1120: 1089: 1054: 956: 928:

German patriots were most numerous where they stood in contrast to the large, pacifist

826: 773: 747:(Hanover), whose Elector was none other than the British King George III, were sent to 721: 655: 606: 547: 463: 385: 363: 343: 328: 227:

promoted the idea of German auxiliaries as barbarians, but also as victims of tyranny.

175: 121: 2488:"The Foundation of British Strength": National Identity and the British Common Soldier 370:. It is estimated that 20% of the people serving in Hessian units were not Hessians. 5281: 5241: 5065: 4773: 4647: 4622: 4582: 4567: 4517: 4448: 4418: 4275: 4234: 3515: 3509: 3494: 3458: 3429: 3419: 3399: 3350: 3319: 3315: 3293: 3265: 3248: 3216: 3191: 3165: 3159: 3095: 3076: 3053: 3043: 3032: 2983: 2973: 2951: 2945: 2929: 2527: 1910: 1262: 1108: 1070: 1050: 1023: 981: 899: 777: 647: 581: 393: 367: 321: 266: 252: 232: 224: 125: 67: 51: 31: 3089: 518:

that Brunswick had soldiers who could be used to help put down the rebellion in the

377:, who commanded his troops in several major battles. Other notable officers include 5620: 5306: 5271: 5180: 5165: 5150: 5110: 4922: 4612: 4293: 4288: 4202: 4127: 4077: 3979: 3868: 3863: 2909: 2547: 1546: 1062: 1011: 1002: 933: 903: 830: 527:

battalion. The Brunswick treaty provided that all troops would be paid in Imperial

500: 129: 74: 35: 980:. The Marechausee also provided security for Washington's headquarters during the 5640: 5185: 5125: 5090: 5080: 4477: 4398: 4326: 4271: 4182: 4151: 4107: 4040: 3999: 3959: 3948: 3918: 3596:

Academic blog with original German sources, English translations, and commentary.

3543: 3290:

Foreigners in Their Own Land: Pennsylvania Germans in the Early American Republic

3231: 3206: 2360:"Chapter 2: The Revolt of Pontiac and the American Invasion. The German Presence" 1535:"'Barbarous Strangers': Hessian State and Society during the American Revolution" 1221: 1085: 1074: 941: 872: 810: 725: 666: 598: 336: 301: 220: 3489:

Von Feilitzsch, Heinrich Carl Philipp; Bartholomai, Christian Friedrich (1997).

1107:, who came to America independently, through France, and served as Washington's 5236: 5130: 4132: 3964: 3953: 3898: 3873: 3473:

German Americans in the Revolution: Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg Richards' History

3344: 3242: 1159: 1065:. Other Germans came to the United States to utilize their military training. 1058: 898:

Prior to the Revolutionary War, a significant number of German settlers in the

806: 756: 586: 576:

These soldiers were the majority of the German-speaking regulars under General

570: 550: 532: 381: 290: 148: 3440:

Tappert, Theodore G. "Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the American Revolution."

3334:

Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America

2231:

Haarmann, Albert W. “THE 3rd WALDECK REGIMENT IN BRITISH SERVICE, 1776-1783.”

1296:"Review. Hessians: Mercenaries, Rebels, and the War for British North America" 5720: 5534: 5301: 5286: 5276: 5256: 5205: 5175: 5170: 5105: 4932: 4786: 4192: 4050: 3848: 3686: 3283: 3212: 3068:

The German Allied Troops in the North American War of Independence, 1776–1783

3057: 2363: 1811: 1734: 1188: 1078: 945: 922: 877: 857: 769: 577: 434: 417:

was a semi-independent appendage of Hesse-Kassel, governed by the Protestant

183: 3648:"Treaty with the Hereditary Prince of Hesse Cassel, signed February 5, 1776" 3511:

As Various As Their Land: The Everyday Lives of Eighteenth-Century Americans

16:

Overview of the role of ethnic Germans during the American Revolutionary War

5529: 5246: 5226: 5200: 5120: 4927: 4872: 4857: 4703: 4688: 4683: 4212: 4142: 3943: 3928: 3822: 3790: 3120:

Beyond Philadelphia: The American Revolution in the Pennsylvania Hinterland

2424: 1845:"After the First Battle of Trenton: Washington Crosses the Delaware, Again" 1123:. In June 1780 he was given command of the advance guard in the defense of 1112: 700: 179: 2913: 1909:

Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, Band 41, Hanauer Geschichtsverein, Hanau 2005,

5296: 5251: 5155: 5075: 4962: 4362: 4357: 3557: 1081:, chose to stay and become citizens in the nation they had helped found. 972: 853: 798: 414: 389: 257: 236: 212: 3415:

Letters of Brunswick and Hessian Officers during the American Revolution

3113: 2921: 2524:

God on Three Sides. German Pietists at War in Eighteenth-Century America

2459: 2443: 2236: 1111:. General von Steuben is credited with training the Continental Army at 5456: 5221: 5135: 5003: 4015: 3974: 3754: 3445: 3144: 2897: 2880:

The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution

2766:"King Frederick the Great and the American Colonies: The Preliminaries" 1558: 1534: 1452:

The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution

1116: 840: 674: 515: 467: 59: 3552: 1805: 1803: 5333: 4092: 3938: 3600: 1495:. Vol. 1. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation. pp. 70–72. 1258:

Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

748: 704: 438: 347: 216: 160: 3628:"Treaty with the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, signed January 15, 1776" 3493:. Translated by Burgoyne, Bruce E. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books. 3024:

Hessians: Mercenaries, Rebels, and the War for British North America

1550: 5266: 3923: 3537:

Bibliography of the German Participation in the American Revolution

2444:"The Political Influence of the German Element in Colonial America" 2425:"A brief memoir of the late Colonel Frederick Baron de Weissenfels" 1800: 1583:"Hessians for Hire – Meet the 18th Century's Busiest 'Mercenaries'" 1155: 1015: 914: 814: 802: 623: 536: 519: 669:

made a treaty to rent troops to Britain on 20 April 1776. Prince

477: 186:, German units accounted for more than a third of British forces. 4374: 3969: 3091:

Almost a Miracle. The American Victory in the War of Independence

2055:"The Braunschweig: A German-flagged Ship on Lake Champlain, 1777" 1104: 752: 658:

and lived the rest of his life in England on a Prussian pension.

378: 3433: 3252: 3080: 2987: 2189: 929: 820: 729: 528: 240: 163: 55: 3594:"Hessians:" German Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War. 3593: 3587: 2947:

Angel in the Whirlwind. The Triumph of the American Revolution

2709: 3304:

Mercenaries: The history of a norm in international relations

3280:

America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army

1733:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

514:

In 1775, Charles William Ferdinand ("Prince Carl") told King

427: 90: 2772:. He and Bute also decided to discontinue the annual subsidy 2407: 2405: 2328: 768:. Late in the war, two regiments from Hanover were sent to 373:

Perhaps the best-known officer from Hesse-Kassel is General

3608:"Treaty with the Duke of Brunswick, signed January 9, 1776" 2887:

Hessians: German Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War

2733: 2675: 2673: 2856: 2844: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2685: 2167: 2165: 1776: 716:

on Great Britain until they were attacked by forces under

38:

he taught the essentials of military drill and discipline.

4118:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

2784: 2503: 2485:

Schwamenfeld, Steven (2007). "V. Redcoats and Hessians".

2402: 2150: 2072: 1088:-speaking regiments with over 2,500 soldiers. The famous 1010:, to be formed of colonial ethnic Germans as part of the 3385:

Brunswick Deserter-Immigrants of the American Revolution

2670: 2265: 1983: 1925: 1923: 1099:

The most famous German to support the Patriot cause was

1000:

authorized the 8th Maryland Regiment, also known as the

764:, the largest and longest battle of the war, and in the 3475:(2013, based on 1908 history), emphasis on Pennsylvania 3395:

Patriot Battles: How the War of Independence was Fought

2745: 2448:

Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies

2306: 2304: 2162: 2140: 2138: 1407: 1395: 1237:

List of British units in the American Revolutionary War

3729: 3454:

American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804

3161:

Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War

2697: 2615: 2466: 2340: 2177: 2123: 2034: 2022: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1677:"Hessians. German Soldiers in the American Revolution" 1657: 1645: 1633: 1609: 1459: 1419: 1373: 1371: 62:

of Britain was simultaneously the ruler of the German

2832: 2721: 2378: 2253: 2241: 2201: 2101: 2099: 1971: 1947: 1920: 1788: 1621: 1322: 691:

In 1778, the 3rd Waldeck Regiment was sent to defend

346:

with Great Britain to supply fifteen regiments, four

3247:. Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, New York. 2301: 2289: 2277: 2233:

Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research,

2213: 2135: 887:

in 1756, Great Britain utilized them by forming the

410:

Hesse-Hanau Troops in the American Revolutionary War

89:, although many of the religious sects (such as the 3346:

The German Soldier in the Wars of the United States

2491:(PhD thesis). Florida State University. p. 124 2390: 2316: 1995: 1959: 1935: 1886: 1847:. Washington Crossing Historic Park. Archived from 1825: 1597: 1471: 1368: 1344:. Journal of the American Revolution. 14 April 2016 1310: 951: 355:agreed to increase their number from 260 to 1,066. 211:Colonial-era jurists drawing a distinction between 156:recruited both from the Americas and from Germany. 3601:Treaties between King George III and German states 3031: 2111: 2096: 2084: 1383: 1356: 1275: 1037: 451:Brunswick Troops in the American Revolutionary War 1454:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 772:, where they served under British command in the 105:Fate of the German auxiliaries who fought in the 5718: 3236:. Vol. II. New York: Harper & Brothers. 2601:"Bartholomew von Heer and the Marechausse Corps" 4331: 1720: 1718: 1716: 30:captain who became an American general. As the 5566:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 3716: 3110:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 1769: 1767: 1765: 116:This memorial at Jordan and Gordon Streets in 3702: 3548:United States Army Center of Military History 1034:. The regiment was disbanded 1 January 1781. 944:all enlisted as officers, some under General 223:who altruistically fought for independence. 96: 2484: 2362:. Canadian Military Heritage. Archived from 1713: 1254: 821:American and European supporters of Congress 4679:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 3363: 3339: 3112:, vol. 104, no. 4, 1980, pp. 508–513. 2862: 2850: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2715: 2691: 2572:. The Continental Line, Inc. Archived from 2509: 2411: 2334: 1762: 1755:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 1738: 1187:Jägers were offered a signing bonus of one 1046:King Frederick the Great of Prussia in 1781 695:as part of the British force under General 296:The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel was under 5556:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 3810:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 3709: 3695: 3558:German Auxiliaries Muster Rolls, 1776-1786 3391: 3233:The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution 3164:. Henry Holt and Company, Inc., New York. 3118:Frantz, John B., and William Pencak, eds. 3034:A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution 3014:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2994: 2972:. Castle Books; HarperCollins Publishers. 2679: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2563: 2561: 2171: 2078: 1989: 1749:"De Zeng, Frederick Augustus, Baron" 1248: 873:German immigration to the British colonies 720:. When this campaign was complete at the 190:Patriot outrage was also reflected in the 3582:The Marechausee: von Heer’s Provost Corps 3369:Frederick the Great and the United States 3349:. J.B. Lippencott Company, Philadelphia. 1528: 1526: 1018:and four (later five) from Pennsylvania. 699:. The Regiment was dispersed throughout 642:. Ansbach-Bayreuth troops were also with 444: 205:United States Declaration of Independence 5727:German people of the American Revolution 3488: 3412:Stone, William L.; Hund, August (1891). 3204: 3190:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2964: 2751: 2739: 2441: 2156: 1794: 1130:Von Steuben's native Prussia joined the 1041: 839: 732:before finally being exchanged in 1782. 476: 454: 256: 111: 100: 18: 3259: 3229: 3157: 3087: 3064: 2943: 2763: 2727: 2703: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2598: 2587: 2567: 2558: 2472: 2384: 2346: 2259: 2247: 2195: 2183: 2129: 2040: 2028: 1977: 1953: 1929: 1869: 1782: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1663: 1651: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1504: 1502: 1425: 1328: 1293: 1169: 866:Speaker of the House of Representatives 650:, with a force of nearly 1,100 troops. 5719: 5561:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 3240: 3029: 2838: 2526:. Pickwick Publications. p. 219. 2521: 2219: 2207: 2144: 1941: 1892: 1577: 1575: 1532: 1523: 1449: 1443: 1377: 1316: 614:was nearly brought to financial ruin. 149:leasing of soldiers to a foreign power 5473: 5398: 5326: 4897: 4233: 4067:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 3728: 3690: 3411: 3382: 3185: 3094:. Oxford University Press, New York. 2322: 2310: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2235:vol. 48, no. 195, 1970, pp. 182–185. 2117: 2105: 2090: 2052: 2016: 2004: 1965: 1603: 1477: 1465: 1401: 1389: 1362: 917:company in 1775, and some Germans in 805:" (irregular soldiers recruited from 801:. The other, consisting of some 500 " 677:in July 1776 and participated in the 5676:Daughters of the American Revolution 5474: 4026:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 3553:The Ansbach-Bayreuth Army in America 3507: 3387:. Heritage House, Thomson, Illinois. 3312:Frederick the Great's Allies 1756-63 3309: 2995:Christhilf, Nicholas Dorsey (2018). 2895: 2627: 2603:. Journal of the American Revolution 2396: 1874:. Journal of the American Revolution 1831: 1695: 1585:. Military History Now. 15 June 2013 1499: 1413: 1334: 1298:. Journal of the American Revolution 1281: 1158:, and that it would soon rejoin the 5671:Children of the American Revolution 5551:Timeline of the American Revolution 3668:"Treaty with the Prince of Waldeck" 3075:. Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, NY. 2882:(Cambridge University Press, 1980). 1870:Collins, Bethany (19 August 2014). 1572: 1067:Frederick William, Baron de Woedtke 835: 718:Spanish Governor Bernardo de Gálvez 617: 13: 4332:European allies of King George III 4188:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 4123:Committee of Secret Correspondence 3785:No taxation without representation 3567:German Auxiliary Units at Yorktown 3480:Northwestern University Law Review 3262:The American Revolution, 1774-1783 3178:Jarck, Horst-Rüdiger (ed.)(2000). 2950:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2770:Journal of the American Revolution 2059:Journal of the American Revolution 1032:campaigns against American Indians 991: 970:During the Revolutionary War, the 844:In 1789, following the end of the 281:called the Hessians "mercenaries". 14: 5748: 5698:Museum of the American Revolution 3530: 3154:Cambridge University Press, 2003. 2889:(Oxford University Press, 2022). 1812:"The Revolution's Black Soldiers" 1809: 1493:March 27, 1818 and April 21, 1820 1294:Bennett, J. Brett (29 Sep 2015). 1261:. SAGE Publications. p. 66. 743:Five battalions of troops of the 509:Princess Augusta of Great Britain 392:, who was fatally wounded at the 5586:Continental Currency dollar coin 5571:Women in the American Revolution 3508:Wolf, Stephanie Grauman (1993). 3306:(Oxford University Press, 2007). 1489: 959:were recruited for the American 952:Pennsylvania Dutch Provost Corps 783: 745:Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg 671:Friedrich Karl August of Waldeck 342:Hesse-Kassel signed a treaty of 310:New York and New Jersey campaign 5681:Sons of the American Revolution 3588:Recreated Regiment Von Riedesel 3450: 3418:. Albany: Joel Munsell's Sons. 2871: 2757: 2599:Ruppert, Bob (1 October 2014). 2540: 2515: 2478: 2435: 2417: 2352: 2225: 2046: 1898: 1863: 1837: 1727: 1669: 1511: 1483: 1437: 1431: 1255:Alan Axelrod (9 January 2014). 1207: 1194: 1181: 1115:, and he later wrote the first 1038:European supporters of Congress 893:Frederick, Baron de Weissenfels 246: 5581:Continental currency banknotes 4669:Staten Island Peace Conference 3491:Diaries of Two Ansbach Jaegers 3471:Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, ed.; 3457:. W. W. Norton & Company. 3030:Doehla, Johann Conrad (1990). 2998:An Early Philadelphia Musician 1539:The American Historical Review 1287: 1147:War of the Bavarian Succession 1084:In addition, France had eight 776:against a combined French and 441:, and a company of artillery. 403: 265:, a commanding general of the 235:soldiers willing to settle in 154:60th (Royal American) Regiment 124:prisoners of war were held by 1: 5399: 4375:German supporters of Congress 4073:Massachusetts Circular Letter 3383:Smith, Clifford Neal (1973). 3026:(Westholme Publishing, 2015). 1872:"8 Fast Facts about Hessians" 1242: 1101:Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben 77:were largely concentrated in 24:Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben 4056:Committees of correspondence 3514:. New York: Harper Collins. 3398:. New York: Harper Collins. 3392:Stephenson, Michael (2007). 3377:Of Kindred Germanic Origins. 3292:, Penn State U. Press, 2002 3158:Ketchum, Richard M. (1997). 3071:. Translated from German by 3040:University of Oklahoma Press 2968:; Richard B. Morris (1958). 522:. In December 1775, General 511:, the sister of George III. 419:Hereditary Landgrave William 287:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 58:supported the British. King 46:fought on both sides in the 7: 5693:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 4898: 4724:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 4709:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 4483:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 4138:Declaration of Independence 4103:Second Continental Congress 3562:William L. Clements Library 3278:Neimeyer, Charles Patrick. 3136:München: Oldenbourg Verlag. 3134:Soldaten gegen Nordamerika. 2638:"Order of the Marechaussee" 2522:Wilson, Jonathan M (2019). 1520:, Ingrao, Charles W. (2003) 1230: 998:Second Continental Congress 553:, all commanded by General 192:Declaration of Independence 120:, marks the location where 10: 5753: 5732:American Revolutionary War 5576:Financial costs of the war 4083:First Continental Congress 3934:Royal Proclamation of 1763 3879:Second Rockingham ministry 3718:American Revolutionary War 3571:U.S. National Park Service 3365:Rosengarten, Joseph George 3341:Rosengarten, Joseph George 3230:Lossing, Benson J (1860). 3180:Brücken in eine neue Welt. 3141:American Historical Review 2568:Valuska, David L. (2007). 2442:Dorpalen, Andreas (1939). 1681:American Battlefield Trust 1132:League of Armed Neutrality 1073:was an ethnic German from 911:Charleston, South Carolina 824: 738: 728:, and more than a year in 661: 636:Margrave Charles Alexander 601:until the end of the war. 448: 407: 275:American Revolutionary War 250: 134:American Revolutionary War 107:American Revolutionary War 97:European allies of Britain 5543: 5512: 5488: 5484: 5469: 5430:Constitutional Convention 5410:Society of the Cincinnati 5405: 5394: 5319: 5214: 5058: 5051: 4996: 4915: 4908: 4904: 4893: 4850: 4772: 4758: 4732: 4699:Carlisle Peace Commission 4661: 4533:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 4462: 4387: 4340: 4307: 4270: 4263: 4259: 4229: 4198:Hutchinson letters affair 4165: 4148:Articles of Confederation 4008: 3995:Proclamation of Rebellion 3907: 3859:First Rockingham ministry 3836: 3803:All men are created equal 3742: 3738: 3724: 3375:Scales, Jodie K. (2001). 3241:Lowell, Edward J (1884). 3122:(Penn State Press, 2010). 3065:Eelking, Max von (1893). 2896:Baer, Friederike (2015). 2198:, pp. 203, 209, 214. 1342:"Deserter a Day 4 (of 5)" 1094:Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment 567:non-commissioned officers 505:Charles William Ferdinand 495:(Brunswick) was ruled by 384:(mortally wounded at the 269:who fought alongside the 126:General George Washington 4694:Entry of France into war 4309:Kingdom of Great Britain 3264:. Taylor & Francis. 3260:Marston, Daniel (2003). 3182:Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 2944:Bobrick, Benson (1997). 1758:. New York: D. Appleton. 1533:Ingrao, Charles (1982). 1162:with representatives in 862:Province of Pennsylvania 762:Great Siege of Gibraltar 555:Friedrich Adolf Riedesel 524:Friedrich Adolf Riedesel 483:Friedrich Adolf Riedesel 5737:German-American history 5425:Ratification Day (1784) 4750:Second Anglo-Mysore War 4434:Northern after Saratoga 4414:New York and New Jersey 4088:Continental Association 3985:Conciliatory Resolution 3844:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 3817:Consent of the governed 3205:Lockhart, Paul (2008). 2053:Gadue, Michael (2019). 1810:Selig, Robert A. Ph.D. 1450:Atwood, Rodney (1980). 1136:Frederick II of Prussia 921:enlisted under General 889:Royal American Regiment 118:Allentown, Pennsylvania 34:of George Washington's 5686:Sons of the Revolution 5415:Treaty of Paris (1783) 4745:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 4740:Cherokee–American wars 4353:Franco-American Treaty 4208:Philadelphia Tea Party 4178:Treaty of Paris (1763) 4157:Confederation Congress 3750:American Enlightenment 3672:University of Illinois 3652:University of Illinois 3632:University of Illinois 3612:University of Illinois 3444:11.4 (1942): 284–301. 3186:Krebs, Daniel (2013). 3132:Huck, Stephan (2011). 3088:Ferling, John (2007). 2966:Commager, Henry Steele 2902:Early American Studies 1125:Morristown, New Jersey 1057:officers in his army. 1047: 869: 714:Spain had declared war 493:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 485: 474: 466:, a brother-in-law of 464:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 445:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 375:Wilhelm von Knyphausen 333:Captain Frederick Zeng 282: 263:Wilhelm von Knyphausen 209: 137: 109: 39: 5631:Washington's Birthday 5436:The Federalist Papers 5420:Evacuation Day (1783) 4473:Lexington and Concord 4173:French and Indian War 4113:Olive Branch Petition 3590:with Regiment history 3451:Taylor, Alan (2016). 3371:. Harvard University. 3310:Reid, Stuart (2010). 3143:87.4 (1982): 954-976 2914:10.1353/eam.2015.0003 2764:Ruppert, Bob (2022). 2548:"American Revolution" 1045: 986:Military Police Corps 978:Battle of Springfield 965:Reading, Pennsylvania 932:population. Brothers 885:French and Indian War 843: 825:Further information: 640:Philadelphia campaign 480: 458: 423:Battle of Bunker Hill 388:in 1777) and Colonel 260: 196: 115: 104: 22: 5636:Jefferson's Birthday 5626:Pulaski Memorial Day 4633:Guilford Court House 4284:Continental Congress 4061:Committees of safety 4036:Daughters of Liberty 4031:Virginia Association 3780:Rights of Englishmen 3576:Haldimand Collection 3284:complete text online 1202:Battle of Bennington 1170:Notes and references 1055:Continental European 996:On 25 May 1776, the 967:, prior to the war. 938:Frederick Muhlenberg 850:Frederick Muhlenberg 632:Brandenburg-Bayreuth 591:Battle of Hubbardton 503:; his son and heir, 314:Battle of Germantown 50:. Many of the small 4764:colony or location) 4719:Newburgh Conspiracy 4578:Sullivan Expedition 4098:Provincial Congress 3889:Fox–North coalition 3828:Settler colonialism 3775:Freedom of religion 3732:American Revolution 3379:Writers Club Press. 3150:Ingrao, Charles W. 2429:Library of Congress 2274:, pp. 218–219. 1416:, pp. 111–112. 1030:, and took part in 1028:Battle of Princeton 1020:Nicholas Haussegger 864:, became the first 628:Brandenburg-Ansbach 607:Pennsylvania German 318:Siege of Charleston 48:American Revolution 5666:Semiquincentennial 5591:Libertas Americana 4021:Stamp Act Congress 3911:Acts of Parliament 3884:Shelburne ministry 3854:Grenville ministry 3546:, compiled by the 3542:2010-06-08 at the 3482:106 (2012): 317+. 3125:Hocker, Edward W. 3022:Crytzer, Brady J. 2885:Baer, Friederike. 2863:Rosengarten (1906) 2851:Rosengarten (1906) 2827:Rosengarten (1886) 2815:Rosengarten (1906) 2803:Rosengarten (1906) 2791:Rosengarten (1906) 2742:, p. 225–227. 2718:, p. 110–111. 2716:Rosengarten (1886) 2692:Rosengarten (1886) 2658:on 8 December 2015 2510:Rosengarten (1906) 2412:Rosengarten (1886) 2335:Rosengarten (1886) 1904:Manfred von Gall: 1785:, p. 100–101. 1220:2022-11-27 at the 1121:United States Army 1048: 982:Battle of Yorktown 957:Pennsylvania Dutch 870: 827:Pennsylvania Dutch 794:Frederick Augustus 774:Siege of Cuddalore 766:defense of Menorca 722:Siege of Pensacola 644:General Cornwallis 489:Brunswick-Lüneburg 486: 475: 386:Battle of Red Bank 283: 138: 110: 40: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5465: 5464: 5452:Shays's Rebellion 5390: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5315: 5314: 5282:Richard Henry Lee 5047: 5046: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4733:Related conflicts 4603:Connecticut Farms 4383: 4382: 4276:Thirteen Colonies 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 3654:. 5 February 1776 3634:. 15 January 1776 3464:978-0-3932-5387-0 3405:978-0-06-073261-5 3325:978-1-84908-177-1 3316:Osprey Publishing 3271:978-0-415-96837-9 3222:978-0-06-145163-8 3197:978-0-8061-4356-9 3101:978-0-19-518121-0 3073:J. G. Rosengarten 2680:Stephenson (2007) 2552:Van Leer Archives 2172:Christhilf (2018) 2079:Stephenson (2007) 2019:, pp. 41–44. 1990:Stephenson (2007) 1683:. 25 January 2017 1468:, pp. 33–35. 1404:, p. 31, 43. 1268:978-1-4833-4030-2 1109:inspector general 1071:Gustave Rosenthal 1051:George Washington 1024:Battle of Trenton 900:Southern Colonies 846:Revolutionary War 809:lands within the 679:New York campaign 648:Siege of Yorktown 582:Saratoga campaign 573:, and adventure. 507:, was married to 394:Battle of Trenton 360:African-Americans 322:Siege of Yorktown 279:American patriots 253:Hessian (soldier) 225:Mercy Otis Warren 32:inspector general 5744: 5656:Sesquicentennial 5616:Independence Day 5520:Founding Fathers 5486: 5485: 5471: 5470: 5396: 5395: 5324: 5323: 5056: 5055: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4894: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4593:Cape St. Vincent 4268: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4231: 4230: 4203:Boston Tea Party 4128:Halifax Resolves 4078:Suffolk Resolves 3869:Grafton ministry 3864:Chatham ministry 3760:Colonial history 3740: 3739: 3726: 3725: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3614:. 9 January 1776 3525: 3504: 3468: 3437: 3409: 3388: 3372: 3360: 3329: 3275: 3256: 3237: 3226: 3201: 3175: 3105: 3084: 3061: 3037: 3019: 3013: 3005: 3003: 2991: 2961: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2878:Atwood, Rodney. 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2657: 2645:MPRA the Dragoon 2642: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2596: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2337:, p. 62–63. 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2159:, p. v, ix. 2154: 2148: 2142: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1851:on 7 August 2011 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1807: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1711: 1708: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1579: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1530: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1252: 1224: 1215:David L. Valuska 1211: 1205: 1198: 1192: 1185: 1140:Seven Years' War 1063:Continental Army 1012:Continental Army 1003:German Battalion 904:Intolerable Acts 880:varied greatly. 836:German Americans 831:German Americans 618:Ansbach-Bayreuth 501:Brunswick-Bevern 350:battalions, two 320:, and the final 207: 142:Seven Years' War 130:Continental Army 75:German Americans 73:Inside America, 68:Hessian soldiers 64:state of Hanover 36:Continental Army 5752: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5702: 5641:Von Steuben Day 5539: 5508: 5480: 5461: 5401: 5378: 5320:Colonial allies 5311: 5210: 5043: 5004:King George III 4992: 4900: 4877: 4846: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4754: 4728: 4657: 4638:Lochry's Defeat 4523:Assunpink Creek 4513:Fort Washington 4458: 4392: 4390: 4379: 4370:Hortalez et Cie 4341:Colonial allies 4336: 4303: 4272:United Colonies 4255: 4217: 4183:Boston Massacre 4161: 4152:Perpetual Union 4108:United Colonies 4041:Sons of Liberty 4004: 3912: 3910: 3909:Related British 3903: 3832: 3734: 3730:Origins of the 3720: 3715: 3677: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3615: 3606: 3603: 3584:, corps history 3544:Wayback Machine 3533: 3528: 3522: 3501: 3465: 3426: 3406: 3357: 3326: 3272: 3223: 3198: 3172: 3102: 3050: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2980: 2958: 2934: 2932: 2874: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2762: 2758: 2752:Commager (1958) 2750: 2746: 2740:Lockhart (2008) 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2577: 2566: 2559: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2440: 2436: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2366:on 3 March 2012 2358: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2163: 2157:Burgoyne (1997) 2155: 2151: 2143: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1921: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1795:Burgoyne (1997) 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1763: 1746:, eds. (1900). 1732: 1728: 1723: 1714: 1709: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1662: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1551:10.2307/1857901 1545:(4): 960, 962. 1531: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1299: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1222:Wayback Machine 1212: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1186: 1182: 1172: 1152:Treaty of Paris 1119:manual for the 1090:Lauzun's Legion 1040: 1008:German Regiment 994: 992:German Regiment 954: 942:Van Leer Family 838: 833: 823: 811:Austrian Empire 786: 741: 664: 620: 599:Convention Army 468:King George III 453: 447: 412: 406: 337:Philip Schuyler 255: 249: 239:in present-day 221:citizen soldier 208: 203: 99: 44:German ancestry 17: 12: 11: 5: 5750: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5646:Minor holidays 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5477:Related topics 5467: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5447:Bill of Rights 5444: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4910: 4902: 4901: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4851:Loyal colonies 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4837:South Carolina 4834: 4829: 4824: 4822:North Carolina 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4774:Rebel colonies 4767: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4714:Sint Eustatius 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4674:"First Salute" 4671: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4618:Kings Mountain 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4508:Harlem Heights 4505: 4500: 4498:Valcour Island 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4133:Lee Resolution 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4051:Black Patriots 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3899:Black Loyalist 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3874:North ministry 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3736: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3664: 3644: 3624: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3550: 3532: 3531:External links 3529: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3505: 3499: 3486: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3448: 3442:Church History 3438: 3424: 3404: 3389: 3380: 3373: 3361: 3355: 3337: 3332:Roeber, A. G. 3330: 3324: 3307: 3302:Percy, Sarah. 3300: 3288:Nolt, Steven, 3286: 3276: 3270: 3257: 3238: 3227: 3221: 3202: 3196: 3183: 3176: 3170: 3155: 3148: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3106: 3100: 3085: 3062: 3048: 3027: 3020: 2992: 2978: 2962: 2956: 2941: 2908:(1): 111–150. 2893: 2883: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2756: 2754:, p. 994. 2744: 2732: 2728:Marston (2003) 2720: 2708: 2706:, p. 123. 2704:Lossing (1860) 2696: 2694:, p. 103. 2684: 2669: 2626: 2624:, p. 340. 2622:Ferling (2007) 2614: 2586: 2557: 2539: 2533:978-1532663192 2532: 2514: 2502: 2477: 2475:, p. 482. 2473:Bobrick (1997) 2465: 2454:(4): 221–239. 2434: 2416: 2401: 2399:, p. 263. 2389: 2385:Bobrick (1997) 2377: 2351: 2349:, p. 238. 2347:Eelking (1893) 2339: 2327: 2315: 2313:, p. 219. 2300: 2298:, p. 222. 2288: 2286:, p. 220. 2276: 2264: 2260:Eelking (1893) 2252: 2248:Eelking (1893) 2240: 2224: 2212: 2210:, p. 277. 2200: 2196:Eelking (1893) 2188: 2186:, p. 105. 2184:Eelking (1893) 2176: 2161: 2149: 2134: 2132:, p. 267. 2130:Eelking (1893) 2122: 2110: 2095: 2083: 2081:, p. 294. 2071: 2045: 2043:, p. 131. 2041:Ketchum (1997) 2033: 2031:, p. 137. 2029:Ketchum (1997) 2021: 2009: 1994: 1982: 1978:Eelking (1893) 1970: 1958: 1954:Ketchum (1997) 1946: 1934: 1930:Ketchum (1997) 1919: 1897: 1885: 1862: 1836: 1834:, p. 113. 1824: 1799: 1787: 1783:Eelking (1893) 1775: 1761: 1726: 1712: 1694: 1668: 1666:, p. 536. 1664:Ferling (2007) 1656: 1654:, p. 538. 1652:Ferling (2007) 1644: 1642:, p. 566. 1640:Ferling (2007) 1632: 1628:Eelking (1893) 1620: 1618:, p. 256. 1616:Eelking (1893) 1608: 1596: 1571: 1522: 1510: 1498: 1490:Wait, Thomas. 1482: 1470: 1458: 1442: 1430: 1428:, p. 114. 1426:Ferling (2007) 1418: 1406: 1394: 1382: 1367: 1355: 1333: 1331:, p. 263. 1329:Eelking (1893) 1321: 1309: 1286: 1284:, p. 115. 1274: 1267: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1206: 1193: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1160:British Empire 1059:Johann de Kalb 1039: 1036: 993: 990: 953: 950: 860:leader in the 837: 834: 822: 819: 788:The Prince of 785: 782: 757:personal union 740: 737: 663: 660: 619: 616: 587:Lake Champlain 551:Friedrich Baum 544:Duke Charles I 497:Duke Charles I 449:Main article: 446: 443: 408:Main article: 405: 402: 382:Carl von Donop 291:power politics 251:Main article: 248: 245: 201: 98: 95: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5749: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621:Patriots' Day 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5596:Commemoration 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5535:Yankee Doodle 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5397: 5393: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:de Rochambeau 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:New Hampshire 4805: 4803: 4802:Massachusetts 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 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Germans in the American Revolution

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