830:. Only a few German military personnel were placed on trial in Italy in the first five years after the war up to 1951, with twelve court cases and twenty five accused. After 1951 only a handful of trials were conducted until 1996, when the case against Erich Priebke started a new wave of court cases. By then, in many cases, because decades had elapsed between the crimes and their prosecution, the accused either had died already, died during the court case or were deemed too old to be extradited or serve time in jail. An example of those is the San Cesario sul Panaro massacre, where twelve civilians were killed and where three of the four officers accused died before the trial commenced in 2004 and the fourth one died on the second day of the trial, leaving the massacre without legal repercussions for the perpetrators.
148:
58:
177:
493:. Of those around 40,000 died through murder, hunger and cold in the harsh conditions they had to endure. In the winter of 1944–45 the Italian military internees were designated civilians by Nazi Germany to integrate them more effectively in the forced labour required for the armament industry. This step was declared illegal by the German government in 2001, thereby declaring them as prisoners of war and barring the survivors from compensation.
1041:
1032:), which was made available online. This new research established the number of victims to be in excess of 22,000, double the previous estimate. While this new research funded by the German government was applauded it was also seen as insufficient by one of the authors to compensate for the lack of prosecution of suspected war criminals and the lack of extradition of convicted ones.
912:, was convicted after the war in the Netherlands for his role in executions there. He was deported to Germany in 1953 after the Netherlands had declined an extradition request by Italy in 1951. Despite an arrest warrant in Italy in 1954 Titho was never extradited and died in Germany in 2001, never having gone to trial for his role as camp commandant in Italy.
301:
time Italy surrendered, 200,000 German soldiers were deployed in northern Italy. The official purpose was to protect it from an Allied invasion, and to secure supply lines. In reality, the goals included disarming the
Italian Army and occupying the part of the country, thereby securing Italian economic resources for Germany's benefit.
645:, shortly after the Italian surrender and, while neither instructed nor authorised to carry out arrests and executions of Jews, participated in both on its own accord immediately after the Italian surrender. The division also looted Jewish property and had to be explicitly stopped by SS corps commander
762:
division found guilty for the death of 33 forced labourers who perished in an avalanche while forced to carry military supplies to a mountain outpost despite severe weather conditions. Four
Italian officers were charged and two sentenced to a ten-year jail term but pardoned in a 1947 general amnesty.
244:
The killing of
Italian civilians by frontline units of the Wehrmacht and SS has commonly been viewed as stemming from a sense of betrayal the Germans felt due to the Italian surrender; and by a feeling of racial superiority. However, some historians have argued that the reasons for atrocities and the
340:
of 1938 worsened their situation and the latter aided Nazi
Germany after the Italian surrender on 8 September 1943 as it provided them with lists of Jews living in Italy. Of the estimated 40,000 Jews living in Italy at the time, comprising Italian citizens and foreign refugees, 8,000 perished during
248:
Only a few perpetrators were ever tried for these war crimes. Few of these served prison sentences because of
Germany's refusal to prosecute and extradite war criminals to Italy. The Italian government, in the early postwar decades, also made little effort to bring German war criminals to justice by
436:
and begun to actively participate in the prosecution and arrest of Jews. However, the prosecution by
Italian authorities did not extend to people descended from mixed marriages. Initially, after the Italian surrender, the Italian police had only assisted in the round up of Jews when requested to do
1001:
Research into the German atrocities in Italy during the war, especially as part of the anti-partisan warfare, was long neglected, Italy being considered a minor theater in comparison to the much larger scale of atrocities committed in
Eastern Europe. Consequently, major research by historians into
950:
In 2011, a military court in Italy tried four of the suspected perpetrators of the Padule di
Fucecchio massacre and found three of them guilty while the fourth one died during the trial. Ernst Pistor (Captain), Fritz Jauss (Warrant officer), and Johan Robert Riss (Sergeant) were found guilty while
734:
was reportedly responsible for two war crimes. In
October 1943, two SAS men were captured after stealing a German vehicle, and executed on order of higher headquarters. On 21 June 1944, a partisan attack on the headquarters of Artillery Regiment 165 (the 65th Division's organic artillery regiment)
488:
With the
Italian surrender on 8 September Germany disarmed a large part of the Italian Army and made them prisoners. Instead of awarding them prisoner of war status they were left with a choice of joining the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic or to become military internees. The majority
787:
Because of these agreements Germany denied any financial liability for compensation claims by Italian war crime victims and their family members. It also eliminated Germany's legal obligation to extradite war criminals to Italy. After repeated cases of Germany being ordered to pay compensation by
300:
Even before these events Germany had begun distrusting Italy as an ally and, by July 1943, had begun sending substantial numbers of troops to northern Italy while fighting against the Allies took place in Sicily and southern Italy, preparing for an occupation of northern and central Italy. By the
783:
40 million. The latter was part of a set of agreements which West Germany concluded with twelve countries, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, paying DM 876 million in what it considered voluntary
784:
compensation, without legal obligation. In this agreement Italy declared "all outstanding claims on the part of the Italian Republic or Italian natural or legal persons against the Federal Republic of Germany or German natural or legal persons to be settled".
844:, commander of the 26th Panzer Division, which was involved in the Padule di Fucecchio massacre, was found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. He spent the rest of his life in jail, dying in Werl, West Germany, on 28 April 1950.
221:
Research funded by the German government and published in 2016 found the number of victims of Nazi war crimes in Italy to be 22,000, double the previously estimated figure. Most victims were Italian civilians, sometimes in retaliation for
1016:
published books and papers on the war in Italy, the war against the Italian partisans and the atrocities committed by Axis forces. He was also used as an historical expert in several trials against Germans accused of war crimes in Italy.
457:
Approximately 14,000 Italian non-Jewish civilians, often women, children and elderly, have been documented to have died in over 5,300 individual instances of war crimes committed by Nazi Germany. The largest of those was the
429:. Dannecker committed suicide after being captured in December 1945 while BoĂźhammer assumed a false name after the war. He was discovered and sentenced to life in West Germany in 1972 but died before ever serving any time.
335:
than the Jews in Nazi Germany did in the lead up to World War II. In the territories occupied by the Italian Army in France and Yugoslavia after the outbreak of World War II, Jews even found protection from persecution. The
993:, shortly before his death admitted that he was, as a member of the SS, guilty of crimes committed in his area of operation and that it had affected him all his life. He apologised to the victims and their family members.
588:, which simultaneously functioned as an extermination and transit camp. It was the only extermination camp in Italy during World War II and operated from October 1943 to April 1945, with up to 5,000 people killed there.
805:
571:
region, operating as a prisoner of war camp under Italian control from May 1942 to September 1943, then as a transit camp, still under Italian control until March 1944 and, from then until November 1944 under German
951:
Gerhard Deissmann died before the sentencing, aged 100. The three were unlikely to serve time in jail because Germany was not obliged to extradite them. None of the three showed any remorse for their action.
361:
in Italy was tasked with overseeing the final solution, the genocide of the Jews. Wolff assembled a group of SS personnel under his command that had experience in the extermination of Jews in Eastern Europe.
3077:
3194:
1630:
Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager Bd. 9: Arbeitserziehungslager, Durchgangslager, Ghettos, Polizeihaftlager, Sonderlager, Zigeunerlager,Zwangsarbeitslager
880:
From 1948 onward Italian military courts took over the prosecution of suspected German war criminals, sentencing 13 of them. Lieutenant-colonel Herbert Kappler, Major Walter Reder, Lieutenant-general
2956:
1020:
In 2013 Italy and Germany agreed to conduct a study into the war crimes committed by Nazi Germany during World War II, funded by the German government. This study, completed in 2016, resulted in the
716:
2289:
608:
894:, commander of the LXXV Army Corps, was sentenced to death and executed in 1945 for ordering the execution of 15 US soldiers who had been captured during a commando raid behind German lines.
3422:
724:
509:, was sentenced to death and executed in 1945 for ordering the execution of fifteen American soldiers who had been captured during a commando raid behind German lines, while SS officers
3026:
673:
848:, commander of the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division, involved in the Marzabotto and Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacres, was sentenced to death by a British court but pardoned in 1954.
3690:
3056:
776:
3432:
3400:
3395:
680:
432:
The attitude of the Italian Fascists towards Italian Jews changed fundamentally in November 1943: the Fascist authorities declared them to be of "enemy nationality" during the
2539:
17:
2573:
1217:
939:, head of the Gestapo and in Milan, was protected from prosecution through his high-ranking connections in post-war Germany. In 1999 he was sentenced in absentia in
2936:
2976:
1969:
720:
366:, appointed as Higher SS and Police Leader for the Adriatic coastal area, had been responsible for the murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews and Gypsies in
203:
45:
3221:
2299:
712:
638:
561:
region, operating as a German-controlled transit camp from September 1943 to November 1943 and, under Italian control, from December 1943 to February 1944.
2568:
490:
974:
653:
3001:
2884:
970:
2931:
514:
1940:
2901:
3380:
1126:
708:
309:
885:
2649:
4111:
4048:
2702:
521:
332:
2231:
840:, German commander in the Mediterranean theatre, was tried in Venice for war crimes, found guilty, sentenced to death, but released in 1952.
2597:
249:
demanding extradition: it feared that such demands would in turn encourage other countries to demand the extradition of Italian citizens
4077:
1661:
1779:
599:, which gained notoriety during the war through the inhumane treatment of inmates by the SS guards and the torture carried out there.
4147:
3983:
3740:
3253:
2380:
1709:
585:
245:
brutal behaviour were more complex, often resulting from the military crisis caused by the German retreats and the fear of ambushes.
3993:
3978:
3298:
2461:
1604:""In der Bozner Zelle erhängt…": Roderick Hall – Einziges Ein-Mann-Unternehmen des amerikanischen Kriegsgeheimdienstes in Südtirol"
1459:
1425:
1009:(1940–2017) specialised in the German-Italian relations during the Nazi era and published books on the German war crimes in Italy.
548:
3956:
3656:
4084:
3812:
3575:
696:
2326:
3695:
2877:
2215:
1081:
789:
3922:
3685:
3663:
3627:
3540:
2754:
2731:
1247:
1100:
554:
1606:["Hung in a cell in Bolzano...": Roderick Hall – The only one-man operation of the OSS in South Tyrol] (in German).
2263:
1603:
421:
of the SD and was tasked with the deportation of the Italian Jews. Not seen as efficient enough, he was later replaced by
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
2654:
1628:
1073:
873:
and six other Allied POWs. Andergassen was also responsible for the rounding up and deportations of 25 Italian Jews from
3313:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
2390:
2331:
1638:
1469:
1435:
731:
688:
613:
War crimes by Nazi Germany in Italy were committed by various branches of the German military and security forces. The
415:, previously active in the deportation of Greek Jews in the part of Greece occupied by Bulgaria, was made chief of the
3278:
4137:
3248:
3243:
3006:
2870:
2821:
2791:
2511:
978:
664:
massacres, the two worst atrocities in Italy as far as number of victims goes. The division was also involved in the
661:
463:
735:
resulted in a soldier being wounded. The regimental commander ordered a reprisal killing of five Italian civilians.
4152:
3390:
3385:
3375:
2684:
The Police Transit Camps in Fossoli and Bolzano – Historical report in connection with the trial of Manfred Seifert
1156:
2722:
Ciavattone, Federico (2019). "Torture and Anti-Partisan War: the Case of the Italian Social Republic, 1943–1945".
4142:
4116:
3489:
3484:
1061:
41:
1064:, dedicated to the Jewish people deported from there to the extermination camps and was opened in January 2013.
544:
3479:
2981:
2966:
2358:
1192:"Book Review by Sönke Neitzel in War in History: Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Partisanenkrieg: Italien 1943–1945"
793:
3216:
2413:
2187:
2075:
2049:
2023:
1997:
1913:
1887:
1861:
1283:
3733:
2100:
The Secret War in Italy: Special Forces, Partisans and Covert Operations 1943–45 by William Fowler, pp. 34–35
955:
2650:"The Italian and German foreign ministers open the Documentation Centre on the Padule di Fucecchio Massacre"
2143:
2121:
969:
Few German soldiers accused or convicted of taking part in war crimes have shown remorse for their actions.
754:, have been identified as having taken part in war crimes. The worst of those, at Col du Mont Fornet in the
4101:
3110:
3016:
2165:
867:
692:
471:
1782:. ANED – National Association of Italian political deportees from Nazi concentration camps. Archived from
1712:. ANED – National Association of Italian political deportees from Nazi concentration camps. Archived from
1664:. ANED – National Association of Italian political deportees from Nazi concentration camps. Archived from
1319:
3031:
981:, admitted that he killed 20 women during the massacre and that his actions haunted him throughout life.
524:
were convicted and executed for the murders of seven other Allied soldiers. Some of the accused used the
502:
238:
2844:"NS-Täter in Italy. The Massacres in Occupied Italy (1943-1945): Integrating the Perpetrators' Memories"
3786:
3550:
3165:
3011:
819:
772:
669:
536:
German and Italian run transit camps for Jews, political prisoners and forced labour existed in Italy:
501:
Some Allied servicemen were executed after having been captured by German troops. The commander of the
483:
231:
134:
96:
3853:
3211:
810:
Only very few Nazi war criminals have ever served jail sentences in Italy for war crimes, among them
649:
on the grounds that only the security police and the SD were authorised to carry out those measures.
433:
371:
2109:
591:
Apart from designated camps Jews and political prisoners were also held at common prisons, like the
3908:
3726:
3614:
3461:
3427:
739:
188:
775:
Italy waived any compensation claims against other countries, including Germany (Article 77). The
3973:
3781:
3469:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3323:
3235:
2921:
2236:
1127:"New Study: Number of Casualties in Nazi Massacres in Italy Nearly Double as Previously Believed"
1084:
862:, alongside two others, was sentenced to death by a US military tribunal and executed in 1946 in
282:
211:
182:
74:
63:
4032:
3749:
3709:
3545:
3130:
1607:
1252:
921:
849:
637:
units were responsible for the majority of war crimes committed against Italian civilians. The
326:
305:
278:
3848:
3090:
888:
were among the German officers put on trial, with Kappler and Reder receiving life sentences.
422:
4053:
3807:
3590:
3570:
2996:
2991:
2628:
1974:
1195:
1013:
962:, that Italy would continue to press Germany to extradite or locally prosecute war criminals
870:
684:
446:
1783:
1665:
1527:
441:, in which Jews were declared to be foreigners and, in times of war, enemies, this changed.
3932:
3917:
3893:
3637:
3622:
3180:
3085:
2986:
1088:
990:
982:
909:
897:
877:, 24 of whom later died, and the torture and murder of Manlio Longon, an Italian partisan.
859:
834:
577:
540:
510:
358:
2857:
2489:
2439:
1760:. ANED – National Association of Italian political deportees from Nazi concentration camps
1577:
1555:
1495:
1393:
1371:
391:
350:
8:
4027:
4022:
3036:
2544:
2294:
833:
Allied military courts tried high-ranking officers in Italy in the first post-war years.
657:
459:
337:
223:
3509:
1713:
919:
containing 695 files documenting war crimes committed during World War II in Italy, the
901:
551:
at the time, operating as a German-controlled transit camp from summer 1944 to May 1945.
489:
chose the latter and approximately 600,000 of those were sent to Germany and to work as
304:
War crimes committed by German soldiers pre-date the Italian surrender. For example, at
57:
3937:
3791:
3580:
3160:
2961:
2696:
626:
592:
467:
442:
438:
289:
or RSI, in the northern regions remaining under German control. The new republic, with
281:
on 8 September and the surrender of Italy to the Allies, the fascists established the
250:
116:
1757:
943:
to life imprisonment for his involvement in the execution of 15 hostages in Milan, on
518:
3883:
3858:
3680:
3125:
3100:
2971:
2817:
2801:
2787:
2771:
2750:
2727:
2386:
1830:
1805:
1687:
1634:
1599:
1465:
1431:
1006:
963:
959:
837:
738:
Apart from the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions, three of the four divisions of the
622:
412:
399:
2212:
1735:
806:
List of German people convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II
4070:
4006:
3095:
2926:
2602:
1025:
986:
926:
905:
841:
755:
564:
290:
266:
215:
112:
1187:
3873:
3863:
3832:
3585:
3414:
3120:
2219:
1077:
944:
881:
827:
704:
404:
363:
3474:
3175:
3021:
2916:
2355:"Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening)"
665:
642:
568:
525:
426:
383:
3135:
2624:
853:
470:
saw 335 randomly selected people executed, among them 75 Italian Jews. In the
4131:
3888:
3878:
3827:
3822:
3765:
3600:
3155:
3140:
3105:
2839:
2776:
Die italienischen Militärinternierten im deutschen Machtbereich 1943 bis 1945
2258:
1461:
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
936:
891:
811:
780:
618:
506:
342:
2540:"'Haunted' SS veteran stands trial for massacre of the innocents in village"
4001:
3947:
3927:
3647:
3632:
3150:
3145:
2862:
2571:[The „Executor of Fossoli“ is spared from a trial on German soil].
856:
were both sentenced to death in Rome but this sentence was later commuted.
823:
646:
449:, ordered the Italian police to arrest Jews and confiscate their property.
417:
294:
270:
227:
207:
153:
130:
92:
49:
3718:
2780:
The Italian military internees in the German zone of control 1943 to 1945
2746:
1222:
700:
695:. Soldiers of the latter division are also alleged to have committed the
609:
List of Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions involved in war crimes in Italy
379:
274:
254:
199:
2843:
2569:"Dem "Henker von Fossoli" blieb ein Prozess auf deutschem Boden erspart"
3898:
3817:
3595:
445:
on 30 November 1943, issued by the minister of the interior of the RSI
354:
2462:"Italy Publishes Thousands of Classified Files Related to Nazi Crimes"
2354:
1002:
the atrocities committed in Italy only really commenced in the 1990s.
3868:
3367:
3203:
3170:
3115:
1091:, opened a Documentation Centre on the Padule di Fucecchio Massacre.
845:
815:
634:
630:
163:
158:
625:
were involved in the prosecution and murder of Italian Jews and the
2806:
Deutsche Kriegsverbrechen in Italien. Täter, Opfer, Strafverfolgung
2682:
2144:"3. Divisione fanteria di marina "San Marco"/Presidio di Millesimo"
1945:
1191:
679:
Wehrmacht units were also involved in massacres in Italy, with the
558:
120:
108:
2688:
2516:
2466:
1970:"Einsteins Nichten: Die tragische Geschichte von zwei Schwestern"
1131:
614:
581:
375:
168:
1040:
796:, claiming immunity. In 2012 the ICJ ruled in Germany's favour.
411:, who had previously held the same position in the Netherlands.
2813:
2783:
874:
576:
Apart from those three transit camps Germany also operated the
408:
367:
1972:[Einstein's nieces; The tragic story of two sisters].
940:
742:
of the Italian Socialist Republic, the 2nd Infantry division
596:
387:
2290:"Three former Nazi soldiers found guilty of Tuscan massacre"
958:
stated, in the presence of the late German Foreign Minister
2211:
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy),
916:
863:
2382:
Historikerkommissionen und Historische Konfliktbewältigung
2190:(in Italian). Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
2168:(in Italian). Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
2146:(in Italian). Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
2124:(in Italian). Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
1286:(in Italian). Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
1157:"8. September 1943: Die italienischen Militärinternierten"
2655:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
1943:[The eternal search for the Einstein murderers].
234:: approximately 40,000 of them died in German captivity.
2838:
779:
between West Germany and Italy resulted in a payment of
2810:
War crimes in Italy. Perpetrators, Victims, Prosecution
1248:"The "Final Solution": Estimated Number of Jews Killed"
2743:
Places of shame – German war crimes in Italy 1943–1945
2740:
2372:
462:, where in excess of 770 civilians were murdered. The
1825:
1823:
1427:
Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922–1945
2232:"Bilateral Agreements and the Cold War (1956–1974)"
1324:
The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
425:, who was, like Dannecker, closely associated with
2512:"Italy to Press Germany on Conviction of ex-Nazis"
2024:"MONCHIO SUSANO E COSTRIGNANO PALAGANO 18.03.1944"
1633:(in German). Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel. 2009.
394:was placed in charge of anti-partisan operations.
2800:
2770:
2378:
1820:
1798:
1030:Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia
668:, where 162 Italian civilians were executed, the
237:The above estimate excludes the estimated 30,000
4129:
1750:
1654:
1458:Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R. (2018).
975:16th SS Panzergrenadier Division ReichsfĂĽhrer-SS
947:, in August 1944 but never extradited to Italy.
1941:"Die ewige Suche nach dem Mörder der Einsteins"
1772:
1680:
1218:"How Postwar Germany Let War Criminals Go Free"
1182:
1180:
1178:
1067:
4112:Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto
4049:Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea
2379:CorneliĂźen, Christoph; Pezzino, Paolo (2017).
2188:"COL DU MONT FORNET, VALGRISENCHE, 26.01.1945"
1550:
1548:
331:Italian Jews suffered far less persecution in
18:German war crimes in Italy during World War II
3734:
2878:
2680:
2207:
2205:
1457:
709:1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring
477:
310:1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring
2892:
2858:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
2418:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
2283:
2281:
2080:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
2054:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
2028:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
2002:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
1918:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
1892:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
1866:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
1532:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
1175:
1022:Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy
758:on 26 January 1945, saw four members of the
297:: its government was under German control.
2327:"Three ex-Nazis get life for WWII massacre"
2042:
1939:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (21 February 2011).
1888:"SAN TERENZO MONTI FIVIZZANO 17-19.08.1944"
1545:
3748:
3741:
3727:
3076:
2885:
2871:
2721:
2701:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2600:[Remember instead of compensate].
2202:
2050:"VALLUCCIOLE PRATOVECCHIO STIA 13.04.1944"
1938:
1914:"SAN LEONARDO AL FRIGIDO MASSA 16.09.1944"
1728:
1598:
1490:
1488:
1276:
370:, Poland, before his assignment to Italy.
133:: 8,000Italian civilian population: 14,000
56:
2724:Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Torture
2589:
2566:
2278:
2068:
1990:
1702:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1423:
1386:
1364:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1242:
1240:
1209:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1116:
586:Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral
374:was appointed as SS and Police Leader in
320:
269:, until 8 September 1943, was an ally of
3202:
2595:
2567:Schwarzer, Marianne (17 February 2016).
2492:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
2482:
2442:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
2259:"Claims Agreements with other Countries"
2251:
1833:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
1808:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
1738:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
1690:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
1580:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
1570:
1558:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
1396:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
1374:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
1215:
1151:
1149:
1051:
1039:
549:Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills
528:in their defence but this was rejected.
4085:My Italian Secret: The Forgotten Heroes
2642:
2454:
2406:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2287:
2076:"CIVITELLA IN VAL DI CHIANA 29.06.1944"
2016:
1906:
1880:
1485:
697:murder of the family of Robert Einstein
437:so by the German authorities. With the
14:
4130:
3696:Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
2560:
2532:
2224:
1621:
1513:
1320:"The destruction of the Jews of Italy"
1307:
1237:
1113:
3957:Biblioteca della ComunitĂ Israelitica
3722:
3686:Palazzo Cesi-Gaddi war crimes archive
3664:Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz
3657:Biblioteca della ComunitĂ Israelitica
3533:
2866:
2504:
2432:
1967:
1854:
1146:
915:In 1994, a cabinet was discovered in
777:1961 Bilateral Compensation Agreement
2596:Dernbach, Andrea (25 October 2013).
2314:
2264:Institute for Jewish Policy Research
2122:"2. Divisione granatieri "Littorio""
1932:
1592:
496:
452:
308:, 16 civilians were murdered by the
3423:SS Police Regiment Alpine Foothills
2909:
1961:
1556:"Andergassen, Heinrich (1908–1946)"
1284:"Castiglione di Sicilia 12.08.1943"
1216:Wiegrefe, Klaus (19 January 2012).
1186:
866:, Italy for his role in murders of
474:up to 184 civilians were executed.
466:saw 560 civilians killed while the
214:allies—committed war crimes in the
24:
2710:
2332:Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata
1394:"Boßhammer, Friedrich (1906–1972)"
1125:Armellini, Arvise (5 April 2016).
241:who were killed during the war. .
25:
4164:
2831:
2166:"4. Divisione Alpina "Monterosa""
1500:L'Eccidio del Padule di Fucecchio
954:In 2012 Italian foreign minister
3691:Bilateral Compensation Agreement
3222:SS Volunteer Karstwehr Battalion
1968:Dosch, Stefan (23 August 2017).
1372:"Dannecker, Theodor (1913–1945)"
1035:
977:convicted of taking part in the
674:San Leonardo al Frigido massacre
654:16th SS Panzergrenadier Division
390:for upper and western Italy and
175:
146:
4117:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
2957:Monchio, Susano and Costrignano
2741:Stephan D Yada-MC Neal (2018).
2674:
2617:
2347:
2180:
2158:
2136:
2114:
2103:
2094:
1862:"VINCA FIVIZZANO 24–27.08.1944"
1845:
1451:
1417:
1408:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1062:Milano Centrale railway station
717:Monchio, Susano and Costrignano
602:
403:(SD) were under the command of
293:as head of state, was a German
230:. This figure does not include
3381:1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division
2681:Carlo Gentile (October 2005).
2359:International Court of Justice
2213:Judgment, ¶22-26 (Feb 3, 2012)
1578:"Schiffer, August (1901–1946)"
1298:
1267:
979:Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre
799:
794:International Court of Justice
711:was involved in massacres, at
683:murdering 57 civilians in the
464:Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre
13:
1:
3433:SS Police Regiment Schlanders
3401:20th Luftwaffe Field Division
3396:19th Luftwaffe Field Division
3299:90th Panzergrenadier Division
3269:29th Panzergrenadier Division
3254:15th Panzergrenadier Division
2715:
2598:"Erinnern statt entschädigen"
2288:Squires, Nick (26 May 2011).
1424:Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2005).
1106:
732:German 65th Infantry Division
681:19th Luftwaffe Field Division
260:
84:8 September 1943 – 2 May 1945
4148:Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
4102:History of the Jews in Italy
3244:3rd Panzergrenadier Division
2764:
2490:"Saevecke, Theo (1911–2000)"
1068:Padule di Fucecchio massacre
750:and the 4th Alpine division
693:Padule di Fucecchio massacre
545:Trentino-Alto Adige/SĂĽdtirol
472:Padule di Fucecchio massacre
397:The security police and the
7:
3217:SS Division ReichsfĂĽhrer-SS
2726:. Brill. pp. 105–114.
1094:
1087:, who would later serve as
996:
766:
691:up to 184 civilians in the
287:Repubblica Sociale Italiana
95:Italian civilian population
10:
4169:
3551:Italian military internees
2837:Website of the project by
1005:German military historian
956:Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata
803:
746:, the 3rd Marine division
725:Civitella in Val di Chiana
670:San Terenzo Monti massacre
606:
484:Italian military internees
481:
478:Italian military internees
324:
315:
253:committed while Italy was
232:Italian military internees
135:Italian military internees
97:Italian military internees
4094:
4062:
4041:
4015:
3992:
3966:
3946:
3907:
3841:
3800:
3774:
3756:
3704:
3673:
3646:
3613:
3563:
3526:
3502:
3460:
3413:
3366:
3234:
3212:SS Division Leibstandarte
3193:
3069:
3049:
2949:
2900:
2440:"Titho, Karl (1911–2001)"
1044:The wall of names at the
773:1947 Paris Peace Treaties
141:
126:
102:
88:
80:
70:
55:
39:
34:
4138:Nazi war crimes in Italy
4107:Axis war crimes in Italy
3490:4th Division "Monterosa"
3485:3rd Division "San Marco"
3428:SS Police Regiment Bozen
2894:Nazi war crimes in Italy
2574:Lippische Landes-Zeitung
2414:"San Cesario sul Panaro"
2218:13 December 2016 at the
1074:Italian Foreign Minister
788:Italian courts, Germany
740:National Republican Army
531:
255:allied with Nazi Germany
189:National Republican Army
35:Axis war crimes in Italy
4153:Italian Social Republic
3974:Italian Social Republic
3480:2nd Division "Littorio"
3470:Republican Police Corps
3448:20th SS Police Regiment
3443:15th SS Police Regiment
3438:12th SS Police Regiment
3354:362nd Infantry Division
3349:356th Infantry Division
3344:334th Infantry Division
3339:305th Infantry Division
3334:278th Infantry Division
3329:232nd Infantry Division
3324:162nd Turkoman Division
3319:148th Infantry Division
3027:San Leonardo al Frigido
2237:German Federal Archives
1851:Gentile, p. 11 & 12
1085:Frank Walter Steinmeier
672:, 159 victims, and the
555:Borgo San Dalmazzo camp
283:Italian Social Republic
198:Two of the three major
183:Italian Social Republic
75:Italian Social Republic
64:Italian Social Republic
4143:The Holocaust in Italy
4063:Publications and films
4033:RSI Police Order No. 5
3775:Massacres and roundups
3750:The Holocaust in Italy
3710:The Holocaust in Italy
3475:Italian Black Brigades
3391:4th Parachute Division
3386:2nd Parachute Division
3376:1st Parachute Division
3309:94th Infantry Division
3304:92nd Infantry Division
3294:71st Infantry Division
3289:65th Infantry Division
3284:44th Infantry Division
3274:34th Infantry Division
3131:Eberhard von Mackensen
1998:"CAVRIGLIA 04.07.1944"
1608:University of Nebraska
1253:Jewish Virtual Library
1161:Zwangsarbeit 1939–1945
1048:
1029:
931:Armadio della vergogna
930:
904:and commandant of the
850:Eberhard von Mackensen
639:1st SS Panzer Division
327:The Holocaust in Italy
321:The Holocaust in Italy
306:Castiglione di Sicilia
279:Armistice of Cassibile
27:Aspect of World War II
4054:Memoriale della Shoah
3808:Leonardo de Benedetti
3801:Victims and survivors
3591:Roderick Stephen Hall
3571:Leonardo de Benedetti
3249:5th Mountain Division
3057:San Martino di Lupari
3007:Sant'Anna di Stazzema
2629:University of Cologne
2110:lexicon der wehrmacht
1975:Augsburger Allgemeine
1780:"SAN SABBA RICE MILL"
1196:University of Cologne
1058:Memoriale della Shoah
1052:Memoriale della Shoah
1046:Memoriale della Shoah
1043:
1014:University of Cologne
1012:Carlo Gentile of the
991:Bolzano Transit Camps
964:sentenced in absentia
910:Bolzano Transit Camps
871:Roderick Stephen Hall
685:Guardistallo massacre
662:Sant'Anna di Stazzema
447:Guido Buffarini Guidi
251:accused of war crimes
46:Mediterranean theatre
3933:Risiera di San Sabba
3638:Risiera di San Sabba
3314:114th Jäger Division
3264:26th Panzer Division
3259:16th Panzer-Division
3086:Heinrich Andergassen
1786:on 10 September 2018
1736:"BORGO SAN DALMAZZO"
1710:"BORGO SAN DALMAZZO"
1668:on 10 September 2018
1089:President of Germany
1080:, together with his
983:Karl Friedrich Titho
898:Karl Friedrich Titho
860:Heinrich Andergassen
835:Generalfeldmarschall
689:26th Panzer Division
641:was responsible for
578:Risiera di San Sabba
547:region, part of the
511:Heinrich Andergassen
359:SS and Police Leader
4028:Manifesto of Verona
4023:Italian Racial Laws
3849:Friedrich BoĂźhammer
3279:42nd Jäger Division
3091:Friedrich BoĂźhammer
3017:Padule di Fucecchio
2812:] (in German).
2782:] (in German).
2749:: Books on demand.
2545:The Daily Telegraph
2295:The Daily Telegraph
1806:"Risiera San Sabba"
985:, commander of the
902:SS-UntersturmfĂĽhrer
584:, then part of the
460:Marzabotto massacre
423:Friedrich BoĂźhammer
338:Italian racial laws
312:on 12 August 1943.
4078:The Periodic Table
3923:Borgo San Dalmazzo
3842:Major perpetrators
3628:Borgo San Dalmazzo
3581:Giovanni Fornasini
3161:Josef Scheungraber
3032:Certosa di Farneta
2520:. 21 December 2012
2470:. 16 February 2016
1600:Steinacher, Gerald
1082:German counterpart
1049:
973:, a member of the
723:(107 victims) and
627:Ardeatine massacre
593:San Vittore Prison
491:Nazi forced labour
468:Ardeatine massacre
443:Police Order No. 5
439:Manifest of Verona
434:Congress of Verona
117:summary executions
4125:
4124:
4016:Anti-Semitic laws
3884:Martin Sandberger
3859:Theodor Dannecker
3716:
3715:
3681:Togliatti amnesty
3609:
3608:
3559:
3558:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3498:
3497:
3456:
3455:
3409:
3408:
3362:
3361:
3230:
3229:
3189:
3188:
3126:Albert Kesselring
3101:Theodor Dannecker
3065:
3064:
3045:
3044:
3012:San Terenzo Monti
2945:
2944:
2802:Gerhard Schreiber
2772:Gerhard Schreiber
2756:978-3-7460-9795-4
2733:978-90-04-40801-2
2658:. 11 October 2015
1716:on 28 August 2018
1528:"Military Courts"
1496:"The responsible"
1101:Allied war crimes
1060:is a memorial in
1007:Gerhard Schreiber
960:Guido Westerwelle
838:Albert Kesselring
623:Sicherheitsdienst
580:camp, located in
567:, located in the
557:, located in the
543:, located in the
497:Allied servicemen
453:Italian civilians
413:Theodor Dannecker
400:Sicherheitsdienst
392:Karl-Heinz BĂĽrger
351:ObergruppenfĂĽhrer
239:Italian partisans
196:
195:
16:(Redirected from
4160:
4095:Related articles
4071:If This Is a Man
4007:Giorgio Perlasca
3984:Adriatic Littora
3979:Alpine Foothills
3762:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3561:
3560:
3531:
3530:
3510:Bandenbekämpfung
3500:
3499:
3458:
3457:
3411:
3410:
3364:
3363:
3232:
3231:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3096:Eduard Crasemann
3074:
3073:
3047:
3046:
2947:
2946:
2907:
2906:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2842:and Udo GĂĽmpel.
2827:
2797:
2760:
2737:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2603:Der Tagesspiegel
2593:
2587:
2586:
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2344:
2342:
2340:
2323:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2298:. Archived from
2285:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2228:
2222:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2091:
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2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
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1903:
1901:
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1875:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1849:
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1842:
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1827:
1818:
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1815:
1813:
1802:
1796:
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1791:
1776:
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1765:
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1678:
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1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1596:
1590:
1589:
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1568:
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1565:
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1552:
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1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1492:
1483:
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1455:
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1421:
1415:
1412:
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1390:
1384:
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1379:
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1362:
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1316:
1305:
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1234:
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1184:
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1172:
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1168:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1122:
987:Fossoli di Carpi
922:Cabinet of shame
906:Fossoli di Carpi
842:Eduard Crasemann
291:Benito Mussolini
273:and part of the
267:Kingdom of Italy
216:Kingdom of Italy
181:
179:
178:
152:
150:
149:
113:ethnic cleansing
60:
42:Italian Campaign
32:
31:
21:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4090:
4058:
4037:
4011:
3988:
3962:
3942:
3903:
3874:Herbert Kappler
3864:Odilo Globocnik
3837:
3833:Piero Terracina
3813:Einstein family
3796:
3770:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3717:
3712:
3700:
3669:
3642:
3605:
3586:Maurizio Giglio
3576:Einstein family
3555:
3514:
3494:
3452:
3405:
3358:
3226:
3185:
3166:Michael Seifert
3121:Herbert Kappler
3111:Friedrich Engel
3061:
3041:
2941:
2896:
2891:
2848:
2846:
2834:
2824:
2794:
2767:
2757:
2734:
2718:
2713:
2711:Further reading
2694:
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2325:
2324:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2302:on 8 March 2012
2286:
2279:
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2267:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2220:Wayback Machine
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1277:
1273:Gentile, p. 2–3
1272:
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1123:
1114:
1109:
1097:
1078:Paolo Gentiloni
1070:
1054:
1038:
999:
945:Piazzale Loreto
882:Wilhelm Schmalz
828:Herbert Kappler
820:Michael Seifert
808:
802:
790:took the matter
769:
727:(146 victims).
719:(130 victims),
715:(173 victims),
705:Albert Einstein
676:, 149 victims.
611:
605:
534:
519:OberscharfĂĽhrer
515:August Schiffer
503:LXXV Army Corps
499:
486:
480:
455:
405:Wilhelm Harster
364:Odilo Globocnik
329:
323:
318:
263:
212:Fascist Italian
176:
174:
147:
145:
105:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4123:
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4119:
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3989:
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3787:Ghetto of Rome
3784:
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3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
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3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3176:Gerhard Sommer
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
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3103:
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3019:
3014:
3009:
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2999:
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2979:
2974:
2969:
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2959:
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2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2833:
2832:External links
2830:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2798:
2792:
2786:: Oldenbourg.
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2738:
2732:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2641:
2625:"Carlo Gebile"
2616:
2588:
2559:
2531:
2503:
2481:
2453:
2431:
2405:
2392:978-3110541144
2391:
2371:
2346:
2313:
2277:
2250:
2223:
2201:
2179:
2157:
2135:
2113:
2102:
2093:
2067:
2041:
2015:
1989:
1960:
1931:
1905:
1879:
1853:
1844:
1819:
1797:
1771:
1749:
1727:
1701:
1679:
1653:
1640:978-3406572388
1639:
1620:
1591:
1569:
1544:
1512:
1484:
1471:978-0253023865
1470:
1450:
1437:978-0521841016
1436:
1416:
1414:Gentile, p. 15
1407:
1385:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1306:
1304:Gentile, p. 10
1297:
1275:
1266:
1236:
1208:
1188:Neitzel, Sönke
1174:
1145:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1050:
1037:
1034:
998:
995:
801:
798:
768:
765:
699:, a cousin of
666:Vinca massacre
656:committed the
643:Boves massacre
604:
601:
574:
573:
569:Emilia-Romagna
562:
552:
533:
530:
526:Commando Order
498:
495:
482:Main article:
479:
476:
454:
451:
427:Adolf Eichmann
384:Willy Tensfeld
357:, the Supreme
325:Main article:
322:
319:
317:
314:
262:
259:
194:
193:
192:
191:
172:
171:
166:
161:
143:
139:
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106:
103:
100:
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90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
61:
53:
52:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4165:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:Commemoration
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
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3972:
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3958:
3954:
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3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Theo Saevecke
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Erich Priebke
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Liliana Segre
3826:
3824:
3823:Ettore Ovazza
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Lake Maggiore
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3766:The Holocaust
3764:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3601:Ettore Ovazza
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
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3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
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3416:
3412:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
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3387:
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3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Theo Saevecke
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Erich Priebke
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Anton Dostler
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Lake Maggiore
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2840:Carlo Gentile
2836:
2835:
2825:
2823:3-406-39268-7
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2793:3-486-55391-7
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2548:. 1 July 2004
2547:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2491:
2485:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2441:
2435:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2385:(in German).
2384:
2383:
2375:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2335:. 26 May 2011
2334:
2333:
2328:
2322:
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2301:
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2217:
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2206:
2189:
2183:
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2161:
2145:
2139:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1807:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1759:
1753:
1737:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1689:
1688:"Bozen-Gries"
1683:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1579:
1573:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1411:
1395:
1389:
1373:
1367:
1361:Gentile, p. 6
1358:
1352:Gentile, p. 5
1349:
1343:Gentile, p. 4
1340:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:In 2015, the
1065:
1063:
1059:
1047:
1042:
1036:Commemoration
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:Ludwig Göring
967:
965:
961:
957:
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
937:Theo Saevecke
934:
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
893:
892:Anton Dostler
889:
887:
886:Josef Strauch
883:
878:
876:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:Erich Priebke
807:
797:
795:
791:
785:
782:
778:
774:
764:
761:
757:
756:Valle d'Aosta
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
610:
600:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
570:
566:
563:
560:
556:
553:
550:
546:
542:
539:
538:
537:
529:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:Anton Dostler
504:
494:
492:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
450:
448:
444:
440:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
356:
353:
352:
346:
344:
343:the Holocaust
339:
334:
333:Fascist Italy
328:
313:
311:
307:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
256:
252:
246:
242:
240:
235:
233:
229:
226:attacks, and
225:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
155:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
59:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4106:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4002:Gino Bartali
3955:
3854:Karl Brunner
3706:
3662:
3655:
3541:Italian Jews
3151:Walter Reder
3146:Walter Rauff
3070:Perpetrators
2997:Piazza Tasso
2992:Guardistallo
2937:Pietransieri
2893:
2847:. Retrieved
2809:
2805:
2779:
2775:
2742:
2723:
2683:
2675:Bibliography
2660:. Retrieved
2653:
2644:
2634:16 September
2632:. Retrieved
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2601:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2572:
2562:
2552:18 September
2550:. Retrieved
2543:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2515:
2506:
2496:11 September
2494:. Retrieved
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2434:
2424:18 September
2422:. Retrieved
2420:(in Italian)
2417:
2408:
2398:18 September
2396:. Retrieved
2381:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2330:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2293:
2268:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2235:
2226:
2194:22 September
2192:. Retrieved
2182:
2172:22 September
2170:. Retrieved
2160:
2150:22 September
2148:. Retrieved
2138:
2128:22 September
2126:. Retrieved
2116:
2105:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2082:(in Italian)
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2056:(in Italian)
2053:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2030:(in Italian)
2027:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2004:(in Italian)
2001:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1973:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1944:
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612:
603:Perpetrators
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565:Fossoli camp
541:Bolzano camp
535:
522:Albert Storz
500:
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418:Judenreferat
416:
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372:Karl Brunner
349:
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295:puppet state
286:
277:. After the
271:Nazi Germany
264:
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236:
228:Italian Jews
220:
208:Nazi Germany
204:World War II
197:
173:
154:Nazi Germany
142:Perpetrators
131:Italian Jews
93:Italian Jews
50:World War II
40:Part of the
29:
3938:San Vittore
3911:and prisons
3564:Individuals
3546:Libyan Jews
3136:Kurt Mälzer
3078:Individuals
2987:Capistrello
2977:Vallucciole
2747:Norderstedt
2581:9 September
2577:(in German)
2446:9 September
1978:(in German)
1949:(in German)
1223:Der Spiegel
1163:(in German)
854:Kurt Mälzer
800:Prosecution
721:Vallucciole
701:Nobel Prize
517:as well as
407:, based in
380:South Tyrol
275:Axis powers
200:Axis powers
104:Attack type
4132:Categories
3899:Karl Wolff
3894:Karl Titho
3818:Primo Levi
3596:Primo Levi
3181:Karl Titho
3037:Marzabotto
2716:In English
1107:References
966:in Italy.
884:and Major
804:See also:
658:Marzabotto
607:See also:
355:Karl Wolff
261:Background
210:and their
3869:Karl Hass
3792:Ardeatine
3707:See also:
3415:SS Police
3368:Luftwaffe
3204:Waffen-SS
3171:Max Simon
3116:Karl Hass
2962:Ardeatine
2902:Massacres
2765:In German
2697:cite book
2662:12 August
2609:25 August
2524:21 August
2474:16 August
2364:28 August
2339:17 August
2306:17 August
2270:21 August
2243:21 August
2086:21 August
2060:21 August
2034:21 August
2008:21 August
1924:21 August
1898:21 August
1872:21 August
1831:"Mailand"
1758:"FOSSOLI"
1662:"BOLZANO"
1537:24 August
1505:12 August
1329:21 August
1259:21 August
1229:17 August
1167:21 August
1138:16 August
868:OSS agent
846:Max Simon
816:Karl Hass
771:With the
760:Monterosa
752:Monterosa
748:San Marco
713:Cavriglia
703:Laureate
635:Wehrmacht
631:Waffen-SS
164:Wehrmacht
159:Waffen-SS
3994:Rescuers
3674:Post-war
3503:Doctrine
2972:Fragheto
2816:: Beck.
2804:(1996).
2774:(1990).
2216:Archived
1946:Die Welt
1602:(1999).
1095:See also
997:Research
767:Post war
744:Littorio
687:and the
629:, while
621:and its
572:control.
559:Piedmont
224:partisan
137:: 40,000
121:reprisal
109:Genocide
71:Location
3948:Looting
3928:Fossoli
3918:Bolzano
3761:Part of
3648:Looting
3633:Fossoli
3623:Bolzano
3527:Victims
3462:Italian
3002:Piavola
2967:Ameglia
2927:Caiazzo
2849:18 July
2689:Cologne
2517:Haaretz
2467:Haaretz
1132:Haaretz
1026:Italian
927:Italian
792:to the
615:Gestapo
582:Trieste
376:Bolzano
316:Victims
169:Gestapo
44:in the
3534:Groups
2932:Pisino
2820:
2814:Munich
2790:
2784:Munich
2753:
2730:
2389:
1982:3 July
1953:3 July
1637:
1468:
1434:
875:Merano
707:. The
409:Verona
368:Lublin
285:, the
180:
151:
127:Deaths
89:Target
3909:Camps
3615:Camps
3195:Units
3022:Vinca
2917:Boves
2808:[
2778:[
941:Turin
597:Milan
532:Camps
388:Monza
3967:Area
3236:Army
3050:1945
2982:Lipa
2950:1944
2910:1943
2851:2024
2818:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2751:ISBN
2728:ISBN
2703:link
2664:2018
2636:2018
2611:2018
2583:2018
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1380:2018
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1169:2018
1140:2018
1056:The
989:and
917:Rome
908:and
864:Pisa
852:and
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730:The
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