415:. There are indications that there were differences of opinion between the Hohenstaufens and the Pope over the question of the position of Sicily in the empire. Philip obviously did not share the view of his sister-in-law about the feudal dependence of Sicily on the Pope, and was therefore unwilling to regard the kingdom as a papal fief. Innocent inevitably now sided with the Welfs, which gave him the opportunity to intervene with the election announcement of April 1199. After the death of the English king and most powerful advocate of the Welfs, Richard I, Otto was all the more dependent on the support of the Pope. On 28 May 1199, the Hohenstaufen party also presented their petition to the Pope at the
460:
losses of power in the east, his own brother, Count
Palatine Henry, deserted him, as did even Adolf of Cologne, the creator of his kingdom. When Philip advanced on the Lower Rhine, the Archbishop crowned him on 6 January 1205, after another election. After several threats, Adolf of Cologne was removed from office by Innocent III and excommunicated. New archepiscopal elections were immediately launched. Since Otto had lost Cologne in November 1206, and had been in Brunswick shortly before the defeat, Innocent found himself forced to make a compromise with Philip. However, just before the conclusion of a treaty, Philip was murdered 21 June 1208 in Bamberg by the Count Palatine
22:
233:
490:
dynasty which he had hitherto demonized as a family of persecutors of the Church, and feared Sicily joining the Empire. But he had some control, since he was the overlord of Sicily. This
Frederick acknowledged; even if he were crowned emperor, he acquiesced that this overlord-vassal relationship should remain the same. Frederick's one-year-old son, Henry, was crowned King of Sicily at the request of the Pope, and Innocent thus received a kind of insurance. But this policy made Innocent unpopular.
180:
224:'s concessions, leaving the king with only the smallest vestige of royal consensus when it came to the election of bishops. Innocent restored the old feudal relationship just in time, after the unexpectedly early death of Constance in 1198, in order now to gain control over the young Frederick as his feudal lord and thus to determine the future of Sicily.
468:
heirs), Otto IV suddenly became the undisputed ruler of the united kingdom. Otto's kingship was recognized in an election on 11 November 1208 in
Frankfurt am Main. The Welf king declared that he wished to subject his claim to the throne entirely to the advice and will of the Pope, and renewed and even extended his earlier vows from the
459:
In 1202/03, Otto's power increased through conquests, agreements and alliances as well as the support of a number of secular princes. But it soon became apparent that these successes were just illusory, and a lack of loyalty deprived him of support and created adversaries. Through disagreements and
506:
Frederick went to Rome to swear his oath of loyalty to his overlord, the Pope, in person, was supported financially by the Pope with money, and with his consent proclaimed King of the Romans and the future
Emperor. Frederick complied in every way with the wishes of the Pope and was declared a king
489:
on Otto and released his subjects from their oaths of loyalty. The Pope was now compelled, with the support of the King of France and the German princes, to find a new heir to the throne. Only
Frederick of Sicily was in the running. This meant Pope Innocent now had to accept another member of a
427:
Innocent III now abandoned his restraint and, on 3 May 1199, announced that he would soon decide to whom he would grant papal favour. On 20 May 1199, he declared to the
Archbishop of Cologne and the other signatories of Otto's letter of recommendation that he would support the Welf king, if the
467:
The murder of the king fundamentally changed the course of German history. Pope
Innocent III viewed the event as God's judgment and confirmation of the validity of his decision in the throne controversy. Without a counter-king and intent on marrying Philip's eldest daughter (Philip had no male
406:
Pope
Innocent III was of the opinion that the pope was the one to whom to whom spiritual and temporal princes would have to submit, and that therefore he should decide the question of who sat on the throne. But he was clearly waiting for the outcome of the power struggle. He was, however, well
419:. This was supported by a clear majority of the supporters of Philip and assured that the rights of the Church were to be respected if, in return, the rights of the emperor were respected by the Church. In addition, Philip's forthcoming visit to Rome for his imperial coronation was announced.
537:
Frederick's rise to power was completed on 25 July 1215, in Aachen, when he once again crowned himself king; this time at the right place. He had long before paid the price for the Pope's support of his bid for the throne. On 12 July 1213, he had granted a great privilege to the Church: the
446:
and rejected the interference of the pope in the German election as an unheard-of process. At the end of March 1202, Innocent sent another letter in which he summarized and justified his papal rights and claims. This letter had been incorporated into Church law and was therefore called the
507:
and a chosen emperor "of God and of the Pope," which also reflected the actual political balance of power. In
September 1212 he was able to set foot in Constance and gather his followers around him. Once again, civil war broke out in Germany. Once more, as Walther von der Vogelweide sang
456:. This justified the right of the Pope to reject a king who was inappropriate from a spiritual perspective. He thereby intervened in German constitutional law. In the end it became apparent how difficult it was to reconcile contradictory claims and political and ideological positions.
212:, instigated a political change in southern Italy. She sought closer relations with Rome, dissolved any connection with the rest of the empire, expelled the Germans from her Sicilian empire, renounced the Roman-German kingship of her son, Frederick, and had him crowned
480:
Thus the way was clear for Otto's imperial coronation, which took place on 4 October. But
Innocent had been greatly deceived by the new emperor. Otto began, shortly after his coronation, attempting to recover the estates transferred to the Papacy, especially those of
542:, in which he once again recorded in writing the concessions he had already made to the Curia. It included recognition of the freedom of episcopal elections, the lands recovered by the Papacy, the Pope's sovereignty over Sicily, and the assurance of aid against
439:
The pope now intervened energetically in the dispute, banned Philip and his followers including the signatories of the Speyer Declaration, and proceeded with all severity against them. The Hohenstaufen party reacted with a violent protest at several
513:
Frederick owed his success to his membership of the House of Hohenstaufen, to Papal command and French support. On 5 December 1212, he was formally re-elected as king in Frankfurt by a great assembly of princes and crowned four days later in Mainz.
485:, going against his pledges. During the course of 1210, the conflict deepened. When the Welf emperor was about to attack Sicily in the middle of November, with the aim of restoring the situation to that of 1197, Pope Innocent imposed the
298:
from the Wittelsbach lineage. Under pressure from the Saxon princes, Philip of Swabia who, as the uncle of the young Frederick, had only intended to secure the kingdom for his nephew, finally agreed to his own election as king.
502:
The first successful outcome of the papal counteraction was that Otto left Sicily in October 1211 and returned to Germany, because his position in the Empire had become fragile. But his troops continued to occupy Sicily.
201:, whose powerful personality gave the papal office the power to rule at a whole new level. Its aims were the restoration of sovereign papal rule in Rome and the church state, the recovery of feudal sovereignty over the
526:, in the conflict between England and France over English lands on mainland Europe. On 27 July 1214, Philip II August, without the participation of his ally, Frederick, gained a brilliant victory over Otto at the
387:(although it can be said that there was a precedent from 1135 when Philip's great-uncle Conrad was proclaimed King at the place). Moreover, his coronation took place neither at the 'right place', that is, in
240:
After Constance had withdrawn her son Frederick from running for the Roman-German kingship, the princes could not agree whom they should elect as king. The most promising candidate at first was the
403:
and Aachen, and his coronation was carried out by the Archbishop of Cologne, but only with a substituted set of regalia. Thus neither Philip nor Otto had full legitimacy to rule the monarchy.
416:
432:
was now open. The political interests of the papacy were crucial to this decision, for Otto had now to back his earlier assurances with documentary evidence, not least the continuing
334:, as well as representatives of Saxon princes, and Archbishop Ludolf of Magdeburg and Archbishop Adalbert of Salzburg; however, in the absence of the Archbishops of
216:
in 1198 instead, although keeping her title as empress dowager. Such a policy of separation was entirely after Innocent's heart, but only after he had extracted a
469:
280:. The prospect that the Welf Otto could become king induced Bernard and the Saxon princes to side with the younger brother of Henry VI, the Swabian duke,
346:, some of which were customary participants. There were yet no established procedure and authorities for the election, but the 'consuetudines' mattered.
155:, now only three years old, as successor. Although Frederick had already been elected at the end of 1196 in Frankfurt under the heavy influence of the
408:
353:
to Philip of Swabia, who had been elected but not yet crowned. Otto's coronation took place on 12 July, while Philip was crowned on 8 September.
51:
452:
699:
729:
151:
or "plan for hereditary succession". The princes were now faced with the question as to whether they would recognize Henry's son,
694:
689:
684:
546:. This was now no longer a secret agreement, but was reiterated in the form of a solemn privilege signed by princes and imperial
369:
137:, who was just 32 years old, died unexpectedly creating unrest in the circles of the princes about the future direction of the
719:
668:
205:, the recovery of the Central Italian lands and the consolidation of the Italian states under the leadership of the Papacy.
734:
619:
Könige, Fürsten, Adel und Städte am Mittelrhein und in Franken zwischen Thronstreit und Mainzer Reichslandfrieden 1198–1235
361:
630:
611:
592:
577:
331:
73:
349:
But the anti-Hohenstaufen princes were not prepared to accept this. So on 9 June, they elected Otto of Brunswick as
44:
122:
327:
284:, since it was feared that the Welfs would make claims on the Duchy of Saxony, which they had lost in 1180 at the
186:
118:
522:
The outcome of the throne contest was decided on a foreign battlefield. Otto supported his English uncle,
319:
220:
from Constance which continued to place the ecclesiastical rights over the Sicilian crown above those of
739:
509:"the Pope had placed two Germans under one crown, bringing disunity and devastation across the Empire."
491:
193:
While the situation in the empire led to division, 37-year-old Lothar of Segni ascended the throne of
34:
714:
709:
704:
530:. Otto IV never recovered from this defeat, his remaining allies deserted him, and he died on the
461:
295:
38:
30:
399:
and not the archbishop of Cologne. Otto's election and coronation took place in the right places,
724:
625:
Vol. 127). Self publication by the Hessian Historical Commission et al., Darmstadt etc., 2001,
396:
55:
360:, but in both cases neither the election nor the coronation followed the ancient, traditional
326:
the then Duke of Czechia, the Wittelsbach, Philip's own Alamannian lords as well as from Duke
335:
265:
257:
245:
160:
494:
speaks in his poetry about the duplicity of the Curia and the secularisation of the Church.
428:
latter showed himself to be loyal to the church. For Otto, the road to an alliance with the
323:
8:
645:
539:
343:
339:
209:
527:
482:
357:
307:
152:
395:, nor under the 'right authority' because he was crowned by the Burgundian Archbishop
664:
626:
607:
588:
573:
202:
138:
106:
232:
365:
281:
249:
168:
156:
134:
433:
412:
269:
261:
98:
377:
311:
277:
241:
213:
164:
649:
678:
548:
523:
315:
273:
147:
142:
114:
384:
303:
486:
373:
350:
221:
198:
171:, the temptation to switch support away from the former ruling house grew.
110:
561:
429:
121:, who had just died. After a conflict lasting 17 years, the Hohenstaufen
141:. There were now opposing forces to the hitherto stable position of the
291:
411:, who was in the throes of negotiating with Philip a solution to his
381:
217:
194:
663:
Vol. 6). 10th fully revised edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2007,
531:
449:
380:- but his election took place on non-customary place and soil, in
543:
442:
400:
145:, as had already been demonstrated by the failure of Henry VI's
392:
286:
388:
179:
174:
86:
Dynastic conflict in the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 to 1215
570:
Papst Innozenz III. Weichensteller der Geschichte Europas.
322:(the then-present leader of Carantanian-Bavarian Nation),
585:
Philipp von Schwaben. Ein Staufer im Kampf um die Macht.
320:
Leopold the Glorious Duke of Styria and heir of Austria
236:
Portrait of Philip of Swabia from a manuscript, c. 1200
497:
623:Quellen und Forschungen zur hessischen Geschichte.
676:
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
407:informed of events by his papal legate-bishop,
652:). Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich, 1963.
109:from 1198 to 1215. This dispute, between the
661:Gebhardt. Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte.
606:2557). Insel-Verlag, Frankfurt etc., 2003,
566:Innozenz III. und der deutsche Thronstreit.
175:Assumption of office of Pope Innocent III
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:
178:
677:
422:
302:Philip of Swabia was elected king at
227:
364:. Philip had received the coronation
276:, who was the son of the Saxon duke,
197:on 22 February 1198 and became Pope
117:, was over the successor to Emperor
15:
600:Otto IV. Der wiederentdeckte Kaiser
356:Thus there were simultaneously two
13:
700:Political controversies in Germany
657:Dreizehntes Jahrhundert. 1198–1273
475:
105:) was a political conflict in the
14:
751:
464:as the result of a private feud.
314:), by princes sympathetic to the
252:, who was able to secure support
730:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
587:Primus-Verlag, Darmstadt, 2003,
498:Frederick's ascent to the throne
20:
695:1210s in the Holy Roman Empire
690:1200s in the Holy Roman Empire
685:1190s in the Holy Roman Empire
517:
417:Princes' Declaration of Speyer
268:proposed his nephew, the then
1:
555:
318:. His backing came from Duke
264:. However, the English king,
720:Law of the Holy Roman Empire
7:
735:Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
10:
756:
572:Steiner, Stuttgart, 2000,
492:Walther von der Vogelweide
208:Frederick's mother, Queen
294:. The same was feared by
128:
95:German throne controversy
568:In: Thomas Frenz (ed.):
296:Louis I, Duke of Bavaria
29:This article includes a
328:Berthold V of Zähringen
58:more precise citations.
397:Aymon II of Tarentaise
332:Hermann I of Thuringia
237:
190:
161:Konrad von Wittelsbach
133:On 28 September 1197,
102:
598:Bernd Ulrich Hucker:
258:Archbishop of Cologne
235:
182:
111:House of Hohenstaufen
103:Deutscher Thronstreit
91:German throne dispute
636:Reinhold Schneider:
324:Ottokar I of Bohemia
638:Innozenz der Dritte
540:Golden Bull of Eger
462:Otto of Wittelsbach
423:Innocent's decision
228:The double election
210:Constance of Sicily
157:Archbishop of Mainz
671:, pp. 156 ff.
655:Wolfgang Stürner:
604:Insel-Taschenbuch.
528:Battle of Bouvines
483:Matilda of Tuscany
472:of 22 March 1209.
470:Speyer Declaration
238:
191:
31:list of references
740:Pope Innocent III
669:978-3-608-60006-3
580:, pp. 51–67.
310:on 8 March 1198 (
274:Otto of Brunswick
203:Kingdom of Sicily
187:Sacro Speco Abbey
139:Holy Roman Empire
107:Holy Roman Empire
84:
83:
76:
747:
534:on 19 May 1218.
330:, and Landgrave
250:House of Ascania
135:Emperor Henry VI
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
54:this article by
45:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
755:
754:
750:
749:
748:
746:
745:
744:
715:1210s conflicts
710:1200s conflicts
705:1190s conflicts
675:
674:
617:Alois Gerlich:
583:Peter Csendes:
558:
520:
500:
478:
476:Otto's betrayal
434:excommunication
425:
413:excommunication
409:Radulf of Sutri
270:Count of Poitou
262:Adolf of Altena
230:
184:
177:
131:
87:
80:
69:
63:
60:
49:
35:related reading
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
753:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
725:1198 in Europe
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
673:
672:
653:
634:
615:
596:
581:
557:
554:
519:
516:
499:
496:
477:
474:
424:
421:
378:Imperial Sword
370:Imperial Crown
312:Laetare Sunday
278:Henry the Lion
242:Duke of Saxony
229:
226:
214:King of Sicily
176:
173:
165:Duke of Swabia
130:
127:
85:
82:
81:
39:external links
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
752:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
680:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
631:3-88443-079-3
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:
612:3-458-34257-5
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
593:3-89678-458-7
590:
586:
582:
579:
578:3-515-07433-3
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
559:
553:
551:
550:
549:ministeriales
545:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
515:
511:
510:
504:
495:
493:
488:
484:
473:
471:
465:
463:
457:
455:
454:
451:
445:
444:
437:
435:
431:
420:
418:
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:Hohenstaufens
313:
309:
305:
300:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
234:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
188:
183:Innocent III.
181:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
148:Erbreichsplan
144:
143:Hohenstaufens
140:
136:
126:
124:
120:
116:
115:House of Welf
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
78:
75:
67:
57:
53:
47:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
18:
17:
660:
656:
641:
637:
622:
618:
603:
599:
584:
569:
565:
547:
536:
521:
512:
508:
505:
501:
487:imperial ban
479:
466:
458:
448:
441:
438:
426:
405:
374:Imperial Orb
355:
351:counter-king
348:
301:
285:
253:
239:
222:King Tancred
207:
199:Innocent III
192:
153:Frederick II
146:
132:
123:Frederick II
94:
90:
88:
70:
61:
50:Please help
42:
562:Egon Boshof
518:The outcome
453:Venerabilem
436:of Philip.
430:Roman Curia
246:Bernard III
125:prevailed.
56:introducing
679:Categories
556:Literature
385:Mühlhausen
382:Thuringian
304:Mühlhausen
292:Gelnhausen
254:inter alia
185:Fresco in
524:King John
450:Decretale
308:Thuringia
266:Richard I
256:from the
248:from the
218:concordat
195:St. Peter
189:, c. 1219
64:July 2024
650:986583-4
544:heretics
532:Harzburg
119:Henry VI
113:and the
443:Hoftage
401:Cologne
366:regalia
362:process
336:Cologne
52:improve
667:
648:
646:ZDB-ID
629:
610:
591:
576:
393:Aachen
372:, the
368:- the
287:Hoftag
282:Philip
169:Philip
163:, and
129:Origin
99:German
644:116,
389:Mainz
358:kings
344:Trier
340:Mainz
37:, or
665:ISBN
642:dtv.
627:ISBN
608:ISBN
589:ISBN
574:ISBN
376:and
342:and
89:The
659:(=
640:(=
621:(=
602:(=
391:or
306:in
290:of
93:or
681::
564::
552:.
338:,
272:,
260:,
244:,
167:,
159:,
101::
41:,
33:,
633:.
614:.
595:.
97:(
77:)
71:(
66:)
62:(
48:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
