515:, son of Matthew and former Archbishop of Salerno, who was helping defend Naples, wrote letters about the events to his friends in Salerno. Thus the populace of Salerno saw an opportunity to win some favour with Tancred, so they taunted and besieged the defenseless Constance at Castel Terracena. Constance presented herself on a balcony and spoke to them in the tone of mild remonstrance and admonition, trying to tell them that the situation might improve and the defeat of Henry might be exaggerated by Nicholas, but the Salernitans were determined to capture her for Tancred, so they continued the siege. Constance locked herself in her room, locked the windows, and prayed to God for help and revenge. After a rapid negotiation with Elia di Gesualdo, a distant relative of Tancred, Constance voluntarily went out under the condition that her German guards were allowed to leave unharmed. She was then arrested by Elia (and some barons of Apulia who were related to her) and delivered to Tancred in Messina by Admiral
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992:, and upon her birth a Calabrian abbot named Joachim told William that his daughter would cause the destruction of Sicily. William believed the prediction and shut young Constance up in a monastery and forced her to become a nun to prevent her having husband or children. When permitted to be betrothed to Henry she continuously objected for that she thought her advancing age would become an obstacle, but in vain, "Thus did a wrinkled crone abandon the sacred cloister, discard her monastic veil, and, royally adorned, marry and emerge in public as empress". This apparently contradicted the facts that Constance was indeed the posthumous daughter of Roger II and half-sister of William and she became empress in 1192.
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519:(her brother-in-law who had helped in the defence of Naples), on a bireme galley or dromon with 200 rowers. She was in her attire as empress, wearing a dress quilted with gold and decorated with roses, a cloak covered with precious jewels, and her hair was strewn with gems, making her look like a goddess. Thus she became an important and valuable prize given that Henry had every intention of regaining. When meeting Constance, Tancred blamed her for the invasion, but she proudly responded that she was just taking back her dominion, stolen by Tancred. By September 20, Henry learned the abduction of his wife at Genoa.
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front of
Constance in June 1197) despite reports of her complicity. They continued to live together and issue joint diplomas. On 28 September of that year, Henry died, likely from malaria. Constance was at his death bed and suspected by some of poisoning him (a theory that was criticized by other contemporaries). Theo Kölzer remarks that by this time, their marriage was at a low point. It is possible that the empress felt the mood of her compatriots and passively tolerated the rebels, but the evidence does not conclusively demonstrate that she actively participated in the conspiracies.
635:
526:; Tancred had her eat with Sibylla and sleep in Sibylla's bedroom. Sibylla, who had once quarrelled with Constance, after seeing that the populace of Palermo was showing sympathy to Constance, suggested that Tancred put Constance to death. Tancred disagreed, worrying that this would harm his popularity. So at the suggestion of Tancred, Sibylla discussed with Matthew of Ajello (who had been promoted to chancellor) where to imprison Constance. Matthew wrote a letter to Tancred in her presence, suggesting he put Constance in the
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fief from the Pope all his life, to maintain the dignity of the Empire. That he became much more than King of Sicily could not be predicted when she unexpectedly died in late
November 1198, before the cardinal sent by the Pope to receive her homage arrived. In her will she set up a Council of Regency for Sicily and made Innocent, who was the child's feudal suzerain, his guardian, a reminder to all of the inviolability of his inheritance. She also instructed her subjects to swear fidelity to the Pope.
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399:) swear fealty to her as the probable successor to the throne at the curia of Troia. Matthew strongly opposed this marriage. Abulafia (1988) points out that William did not foresee the union of German and Sicilian crowns as a serious eventuality; his purpose was to consolidate an alliance with an erstwhile enemy of Norman power in Italy. Another aim of William in marrying Constance off was to prevent Tancred from claiming the throne.
751:, but she abandoned the German claim after the coronation of Frederick in Palermo, May 1198. According to Kölzer, the Pope had put pressure on Constance and Frederick to abandon the title. Additionally, the death of Henry had left in Germany a power vacuum that a child monarch could not fill. Constance likely realized that Frederick's perspective in Germany was hopeless and supported the claims of her brother-in-law
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460:, was on a crusade, Henry and Constance were forced to stay in Germany and could not press her claim to the Sicilian crown. Emperor Frederick died in 1190 and the following year Henry and Constance were crowned emperor and empress. Constance then accompanied her husband at the head of a substantial imperial army to forcefully take the Sicilian throne from Tancred with the support of the loyal
491:, who was also participating in the siege of Naples, deserted to Germany, falsely claimed that the emperor had died, and touted himself as a possible successor. Although Henry VI recovered, the imperial army was forced to withdraw from the kingdom altogether. Constance remained in Salerno with a small garrison as a sign that Henry would soon return.
476:, Roger II's mainland capital, sent word ahead that Henry was welcome and invited Constance to stay in her father's old palace to escape the summer heat, and take treatment from doctors for her infirm health. Though welcomed, Constance felt many citizens were still loyal to Tancred as they whispered in groups quietly.
681:, erroneously attributed as Frederick's birthplace by Malispini) to dispel doubt of her maternity. She had the baby in a pavilion tent in the market square of the town, and invited the town matrons to witness the birth. A few days later she returned to the town square and publicly breast-fed the infant.
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Her government displayed a full swing towards the Norman tradition (and rejection of Henry's vision of imperial rule) after her husband's death. She surrounded herself with local advisors and excluded the ambitious
Markward von Anweiler from a position of power, attempting to restrict him to his fief
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and ensured by German troops. A work now known as "A Letter
Concerning the Sicilian Tragedy to Peter" (which was written after William II's death in 1189 and before Henry's successful subjugation of Sicily) accused Constance, a Sicilian princess born and raised in Sicily, of helping to impose German
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king, William made the nobles, and the important men of his court, promise to recognize
Constance's succession if he died without direct heirs. Nevertheless, after his unexpected death in 1189, Tancred seized the throne. Tancred was illegitimate but he had the support of most of the great men of the
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She issued diplomas jointly with
Frederick after his coronation. Constance maintained her title of Holy Roman Empress Dowager, but she tried to keep options open for her son: she accepted the Pope's conditions only as Queen of Sicily and not Empress – her husband had refused to accepted Sicily as a
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said that according to decrees
Celestine III absolved her from her vows, which contradicted the fact that Constance was betrothed during the reign of William II who would reign the next five years and Celestine was elected 7 years later; the chroniclers also said that it was wicked for the Pope to
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who claimed to be king of Sicily and supposedly received a gift of jewels from
Constance. According to German sources hostile to Constance, Constance also joined the revolts against her husband. Apparently, Henry did not act against Constance (other than the fact he had Jordan tortured to death in
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She was able to lead her own government, although certainly Henry's policies and the personnel he left placed some restriction on her independence. Many notaries who had worked for
William II and Tancred, such as Gosfridus de Fogia, now worked for Constance, who based her government in Palermo and
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to request the kingship of
Tancred declared illegitimate, he even did not mention her captivity. While he did not have the power to rescue her, Tancred would not permit Constance to be ransomed unless Henry recognized him. Henry complained to Celestine about the capture of his wife, so the Pope
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Henry died in 1172, as King William II did not marry until 1177 and his marriage remained childless (or ever had a son named Bohemond in 1181), Constance became the sole heir to the Sicilian crown; nonetheless, while said to have been designated the heir and sworn fealty to in 1174, she remained
566:. In September 1192 he proceeded to Lüttich (Liège) to enforce the succession. The majority of the electors of Liège accepted the imperial decision because of the emperor's threat, and Albert de Rethel also relinquished his claim and indignantly refused a financial settlement from the emperor.
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Tancred if he did not release the Empress. (The Pope hoped that by securing Constance's safe passage back to Rome Henry would be better disposed towards the papacy and Celestine would be able to keep the Empire and Sicily from uniting.) Finally, Tancred was willing to give up his negotiating
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and southern Sicily. Henry wanted to placate Sicilians by naming Constance regent. A part of the society, especially the elites who lost power during the transition, rejected German power and ethnic character as possessing a barbarous nature that could not be reasoned with. This group viewed
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knew each other and in her youth she might have intimated the style of leadership of Margaret, so they might have shared a sisterhood if tenuous. (Whether out of the will of Margaret or not, Constance was not released from her monastery during the lifetime of Margaret, who died in 1183.)
783:(when Henry was still alive, she had not hesitated to defend her rights as the natural heiress of her Norman forefathers, even against the authority of the Pope). Faced with the dangers that surrounded any child-king, Constance placed Frederick under the protection of
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Later, Frederick's opponents, using Constance's age (she was 40 at the time of Frederick's birth) as the basis, spread the rumours that he was the son of a butcher. This induced counter-legends, such as a story recorded by a 1282 Florentine chronicle (authored by
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in Naples in the custody of nobleman Aligerno Cottone. There she would be better-guarded since the castle was surrounded by water, and also secluded from the Sicilian people. Tancred accepted their suggestion. In addition, Matthew wrote to Aligerno, ordering
609:, ensuring that in the end neither the papacy nor Sicily scored any real advantage in having had the Empress in their custody at all, only less than a month after her release; Within two weeks Henry and Constance reunited in the imperial castle of Trifels.
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Although Tancred always treated her with courtesy during her captivity, Constance was under extremely careful guard. Sibylla strongly opposed the deference Tancred showed to Constance, believing this would implicitly acknowledge the claims of the latter.
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Henry was already preparing to invade Sicily a second time when Tancred died in February 1194. Later that year he moved south, leveled Salerno to the ground in revenge for arresting Constance, entered Palermo unopposed, deposed Tancred's young son
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Constance was buried in the Cathedral of Palermo near the tombs of her father and her husband (and later their son). Her death led to a period of violence and chaos till 1208 when Frederick had grown to his majority. According to historian
550:, a maternal uncle of Constance, whom both he and Constance had planned to make the next bishop of Liege. However, as mentioned above, at the time of the election, Constance had been imprisoned by the Sicilians, and the other candidate,
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Costanza, sacred opera performance at Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church, Bronx, NY on 26 October 2008. John Marino, distinguished composer conductor, arranger, pianist, coordinated the performance. The libretto was written by Florence
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barbarity on her homeland. Nevertheless, according to Philippa Byrne, there were also writers and administrators who were receptive to Henry and Constance's claims and their efforts to link themselves to the Hauteville tradition.
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argued that she married at 50 and gave birth at 52, while none was true. Florentine chroniclers said that Tancred annoyed the Pope so he and Archbishop of Palermo arranged the marriage of Constance to dethrone Tancred, and
444:, widow of William, believed Constance to be the rightful successor and vocally supported the Germans; in response Tancred put Queen Joan under house arrest and confiscated her vast estates, which enraged her brother King
822:
Historian Vinicius Dreger writes that Constance was probably "maybe the most important woman of Western Europe in late twelfth century", yet "about her, as on most of her predecessors and contemporaries, we know little."
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Despite being the sole heir to the throne of Sicily, she did not marry until she was 30 due to an ominous prophecy. Shortly after becoming empress, she was involved in the succession war against her illegitimate nephew
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in August but had to return to Germany for the funeral of his mother. On August 28 Constance was greeted in the province of Rieti by ambassadors from the Emperor. Henry and Constance were married on 27 January 1186 at
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Once Henry had withdrawn with the bulk of the imperial army, the towns that had fallen to the Empire immediately declared their allegiance to Tancred, for the most part now fearing his retribution.
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Shortly before ascending the Sicilian throne, at the age of 40, she gave birth to her only child, Frederick, thus continuing the bloodlines of both the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily.
806:, the tomb that now holds the remains of Constance was actually the one she had commissioned for her husband. In 1215, Frederick had his father reburied in a porphyry sarcophagus taken from
787:, who forced her to cede traditional royal rights over church councils, legates, appeals and elections, leaving her only the right to approve a bishop-elect before he could occupy his see.
355:, grew intense. A rumor spread that William had been murdered, and that the Chancellor planned to put his brother on the throne by marriage to Constance, even though William had a brother,
387:, Milan. In exchange for the marriage, Emperor Frederick I agreed to relinquish his claim to southern Italy. Before leaving Sicily, William II had three important nobles (his cousin
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that the reason Constance did not marry before 30 was that she was too ugly, which could not be taken seriously, as political marriages seldom considered the looks of the parties.
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In May 1198, Constance had the three-year-old Frederick crowned King of Sicily with herself as regent. After Henry's death, initially she had upheld for her son the double title
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Constance, unusually for a princess, was not betrothed until she was thirty, which later gave rise to stories that she had become a nun and required papal dispensation to marry.
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483:, Henry met the first resistance of the whole campaign, and was held up well into the southern summer from May to August, by which time much of the army had succumbed to
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An Introduction to the History of the Principal States of Europe, Vol. 2, p. 129, Samuel Pufendorf (Freiherr von), Antoine Augustin Bruzen de La Martinière, Joseph Sayer
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to Palermo to hear her confession in the Palatine chapel. Initially she sat on a raised chair, but when Joachim told her that as they were at the places of Christ and
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argued that Constance was simply sent to the convent during the coup against William I for her safety and stayed there until her betrothal without ever being a nun.
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The papacy, also an enemy of the emperors, did not want to see the kingdom of southern Italy (then one of the richest in Europe) in German hands, but Henry pressed
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force Constance to give in her vows to marry, so Papal States was punished by the Heaven as the son born of the marriage of Constance would become its thorn.
303:, making her son merely King of Sicily. However, she still claimed herself Holy Roman Empress Dowager. She died one year later and entrusted her young son to
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in 1186 and thus sought to replace Baldwin with her. Under the instruction of Frederick I, Baldwin succeeded to Namur in 1189 while Henry was still living.
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When Henry returned to Germany in 1195, Constance ruled Sicily and issued diplomas in her own name. She was crowned as queen regnant on 2 April at Bari.
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While Henry moved quickly south with his army, a pregnant Constance followed at a slower pace. On 26 December, the day after Henry was crowned at
273:; she played an important role in the end of the Hauteville presence in Sicily. She was also Holy Roman Empress and later Dowager by marriage to
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Some said that it was Roger II who put Constance in a convent, which contradicted the fact that Constance was born after the death of Roger II.
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Margaritus was created Count of Malta in 1192 perhaps for his unexpected success of capturing the empress, granting him considerable resources.
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that a prediction that "her marriage would destroy Sicily" led to her confinement to remain celibate, and by the 15th century, the monastery of
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554:, gained more support. In January 1192 Henry claimed the election was under dispute and instead appointed his newly made imperial chancellor
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After the death of her husband, she gave up her son's claim to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in favor of her younger brother-in-law
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was surrounded by local noble families. Her government stopped to function after Henry's return, only to continue again after his death.
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has suggested that Constance, a potential heir to the throne and a valuable pawn in international diplomacy, would not be lightly ceded.
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Constance merely as Henry's tool, that could not stop him from making up Sicilian government dominated by German seneschal
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and most of the aristocracy supported Constance. Matthew was able to induce Walter and other barons to support Tancred.
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The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century, pp. 11–12, Steven Runciman
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The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century, p. 12, Steven Runciman
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for the Sicilian throne, during which she was captured, though she was later released unharmed. In the history of
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fleet. The northern towns of the kingdom opened their gates to Henry, including the earliest Norman strongholds
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to celebrate the wedding, accompanied by a grand procession of princes and barons. Henry accompanied her to
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Henry VI consistently refused to make peace with Tancred despite the capture of his wife; in his letter to
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Constance had arranged the marriage between her son and a princess of Aragon, which would occur in 1209.
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had commissioned for himself; according to the emperor's order, the other one was reserved for himself).
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The establishment of Henry's rule in Sicily came with great social upheavals, including revolts around
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confined to her convent with her marriage seemingly beyond consideration until she was 30 years old.
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In 1197 Henry revisited Sicily, when there was a plot to murder him. Henry crushed the rebellion of
535:" ("that he guard well the Empress in the Castle of the Savior by the sea", i.e., Castel dell'Ovo).
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The Feast of Saint Abraham: Medieval Millenarians and the Jews, p. 12, Chapter 1, Robert E. Lerner
622:(died 1198), and had himself crowned instead. Prior to that he agreed the request of Constance to
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places Constance in Paradise (though he subscribed to the story that Constance had been a nun):
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Walter Fröhlich, "The Marriage of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily: Prelude and Consequences",
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said William I sought to put her to death due to the prediction until Tancred a bastard son of
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advantage (i.e. possession of the Empress) if the Pope would legitimize him as King of Sicily.
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Kölzer, Theo (2006). "Kaiserin Konstanze, Gemahlin Heinrichs VI.". In Fössel, Amalie (ed.).
597:, but before they made it to Rome they met imperial soldiers and the pro-Hohenstaufen abbot
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Friedrich II.: Die Königsherrschaft in Sizilien und Deutschland : 1194–1220. Teil 1
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Lomax, John (18 October 2013). "Constance (1154–1198)". In Emmerson, Richard K. (ed.).
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from 1194–98, jointly with her spouse from 1194 to 1197, and with her infant son
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argued Constance was brought up and educated in royal palace rather than a monastery.
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Biographer Jacqueline Alio infers that Constance and her sister-in-law Queen Dowager
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Constance was released in 1192 with all her suites and some gifts, and delivered to
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Kommunikation in der Krise: Könige und Fürsten im deutschen Thronstreit (1198–1218)
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kingdom such as Vice-Chancellor Matthew of Ajello. On the other hand, Archbishop
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with her husband and father-in-law: Henry had designated his maternal nephew
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Constance interceded in the succession conflict of her maternal grand-uncle
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In the spring of 1168, during the reign in Messina of her elder nephew King
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1928:"Translating German emperors: A Staufen–Sicilian synthesis under Henry VI?"
755:, who was supported by a number of the princes against the Welf candidate,
723:
677:, according to which, Constance gave birth publicly in the town square (of
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despite the opposition of the cardinals and escorted her safely across the
1726:
The Marriage of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily: Prelude and Consequences
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Queens of Italy-Women in Power in Medieval Italy: CONSTANCE of HAUTEVILLE
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only two empresses were captured, with the other being her mother-in-law
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Malespini and Boccaccio said she married at 50 and 55 respectively, and
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2014:(in German). Gesellschaft für staufische Geschichte e.V. p. 69.
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William County of Lecce and Principality of Taranto on November 20.
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Kaiser Friedrich II.: 1194–1250 : Herrscher, Mensch und Mythos
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Frederick II, the birth of an imperial child, p. 16, Huub Kurstjens
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brother of Sibylla hanged in revenge for the capture of Constance.
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initiated rather than objected to. In 1185, Constance traveled to
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Holy Roman Empress (1191–1197) and Queen of Sicily (r. 1194–1198)
1643:"Constance | Queen of Sicily, Hohenstaufen Dynasty | Britannica"
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Anglo~Norman Studies: XV. Proceedings of the Battle Conference
46:
3154:
2149:. Münster: Verl.-Haus Monsenstein und Vannerdat. p. 56.
1889:. Wien: Verl. d. Österreichischen Akad. d. Wiss. p. 51.
465:
429:
Knowing that Sicily's Norman aristocracy would not welcome a
375:
1732:, ed. Marjorie Chibnall, (The Boydell Press, 1993), 100–101.
886:, Paradiso, Canto III, lines 109-120, Mandelbaum translation
655:
606:
559:
533:
ut imperatricem in Castro Salvatoris ad mare bene custodiat
461:
1883:
Studien zum Kanzlei- und Urkundenwesen Kaiser Heinrichs VI
30:"Constance of Sicily" redirects here. For other uses, see
907:" by Jordan River. Playing Constance the Italian actress
730:
2855:
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2072:
706:, she needed to lower herself, she sat on the ground.
2185:
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421:
to baptize and crown his son; the Pope put him off.
3131:
1849:
Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800–1230
410:as his heir while childless, but he had a daughter
261:; 2 November 1154 – 27 November 1198) was reigning
1762:, c. 33, ed. L. Vanderkindere, Bruxelles 1904, 66.
899:Constance is present in a scene in the film about
340:, claimed Constance as a former member. Historian
1977:
1721:
1719:
1717:
593:from the Papal States. They traveled through the
487:and other diseases. Even Henry himself fell ill.
3970:
865:But though she had been turned back to the world
2045:Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia
1815:(in German). W. Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 26.
1714:
877:the one who was their third and final power."
867:against her will, against all honest practice,
522:Constance was taken to Palermo, supervised by
3588:
3508:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
3117:
3038:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
2764:
2486:
875:who from the Swabians' second gust engendered
851:to you at my right hand, a brightness kindled
2206:"Constança da Sicília: Imperatrix et Regina"
853:by all the light that fills our heaven - she
1692:
1690:
1083:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
953:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
873:This is the splendor of the great Costanza,
859:a sister, and from her head, too, by force,
698:On Good Friday in 1196, Constance summoned
3595:
3581:
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3110:
2771:
2757:
2493:
2479:
1711:, (Cambridge University Press, 1957), 131.
310:
45:
2221:
2204:Dreger de Araújo, Vinicius César (2012).
1943:
1842:
1673:. Harvard University Press. p. 221.
1666:
1103:Learn how and when to remove this message
973:Learn how and when to remove this message
914:
869:the veil upon her heart was never loosed.
654:and King of Sicily) in the small town of
558:, provost of the church of St Cassius in
315:Constance was the posthumous daughter of
2778:
2103:(in German). Primus-Verlag. p. 83.
1852:. Oxford University Press. p. 213.
1687:
1000:persuaded him to send her to a convent.
861:the shadow of the sacred veil was taken.
857:has understood what I have said: she was
734:
633:
498:
2096:
1119:Ancestors of Constance, Queen of Sicily
1021:said Constance had never become a nun.
197: 1186; died 1197)
14:
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3562:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
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2007:
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1243:
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1129:
988:said that Constance was a daughter of
849:"This other radiance that shows itself
739:Constance's tomb, in the Cathedral of
731:Crowning of Frederick II and Her Death
359:. Stephen was finally forced to flee.
3734:Anna of Constantinople (900–905)
3576:
3105:
2752:
2474:
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1994:
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1983:
1925:
1557:
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817:
810:(which was one of the two sarcophagi
2270:
1879:
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1784:
1770:
1768:
1637:
1635:
1081:adding citations to reliable sources
1048:
951:adding citations to reliable sources
918:
612:
32:Constance of Sicily (disambiguation)
3602:
1697:Italy and Sicily under Frederick II
451:
24:
4059:Women in medieval European warfare
3533:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
3063:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
2253:
1989:
1776:The Normans: From Raiders to Kings
629:
494:
424:
25:
4125:
2241:
1781:
1765:
1632:
1037:An anonymous Vatican said in his
894:
546:in September 1191, Henry favored
456:While Constance's father-in-law,
4094:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
3388:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
3303:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
3086:
3085:
2953:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
2854:
2280:, 1988 (Oxford University press)
2278:Frederick II, a Medieval Emperor
2048:. Routledge. pp. 153, 154.
1053:
923:
652:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
351:, opposition to the Chancellor,
267:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
211:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
3743:Anna of Provence (915–924)
3552:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
3133:Queens and empresses of Germany
3048:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
2197:
2136:
2090:
2035:
2001:
1968:
1919:
1910:
1873:
1836:
1802:
1793:
1760:Gisleberti chronicon Hanoniense
194:
4104:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors
4099:Children of Roger II of Sicily
3557:Victoria of the United Kingdom
3503:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
3075:For Empresses after 1806, see
3033:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
2918:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
2223:10.55702/medievalis.v1i2.44214
1926:Byrne, Philippa (6 May 2023).
1753:
1744:
1735:
1701:The Cambridge Medieval History
1660:
638:Constance and Henry, from the
13:
1:
4064:Women in 12th-century warfare
3999:12th-century Italian nobility
3498:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
3028:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
2342:Travels with a Medieval Queen
1703:, Vol. IV, ed. J. R. Tanner,
542:During the election of a new
338:Santissimo Salvatore, Palermo
4039:Burials at Palermo Cathedral
4014:12th-century German nobility
4004:12th-century Sicilian people
3989:12th-century kings of Sicily
3797:Berta di Luni (1002–14)
3792:Theophanu of Constantinople
3493:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
3023:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
2306:The Norman Kingdom of Sicily
1667:Boccaccio, Giovanni (2003).
275:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
183:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
4109:Mothers of Italian monarchs
4044:12th-century queens regnant
3478:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
3453:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
3363:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
3008:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
2943:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
2878:Theophanu of Constantinople
2322:, reprinted as part of his
1608:
1440:Matilda, Countess of Rethel
1044:
503:Constance imprisoned, from
408:Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut
10:
4130:
4114:Mothers of German monarchs
3994:12th-century Italian women
3689:Cunigunda of Laon (?)
3686:Bertha of Gellone (?)
3308:Constance, Queen of Sicily
3081:the corresponding template
2923:Constance, Queen of Sicily
2821:Saint Richardis of Nordgau
2285:Queens of Sicily 1061-1266
2097:Stürner, Wolfgang (1997).
1475:
1359:
1237:
1131:
905:Joachim and the Apocalypse
51:Constance of Sicily (from
29:
4009:12th-century German women
3653:Gundiberga (626–652)
3610:
3541:
3488:Margaret Theresa of Spain
3217:
3178:
3139:
3071:
3018:Margaret Theresa of Spain
2863:
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2537:
2508:
2454:
2443:
2433:
2424:
2416:
2409:
2399:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2143:Mamsch, Stefanie (2012).
1620:History of Swabian Sicily
1545:
1537:
1509:
1502:Godfrey I, Count of Namur
1487:
1483:
1447:
1425:
1417:
1389:
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1325:
1307:
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1271:
1249:
1245:
1209:
1187:
1179:
1151:
1135:
1019:François Eudes de Mézeray
773:Conrad I, Duke of Spoleto
448:, who later rescued her.
385:Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
368:Henry, King of the Romans
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136:
125:
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92:
82:
71:
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44:
39:
4089:Italian prisoners of war
4024:Queens regnant in Europe
3933:Joséphine de Beauharnais
3873:Isabella II of Jerusalem
3861:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
3523:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
3333:Isabella II of Jerusalem
3053:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
2463:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
2427:Queen consort of Germany
1699:, Michaelangelo Schipa,
1625:
998:Roger I, Count of Sicily
749:Romanorum et Sicilie Rex
693:Richard, Count of Acerra
642:of Petrus of Ebulo, 1196
640:Liber ad honorem Augusti
599:Roffredo of Montecassino
505:Liber ad honorem Augusti
53:Liber ad Honorem Augusti
4084:German prisoners of war
3939:Marie Louise of Austria
3801:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
3656:Guntrude (712–744)
3632:Berthora (549–552)
3433:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
3243:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
3043:Maria Amalia of Austria
2883:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2299:Anglo-Norman Studies XV
1809:Houben, Hubert (2008).
1560:Ermesinde of Luxembourg
1408:Ithier, Count of Rethel
389:Tancred, Count of Lecce
311:Background and marriage
3909:Elizabeth of Pomerania
3897:Margaret II of Hainaut
3849:Beatrice I of Burgundy
3723:Ageltrude of Benevento
3423:Elisabeth of Nuremberg
3408:Elizabeth of Pomerania
3368:Elisabeth of Carinthia
2963:Elizabeth of Pomerania
2836:Anna of Constantinople
2826:Ageltrude of Benevento
2320:The Kingdom in the Sun
1015:Richard of San Germano
915:Controversial Accounts
889:
744:
643:
564:Dietrich of Hochstaden
517:Margaritus of Brindisi
508:
395:, and vice chancellor
283:King Tancred of Sicily
271:Norman kings of Sicily
258:
4074:Women in war in Italy
4069:Nobility from Palermo
3957:Marie-José of Belgium
3675:Fastrada of Franconia
3659:Tassia (744–749)
3353:Gertrude of Hohenberg
3199:Matilda of Ringelheim
2978:Bianca Maria of Milan
2796:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
2448:the Holy Roman Empire
2324:The Normans in Sicily
2318:John Julius Norwich,
1880:Ertl, Thomas (2002).
1750:Walter Frohlich, 109.
1741:Walter Frohlich, 102.
1144:Tancred of Hauteville
846:
738:
716:Markward von Anweiler
691:In 1196 Henry VI had
637:
562:and brother of Count
502:
4029:Holy Roman Empresses
3927:Isabella of Portugal
3843:Richenza of Northeim
3705:Richilde of Provence
3528:Maria Luisa of Spain
3448:Isabella of Portugal
3403:Anna von Schweidnitz
3358:Isabella of Burgundy
3348:Elisabeth of Bavaria
3293:Gertrude of Sulzbach
3283:Richenza of Northeim
3077:Empresses of Austria
2983:Isabella of Portugal
2913:Richenza of Northeim
2816:Richilde of Provence
2780:Holy Roman Empresses
2420:Beatrice of Burgundy
2340:Mary Taylor Simeti,
2266:, V.20, VI.16, VII.1
1932:The German Quarterly
1382:Odo, Count of Rethel
1077:improve this section
986:De Mulieribus Claris
947:improve this section
556:Lothar of Hochstaden
458:Frederick Barbarossa
446:Richard I of England
404:Count Henry of Namur
333:De mulieribus claris
4054:Sicilian princesses
3951:Elena of Montenegro
3945:Margherita of Savoy
3921:Eleanor of Portugal
3891:Margaret of Brabant
3879:Isabella of England
3867:Constance of Aragon
3855:Constance of Sicily
3831:Constance of Sicily
3756:Marozia of Tusculum
3752:Alda (924–932)
3711:Richardis of Swabia
3699:Engelberga of Parma
3693:Ermengarde of Tours
3681:Luitgard of Sundgau
3473:Maria Anna of Spain
3443:Bianca Maria Sforza
3438:Eleanor of Portugal
3378:Beatrice of Silesia
3373:Margaret of Brabant
3338:Isabella of England
3328:Margaret of Austria
3323:Constance of Aragon
3298:Adelaide of Vohburg
3288:Gertrude of Comburg
3273:Constance of Sicily
3253:Gunhilda of Denmark
3194:Cunigunde of Swabia
3146:Carolingian dynasty
3003:Maria Anna of Spain
2973:Eleanor of Portugal
2948:Isabella of England
2938:Constance of Aragon
2811:Engelberga of Parma
2806:Ermengarde of Tours
1728:, Walter Frohlich,
1705:C. W. Previté-Orton
1344:Constance of Sicily
828:Margaret of Navarre
668:Ricordano Malispini
75:25 December 1194 –
18:Constance of Sicily
4079:Daughters of kings
3837:Matilda of England
3738:Bertila of Spoleto
3717:Bertila of Spoleto
3383:Isabella of Aragon
3318:Beatrice of Swabia
3278:Matilda of England
3219:Kingdom of Germany
3185:Kingdom of Germany
3160:Liutgard of Saxony
3013:Eleonora of Mantua
2998:Eleonora of Mantua
2928:Beatrice of Swabia
2908:Matilda of England
2788:Carolingian Empire
2502:Monarchs of Sicily
2459:Title next held by
2446:Empress consort of
2011:Frauen der Staufer
1945:10.1111/gequ.12333
1647:www.britannica.com
1466:Beatrice of Rethel
1290:Adelaide del Vasto
1228:Roger II of Sicily
1007:Joachim Camerarius
909:Elisabetta Pellini
818:Views on Constance
769:Walter of Palearia
745:
644:
574:Pope Celestine III
513:Nicholas of Ajello
509:
436:Walter of the Mill
419:Pope Celestine III
342:Mary Taylor Simeti
321:Beatrice of Rethel
319:by his third wife
243:Beatrice of Rethel
233:Roger II of Sicily
120:Holy Roman Empress
4049:Regents of Sicily
4019:Hauteville family
3966:
3965:
3947: (1878–1900)
3786:Adelaide of Italy
3768:Adelaide of Italy
3570:
3569:
3418:Sophia of Bavaria
3413:Joanna of Bavaria
3393:Blanche of Valois
3233:Adelaide of Italy
3224:Holy Roman Empire
3209:Adelaide of Italy
3099:
3098:
3058:Ludovica of Spain
2873:Adelaide of Italy
2865:Holy Roman Empire
2801:Judith of Bavaria
2746:
2745:
2539:Kingdom of Sicily
2469:
2468:
2434:Succeeded by
2400:Succeeded by
2350:978-0-374-27878-6
2293:978-1-943-63914-4
2283:Jacqueline Alio,
2271:Secondary sources
2212:(in Portuguese).
2156:978-3-8405-0071-8
2110:978-3-89678-022-5
2055:978-1-136-77519-2
2021:978-3-929776-16-4
1859:978-0-19-878582-8
1822:978-3-17-018683-5
1774:Lars Brownworth.
1680:978-0-674-01130-4
1615:Hauteville family
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1528:Beatrice of Namur
1264:Manfred del Vasto
1170:Roger I of Sicily
1113:
1112:
1105:
983:
982:
975:
785:Pope Innocent III
613:Second Expedition
595:Strait of Messina
552:Albert of Louvain
397:Matthew of Ajello
366:Her betrothal to
353:Stephen du Perche
305:Pope Innocent III
287:Holy Roman Empire
248:
247:
171:Kingdom of Sicily
151:Kingdom of Sicily
131:28 September 1197
99:(as sole monarch)
16:(Redirected from
4121:
3915:Barbara of Cilli
3903:Anna of Świdnica
3825:Eupraxia of Kiev
3807:Gisela of Swabia
3774:Willa of Tuscany
3762:Bertha of Swabia
3747:Bertha of Swabia
3597:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3483:Eleonora Gonzaga
3468:Eleonora Gonzaga
3458:Maria of Austria
3428:Barbara of Cilli
3268:Eupraxia of Kiev
3248:Gisela of Swabia
3126:
3119:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3089:
3088:
2968:Barbara of Cilli
2958:Anna of Świdnica
2933:Maria of Brabant
2903:Eupraxia of Kiev
2888:Gisela of Swabia
2858:
2857:
2846:Anna of Provence
2841:Bertila of Parma
2773:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2510:County of Sicily
2495:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2417:Preceded by
2364:Preceded by
2356:
2355:
2304:Donald Matthew,
2276:David Abulafia,
2260:Giovanni Villani
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2168:
2167:
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2067:
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2005:
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1094:
1088:
1057:
1049:
994:Giovanni Villani
978:
971:
967:
964:
958:
927:
919:
901:Joachim of Fiore
887:
805:
753:Philip of Swabia
700:Joachim of Fiore
676:
548:Albert de Rethel
452:First expedition
301:Philip of Swabia
291:Empress Beatrice
198:
196:
163:
160:27 November 1198
132:
129:15 April 1191 –
110:(1194–1197) and
78:
77:27 November 1198
49:
37:
36:
21:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4118:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3953: (1900–46)
3941: (1810–14)
3935: (1805–10)
3929: (1530–39)
3923: (1452–67)
3917: (1431–37)
3911: (1363–78)
3905: (1355–62)
3899: (1327–47)
3881: (1235–41)
3875: (1225–28)
3869: (1212–22)
3857: (1191–97)
3851: (1156–84)
3845: (1128–37)
3839: (1114–25)
3833: (1095–98)
3827: (1089–93)
3821: (1080–87)
3819:Bertha of Savoy
3815: (1043–56)
3813:Agnes of Poitou
3809: (1026–39)
3803: (1004–24)
3794: (972–983)
3788: (951–973)
3782: (957–963)
3776: (950–953)
3770: (948–950)
3764: (937–948)
3758: (932–933)
3749: (922–926)
3740: (905–915)
3731: (896–899)
3729:Ota of Neustria
3725: (889–894)
3719: (888–889)
3713: (879–888)
3707: (875–877)
3701: (851–875)
3695: (821–851)
3683: (794–800)
3677: (784–794)
3671: (774–783)
3665: (756–774)
3650: (589–616)
3644: (567–573)
3629: (536–540)
3623: (526–534)
3617: (493–526)
3606:
3604:Queens of Italy
3601:
3571:
3566:
3537:
3398:Anne of Bavaria
3263:Bertha of Savoy
3258:Agnes of Poitou
3222:
3213:
3183:
3174:
3144:
3135:
3130:
3100:
3095:
3067:
2898:Bertha of Savoy
2893:Agnes of Poitou
2859:
2850:
2831:Ota of Neustria
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2374:Queen of Sicily
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2254:Primary sources
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1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1901:
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1886:
1878:
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1864:
1862:
1860:
1844:McDougall, Sara
1841:
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1823:
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1633:
1628:
1611:
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1109:
1098:
1092:
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1074:
1058:
1047:
1039:Historia Sicula
1031:Tommaso Fazello
979:
968:
962:
959:
944:
928:
917:
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888:
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858:
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850:
820:
799:
733:
670:
632:
630:Queen of Sicily
615:
544:bishop of Liege
528:Castel dell'Ovo
497:
495:Brief captivity
454:
442:Joan of England
427:
425:Claim to Sicily
393:Roger of Andria
330:related in his
313:
263:Queen of Sicily
200:
192:
188:
185:
165:
161:
145:
144:2 November 1154
130:
76:
66:Queen of Sicily
60:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
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11:
5:
4127:
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3365:
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3355:
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3345:
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3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Irene Angelina
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
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3206:
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3015:
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2995:
2990:
2988:Maria of Spain
2985:
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2975:
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2965:
2960:
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2730:
2725:
2723:Victor Amadeus
2720:
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2498:
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2458:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2437:Irene Angelina
2435:
2432:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:German royalty
2407:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2359:Regnal titles
2354:
2353:
2338:
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2281:
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2255:
2252:
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2250:
2243:
2242:External links
2240:
2237:
2236:
2216:(2): 133–151.
2196:
2184:
2169:
2155:
2135:
2123:
2109:
2089:
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2020:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1967:
1938:(2): 163–179.
1918:
1909:
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1121:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1011:Hugo Falcandus
990:King William I
981:
980:
931:
929:
922:
916:
913:
896:
895:Film and media
893:
880:
847:
819:
816:
732:
729:
704:Mary Magdalene
631:
628:
614:
611:
577:threatened to
496:
493:
453:
450:
426:
423:
357:Henry of Capua
312:
309:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
208:
202:
201:
190:
186:
181:
180:
178:
174:
173:
164:(aged 44)
158:
154:
153:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
127:
123:
122:
116:
115:
105:
101:
100:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
62:
61:
57:Peter of Eboli
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4126:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
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4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Italo-Normans
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
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3977:
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3934:
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3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3887: (1244?)
3886:
3885:Bianca Lancia
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
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3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
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3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
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3775:
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3605:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:German Empire
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Maria Theresa
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:Anna of Tyrol
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
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3434:
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3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Bianca Lancia
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
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3186:
3181:
3177:
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3134:
3127:
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3120:
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3108:
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3104:
3092:
3084:
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3078:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
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3039:
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3034:
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3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Anna of Tyrol
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
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2969:
2966:
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2901:
2899:
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2889:
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2884:
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2879:
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2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2847:
2844:
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2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2739:
2738:Ferdinand III
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Frederick III
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:0-14-015212-1
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:0-521-26911-3
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2194:, p. 67.
2193:
2188:
2182:, p. 68.
2181:
2176:
2174:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2133:, p. 28.
2132:
2127:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2087:, p. 69.
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1898:
1896:9783700130710
1892:
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1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
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1507:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1496:
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1479:
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1473:
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1467:
1461:
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1415:
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1373:
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1329:
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1323:
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1317:
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1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
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1269:
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1265:
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1062:This section
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1032:
1027:
1022:
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1012:
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991:
987:
977:
974:
966:
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948:
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941:
937:
932:This section
930:
926:
921:
920:
912:
910:
906:
902:
892:
885:
884:Divine Comedy
878:
845:
843:
839:
838:
837:Divine Comedy
832:
829:
824:
815:
813:
809:
803:
798:
792:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:, as well as
766:
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728:
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707:
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669:
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661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
636:
627:
625:
621:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
580:
579:excommunicate
575:
570:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
534:
529:
525:
524:Queen Sibylla
520:
518:
514:
506:
501:
492:
490:
489:Henry of Welf
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
449:
447:
443:
439:
437:
432:
422:
420:
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364:
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81:
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70:
67:
63:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3959: (1946)
3893: (1311)
3863: (1212)
3854:
3830:
3638: (560s)
3621:Amalasuintha
3513:Maria Amalia
3307:
3180:East Francia
3141:East Francia
2922:
2683:Ferdinand II
2633:Frederick II
2618:Constance II
2577:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2425:
2403:Frederick II
2395:
2392:Frederick II
2390:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2341:
2323:
2319:
2305:
2298:
2284:
2277:
2263:
2227:. Retrieved
2213:
2209:
2199:
2187:
2160:. Retrieved
2145:
2138:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2099:
2092:
2059:. Retrieved
2044:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2010:
2003:
1979:
1970:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1882:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1848:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1811:
1804:
1795:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1709:Z. N. Brooke
1700:
1696:
1670:Famous Women
1669:
1662:
1651:. Retrieved
1649:. 2024-02-23
1646:
1343:
1099:
1090:
1075:Please help
1063:
1038:
1036:
1023:
1005:
1002:
985:
984:
969:
960:
945:Please help
933:
898:
890:
883:
848:
835:
833:
825:
821:
793:
789:
780:
777:Innocent III
761:
748:
746:
724:Jordan Lupin
721:
708:
697:
690:
686:
683:
664:
645:
639:
616:
589:Cardinal of
584:
571:
568:
541:
537:
532:
521:
510:
504:
478:
455:
440:
431:Hohenstaufen
428:
416:
401:
365:
361:
346:
331:
325:
314:
298:
295:
279:
250:
249:
162:(1198-11-27)
112:Frederick II
97:Frederick II
59:, 1196)
52:
3984:1198 deaths
3979:1154 births
3648:Theodelinda
3545:(1871–1918)
2713:Charles III
2668:Ferdinand I
2588:Frederick I
2578:Constance I
2573:William III
2541:(1130–1816)
2512:(1071–1130)
2387:(1194–1197)
2367:William III
2192:Kölzer 2006
2180:Kölzer 2006
2131:Houben 2008
2085:Kölzer 2006
800: [
671: [
620:William III
251:Constance I
87:William III
83:Predecessor
40:Constance I
3973:Categories
3636:Chlothsind
3627:Matasuntha
3226:(962–1806)
3221:within the
3143:during the
2728:Charles IV
2708:Philip III
2693:Charles II
2558:William II
2452:1191–1197
2431:1186–1196
2210:Medievalis
1984:Byrne 2023
1653:2024-02-23
1202:Fredisenda
1093:April 2019
963:April 2019
797:Josef Deér
372:Lucius III
349:William II
223:Hauteville
3669:Hildegard
3615:Audofleda
3238:Theophanu
3187:(919–962)
3182:(911–919)
3165:Richardis
3148:(843–911)
2733:Charles V
2718:Philip IV
2703:Philip II
2673:Alfonso I
2663:Martin II
2613:Charles I
2603:Conrad II
2568:Roger III
2553:William I
2378:1194–1198
2337:Bocarius.
1962:258553456
1954:0016-8831
1064:does not
934:does not
412:Ermesinde
328:Boccaccio
93:Successor
3780:Gerberga
3642:Rosamund
3091:Category
2698:Philip I
2658:Martin I
2638:Peter II
2598:Conrad I
2593:Henry II
2548:Roger II
2529:Roger II
2344:, 2001.
2287:, 2018.
1846:(2017).
1609:See also
1045:Ancestry
1026:Brantôme
881:—
812:Roger II
317:Roger II
259:Costanza
108:Henry VI
104:Co-ruler
3204:Eadgyth
2628:James I
2623:Peter I
2608:Manfred
2583:Henry I
2563:Tancred
2519:Roger I
2264:Cronica
1085:removed
1070:sources
955:removed
940:sources
834:In the
757:Otto IV
741:Palermo
711:Catania
679:Palermo
658:, near
648:Palermo
624:enfeoff
603:Ceprano
485:malaria
474:Salerno
380:Salerno
255:Italian
199:
191:
187:
167:Palermo
147:Palermo
2688:Joanna
2456:Vacant
2396:(1198)
2348:
2330:
2312:
2301:, 1992
2291:
2229:8 July
2162:8 July
2153:
2116:8 July
2107:
2061:8 July
2052:
2027:8 July
2018:
1960:
1952:
1902:8 July
1893:
1865:8 July
1856:
1828:8 July
1819:
1677:
871:
863:
855:
808:Cefalù
765:Molise
660:Ancona
591:Anagni
587:Egidio
481:Naples
470:Aversa
239:Mother
229:Father
177:Spouse
126:Tenure
114:(1198)
3155:Hemma
2653:Maria
2643:Louis
2524:Simon
2383:Henry
2381:with
1958:S2CID
1887:(PDF)
1626:Notes
842:Dante
804:]
781:regno
675:]
466:Capua
462:Pisan
376:Milan
218:House
206:Issue
193:(
189:
72:Reign
3663:Ansa
3079:and
2678:John
2346:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2231:2023
2164:2023
2151:ISBN
2118:2023
2105:ISBN
2063:2023
2050:ISBN
2029:2023
2016:ISBN
1950:ISSN
1904:2023
1891:ISBN
1867:2023
1854:ISBN
1830:2023
1817:ISBN
1707:and
1675:ISBN
1558:15.
1500:14.
1438:13.
1380:12.
1262:10.
1068:any
1066:cite
1013:and
938:any
936:cite
771:and
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607:Alps
560:Bonn
468:and
157:Died
141:Born
3170:Ota
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1940:doi
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1464:3.
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1342:1.
1288:5.
1226:2.
1200:9.
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1079:by
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1936:96
1934:.
1930:.
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